Presentation for the lesson "history of the world socialist system". Encyclopedia of Communism. Socialist revolutions The world socialist system included

The Soviet Union is solving the problems of communist construction not alone, but in the fraternal family of socialist countries.

The defeat of German fascism and Japanese militarism in World War II, with the decisive role of the Soviet Union, created favorable conditions for the overthrow of the power of the capitalists and landowners by the peoples of a number of countries in Europe and Asia. The peoples of Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, China, the Korean People's Democratic Republic, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and even earlier the Mongolian People's Republic, who formed a socialist camp together with the Soviet Union, took the path of building socialism. Yugoslavia also embarked on the path of socialism. However, the Yugoslav leaders with their revisionist policy opposed Yugoslavia to the socialist camp and the international communist movement and created a threat of losing the revolutionary gains of the Yugoslav people.

The socialist revolutions in the countries of Europe and Asia dealt a powerful new blow to the positions of imperialism. The victory of the revolution in China was especially important. Revolutions in Europe and Asia are the largest event in world history since October 1917.

A new form has emerged political organization society- people's democracy, one of the forms of the dictatorship of the proletariat. It reflected the uniqueness of the development of the socialist revolution under conditions of the weakening of imperialism and the change in the balance of forces in favor of socialism. It also reflects the historical and national characteristics of individual countries.

The world socialist system has taken shape - the social, economic and political community of free, sovereign peoples, following the path of socialism and communism, united by a common interest and goals, by close bonds of international socialist solidarity.

Socialist relations of production dominate in the countries of people's democracies, and the socio-economic possibilities for the restoration of capitalism have been eliminated. The successes of these states have fully confirmed that in all countries, regardless of the level of their economic development, size of territory and population, genuine progress can be ensured only along the path of socialism.

The united forces of the socialist camp reliably guarantee every socialist country against encroachments on the part of imperialist reaction. The cohesion of the socialist states into a single camp, its growing unity and continuously growing power ensure the complete victory of socialism and communism within the entire system.

Countries socialist system a wealth of collective experience has been accumulated in transforming the lives of hundreds of millions of people, and much that is new and original has been introduced into the forms of the political and economic organization of society. This experience is the most valuable asset of the international revolutionary movement.

It has been confirmed by practice and recognized by all Marxist-Leninist parties that the processes of socialist revolution and socialist construction are based on a number of the main laws inherent in all countries embarking on the path of socialism.

World system socialism - a new type of economic and political relations between countries. The socialist countries have the same type of economic basis - public ownership of the means of production; the same type of state “troy” - the rule of the people led by the working class; a single ideology - Marxism-Leninism; common interests in defending revolutionary gains and national independence from the encroachments of the imperialist camp; one great goal - communism. This socio-economic and political community creates an objective basis for strong and friendly interstate relations in the socialist camp. Complete equality, mutual respect for independence and sovereignty, fraternal mutual assistance and cooperation are characteristic features of relations between the countries of the socialist community. In the socialist camp, or - which is the same thing - in the world community of socialist countries, no one has and cannot have any special rights and privileges.

The experience of the world socialist system has confirmed the need the closest union countries falling away from capitalism, pooling their efforts in building socialism and communism. The course towards building socialism isolated from the world community of socialist countries is theoretically untenable, since it contradicts the objective laws of the development of socialist society. It is economically harmful, since it leads to the waste of social labor, a decrease in the rate of growth of production and the country's dependence on the capitalist world. It is reactionary and politically dangerous, since it does not unite, but separates the peoples in front of the united front of the imperialist forces, feeds bourgeois-nationalist tendencies and, ultimately, can lead to the loss of socialist gains.

By pooling their efforts in building a new society, the socialist states are actively supporting and expanding political, economic and cultural cooperation with countries that have thrown off the colonial yoke. They carry out and are ready to carry out broad mutually beneficial trade relations and cultural ties with the capitalist countries.

The development of the world socialist system and the world capitalist system is proceeding according to directly opposite laws. If the world capitalist system took shape and developed in a fierce struggle between its constituent states, through the subjugation and exploitation of weak countries by the strong, enslavement of hundreds of millions of people and the transformation of entire continents into colonial appendages of the imperialist metropolises, then the process of formation and development of the world socialist system takes place on the basis of sovereignty, complete voluntariness and in accordance with the vital interests of the working people of all states of this system.

If in the world system of capitalism the law of uneven economic and political development operates, leading to clashes between states, then in the world socialist system there are opposite laws that ensure the steady, planned growth of the economy of all countries belonging to it. In the world of capitalism, the growth of production in one country or another deepens the contradictions between states, intensifies the competition, and the development of each socialist country leads to a general upsurge and strengthening of the world socialist system as a whole. If the economy of world capitalism develops at a slow pace, experiences crises and shocks, then the economy of world socialism is characterized by fast and stable growth rates, a general continuous economic upsurge in all socialist countries.

All socialist states are making their contribution to the construction and development of the world socialist system, to the consolidation of its might. The existence of the Soviet Union greatly facilitates and accelerates the building of socialism in the people's democracies. The Marxist-Leninist parties and peoples of the socialist states proceed from the premise that the successes of the entire world socialist system depend on the contribution and efforts of each country, and therefore consider it an international duty to develop the productive forces of their country in every possible way. The cooperation of the socialist states allows each of them to make the most rational and full use of their resources and develop productive forces. In the process of economic, scientific and technical cooperation of the socialist countries, the coordination of their national economic plans, specialization and cooperation of production, a new type of international division of labor.

The emergence of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and then the world socialist system, is the beginning of the historical process of the all-round rapprochement of peoples. In the fraternal family of socialist states, with the disappearance of class antagonisms, antagonisms between nations also disappear. The flourishing of the culture of the peoples of the socialist community is accompanied by an ever greater mutual enrichment of national cultures, the active formation of internationalist features characteristic of a person in a socialist society.

The practice of the peoples of the world socialist community has confirmed that their fraternal unity and cooperation meet the highest national interests of each country. Strengthening the unity of the world socialist system on the basis of proletarian internationalism is an indispensable condition for the further success of all its member states.

The socialist system has to overcome certain difficulties, mainly due to the fact that most of the countries of this system had in the past an average or even low level of economic development, as well as the fact that world reaction is trying with all its might to prevent the construction of socialism.

The experience of the Soviet Union and the countries of people's democracies confirmed the correctness of Lenin's propositions that during the building of socialism the class struggle does not disappear. The general trend in the development of the class struggle within the socialist countries under the conditions of the successful construction of socialism leads to the strengthening of the positions of the socialist forces, to the weakening of the resistance of the remnants of the hostile classes. But this development is not proceeding in a straight line. In connection with certain changes in the internal and external situation, the class struggle in certain periods may intensify. Therefore, constant vigilance is required in order to stop the intrigues of both internal and external hostile forces in time, which are not abandoning their attempts to undermine the people's system and bring discord into the fraternal family of socialist countries.

The main political and ideological weapon used by the international reaction and the remnants of the internal reactionary forces against the unity of the socialist countries is nationalism. The manifestations of nationalism and national narrow-mindedness do not automatically disappear with the establishment of a socialist system. Nationalist prejudices and remnants of past ethnic strife are the area where resistance to social progress can be the most durable and stubborn, bitter and resourceful.

The Communists consider it their primary duty to educate the working people in the spirit of internationalism and socialist patriotism, intransigence to any manifestation of nationalism and chauvinism. Nationalism damages the general interests of the socialist community and, above all, harms the people of the country in which it manifests itself, since isolation from the socialist camp slows down its development, makes it impossible to enjoy the advantages of the world socialist system, and encourages the imperialist powers to use nationalist tendencies for their own purposes. Nationalism can gain the upper hand only where there is no consistent struggle against it. The Marxist-Leninist internationalist policy, the decisive struggle to overcome the remnants of bourgeois nationalism and chauvinism is an important condition for the further consolidation of the socialist community. While speaking out against nationalism and national egoism, communists at the same time always treat the national feelings of the masses in the most attentive way.

The world socialist system is confidently advancing towards a decisive victory in the economic competition with capitalism. In the very near future, it will surpass the world capitalist system in terms of the total volume of industrial and agricultural production. The influence of the world socialist system on the course of social development in the interests of peace, democracy and socialism is growing more and more. The majestic edifice of the new world, erected by the heroic labor of free peoples in the vast expanses of Europe and Asia, is the prototype of a new society, the future of all mankind.

Having built socialism, the Soviet Union is solving the problems of communist construction not alone, but in the fraternal family of socialist countries. Now socialism is being built by many countries of the world.

The victory of the Soviet Union in the Second World War, the defeat of the fascist "new order" in Europe, the defeat of militarist Japan created favorable conditions for people's democratic revolutions.

The peoples of a number of countries in Central and South of Eastern Europe overthrew the bourgeois-landlord system. They were led by the communist and workers' parties, whose prestige has grown enormously among the masses during the war. This is how they arose in 1945-1948. the people's republics in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Albania, Romania, Yugoslavia. In 1949 the German Democratic Republic was established.

At the same time, major revolutionary events took place in Asia.

On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China was solemnly proclaimed at Tiananmen Square in Beijing. People's Democratic Power was also established in North Vietnam and North Korea.

"Revolutions in the countries of Europe and Asia, - says the Program of the CPSU, - the largest event in world history since October 1917". The countries of people's democracies in Europe and Asia, which have embarked on the path of socialism, have formed, together with the Soviet Union, a single and powerful world socialist system. Capitalism has ceased to be united and all-encompassing.

Now on earth two systems confront each other: the socialist, growing and gaining strength, and the capitalist, heading towards inevitable destruction.

If the world capitalist system was created for hundreds of years, then the formation of the world socialist system took only a few decades. The world socialist system has already shown its immeasurable advantages over capitalism. It turns into a driving force for development human society... The future belongs to her!

The forces of the socialist countries are incalculable. Their population exceeds one billion. They occupy almost 26% of the entire planet and provide 36% of the world's industrial production.

As NS Khrushchev noted at the XXII Congress of the CPSU: "The main thing now is to ... achieve the preponderance of the world socialist system over the capitalist one in terms of the absolute volume of production." And this will soon be achieved!

The huge advantages of socialism over capitalism are reflected in the rapid growth of industrial production in all socialist countries. Average annual industrial growth in 1958-1960 in the socialist countries, 15.2%, and in the capitalist countries, only 4.2%.

In 1960, the total industrial output of the socialist countries increased 6.8 times compared with 1937. During 1959-1965. industrial production in the countries of the socialist system will increase by another 2.3 times. By the end of this period, the socialist camp will produce more than half of all world industrial production.

According to preliminary calculations, by 1980, the world socialist system will account for about two-thirds of world industrial production.

In all socialist countries an indestructible fraternal alliance of workers and peasants has taken shape and is growing stronger. The exploitation of man by man has been abolished forever. Factories, factories, mines, banks, transport and communication facilities are owned by the state. The peasantry in these countries has basically already united in large collective farms and uses modern technology.

Working people of various nationalities are participating side by side in building the new society. Having thrown off the yoke of capitalist oppression, the working people of the socialist camp live and work for the sake of their own happiness and the happiness of future generations.

The successes of the socialist countries are explained primarily by the fact that the leading force in them is the working class, led by the Marxist-Leninist parties. The successes of the socialist states are the result of their close fraternal cooperation and mutual assistance, and above all the fraternal assistance of the Soviet Union. The most important condition for the success of socialist states is their unity and solidarity.

The peoples of the Soviet Union and all socialist countries are proposing to the capitalist camp: let's compete in raising the material well-being and cultural level of people! We are not afraid of such a competition, because we know that we and our friends do everything for a person and in the name of a person.

The USSR, the most powerful country in the world socialist system, is successfully competing with the largest and most powerful capitalist country - the United States of America. By the end of the seven-year plan, the Soviet Union will surpass the United States in absolute production of the most important types of products. The program of the CPSU set before the Soviet people the task of world-historical significance - to ensure in the Soviet Union the highest standard of living in the world.

The USSR is not competing with the capitalist world alone, but shoulder to shoulder with all the socialist countries. In this peaceful competition, the countries of the socialist camp have also achieved considerable success. For example, Czechoslovakia has already left behind England, Sweden, France, Italy and Japan in terms of steel production per capita, and France and Italy in terms of electricity generation. By 1965, Czechoslovakia will overtake England and the FRG in industrial production per capita, and the United States in production of the main industries.

The German Democratic Republic has surpassed England, Germany, France and Italy in per capita electricity production. By 1965, Poland will exceed the current level of Italy in the production of the main types of industrial products per capita and will almost catch up with France.

All peoples of the socialist camp have the same goals: to defeat capitalism in peaceful economic competition, to build socialism, and then communism, to ensure eternal peace on earth. The countries of the socialist camp have the same type of state system - the rule of the people, headed by the working class. The peoples of the socialist countries have a common worldview, the same understanding of the laws of the development of human society. In their activities, they are guided by the Marxist-Leninist teaching.

A completely new type of economic and political relations, unprecedented before in history, has been established between the socialist countries. The peoples of the socialist camp are like brothers: they have common friends - the workers and working people of the capitalist countries, they are jointly fighting for peace, against international imperialism. After the XX Congress of the CPSU (1956), which condemned the cult of the individual and opened up wide scope for the creative forces of the Party and the people, relations between the fraternal socialist countries became even closer, even more durable.

Relations between socialist states are based on complete equality, mutual respect for state independence, and non-interference in each other's internal affairs.

Unlike the capitalist camp with its sharpest contradictions, competition, and the exploitation of the weak by the strong, the main feature of the socialist camp is commonwealth and fraternal mutual assistance.

The USSR, for example, helps other socialist states in the construction of many large industrial projects. The Soviet Union provided credits and loans to the countries of the socialist camp for several billion rubles. The supplies of equipment and raw materials from the Soviet Union accelerated the industrialization of the socialist countries of Europe and Asia. Take the Polish People's Republic for example. In the USSR, equipment was manufactured for its largest enterprises: the Lenin Combine in Nowa Huta (it smelts the amount of steel that all Polish metallurgy produced before the Second World War), a high-quality steel plant in Warsaw, factories that produce aluminum, trucks and cars, various chemical products, etc. and.

Even such previously economically backward states as Bulgaria and Romania are now exporting sophisticated machine tools. Two decades ago, there was no modern iron and steel industry in Poland and Hungary. Now they are supplying Czechoslovakia with steel sheets.

For their part, the people's democracies contribute to the development of the Soviet economy. From the German Democratic Republic we get machines, various equipment, chemical products, consumer goods; from Romania - oil products, timber, cement, fruits; from Czechoslovakia - various cars, shoes, furniture.

Czechoslovakia and the German Democratic Republic provide constant assistance to the fraternal countries. The German Democratic Republic participates in the construction of a number of enterprises in China, Poland, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria; Czechoslovakia assists Poland in the development of the chemical industry and coal mining. The Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic and Hungary are helping the Mongolian people in the construction of factories, mines, and power plants.

To strengthen such mutual assistance, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) of the socialist countries of Europe was created in 1949. Since 1959, CMEA has also coordinated economic plans. A general long-term plan for the economic development of the USSR and the European socialist countries is being worked out.

CMEA constantly seeks to ensure that in each of the socialist countries develop, first of all, those branches of industry for which there are the most favorable conditions. Thus, the production of blast-furnace equipment is concentrated in the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia; machines for chemical fiber factories and brown coal preparation - in the GDR; equipment for aluminum enterprises in the USSR and Hungary.

The socialist countries are jointly solving common economic problems. The gigantic Druzhba pipeline with a length of 4,500 km is put into operation. Oil will be transported from the USSR to Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary and the German Democratic Republic through the pipelines of the oil pipeline. An international power transmission line is being built, which will pass through the territory of our country and connect with the power systems of Czechoslovakia and Romania. The people call this line the "Light of Friendship".

The Soviet Union, Mongolia and China built the Jining-Ulaanbaatar railway. Romania and Hungary use Romanian natural gas together. Poland, the GDR and Czechoslovakia are developing deposits of Polish brown coal. Romania, the German Democratic Republic, Czechoslovakia and Poland are building a pulp and paper mill on Romanian soil.

The cooperation of the countries of the socialist camp also encompasses agriculture. Thus, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania grow early potatoes, vegetables, fruits and export them to other socialist countries.

The socialist countries exchange experience and major inventions.

Having received drawings and projects from the Soviet Union, our friends from the countries of the socialist camp in a short time built machine-building, metallurgical, fuel, chemical plants, power plants and mines, mastered the production of various new machines.

Machines for silk-weaving enterprises and reinforced concrete pipes are manufactured in the Soviet Union according to Chinese drawings. We use Czechoslovakian recipes for synthetic enamels and production methods for forging and textile equipment.

The USSR is introducing the experience of the GDR in the production of a number of chemical products, printing and medical equipment, the experience of Hungary in the production of electric and diesel locomotives, the experience of Bulgaria in the production of canned vegetables.

Scientists and engineers of the socialist camp are solving scientific problems by joint efforts. Of great importance, for example, is their joint activities in the field of nuclear physics and applications atomic energy for peaceful purposes. Back in 1956, the socialist countries created the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna (not far from Moscow).

Cultural cooperation is expanding. The socialist states exchange radio and television programs, books, jointly organize exhibitions, concerts, festivals, produce films, and help each other in training specialists. Thousands of students and postgraduates from fraternal socialist countries study at the higher educational institutions of the USSR. To exchange experience and provide technical assistance, Soviet specialists visit countries of people's democracies, while specialists and workers from these countries come to the USSR.

There is a continuous exchange of raw materials and consumer goods between the socialist countries. In 1961 -1965. The Soviet Union will supply 55 million tons of oil to the European socialist countries. And Czechoslovakia during the same time will supply the Soviet Union with 715 thousand tons of sugar, 53 million pairs of shoes; Romania - by 105 million rubles. furniture; Hungary - by 64 million rubles. garments, etc. Deliveries of these goods are in a wide flow.

Foreign trade in the socialist camp is carried out on the basis of the equality of the parties and strict consideration of national interests. It is never used to the detriment of less developed countries, as it happens in the capitalist world, but, on the contrary, contributes to the rise of the economy and culture of the socialist states.

Socialism brings peoples closer together. The world socialist system provides an opportunity to shorten the time frame for building a new society in every socialist country. The USSR, which is the first to advance towards communism, facilitates and accelerates the movement towards communism in all socialist countries.

The peoples who were backward in the past are quickly catching up to the level of the advanced ones. In this way, the historically formed differences in economic and cultural development are gradually disappearing. The transition from socialism to communism will be carried out by the Soviet state and the countries of the socialist camp more or less simultaneously, during one historical epoch.

For the successful construction of a new society - the fairest and most prosperous on earth - the socialist countries need a lasting, indestructible peace. In the socialist camp there are no social classes or individuals interested in war. But the creation by the Western powers of an aggressive military NATO bloc and the inclusion of West Germany in it in 1955 forced the socialist countries to take measures to jointly ensure their security. In 1955, an agreement on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance was signed between the European countries of people's democracy and the USSR in Warsaw. Under this treaty, in the event of an armed attack on one or more states parties to the treaty, the rest of the states will provide him with immediate assistance. The Soviet government and the governments of other socialist countries have repeatedly stated that they are ready to renounce this treaty if the Western powers abandon their aggressive military blocs and agree to conclude a common European treaty on collective security.

The USSR and other socialist countries are resolute supporters of complete and general disarmament, the prohibition of atomic and hydrogen weapons, and the elimination of foreign military bases on foreign territories. In international life, the socialist countries act as a united front. The socialist camp is a reliable bulwark of peace on earth.

The influence of the world socialist system on the course of development of all mankind is growing every year. It directs this development along the path of peace, democracy and socialism. "The majestic edifice of the new world, erected by the heroic labor of free peoples in vast areas of Europe and Asia," says the CPSU Program, "is the prototype of a new society, the future of all mankind."

an ideological and political term denoting the social, economic and political community of free sovereign countries that have chosen the path of building socialism. It began to take shape in 1944-1949, when after the end of World War II in 1939-1945. the influence of the USSR spread to a number of European states (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia) and Asia (China - PRC, North Korea - DPRK). These countries, together with the USSR and Mongolia, formed a socialist camp, which was joined by the German Democratic Republic (GDR since October 1949), the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (in 1976 reunited with South Vietnam into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam - SRV), the Republic of Cuba (since 1959) and Laos (in 1975). The ideological and organizational basis of all forms of cooperation was the interaction of the communist and workers' parties in power. In January 1949, with the aim of strengthening the economic ties of the countries of the socialist camp, a special association, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), was created. In May 1955, a military-political alliance was formed - the Warsaw Pact Organization (OVD). It had a significant impact on the growth of the national liberation and anti-colonial movements; almost 50 years later changed the geopolitical situation in the world. However, the desire of the leadership of the USSR to impose its socio-political line on members of the community often led to serious conflicts - in 1948-1949. there was a break in Soviet-Yugoslav relations (they began to normalize in 1955); in 1961-1962 Soviet-Albanian relations were broken, in the mid-1960s. - Soviet-Chinese. In the late 1980s. the world socialist system included 15 countries that occupied 26.2% of the world's territory and produced up to 40% of world industrial production. It broke up in 1989 - as a result of democratic revolutions in European countries, the communist parties lost power (in Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR, Poland and Czechoslovakia - peacefully, in Romania - after an armed uprising). The FRG absorbed the GDR, Czechoslovakia was divided into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was divided into five states. On July 1, 1991, the Warsaw Pact of 1955 was liquidated. The PRC, North Korea, Vietnam and the Republic of Cuba remained in the positions of building socialism.

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WORLD SYSTEM OF SOCIALISM

socio-economic. and polit. community of free, equal countries, following the path of socialism and communism. M. s. from. - the greatest ist. conquest between bunk. working class, ch. revolutionary the strength of our era, a reliable support of the peoples fighting for peace, nat. independence, democracy and socialism. Countries M. s. from. have the same type of economy. basis - societies. socialist ownership of the means of production; the same type of state. system - the rule of the people, led by the working class and its vanguard - the communist. and workers' parties; a single ideology - Marxism-Leninism; common interests in the defense of revolutionaries. conquests and nat. independence from the encroachments of the imperialist. camp, in the fight for world peace and assistance to the peoples fighting for the nat. independence; the common goal is communism. Socialist. construction in the countries of M. s. from. is based on general laws, to-rye by each country are implemented taking into account the specific features of its development. M.'s education and development with. from. occurs on the basis of compliance with the principles of state. sovereignty, complete voluntariness, based on the strengthening of friendships. relations between the countries that form this system, in accordance with the vital interests of the working people. M.'s emergence with. from. lays the foundation for the formation of a new, socialist type of political and economic relations between countries. The principles of these relations are: complete equality, respect for territories. integrity, state. independence and sovereignty, non-interference in internal. deeds of each other, fraternal cooperation and mutual assistance, mutual benefit. In these principles, socialist is manifested in practice. internationalism. These relations are most conducive to the development of productive forces, the historical process of economic, political and cultural rapprochement of peoples. The beginning of the transition of human society from capitalism to socialism was laid by Vel. Oct socialist revolution. With her victory, the world split into two opposite systems: socialist and capitalist. Soviet Russia rendered fraternal support to Mongolia, before the cut after the victory in 1921 Nar. revolution opened the way for development to socialism, bypassing capitalism. The successes of the USSR in building socialism, its decisive role in the defeat of Germany. fascism and Japanese. militarism in World War II had a strong influence on the development of the revolution. movement, facilitated and accelerated the victory of the People's Democratic. and socialist. revolutions in a group of countries in Europe and Asia. The peoples of Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, DRV, GDR, PRC, DPRK, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia took the path of socialism. A new form of organization of society took shape - people's democracy. In the 2nd floor. 40s 20th century the transformation of socialism into a world system began. M.'s emergence with. from. - the largest event in world history after the victory of Vel. Oct socialist revolution. It confirmed the conclusion of Leninism that the development of the world socialist. revolution will take place through the revolutionary falling away of individual countries from the capitalist. systems. An important event in the process of folding M. with. from. there was a victory in 1959 in Cuba, a popular, anti-imperialist. a revolution that has grown into a socialist one. The Republic of Cuba is the first country in the West. hemisphere, embarked on the path of building socialism. The treaties and agreements concluded between the countries that have embarked on the path of socialism contributed to the strengthening of relations. In 1945, an agreement on friendship, mutual assistance and post-war cooperation between the USSR and Poland was signed (extended in 1965), in 1946 - an agreement and agreement with Mongolia (a new agreement was concluded in 1966; the first Soviet-Mongolian agreement dates back to 1921), in 1948 - treaties of friendship, mutual assistance and post-war cooperation with Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria, in 1950 - with China, in 1961 - with the DPRK, in 1964 - with the GDR (an agreement on relations between the GDR and the USSR was concluded in 1955); The Soviet-Czechoslovak treaty on friendship, mutual assistance and post-war cooperation was signed back in 1943 (extended in 1965). Contracts were also concluded between the department. foreign socialist. countries: in 1947 - between Albania and Bulgaria, between Poland and Czechoslovakia, in 1948 - between Bulgaria and Romania, between Romania and Czechoslovakia, between Hungary and Poland, between Hungary and Romania, in 1949 - between Romania and Poland, etc. Efforts countries M. s. from. aimed at ensuring the successful construction of socialism in every possible way. At the same time, socialist. countries use each other's experience and, above all, socialist experience. construction of the Sov. Union, which created by the end of the 50s. necessary prerequisites for the construction of material and technical. bases of communism and the gradual development of socialist. public relations in communist. Already at the beginning of the first period of M.'s development by page. from. in the countries of Nar. democracies, a large industry, banks, were nationalized. e. Importance in building socialism in the countries of Moscow. from. had a socialist. industrialization and cooperation c. kh-va (see in the articles Industrialization and Agricultural Cooperation). An essential role in the restoration of bunks. economy and its further development in the young socialist countries played the help to them from the USSR with loans, supplies of equipment, raw materials and food; in a number of countries, at the request of the governments of these countries, Sov. specialists. Between socialist. countries gradually expanded, along with foreign trade, scientific and technical cooperation. To implement a wider economical. cooperation and socialist. division of labor within M. s. from. in 1949 the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) was created. In connection with the threat to peace in Europe, created as a result of the ratification of Zap. the states of the Paris agreements of 1954, which provided for the formation of an aggressive military. groupings - Western European union with the participation of the FRG and its inclusion in the North Atlantic Pact, was signed by 8 euro. socialist states Warsaw Pact 1955. The Treaty aims to take the necessary measures to ensure the security of peace-loving states and maintain peace in Europe, is strictly defended. character. Development and strengthening of socialist. productions. relations and the protection of world peace are the most important political. problems of M. s. from. and at the second stage of its development, in M.'s to-ry with. from. entered in the late 50s. At this stage of M.'s development with. from. The USSR launched the construction of communism, and other countries of M. s. from. solve the problems of strengthening and improving the socialist. productions. relations, completion of construction material and technical. the basis of socialism and the creation of prerequisites for a gradual transition to the building of communism. At the same time ist. the terms for solving these problems are different for the department. countries. Countries M. s. from. by developing its nat. economies contribute to the strengthening of M. s. from. in general, and the peculiarities of building socialism in individual countries are a contribution to the common treasury of Marxism-Leninism. In the countries of M. s. from. a developed industry was created. Those countries M. s. with., to-rye in the past were agrarian, turned or are turning into an industrial. and industrial. -Agrarian. Despite the very high growth rates of prom. production-islands in countries that had a low level of economics in the past. development, the volume of production per capita in them is still lagging behind similar indicators in developed socialist countries. The persisting differences in the levels of economic. development and a certain one-sidedness of the economy of certain countries of M. s. with., inherited from capitalism, create the possibility of discrepancy between specific economic. interests and require daily attention to the coordination of economic. politicians. Since 1963, in a number of countries M. s. from. (East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, the USSR, etc.) reforms are being carried out in the administration of the People's Republic. economy aimed at increasing the efficiency of companies. production-va. The restructuring of management provides for a more complete use of commodity-money relations (the law of value), improvement of planning to increase the level of production, raise labor productivity. Success in the development of nat. economy and the accumulated experience of economic. cooperation allowed socialist. countries to begin a gradual transition from indirect production coordination. efforts (through foreign trade) to direct production... cooperation. Every socialist. country, taking into account its capabilities and the people facing it. x-th tasks, sovereignly and voluntarily decides on its participation in one form or another of economic. cooperation. Great attention to the development of economic. cooperation between M. s. from. was given at meetings of representatives of the communist. and workers' parties of the CMEA member countries 1958, 1960 (Feb.), 1962 and 1963. Ch. means of systematic deepening of the international. division of labor and amalgamation of industries. efforts of the CMEA member countries is in modern conditions coordination of nat. national farm. plans, as well as specialization and cooperation of production, joint construction by the countries of Moscow with. from. large national farms. objects. By the end of 1964, more than 1,500 types of machinery and equipment were specialized. The Druzhba oil pipeline, built by joint efforts of the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary and the German Democratic Republic, went into operation. The Mir energy system was created: in 1962, the Zap. Energy system joined the previously united energy systems of Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, Poland and Czechoslovakia. Ukraine (USSR), in 1963 - Romania and in 1964 - Bulgaria. From 1 Jan. 1964 Intern. economical bank cooperation, established and (since 1963) began to operate the CMEA Institute for Standardization. In 1964, the international production association "Intermetall" and an organization for cooperation in the production of bearings were created, and a common fleet of freight cars began to function. Foreign trade turnover of the countries of M. s. from. increased in 1964 by more than 3.8 times compared with 1950 and amounted to St. 40.4 billion rubles Leading place in economics and scientific and technical. cooperation between M. s. from. is occupied by Sov. Union. During the postwar years, he rendered a socialist abroad. countries assistance in the construction of more than 600 industrial. enterprises and structures. In 1964, the USSR provided technical assistance. assistance in the construction of 620 more enterprises and facilities. The size of loans provided by Sov. Union, exceeds 9 billion rubles. Scientific ties of the countries of M. with. from. In 1956, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research was founded in Dubna (USSR), and contacts between research institutes of the countries of M. s. sec., exchange of technical documentation. Cultural ties are expanding (translation of literature, publishing of magazines, theater and concert tours, film festivals, exchange of radio and television programs, etc.). In M.'s development with. from. a number of difficulties were encountered. They arise primarily from the difference in the levels of economic. development department countries by the time the construction of socialism in these countries began; they are also associated with well-known differences in the approach to a number of problems arising in the process of establishing a new type of relationship. In the context of the personality cult of Stalin, there were cases of violation of equal and mutually beneficial relations between the USSR and some other countries of Moscow. from. They were resolutely corrected after the XX Congress of the CPSU. An important role in this matter was played by the Declaration of the Sov. pr-va on the foundations of the development and further strengthening of friendship and cooperation between the USSR and other socialist. countries from 30 Oct. 1956. The case of strengthening M. s. from. contributed to the Moscow. meetings of 1957 and 1960 representatives of the communist. and workers' parties. In 1960, the disagreements of the Communist leadership were revealed. the Party of China and the Albanian Party of Labor with the CPSU and other fraternal parties. USSR and most other socialist. countries show full readiness to establish friendly relations with China and Albania, to overcome on a Marxist-Leninist basis disagreements with the CPC and APT, which are especially dangerous under conditions of imperialist activism. forces, to-rye try to use any means to weaken M. of page. from. and undermining the struggle of the peoples of the entire globe for peace. Strengthening M. s. from. is inextricably linked with adherence to the ideas of Marxism-Leninism, the principles of proletarian internationalism, as well as with the need for each state M. from. nat. interests and interns. tasks. Cooperation and solidarity is one of Ch. sources of power M. s. from. The development and deepening of this cooperation meets the fundamental interests of each country individually and of the entire Moscow region. from. on the whole, it helps to unite its ranks in the struggle against imperialism. As a result of its growing economy. and polit. power M. s. from. turns into a decisive factor in the progressive development of man. about-va. Determining influence on M.'s world development with. from. renders its households. successes. In 1951-64, the average annual growth rate of industrial. production was made in socialist. countries 11.7% compared with 5.5% in capitalist. countries. Release prom. production in the socialist countries as a whole for 1961-65 increased by 43%, and in the capitalist countries. systems - by 34%; while the growth of the economies of the countries of M. s. with., in contrast to capitalistic. countries, ensures a steady increase in the material and cultural level of workers. However, since most of the countries of M. s. from. began to build socialism, having a backward economy, M. s. from. in per capita production of industrial products in a number of industries has not yet caught up with such economically developed capitalist countries as the USA, England and the FRG. The communist and workers' parties of the socialist countries, according to the Statement of the Moscow Conference 1960 (November), are their own intern. the duty is seen in the solution by joint efforts and in the shortest possible time histor. tasks - to surpass the world capitalist. system by absolute volume of prom. and s.-kh. production, and after that overtake the most developed in economics. capitalistic attitude. countries by the level of production per capita and life-long rate. The successes of the countries of M. s. from. create favorable conditions for the labor movement in developed capitalist countries. countries for national-liberate. movement of the peoples of Asia, Africa, Lat. America. M.'s education with. from. in means. degree contributed to the process of collapse of the columns. system of imperialism. Help from the countries of M. s. from. makes it easier for those freed from under the columns. domination of the peoples to create a developed, independent economy. In the young states of Asia, Africa and Latin America with the help of the countries of M. s. from. about 1,500 enterprises are being built, of which 600 are with economic and technical assistance from the USSR. Socialist. countries provided these countries with long-term concessional loans for the development of the national economy in the amount of about 5.5 billion rubles. Strength and power of M. s. from. led to the termination of imp. aggression against Egypt in 1956, saved Cuba from the Amer. invasion in 1962, etc. Powerful support for M. s. from. helps the Vietnamese people to repel the aggression of US imperialism. M.'s successes with. from. exert a powerful influence on the minds of people, enhance the attractive force of the ideas of Marxism-Leninism, develop the revolutionary energy and activity of the working masses. M. s. from. creates favorable conditions for the development of the world socialist. revolution, for the falling away of all new countries from the world capitalist. systems. Achievements of the countries of M. s. from. in the field of science, the outstanding successes of the Soviet Union in space exploration and in the peaceful use of atomic energy, the flourishing of socialist. cultures are rendering more and more meaning. impact on the development of world science and culture. In the present. time (1966) in the composition of M. s. from. includes 14 countries with a total area. 35.2 million km2 (26% of the territory. the globe); they are home to (at the beginning of 1965) 1 billion 144 million people. (35% of the world's population). - *** - *** - *** - Table. Countries of the world socialist system (territory and population) [s] WORLD_SOC_SIST.JPG Source: Socialist Economy. countries in figures 1964 M., 1965, p. 3. Lit .: Lenin V. I., An initial outline of theses on national and colonial issues, Soch., 4th ed., Vol. 31, p. 163-66; Resolution of the XII Congress of the RCP (b) "Po national issue ", in the book: The CPSU in resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee, 7th ed., Part 1, Moscow, 1954, pp. 709-16; Program of the CPSU. Adopted by the XXII Congress of the CPSU, Moscow, 1965; Declaration of the Government of the USSR on the foundations for the development and further strengthening of friendship and cooperation between the Soviet Union and other socialist states, Pravda, 1956, October 31, No. 305; Declaration of the Meeting of representatives of communist and workers' parties of socialist countries ..., M., 1958; Statement of the Meeting of Representatives of Communist and Workers' Parties, in the book: Program documents of the struggle for peace, democracy and socialism, M., 1961; Basic principles of the international socialist division of labor, M., 1964; Socialist camp Brief illus. Polit. -economic reference book, M., 1962; World of socialism in figures and facts. (Reference), M., 1964; Economy of socialist countries in figures, M., 1963-65; Brief statistical collection, M., 1964; Competition of two systems Handbook, M., 1964; Dudinsky I.V., Mirova the system of socialism and the laws of its development, M., 1961; The victory of the Leninist cooperative plan in the socialist countries, M., 1963; Socialist industrialization of the countries of people's democracy, M., 1960; Zolotarev VI, Foreign trade of socialist countries, M., 1964; Ivanov N.I., Economic cooperation and mutual assistance of the countries of socialism, M., 1962; Sanakoev Sh. P., Great Commonwealth of Free and Sovereign Peoples, M., 1964; Sergeev S. D., Economic cooperation and mutual assistance of socialist countries, (3rd ed.), M., 1964; Socialist international division of labor, M., 1961; Faddeev N. V., Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, M., M., 1964; Construction of communism in the USSR and cooperation of socialist countries, M., 1962; Airapetyan M.E., Sukhodeev V.V., New type of international relations, M., 1964; Kharakhashian G. M., Some questions of the theory of the world economy of socialism, M., 1960; Shiryaev Yu.S., World Socialist Commonwealth, M., 1963; The economic efficiency of the international socialist division of labor, M., 1965; Comparison of the levels of economic development of socialist countries, M., 1965; Kishsh T., Economic cooperation of socialist countries, M., 1963; Popisakov G., International division of labor under socialism, Sofia, 1960; Apr? A., A szocialista orszagok gazdas? Gi egy? Ttm? K? De seert, (Bdpst), 1964; Gr? Big G., Internationale Arbeitsteilung und Au? Enhandel im sozialistischen Weltsystem, B., 1960; Krause M., Das Entwicklungstempo der sozialistischen L? Nder im? Konomischen Wettbewerb der beiden Weltsysteme, V. 1960; Kunz W., Grundfragen der Internationalen Wirtschaftszusammenarbeit der L? Nder des Rates f? R Gegenseitige Wirtschaftschilfe (RGW), B., 1964; Bodnar A., \u200b\u200bGospodarka europejskich Kraj? W socjalistycznych, Warsz., 1962; Margineanu I., George V., J? Nosi J., Sistemul mondial socialist, Buc., 1961; Bantea E., Dreptatea si taria sont de partea socialismului, Buc., 1962; Bilek A., Havelkova B., Titera D., Zame socialisticke Soustavy, Praha, 1961; Machov? D., CSSRv socialisticke mezinarodni delbe pr? Ce, (Praha), 1962; Mal? V., Svetov? socialistick? hospod? rsk? soustava, Praha, 1961.L. I. Abalkin. Moscow.

The results of the war brought about fundamental changes in the international situation.

The war ended the half-century struggle of the imperialist states for world leadership, the United States is becoming the dominant "superpower" in the capitalist world. The Soviet Union, although it suffered heavy losses, emerged from the war mighty military force, has gained immense authority in the world community. Such a balance of forces in the inter-formation contradiction largely determined social development in the post-war world.

As a result of the war, the world capitalist system turned out to be significantly weakened as a whole. In the Western European center: Germany and Italy - defeated; France, under German occupation, reduced production to 30% of pre-war; England, whose debt has tripled, is directly dependent on the United States. Another center of the imperialist system (Japan) has also been destroyed. The only country that, as a result of the war, sharply increased the financial, economic and military powerturned out to be the United States of America. The second world War, like the First, turned into a "golden rain" for the United States. The volume of their industrial production more than doubled, the national income rose from $ 97 billion in 1941 to $ 161 billion in 1944. Taking advantage of the weakness of its competitors, the United States captures the bulk of the world market and claims world domination.

In all capitalist countries, popular sympathy for the socialist idea increased significantly, the influence of communist and socialist parties, who led the anti-fascist struggle, whose representatives entered the government of many states. In the colonies and dependent countries, the struggle against the occupiers caused a rise in national consciousness, a desire for state independence and social reconstruction.

The socialist and communist movements in countries of different continents, the anti-imperialist struggle in dependent states and the national liberation struggle of the colonial peoples merged into a single world revolutionary stream. The growth of the power of the USSR, its example and the support of the peoples by the Soviet Union in the struggle against imperialism contributed to the development of democratic processes in the world.

Under the prevailing historical conditions, world social development included three main directions.

The first is the development of socialism. It proceeded in the following concrete historical forms: 1) the development of the USSR as a bulwark of the world socialist system; 2) the transition to the socialist path of development of countries and peoples of various civilizations in Europe, Asia and Latin America, the formation of the world socialist system; 3) the development of elements of socialism within the capitalist countries - the continuation of the process of "socialization" of capitalism due to internal reasons and under the influence of the example of the socialist countries. All this shows the general laws governing the transition of the world community to the socialist system.

The second is the transition of the capitalist formation to the world-monopoly stage. National state-monopoly capitalism (MMC), formed in the first half of the 20th century, is developing into a new stage, world-monopoly capitalism (WMC) - "global imperialism" with an economic, political and military center in the United States.

The third is the national liberation movement in colonial and dependent countries. As a result of the struggle for independence, these countries are moving to an independent path of development in various forms of the social structure of society.

All three components of the world historical process developed in mutual connection in a concretely evolving historical situation, closely intertwined with each other. Imperialism, led by the United States, by force of arms, economic, financial, informational and ideological pressure opposed the development of the socialist system and the national liberation movement of a socialist orientation.

The most important event of the first post-war years was the transition to the socialist path of development of the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, where, in the course of liberation from fascism, people's power was established and people's democratic republics were formed. Albania, Bulgaria, East Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia fell away from the capitalist system in Europe. Socialist transformations were consistently carried out in them. The property of persons who collaborated with the fascists was confiscated everywhere, large-scale industry, banks, transport were nationalized; land reform was carried out. In a tense political struggle, the bourgeois elements were defeated, the political parties of the working class and the peasantry were established in power. The Soviet Union paralyzed the attempts of imperialism to interfere in the internal affairs of the people's democracies, the presence of Soviet troops did not allow unleashing a civil war in them and organizing intervention. At the same time, the Soviet administration provided support to the forces of socialist orientation.

The victory of the socialist revolution in China was of great historical importance. As a result of many years of armed struggle, the power of the Kuomintang government was overthrown, and on October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China was formed. The Chinese Communist Party came to power and began the socialist transformation. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) have taken the path of socialist development. In general, in the first years after World War II, eleven states went over to the construction of socialism. The world process of development of the socialist system began in countries of various civilizations.

US transition to confrontation with the USSR, creation of NATO bloc Deployment of the Cold War

Developing the contours of the post-war world order, the leaders of the great powers of the anti-Hitler coalition (who had agreements among themselves on friendship and cooperation after the war) agreed on the main approaches to the problems post-war world at conferences in Yalta and Potsdam (1945).

Their essence was that along with the delimitation of the spheres of influence between the victor countries, it was envisaged to provide a wide the international cooperation to eliminate the consequences of the war and develop a reliable mechanism for international control over the security of all peoples, over the political and military stability in the world by the activities of the United Nations (UN), established in 1945.

However, already in the course of the Potsdam Conference (July - August 1945), discrepancies in the approaches of the Western powers and the USSR to the postwar world order were revealed. The leading political circles of the United States and Britain saw in the emerging historical situation a threat to their position in the world and to the existence of capitalism as a whole. The first step in the official confrontation with the USSR was Truman's violation of Roosevelt's promise to Stalin at the Yalta Conference to withdraw American troops from Europe 6 months after the end of the war. Then delays began in the preparation and conclusion of peace treaties with Germany's former allies. Only on February 10, 1947, treaties were signed with Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Finland. The undoubted merit of the USSR in this peaceful settlement on the basis of cooperation of all the main powers of the anti-Hitler coalition was that the treaties did not contain provisions that infringe upon the political and economic independence of the defeated states, the national dignity of their peoples. The treaties provided for territorial changes that took into account the national interests of the states participating in the fight against fascism.

The preservation by the United States, Britain and France of a powerful grouping of troops in their zones of occupation of Germany and the turn of the policy of the former allies towards confrontation with the USSR led to the deployment Soviet army in Germany and other European countries. The Soviet Union failed to get the allies to fulfill the agreement on the creation of a united democratic Germany. In the western zone of occupation, a separate German state is created - the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). In response to this, with the support of the USSR, an eastern German state is formed - the German Democratic Republic (GDR).

The economies of the European states and Japan, destroyed by the war, required great economic efforts and investments to restore. American imperialism used this situation to establish its hegemony by creating a single economic space of the capitalist world based on the dollar financial system and the development of transnational corporations (TNCs) by tying Europe and Japan to the US economy. These goals were consistent with the "Marshall Plan" (US Secretary of State), which provided for economic assistance to countries on certain political conditions.

A kind of declaration of the "cold war" was the speech of W. Churchill in Fulton (USA) on March 5, 1946, in which he called to join forces against the "threat of communism" and create a military-political alliance against the USSR. These ideas are outlined in President Truman's official message to Congress on March 12, 1947: "the fight against communism" is declared the main goal of US policy. A draft of the ultimatum of the USSR was discovered in Truman's archives. Beginning in September 1945, the headquarters of the US armed forces were developing plans for a preventive war against the USSR using nuclear weapons. As the nuclear potential of the United States increased, these plans, in accordance with the military doctrine of "massive retaliation", became more and more dangerous. The threat of a nuclear war against the USSR was real.

In 1949, a military-political NATO bloc ("North Atlantic Alliance") was created, directed against the USSR. It is then joined by the regional alliances created by the United States around the USSR and China. In 1954 and 1955. SEATO and CENTO were formed, in which the USA, Great Britain and France involved another 25 states of Europe, the Middle East and Asia.

In the period 1945 - 1955. the economy of the leading capitalist countries, having gone through several crises, recovered and gained growth rates in common system world economic ties around the economic center - the United States. In the 60s. in the capitalist world, three centers have again emerged: main center - USA and Canada; second - Western Europe, where everything great strength is gaining Germany; the third is Japan, which widely uses American and European technologies, combining them with the national characteristics of the organization of labor in enterprises. Unlike the pre-war system of state-monopoly capitalism, Europe and Japan are now closely linked politically, financially and technologically with the United States, which led the formation of global ties of world-monopoly capitalism in their national interests.

The formation of the CMC system was accompanied by a process of sharp confrontation with the developing world socialist system and the waging of local wars against the national liberation movement in the colonial and dependent countries. In the period 1945 - 1969. The USA, England, France and other NATO countries participated in more than 70 wars and local conflicts in Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America. The United States during this period received the title of "gendarme of the world." United States of America Deploys Race nuclear weapons and go over to the conduct of the "cold war" against the USSR. After the expiration of the secrecy period, plans for a nuclear war against the USSR and the countries of the socialist community, developed by the American command, were made public. All of them provided for the first attack on the USSR by the United States of America with the infliction of massive nuclear strikes on the cities: June 1946 - the Pinger plan - 20 cities of the USSR; August 1947 - the "Boiler" plan - 25 cities of the USSR and 18 Eastern Europe; January 1948 - Plan "Grabber", then "Chariotir", "Huffmoon", "Fleetwood"; June 1949 - Drop Shot. According to the latest plan, it was planned to use 300 atomic bombs and 250 thousand tons of conventional bombs to destroy 85% of the Soviet industry, 154 NATO divisions for the occupation of the USSR and its dismemberment into 20 - 25 puppet states. The plan provided for the widespread use of "dissidents" for conducting "psychological warfare". “Psychological warfare is an extremely important weapon for promoting dissent and betrayal among the Soviet people; it will undermine his morality, sow confusion and create disorganization in the country. To achieve a combination of psychological, economic and clandestine warfare with plans for military operations, ”it said. It is known that such plans were developed before 1982 with the number of targets in several thousand.

In the late 40s - early 50s. the US and NATO leaderships are developing a comprehensive concept of the Cold War. Its ultimate goal is the overthrow of governments and the destruction of the socialist ("communist") system. According to this concept, the "cold war" includes all forms of struggle inherent in the conduct of a full-scale total war: economic, diplomatic, ideological and psychological, subversive activities and the introduction of his protégés into the country's leadership. Direct hostilities are being replaced by the threat of nuclear weapons and a debilitating arms race. The leading place in the complex of these measures was occupied by "psychological warfare". In the 50s. "" Was accepted by NATO military theorists as a special form of modern war on a par with total nuclear, limited and local war. The concept of the "cold war" was reflected in a number of works by NATO military theorists, including the translation of the work of E. Kingston-McClory, published in 1963 in the USSR " Military policy and strategy ".

In accordance with this concept, a long-term program of targeted destructive actions has been developed using the superior economic potential of the capitalist countries and the achievements of science and technology. It was believed that the USSR lagged behind the United States in development: industry by 15 years, technical by 5-10 years, transport by 10 years, nuclear weapons by 5-10 years. And although these calculations, especially for nuclear weaponswere not confirmed, the initial superiority of the aggregate economic potential of the developed capitalist countries created difficult conditions for the USSR in the economic and military confrontation.

The arms race has laid a heavy burden on Soviet society, significantly reducing its opportunities in socio-economic competition with the world capitalist system. However, the real threat of war when the United States achieved decisive military superiority forced the USSR leadership to respond to it with an increase in its military power as a real condition for maintaining peace. The struggle for peace also became the main direction of the diplomatic activity of the Soviet Union.

To wage the "cold war" in the United States in the 50s and 60s. a powerful scientific base is being created for studying the state of affairs and developing methods for destroying the USSR and the world socialist system — research centers for "Sovietology" and "the study of socialist countries." They are closely cooperating with centers for training cadres capable of conducting active subversive activities - psychologists, economists, journalists and historians - specialists in anti-communism. For this, materials and specialists exported from Hitlerite Germany, anti-Soviet emigre centers, a conspiracy network of agents that have worked against the USSR since the 1920s are used. All the experience of psychological warfare accumulated during the Second World War by the United States and Nazi Germany, and a powerful financial force (26-28 billion dollars annually) are involved. They counted on a long struggle against the change of generations in the leadership, on the natural departure of the "generation of victors", on the disintegration and degeneration of a new generation of Soviet leaders.

Attaching great importance to information and psychological warfare, the US leadership is creating a world information management center (USIA) and powerful propaganda centers - Voice of America, Freedom, Free Europe, Deutsche Welle, etc. In 1997, English television showed a program about how the CIA in the 50s. even created a special art, in all senses alternative to Soviet socialist realism, called "abstract expressionism". With strong financial support through charitable societies, this trend in art began to rapidly spread in many countries.

While deploying the "cold war" against the USSR and the socialist countries, the American leadership and its allies simultaneously directed efforts to strengthen their rear against the "threat of communism." In the 40s - 50s. in the USA and Western Europe an active struggle against the communist movement ("McCarthyism") and subversive activities within it were launched, and the bourgeois influence on the social democratic movement was increasing. In all countries, sophisticated anti-Soviet propaganda is being conducted with the aim of creating an image of the enemy in the person of the USSR and the communists of all countries as "agents of the Kremlin." In the minds of the peoples of Europe and America, the image of the USSR as a fighter against fascism and a liberator of peoples under the influence of psychological warfare was gradually replaced by the image of the “red aggressor” and “occupier”.

Raising the economy through American aid and the exploitation of the colonies, the bourgeoisie of Western Europe got the opportunity already in the mid-50s. raise the living standards of the population and introduce a number of social guarantees. The process of "socialization" of capitalism received a new impetus. Western propaganda skillfully presented these measures, opposing the "Western way of life" to the difficulties of social development in the countries of the socialist community. This is how the rear of world capitalism was strengthened for waging the "cold war", which played an important role in the overall course of the confrontation between the two social systems.

Formation of the world socialist system. Deployment of anti-imperialist struggle, collapse of colonialism

The rise of socialism in the countries of Eastern Europe and Asia took place in difficult conditions. Historically, socialism was established in economically underdeveloped, mainly agrarian countries (with the exception of Czechoslovakia, partly the GDR and Hungary). The war inflicted heavy damage on their economy (especially the GDR, China, Vietnam). The restoration of the economy destroyed by the war in the new socialist states was carried out simultaneously with the restructuring of the economy and social transformations on a socialist basis. This process took place with active political and material support from the USSR. The Marshall Plan, which provided for economic aid to the United States of America on political terms, was rejected by the leadership of these countries. On the basis of a planned economy in all countries by 1948 - 1949. the pre-war level of production was reached (in the GDR by 1950), and in accordance with plans for economic development, industrialization and cooperation in agriculture began. The rates of economic development, the growth of living standards of the population and the development of the social sphere exceeded those of the capitalist countries.

In 1949, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), an economic and political union of socialist countries, was created to facilitate the organization of planned economic and cultural cooperation. The CMEA included Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Albania (from the end of 1961 it did not participate in the CMEA work). Subsequently, the organization included the GDR (1950), Mongolia (1962), Vietnam (1978), Cuba (1972). The creation of the CMEA formalized the formation of the world socialist system headed by the USSR and contributed to the rapid economic and social development of the states that entered the Council.

An "iron curtain" is falling between the capitalist world and the socialist countries (through efforts on both sides). It prevents not only the hostile influence and penetration of the capitalist world into the socialist countries, but also economic, scientific, technical and cultural exchange. Imperialism is also trying to "throw off communism" by using military force against individual socialist countries: war is unleashed in Korea, in Vietnam, and Cuba is invaded. The USSR's firm foreign policy, the active political struggle for peace, and its direct support for the struggle of the socialist countries do not allow imperialism to stop their development along the socialist path by force of arms.

The war in Korea (1950 - 1953) was the first large-scale military clash of imperialism with the countries of the socialist community formed after World War II, the first major local war of the post-war period. After the withdrawal of Soviet troops from North Koreaand later American troops from the South, two Korean states were formed: the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the Republic of Korea. The desire to unite Korea by force of arms was expressed by both Korean states.

The war began on June 25, 1950 with border clashes, after which the Korean People's Army (KPA) went on the offensive. The defeat of South Korean troops and the threat of losing their foothold on the Asian continent prompted US intervention in the Korean civil war. The US government achieved a UN decision approving the participation of the US armed forces and 15 other capitalist states in the intervention. On July 1, the American command began the transfer of the 8th american army and massive bombing of military facilities and troops of the DPRK. But the offensive under the leadership of Commander-in-Chief Kim Il Sung continued, the KPA liberated 90% of the territory of Korea.

On September 15, having accumulated superior forces, the enemy launched a counteroffensive with a powerful landing in the rear of the KPA. At the end of the month, the invaders took Seoul, and in October they captured Pyongyang and reached the Korean-Chinese border. The help of China and the USSR made it possible to restore the combat capability of the KPA; at the end of October, North Korean troops and parts of Chinese volunteers launched a counteroffensive. Over the next 8 months, in the course of stubborn battles, the territory of the DPRK was liberated and the front stabilized at the 38th parallel, from where hostilities began. The confrontation continued for another 2 years, when negotiations were underway. The DPRK held out, and on July 27, 1953, an armistice agreement was signed. The United States was unable to solve the "Korean problem" by military means.

The 64th Fighter Air Corps of the Soviet Armed Forces, which is part of the United Air Force, took part in the war. During the war, Soviet pilots shot down 1,097 enemy aircraft and 212 with anti-aircraft artillery fire. 3,504 servicemen were awarded orders and medals, and 22 pilots received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. The losses were 125 pilots and 335 aircraft. (Russia (USSR) in local wars and military conflicts of the second half of the 20th century - M., 2000.)

In 1961, an attempt at US intervention in Cuba ended in failure. Operation Pluto included aircraft bombing and amphibious assault operations in the Playa Giron area on 17 April. The fight against the aggressors took on a nationwide character. Within 2 days, the Cuban army under the leadership of Fidel Castro defeated the landing, on April 20, completed the elimination and capture of the surviving groups of mercenaries from the Cuban counter-revolutionaries. On April 18, the Soviet Union issued a decisive declaration of its readiness to provide the Cuban people with the necessary assistance and support. The subsequent blockade of Cuba by the American fleet and the threat of a new intervention in October 1962 prompted serious military measures by the USSR in support of the Cuban people. The outbreak of the crisis led to the threat of nuclear war. The United States was forced to retreat, abandon the invasion, and the USSR, for its part, made a compromise regarding the deployment of its weapons in Cuba. Socialism on the Island of Liberty survived.

The largest US aggression against a socialist country in Asia was the Vietnam War (1964-1973). The puppet "Saigon" regime in South Vietnam, against which an armed struggle of the Popular Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam arose for unification with North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam), served as a springboard for the deployment of the war. Having increased its grouping in South Vietnam to 90 thousand people, the United States is moving to open intervention. On August 2, 1964, they provoked a collision of their ships with the torpedo boats of the DRV, and on August 7, the US Congress officially approved the aggression. The unfolding US war against Vietnam had two periods: the deployment of aggression from August 5, 1964 to November 1, 1968, and the curtailment of the scale of the war - from November 1968 to January 27, 1973.

Against the DRV, the United States used the air and naval forces in order to undermine the economy, morale of the people and stop providing assistance to the patriots of South Vietnam. Napalm and poisonous bombardments were also carried out in Laos and Cambodia. In military operations against the patriots of South Vietnam, they were actively used ground troops... As a result of long-term battles and partisan actions, the troops of the Popular Front managed to liberate the territory with a population of 1.5 million people. The Soviet Union supplied weapons and equipment to the DRV by sea despite the blockade of the coast of the US Navy. The US leadership was forced to negotiate, and from November 1, 1968, American bombing North Vietnam stopped. An important role in the defense of the DRV was played by missile systemssupplied by the USSR.

In June 1969, the Congress of People's Representatives proclaimed the formation of the Republic of South Vietnam (RSV). The RSV army numbered over 1 million people and stepped up attacks on the enemy. In accordance with the "Nixon Doctrine", the United States is moving to "Vietnamizing the war" in Indochina, shifting the main burden of the struggle onto the Saigon army. The crushing blows of the RSV army, the political, economic and military support of the USSR and the progressive forces of the world, as well as the rise of the pacifist movement in the United States against a long-term war with heavy losses forced the American political leadership to conclude an agreement to end the war. It was signed in Paris on January 27, 1973. The South Vietnamese regime was overthrown in 1975.

According to American data, the United States spent $ 140 billion on the war, 2.5 million American troops took part in it, 58 thousand were killed, about 2 thousand were missing and 472 pilots were captured. The American nation felt defeated and humiliated. "Vietnam Syndrome" affects the United States to this day. In July 1976, the reunification was completed and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam was formed. On the whole, world imperialism failed to stop the transition to socialism in Asia and Latin America by military force.

The strengthening of the NATO bloc prompted retaliatory measures from the countries of the socialist community. Six years after its creation in 1955, a military-political union of socialist countries was formed - the Warsaw Pact Organization (OVR). With the help of the USSR, the armed forces of Bulgaria, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia and Albania are being strengthened (in 1968 it left the organization).

In the 50s and 60s. the economies of the countries of the socialist community developed at a steady high rate (on average about 10% per year). The established world socialist system is rapidly building up its economic potential and military power. The Soviet Union, which has reached the forefront of scientific, technical and social progress, actively contributed to the rise of the countries of the socialist community. The countries of Eastern Europe have turned from agrarian to industrial-agrarian. 1956 - 1957 the CMEA member countries switched to specialization and cooperation in production, the practice of coordinating national economic plans was introduced. In 1964, the International Bank for Economic Cooperation was created to regulate international settlements. The economies of China, Vietnam, Korea developed more independently, cooperation with the USSR proceeded on a bilateral basis, taking into account the peculiarities of the economic development of countries and the specific historical situation.

The development of the world socialist system was supported by the communist parties in many countries of the world. International communist movement was an important factor in the world historical process. After the liquidation of the Comintern, international contacts of the CPSU (b) were on a bilateral basis. In 1947, a new body was created - the Information Bureau of Communist and Workers' Parties. After its dissolution in April 1956, periodic meetings of communist and workers' parties were held at which political positions were agreed upon.

The formation of the world socialist system is a complex social process. Sharp differences in economic, political and social development, national cultures and traditions required a variety of approaches to the formation of a new social system, the originality of the ways and rates of social change in each country. The absolutization of the Soviet model in the development of socialism under the influence of objective and subjective factors was in a number of cases in conflict with the peculiarities of the national development of countries, and the class struggle did not fade in them either. This led to crises with the use of military force: in the GDR in 1951, in Poland in 1953, in Hungary in 1956, in Czechoslovakia in 1968. Subversive activities of the West played a significant role in aggravating the contradictions.

Simultaneously with the development of the world socialist system, there is a stormy process of the national liberation movement in the colonial and dependent countries. Centuries-old colonial empires are collapsing: British, French, Belgian, Portuguese. In the third world countries, Indonesia, India, a number of countries in the Middle East are seeking independence, North Africa, South-East Asia. The beginning of the destruction of the colonial system was laid. The USSR, restraining the aggression of the USA, NATO, Israel, provides active assistance (including military) to the liberation movements and strengthens its influence in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The liberated countries are looking for independent ways of development, some of them are being drawn into the CMC system, and some are adjacent to the world socialist system. The struggle of the colonial peoples for their independence and independent path of development by the end of the 60s. led to the complete collapse of the colonial system. More than 100 new states have entered the world community.

The decisive support of the Arab movement against the United States and Israel, as well as the Cuban revolution by the Soviet Union, stopped the aggressive actions of imperialism. The aggravation of the international situation during these years (the Middle East crisis of 1956 and 1957; the Caribbean crisis of 1962) several times brought the world to the brink of nuclear war. The growth of the military and economic might of the USSR, the consolidation of anti-imperialist forces and a sober approach to assessing the international situation in times of crisis made it possible to avoid a nuclear catastrophe. Kennedy and Khrushchev initiated the reconciliation of the interests of the United States and the USSR on the principles of compromise. However, soon Kennedy was killed, the secret of his murder has not yet been revealed.

The nuclear missile power of the USSR forced the United States in the early 60s. change the military doctrine of nuclear "retaliation" to a "flexible response strategy", and the achievement of the Soviet Union by the end of the 60s. military-strategic parity ensured the stability of the international situation for many years.

In general, capitalism by the end of the 60s. turned out to be significantly crowded out. But it retained its viability, its financial and economic might, and most importantly, the pace of scientific and technological progress. The United States managed to achieve complete consolidation of all capitalist countries under its leadership in the general opposition to the socialist system, as well as to create new economic and political levers for subordinating the liberated countries to the world capitalist system ("neocolonialism"). The confrontation between the two world systems, the interformational contradiction of capitalism and socialism enters by the end of the 60s. into a new phase.

• Foreign policy of European countries in the XVIII century.
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    • The collapse of the USSR. Post-communist Russia - page 2

Stages of development of the world socialist system

In the late 50s, 60s, 70s. most of the ISS countries have managed to achieve certain positive results in the development of the national economy, ensuring an increase in the living standards of the population. However, during this period, negative trends were also clearly visible, primarily in the economic sphere.

The socialist model, which had become entrenched in all countries of the ISS without exception, fettered the initiative of economic entities and did not allow an adequate response to new phenomena and trends in the world economic process. This became especially evident in connection with the beginning in the 50s. scientific and technological revolution.

As its development proceeded, the ISS countries lagged more and more behind the advanced capitalist countries in terms of the rate of implementation of scientific and technological achievements in production, mainly in the field of electronic computers, energy and resource-saving industries and technologies. Attempts to partially reform this model, undertaken in these years, did not give positive results.

The failure of the reforms was caused by the strong resistance of the party and state nomenklatura to them, which basically determined the extreme inconsistency and, as a result, the failure of the transformation process.

Contradictions within the MCC. To a certain extent, this was facilitated by internal and foreign policy ruling circles of the USSR. Despite criticism of some of the most ugly features of Stalinism at the XX Congress, the leadership of the CPSU left intact the regime of the undivided power of the party-state apparatus. Moreover, soviet leadership continued to maintain the style of authoritarianism in relations between the USSR and the MSS countries. To a large extent, this was the reason for the repeated deterioration of relations with Yugoslavia in the late 50s. and the protracted conflict with Albania and China, although the ambitions of the party elite of the last two countries contributed to the deterioration of relations with the USSR.

The dramatic events of the 1967-1968 Czechoslovak crisis demonstrated most vividly the style of relations within the MCC. In response to the broad social movement of the citizens of Czechoslovakia for economic and political reforms, the leadership of the USSR, with the active participation of Bulgaria, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic and Poland, introduced its troops into an essentially sovereign state on August 21, 1968 under the pretext of protecting it "from the forces of internal and external counter-revolution." ... This action significantly undermined the authority of the MSS and clearly demonstrated the rejection of the party nomenclature of genuine, not declarative, transformations.

It is interesting in this regard to note that against the background of serious crisis phenomena, the leadership of the socialist countries of Europe, assessing the achievements of the 50-60s. in the economic sphere, came to the conclusion about the completion of the stage of building socialism and the transition to a new stage of "construction developed socialism". This conclusion was supported by the ideologists of the new stage, in particular by the fact that the proportion of socialist countries in world industrial production reached in the 60s. about one third, and in the global national income - one quarter.

The role of the CMEA. One of the essential arguments was the fact that, in their opinion, the development of economic relations within the MSS along the CMEA line was quite dynamic. If in 1949 the CMEA was faced with the task of regulating foreign trade relations on the basis of bilateral agreements, then in 1954 it was decided to coordinate the national economic plans of the countries - its participants, and in the 60s. followed by a number of agreements on the specialization and cooperation of production, on the international division of labor.

Major international economic organizations, such as the International Bank for Economic Cooperation, Intermetal, the Institute for Standardization, etc. In 1971, a Comprehensive Program for Cooperation and Development of the CMEA Member Countries on the Basis of Integration was adopted.

In addition, according to the estimates of the ideologists of the transition to a new historical stage in the building of communism in most European countries of the ISU, a new social structure of the population has developed on the basis of completely victorious socialist relations, etc.

In the first half of the 1970s, in most of the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, very stable rates of industrial production growth were actually maintained, averaging 6-8% annually.

To a large extent, this was achieved by an extensive method, i.e. an increase in production capacity and an increase in simple quantitative indicators in the field of electricity production, steel smelting, mining, engineering products. Complications since the mid-70s. However, by the mid-70s. the socio-economic and political situation began to deteriorate. At this time, in countries with market economies, under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, a structural restructuring of the national economy began, associated with the transition from an extensive to an intensive type of economic development. This process was accompanied by crisis phenomena both within these countries and at the global level, which, in turn, could not but affect the foreign economic positions of the ISS subjects.

The growing lag of the MCC countries in the scientific and technical sphere has steadily led to the loss of their positions in the world market. The internal market of the socialist countries also experienced difficulties.

By the 80s. the impermissible lag of the industries producing goods and services from the mining and heavy industries that were still afloat, led to a total shortage of consumer goods.

This was the reason for not only a relative, but also an absolute deterioration in the living conditions of the population and, as a result, became the reason for the growing discontent of citizens. The demand for radical political and socio-economic changes is becoming almost ubiquitous.

The crisis situation was clearly evident in the sphere of interstate economic cooperation based on administrative decisions that often do not take into account the interests of the CMEA member countries, but also in a real reduction in the volume of mutual trade.

Events in Poland. Poland became a kind of detonator of the subsequent reform process. Already at the beginning of the 70s. there were massive protests of workers against the economic policy of the government, there was an independent trade union association of workers "Solidarity". Under his leadership, performances of Poland took place in the 7080s.

The manifestation of the growing crisis was observed in other countries as well. But until the mid-80s. the ruling communist parties still had the opportunity to keep the situation under control, there were still some reserves of containing the economic and social crisis, including the power ones. Only after the beginning of transformations in the USSR in the second half of the 80s. the reform movement in most ISC countries has grown markedly.