Artsystems of the USSR. Artillery of the Soviet Army in the first postwar years (1945-1953). Blind artillery

After the end of the war, in the USSR in service with the fighter anti-tank artillery There were: 37 mm Airways of the 1944 sample gun, 45mm anti-tank guns arr. 1937 and arr. 1942, 57 mm anti-tank UIS-2, divisional 76-mm ZIS-3, 100-mm field sample 1944 BS-3. It was also used by German trophy75-mm anti-tank guns of cancer 40. They were intended formed, stored and repaired if necessary.

In mid-1944, was officially adopted 37mm Air Adntant Gun CC-M1.

It was specifically designed for weaponing parachuting battalions and motorcycle regiments. The weapment of mass in the combat position of 209 kg allowed transportation through air and parachute. There was a good armor-made armoredness for his caliber, allowing to strike with a small-range armor of medium and heavy on the low distance. Shells were interchangeable with a 37-mm anti-aircraft gun 61-k. Transportation of the gun was made in Villyts and GAZ-64 cars (one tool in the car), as well as in Dodge and Gaz-AA cars (two guns in the car).

In addition, there was an opportunity to transport the gun on a single-wheel cart or sleigh, as well as in a motorcycle carriage. If necessary, the instrument is disassembled into three parts.

The calculation of the gun consisted of four people - the commander, a member, charging and a pick-up. When shooting, the calculation occupies the position of the lying. Technical rapidity reached 25-30 shots per minute.
Thanks to the original design of the anti-cancer devices, 37 mm, the airflower gun arr.1944 combined a powerful ballistics of an anti-aircraft gun with small dimensions and mass. At close-up with 45-mm M-42, the values \u200b\u200bof the CC-M1 armoredness are three times easier and significantly less in dimensions (a much lower line of fire), which significantly facilitated the movement of the gun by the calculation forces and its disguise. At the same time, M-42 has a number of advantages - the presence of a full-fledged wheelshift that allows towing an instrument to a car, the absence of a demuscifier when shooting a muzzle brake, a more efficient fragmentary shell and the best breast action of armor-piercing shells.
37-mm CC-M1 gun was late for about 5 years, was adopted for weapons and launched into production when the war came to an end. In combat actions, it did not take part. A total of 472 guns were produced.

45 mm Anti-tank guns by the time of the end of the fighting is hopelessly outdated, even the presence in ammunition 45-mm guns M-42podkalibernochno with armor-proof of normal at a distance of 500 meters - 81 mm homogeneous armor could not correct the situation. Modern heavy and medium tanks amazed only when shooting aboard, from extremely small distances. The active use of these guns to the very last days of the war can be explained by high maneuverability, the ease of transportation and disguise, the huge accumulated stocks of the ammunition of this caliber, as well as the inability of the Soviet industry to ensure troops in the required number of anti-tank guns with higher characteristics.
One way or another, in the current army, "Sorokatki" used greatly popularity, only they could move in forces of calculation in combat orders of the coming infantry, supporting it with fire.

At the end of the 40s "Sorokapey" began to actively withdraw from parts and transferred to storage. However, for a pretty long period of time, they continued to be in service with airborne and used as training tools.
A significant amount of 45-mm M-42 was transferred to the then allies.

American soldiers from the 5th Cavopolka are studying captured in Korea M-42

Sorokapetta was actively used in the Korean War. In Albania, these guns were in service until the beginning of the 90s.

Mass production 57 mm anti-tank gun ZIS-2. It became possible in 1943, after the necessary metalworking machines were obtained from the USA. The restoration of mass production was difficult - there were technological problems with the manufacture of trunks, in addition, the plant was strongly loaded by the program for the release of 76 mm of division and tank guns that had from the ZIS-2 row of common nodes; Under these conditions, the increase in the production of ZIS-2 on existing equipment could be carried out only due to a decrease in the volume of the production of these tools, which was unacceptable. As a result, the first batch of ZIS-2 for state and military tests was released in May 1943, and in the production of these tools, the tools was widely used in the factory since 1941. The mass issue of the ZIS-2 was organized by October - November 1943, after commissioning new production facilities provided by the lease equipment.

The capabilities of the ZIS-2 allowed on typical distances of the battle to confidently affect the 80mm front armor of the most common German average pz.IV tanks and assault SAU STUG III, as well as onboard armor tank pz.vi "Tiger"; On the distances less than 500 m, the frontal armor "Tiger" was also amazed.
By the aggregate of the cost and processability of production, combat and service-operating characteristics of the ZIS-2 became the best Soviet anti-tank gun of the time of war.
Since the resumption of production, by the end of the war in the troops received more than 9,000 guns, but this was not enough to fully equip the fighter-anti-tank parts.

The production of ZIS-2 continued to 1949 inclusive, about 3,500 implements were released in the post-war time. From 1950 to 1951, only ZIS-2 trunks were produced. Since 1957, the previously released ZIS-2 was modernized in the version of the ZIS-2n with the possibility of fighting at night due to the use of special night sights
In the 1950s, new subcalacer shells with increased armoredness were developed for guns.

In the post-war time, the ZIS-2 was in service with the Soviet army at least until the 1970s, the last case of combat application was recorded in 1968, during the conflict with the PRC on the island of Damansky.
ZIS-2 was supplied by a number of countries and took part in several armed conflicts, the first of which became the Korean War.
There is information on the successful use of ZIS-2 Egypt in 1956 in battles with Israelis. The guns of this type were in service with the Chinese army and were made under license under the Tip 55 index. As of 2007, ZIS-2 were still in service with Army Algeria, Guinea, Cuba and Nicaragua.

In the second half of the war, the trophy Germans held in service with fighter - anti-tank units. 75 mm Anti-tank guns 40. During the offensive operations of 1943-1944, a large number of guns and ammunition to them were captured. Our military values \u200b\u200bappreciated high characteristics These anti-tank guns. At a distance of 500 meters, according to normal, the podkalibernal shell pierced - 154-mm armor.

In 1944, for cancer 40 in the USSR, firing tables and operating instructions were released.
After the war, the guns were transferred to storage, where they were at least until the mid-60s. Subsequently, part of them was "recycled", and the part was transferred to the allies.

A snapshot of the Rak-40 guns is made on the parade in Hanoi in 1960.

In concerning the invasion of the south as part of the army Northern Vietnam Several anti-tank artillery divisions armed with German 75-mm anti-tank guns of cancer-40 times of World War II were formed. Such guns in large quantities were captured in 1945 by the Red Army, and now the Soviet Union provided them with the Vietnamese people to protect against possible aggression from the south.

Soviet divisional 76-mm guns were intended to solve a wide range of tasks, primarily fire support for infantry units, suppressing firepoints, the destruction of light field shelters. However, during the war, the tools of the division artillery had to fire on the tanks of the enemy perhaps even more often than specialized anti-tank guns.

Since 1944, due to lowering the rate of production of 45-mm cannons and shortages of 57-mm CIS-2 guns, despite the insufficient armor-proof divisional 76-mm ZIS-3 became the main anti-tank gun of the Redek.
In many ways, it was a forced measure, armored airproofing projectile, which madeing watering 300 meters along the normal of 75-mm armor at a distance, was not enough to combat medium German tanks Pz.iv.
As of 1943, the booking of a heavy tank PZKPFW VI "Tiger" was invulnerable to the ZIS-3 in the frontal projection and weakly vulnerable at distances closer than 300 m in the onboard projection. Weakly vulnerable to the front projection for the ZIS-3 were also the new German Tank PZKPFW V "Panther", as well as upgraded PZKPFW IV AUSF H and PZKPFW III AUSF M or N; However, all these cars are confidently affected from the ZIS-3 aboard.
Introduction Since 1943, the subcalibered projectile has improved the anti-tank capabilities of the ZIS-3, allowing it at distances closer than 500 m confidently affect the vertical 80mm armor, but the 100mm vertical armor remained for it.
The relative weakness of anti-tank capabilities of the ZIS-3 was aware of the Soviet military leadership, however, until the end of the war, it was not possible to replace the ZIS-3 in the fighter-anti-tank units. The situation could be corrected by introducing a cumulative projectile into the amusing. But such a projectile was adopted by ZIS-3 only in the post-war time.

Soon after the end of the war and the release of more than 103,000 guns, the production of ZIS-3 was discontinued. The weapon remained for a long time in service, but by the end of the 40s, it was almost completely derived from the composition of the anti-tank artillery. It did not prevent ZIS-3 very widely spread throughout the world and take part in a variety of local conflicts, including on the territory of the former USSR.

In the modern Russian army, the remaining good ZIS-3 are often used as salute tools or in theatrical ideas on the topic of battles of the Great Patriotic War. In particular, these guns are armed with a separate salute division at the Commander of Moscow, conducting salutes on holidays on February 23 and May 9.

In 1946, adopted under the leadership of the chief designer F. F. Petrov 85-mm anti-tank gun D-44. This weapon would be very in demand during the war, but its development for a number of reasons was greatly delayed.
Externally d-44 strongly reminded the German 75-mm anti-tank cancer 40.

From 1946 to 1954, 10,918 guns were manufactured at factory No. 9 (Uralmash).
D-44 consisted in service a separate artillery anti-tank division of a motorized rifle or tank shelf (two anti-tank artillery batteries consisting of two fire platforms) 6 pieces in the battery (in Division 12).

Unitary cartridges are used as an ammunition with fragmentation grenade grenades, podcalibrous coil-shaped shells, cumulative and smoke shells. The range of direct shot BTS BTS BR-367 by target 2 m height is 1100 m. On the range of 500 m, this projectile at an angle of 90 ° punches the armor plate with a thickness of 135 mm. The initial velocity of BPS BR-365P - 1050 m / s, armor-proof - 110 mm from a distance of 1000 m.

In 1957, night sights were installed on a part of the guns, a self-propelled modification was developed. SD-44which could move on the battlefield without a tractor.

The trunk and the sd-44 fauctions were taken from D-44 with minor changes. So, on one of the guns of the gun was installed covered by the engine M-72 engine of the Irbit Motorcycle Plant with a capacity of 14 hp (4000 rpm.) Provided the speed of self-apparent to 25 km / h. The transmission of power from the engine was provided through the drive shaft, differential and semi-axles on both wheels of the gun. The gearbox walking into the transmission provided six gears of movement forward and two reversing transmission. The bed also includes a seat for one of the calculation numbers performing the functions of the driver's mechanic. At its disposal there is a steering mechanism that controls the additional, third, gun wheel, mounted at the end of one of the mill. The headlight is installed to illuminate the road in the dark time.

Subsequently, it was decided to use 85-mm D-44 as a division to replace the ZIS-3, and the fight against tanks to entrust into more powerful artsystems and pturi.

In this capacity, the tool was used in many conflicts, including on the SIS expanses. The extreme case of combat use is noted in the North Caucasus, during the "counter-terrorist operation".

D-44 is still formally in service with the Russian Federation, some of these guns are available in the internal troops and on storage.

On the basis of D-44 under the guidance of the chief designer F. F. Petrova was created anti-tank 85-mm gun d-48. The main feature of the anti-tank cannon D-48 was an exceptionally long trunk. To ensure the maximum starting rate of the projectile, the length of the trunk was brought to 74 calibers (6 m., 29 cm.).
Especially for this, new unitary shots were created. The armor-piercing projectile at a distance of 1,000 m pierced the armor with a thickness of 150-185 mm at an angle of 60 °. The podkalibal shell at a distance of 1000 m punches a homogeneous armor with a thickness of 180-220 mm at an angle of 60 ° Maximum firing range by fragoration-fugasic shells weighing 9.66 kg. - 19 km.
From 1955 E1957 issued: 819 copies of D-48 and D-48N (with a night sight of the APN2-77 or APN 3-77).

The guns entered into the armament of individual artillery anti-tank divisions of a tank or motorized rifle shelf. As an anti-tank gun, the P-48 gun is quickly outdated. At the beginning of the 60s of the 20th century, there were tanks with a more powerful armor-sewn in NATO countries. The negative feature of the D-48 was the "exclusive" ammunition, which is not accustomed to another 85-mm caliber guns. For shooting from D-48, the use of shots from D-44, KS-1, 85-mm tank and cannon SAU is also prohibited, this significantly narrowed the scope of the gun.

In the spring of 1943 V.G. Rubbin in his earnings note on Stalin, offered along with the resumption of production of 57-mm ZIS-2, start the design of a 100-mm gun with a unitary shot, which was used in marine guns.

A year later, in the spring of 1944 100 mm Field Gun Sample 1944 BS-3 It was launched into production. Due to the presence of a wedge shutter with a vertically moving wedge with semi-automatic, the location of the mechanisms of vertical and horizontal tip on one side of the gun, as well as the use of unitary shots, the rapid firing of the gun is 8-10 shots per minute. The shooting of the gun was carried out by unitary cartridges with armor-piercing tracing shells and fragant-burglar grenades. The armor-powered tracer shell with an initial speed of 895 m / s for a distance of 500 m at an angle of a 90 ° encounter pierced the armor with a thickness of 160 mm. Direct shot range was 1080 m.
However, the role of this tool in the fight against the tanks of the enemy is greatly exaggerated. By the time of her appearance, the Germans practically did not apply tanks massaged.

During the BS-3 war, it was released in small quantities and could not play a big role. At the final stage of war, 98 BS-3 were dodged as a means of strengthening with five tank armies. The gun was in service with light artillery brigades of the 3-regimental composition.

In the artillery of the RGC as of January 1, 1945 there were 87 BS-3 guns. In early 1945, in the 9th Guards Army, in the composition of three rifle buildings, one cannon artillery shelf of 20 BS-3 was formed.

Basically, thanks to a large range of shooting - 20,650 m and a fairly effective fragmentation grenade weighing 15.6 kg, a gun was used as a cabinet tool to combat enemy artillery and long-range suppression.

BS-3 had a number of shortcomings that made it difficult to use as anti-tank. When shooting, the gun jumped greatly, which made an unsafe operation of the gunner and shot down the aiming installations, which, in turn, led to a decrease in practical pace victory shooting - Quality for field anti-tank guns is very important.

The presence of a powerful muzzle brake with a small height of the fire line and the flooring trajectories characteristic of archery in armor, led to the formation of a significant smoky cloud, demusked the position and blinding the calculation. The mobility of the gun with a mass of more than 3,500 kg left to desire a lot of better, transportation by the calculation forces on the battlefield was practically impossible.

After the war, the instrument was in production until 1951 inclusive, 3816 field guns of BS-3 were released. In the 60s, the guns were modernization, it concerned primarily sights and ammunition. Until the early 60s, BS-3 could have been punctured by armor of any Western tank. But with the advent of: M-48A2, Chipten, M-60 - the situation has changed. We urgently developed new subcalacer and cumulative shells. The next modernization took place in the middle of the 80s, when the BS-3 is accepted the anti-tank managed projectile 9M117 "Bastion".

This tool was also supplied to other countries, took part in many local conflicts in Asia, Africa and the Middle East in some of them it still is in service. In Russia, BS-3 guns until recently consisted as an instrument of coastal defense in service with the 18th machine-gun-artillery division stationed on the Kuril Islands, as well as a rather significant amount of them on storage.

Until the end of the 60s of the 70s of the last century, anti-tank guns were the main means of dealing with tanks. However, with the advent of Ptthi with a semi-automatic guidance system, which requires only the retention of the goal in sight of sight, has largely changed the situation. Military leadership of many countries found metal, bulky and expensive anti-tank instruments anachronism. But not in the USSR. In our country, the development and production of anti-tank guns in significant quantities continued. And at a qualitatively new level.

In 1961 he was admitted 100-mm smooth-bore anti-tank gun T-12developed in the KB of the Jourge Machine-Building Plant No. 75 under the leadership of V.Ya. Afanasyev and L.V. Koreleva.

The decision to make exactly the smooth-bore gun at first glance may seem rather strange, the time of such guns ended almost a hundred years ago. But the creators of T-12 did not think so.

In the smooth channel you can make the pressure of gases is much higher than in the row, and accordingly increase the initial speed of the projectile.
IN cutting trunk The rotation of the projectile reduces the armored effect of the jet of gases and metal when the cumulative projectile explosion.
The smooth-bore cannon significantly increases the vitality of the trunk - it is possible not to be afraid of the so-called "washness" of the fields of slices.

The canal canal consists of kamors and a cylindrical smooth-alone guide part. Camora is formed by two long and one short (between them) cones. The transition from the cameras to the cylindrical area is a conical slope. Vertical wedge vertical with spring semi-automatic. Chargeing unitary. The faucet for T-12 was taken from the 85 mm anti-tank rifle gun D-48.

In the 60s, the T-12 gun was designed more convenient to operate fautles. New system received index MT-12 (2A29), and in some sources is called "Rapiir". The mass production of MT-12 went in 1970. The anti-tank artillery divisions of motorized rifle divisions of the USSR, the USSR included two anti-tank artillery batteries consisting of six 100-mm PTP T-12 (MT-12).

The T-12 and MT-12 guns have the same combat part - a long subtle barrel of 60 calibers with a muzzle brake-"solonka". Sliding beds are equipped with an additional retractable wheel installed at coupling. The main difference of the modernized MT-12 model is that it is equipped with a torsion suspension, when shooting blocked to ensure stability.

When pumping guns manually under the promotional part of the station is substituted with a rink, which is attached to a stopper on the left bed. Transportation of T-12 and MT-12 guns is carried out by a regular tractor MT-L or MT-LB. To move in the snow, the ski installation of LO-7 was used, which made fire from a ski at angle of elevation to + 16 ° with angle of rotation to 54 °, and at an angle of elevation of 20 ° with an angle of rotation to 40 °.

The sleek trunk is much more convenient for shooting by controlled projectiles, although in 1961 this was most likely not thought yet. To combat armored targets, an armor-piano-podkalibar shell with a sweeping combat part, which has a high kinetic energy capable of 1000 meters to break through the armor with a thickness of 215 mm. The ammunition includes several types of podkaliber, cumulative and fragantic fugasal shells.

Shot of Zube-10 with an armor-piercing subcalace projectile

Skucker shot with cumulative projectile

When installing on the gun of a special guidance device, you can apply shots with an anti-tank missile "Castet". The rocket control is semi-automatic with a laser beam, a shooting range from 100 to 4000 m. The rocket breaks through the armor behind the dynamic protection ("reactive armor") with a thickness of up to 660 mm.

Rocket 9M117 and shotch 10-1

For the shooting of direct flooring, the T-12 gun is equipped with a daily sight and night sight. A panoramic sight can be used as a field weapon with closed positions. There is a modification of the MT-12R guns with the hovering radar of the guidance 1A31 "Ruta".

MT-12P with radar 1A31 "Ruta"

The gun massively consisted of army of the Army of the Warsaw Agreement, was supplied to Algeria, Iraq and Yugoslavia. Attached in hostilities in Afghanistan, in the Iran-Iraq war, in armed conflicts in the territories of the former USSR and Yugoslavia. During these armed conflicts, 100-mm anti-tank guns are mainly applied against tanks, but as ordinary division or cabinet implements.

Anti-tank guns MT-12 continue to be in service in Russia.
According to the press center of the Ministry of Defense on August 26, 2013, with the help of an accurate shot with a cumulative shell of UBK-8 from the MT-12 "Rapier" gun, the Ekaterinburg separate motorized rifle brigade of the Central Military District was liquidated fire on the well No. P23 \u200b\u200bU1 under the new Urengoym.

The fire began on August 19 and quickly moved to unmanaged burning breaking through faulty reinforcement natural Gas.. Artillery calculation was transferred to New Urengoy Airplane by military transport, leaving Orenburg. At the airfield, Shardol was loaded equipment and ammunition, after which the artillery officers under the command of the management officer rocket forces And the artillery of the center of Colonel Gennady Mandrichenko was taken to the scene. The gun was installed on a straight press with a minimum permissible distance of 70 m. The target diameter is 20 cm. The goal was successfully amazed.

In 1967, Soviet specialists came to the conclusion that the T-12 gun "does not ensure reliable lesion of the chipten tanks and promising MW-70. Therefore, in January 1968, OKB-9 (now enters the JSC "Special Equipment") received an indication to develop a new, more powerful anti-tank gun with a 125-mm ballistics of the smooth-bore tank gun D-81. The task was difficult to perform, since D-81, having excellent ballistics, gave the strongest return that for the tank weighing 40 tons was still tolerant. But on the polygon tests, D-81 shot from the caterpillar yard of 203-mm Gaubitsa B-4. It is clear that about such an anti-tank gun at 17 tons weight and maximum movement speed of 10 km / h could not go and speech. Therefore, in a 125-mm gun, the rollback was increased from 340 mm (limited to the dimensions of the tank) to 970 mm and a powerful muzzle brake was introduced. This gave the opportunity to set a 125-mm gun on a three-storey yard from the serial 122-mm Maubitis D-30, allowing the circular shelling.

A new 125-mm gun was designed by OKB-9 in two versions: towed D-13 and self-deviating SD-13 ("D" - the index of the artsystem of the design of V. F. Petrov). The development of SD-13 has become 125-mm smooth-bore anti-tank gun "Sprut-b" (2a-45m). The ballistic data and ammunition of the tank gun D-81 and the anti-tank gun 2a-45m were the same.

Cannon 2a-45m had a mechanized system to translate it from combat position In the hiking and back, consisting of hydraulic jack and hydraulic cylinders. With the help of the jack, the boots rose to a certain height necessary for breeding or the information of the station, and then lowered to the soil. The hydraulic cylinders increase the gun on the maximum clearance, as well as the rise and lowering the wheels.

"Sprut-b" is towed by the "Ural-4320" or MT-LB tractor. In addition, for self-grade on the battlefield, the gun has a special power unit, made on the basis of the engine MEMZ-967A with hydraulic drive. The engine is located on the right side of the gun under the casing. On the left side, the driver's seat is installed on the frame and the gun control system at self-division. The maximum speed at the same time on dry dirt roads - 10 km / h, and the next ammunition - 6 shots; Fuel stroke - up to 50 km.

A 125-mm gun "Sprut-b" guns include separate-gilz chargeing shots with cumulative, podcaliber and fragantive-fugasic shells, as well as anti-tank missiles. 125-mm WBK10 Shot with a cumulative projectile BK-14M \u200b\u200bmay affect Tank Tanks M60, M48, Leopard-1A5. Shot of WBM-17 with a sub-caliber projectile - Tank Tanks M1 "Abrams", "Leopard-2", "Mercave MK2". SECRET WHP-36 with a fragic-fuchasic shell of PH26 is designed to defeat the live strength, engineering structures and other purposes.

If there are special guidance instruments of 9c53, the "spruit" can shoot the shooters of the K-14 tooth with anti-tank 9m119 missiles, the control of which is semi-automatic on the laser beam, the shooting range is from 100 to 4000 m. The slot of about 24 kg, rockets - 17.2 kg, It breaks through the armor behind the dynamic protection of a thickness of 700-770 mm.

Currently, towing anti-tank guns (100- and 125-mm smooth-bore) are consisting of countries - former republics USSR, as well as a number of developing states. The army of the leading countries of the West has long been abandoned special anti-tank guns, both towed and self-propelled guns. Nevertheless, it can be assumed that the towed anti-tank guns have a future. Ballistics and ammunition 125-mm guns "spruct-b", unified with guns of modern main tanks, are able to hit any serial tanks of the world. An important advantage of anti-tank cannons Before Ptti is a wider choice of means of lesion of tanks and the ability to defeat them in the emphasis. In addition, the "spruct-b" can be used and as non-anti-tank. Its fragantive-fuchic projectile OF-26 is close to ballistic data and by weight of the explosive to the projectile of OF-471 122-mm cabinet A-19 gun, famous in the Great Patriotic War.

Based on:
http://gods-of-war.pp.ua
http: //ruse-Shilav.rf/guide/army/ar/d44.shtml
Broadband A. B. Encyclopedia of domestic artillery. - Minsk: Harvest, 2000.
Shunkov V. N. Weapon of the Red Army. - Minsk: Harvest, 1999.

The company "Bütst" put in the USSR twelve 3,7-cm anti-tank guns with a total cost of 25 thousand dollars, as well as sets of parts and semi-finished products into several artsystem and complete technological documentation. Curious item - 3.7-cm guns were supplied in the USSR with a horizontal wedge shutter with a quarter-automatic. In such guns, after a shot, the shutter opened manually, and after igniting the sleeper, the shutter was closed automatically. At guns with semi-automatic, unlocking and locking the shutter is automatically produced, but the feeding of the shell is manually. Finally, the automatic gun feed is made automatically and the calculation functions are reduced to the instrument to guide to the target.

The company "BUTAST" pledged after the manufacture of the first 100 serial 3.7-cm of guns in the USSR to replace the shutter with a quarter-automatic car to semi-automatic. However, he did not fulfill its promise, and all the 3.7-cm anti-tank guns of the Rainmetall firm until the end of its production in 1942 had a shutter with a quarter-automatic.

The manufacturer of the 3.7-cm anti-tank guns of the Rainmetall firm was started in 1931 at the plant number 8 in the sublip village near Moscow, where the gun received the factory index 1k. Order of the RevoNesovet dated February 13, 1931, the gun was adopted under the name "37 mm anti-tank gun of the arr. 1930. "

Shots of Soviet and German guns were completely interchangeable.

However, the caliber of 37 mm did not suit the Soviet leadership, which wanted to increase the armor of cannons, especially at large distances, and make a gun universal - having the quality of anti-tank and battalion cannons. The 37-mm fragment projectile was very weak, so it was desirable to have a heavy 45-mm fragmentary projectile. So our 45mm anti-tank and tank guns appeared. Soviet designers after long-term improvements were introduced in 1933-1934. Semi-automatic shutter for 45 mm anti-tank and tank guns.

In Germany in 1935-1936 3.7-cm Rainmetall's gun was also upgraded, which mainly touched the wheeled gun. So, wooden wheels replaced metal with rubber tires And introduced a subressing. The upgraded gun was named 3.7-cm Pak 35/36.

I note that the upgraded gun of the arr. 35/36 At the end of May 1937 was delivered to factory number 8 in the sublip. Interestingly, in secret documentation on the cannons, she was called "37-mm cannon OD", that is, "special delivery." So our management secreted its transactions with Germany, even from the middle and highest RKKE commanders. On the basis of the 3.7-cm gun RAK 35/36 was upgraded by the boilers of the Soviet 45-mm anti-tank gun 53k. On April 24, 1938, 53k was adopted by the Red Army called "45 mm anti-tank gun of the arr. 1937, "on June 6, 1938 she was transferred to gross production.

From the beginning of the 1930s. In the USSR, thousands of light tanks were made with anti-tunic armor type BT, T-26, T-37, etc. Deputy Commissar of Defense for Armediation M.N. Tukhachevsky made a bet on the struggle "with a class-inhomogeneous opponent", that is, with parts in which the proletarian element, sympathizing with the Red Army, prevailed over the led from the bourgeois medium. Armades of Soviet light tanks should have been horrified on the "class-inhomogeneous opponent". The Spanish war of hesitated, and the Soviet-Finnish War and 1941 finally buried illusions soviet leadership On the "class-inhomogeneous opponent".

After analyzing the causes of losses soviet tanks In Spain, our leadership decided to create heavy and medium tanks with thick anti-freel armor. And the leadership of the Wehrmacht, on the contrary, rehearsed on the wars of the war in Spain and by 1939, considered 3.7-cm Pak 35/36 quite modern weaponcapable of fighting any tanks of a probable enemy.

By September 1, 1939, that is, by the beginning of World War II, the Wehrmacht had 11 200 guns of 3.7-cm Pak 35/36 and 12.98 million shots to them. (Among these guns was a minor amount of unsappressible systems with wooden wheels made until 1936)

The most combatable infantry divisions of the Wehrmacht were called the first wave divisions, by May 1, 1940 there were 35 such divisions. In each division of the first wave there were three infantry regiments, each of which had one Rota of anti-tank guns - twelve 3.7-cm Pak 35/36. In addition, in the division there was a squadron of heavy guns with three 3.7-cm Pak 35/36 and the anti-tank artillery division (from March 1940 - a fighter-anti-tank artillery division) with three companies for twelve 3.7-cm Pak 35 / 36 in each. Total in the infantry division of the first wave there were 75 anti-tank guns of a caliber of 3.7 cm.

In four motorized divisions (they had a bipoon composition) were 48 anti-tank guns 3.7-cm Pak 35/36, and in the cavalry division there were 24 such guns.

Until June 22, 1941, 3,7-cm anti-tank guns arr. 35/36 acted quite effectively at all theaters of hostilities. By April 1, 1940, 12,830 of such guns were in the troops. An unpleasant surprise turned out that the shells of 3.7-cm guns almost did not pierne the medium french tanks S-35 "Soma", which had armor 35-45 mm, and most of the armor was inclined.

However, the French tanks have a little, according to various sources, from 430 to 500, they were used tactically illiterately and had a number of constructive flaws, one of which was the presence of only one crew member (commander) in the tower. So fights with French pieces equipped with the tanks "Somua" did not lead to great losses for the Germans.

The Germans made some conclusions from the meeting with the tanks of "Soma" and began accelerated design of 5-cm anti-tank guns, as well as the development of pyline and cumulative shells, but the 3,7-cm anti-tank guns were still considered an effective means to combat tanks. 3.7-cm arr. 35/36 continued to remain the main anti-tank gun both in parts and in production.

After the start of the war in 1939, 1229 3.7-cm of the arrival guns were manufactured. 35/36, in 1940 - 2713, in 1941 - 1365, in 1942 - 32, and on this production ended.

At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in recording the main artillery management (GAU) of the Red Army, 14,791 anti-tank guns of a 45-mm caliber were consisted, of which 1038 required "workshop".

For the deployment of artillery in the states of military time, 11,460 anti-tank guns were required, that is, security for good implementers was 120%.

Of the 14,791,4-mm of the anti-tank gun 7682 of the guns were arr. 1932 (Factory index 19k), and 7255 - arr. 1937 (factory index 53k). Ballistics of both guns was the same. The main difference is the introduction of a subressorization in the GP guns. 1937, which made it possible to increase the maximum speed of the waist on the highway from 25 km / h to 50-60 km / h.

According to military time, introduced in April 1941, in rifle and motorized rifle divisions, it was necessary to have 45-mm anti-tank guns 54, and in motorized divisions - 30.

It should be noted that, otherwise, also a classified source, to the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in the Red Army consisted of 45mm anti-tank guns. 1932 and arr. 1934 - 15 468 and in the Navy - 214, total 15,682 cannons. In my opinion, the difference in the 891 tools in both sources is associated with differences in the calculation method, such as, for example, at what stage of acceptance of the gun from industry it was counted. Very often, the certificate of the state of artillery matching was made up according to the reports of military districts, often made several weeks earlier.

Big problems for the historian have created Soviet and German generals, who, with enviable stubbornness, tried not to put information about the use of trophy guns in their reports. Usually, they were either included in the number of Hermann or, respectively, the Soviet guns, or in general the information about them was thrown out.

By June 22, 1941, there was relatively few in the accounting of the GAU of minor and trophy anti-tank cannons. This is about five hundred 37 mm anti-tank guns. 1930 (1K). In 1939, over 900 guns of the former Polish army were seized. Of these, at least a third were 37 mm anti-tank guns. 1936

I do not have the data on the presence of 37-mm Polish anti-tank guns by June 22, 1941. But later they were actively used. In any case, GAU twice, in 1941 and in 1942, published the "firing tables" for the 37 mm anti-tank gun. 1936

Finally, in the armies of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, which, after the thorough cleaning of the officer and non-commissioned officer, they joined the Red Army, there were 1,200 implements, of which about a third had accounted for anti-tank guns.

The Germans from 1938. From June 1938, 1941 seized about 5 thousand anti-tank guns in Czechoslovakia, Norway, Belgium, Holland, France, Yugoslavia and Greece. Most of these guns were used in coastal defense, fortified areas (urakh), and also transferred to allies of Germany.

The most powerful among these guns were 47 mm anti-tank guns. So, in 1940, in France a large number of 47-mm anti-tank guns arrived in France. 1937 Schinaera system. The Germans assigned them the name 4.7-cm Pak 181 (F). The Germans used 823 French 47-mm anti-tank guns.

Gun barrel - monoblock. The shutter is a semi-automatic vertical wedge. The gun had a tight stroke and metal wheels with rubber tires. In the ammunition of the guns sent to the Eastern Front, the Germans introduced the German armor-piercing pyline cutting projectiles around. 40, which significantly increased the effectiveness of combating T-34 tanks. Several tens of 4,7-cm Pak 181 (F) cannons, Germans installed on the Renault French tanks chassis R-35.

The most effective of the trophy light anti-tank cannons was 47-mm Czechoslovak Gear Cannon. 1936, who received the name of 4.7-cm Pak 36 (T) in Germans, and its modification was simply 4.7-cm Pak (T). The characteristic distinction of the gun was the muzzle brake. Wedge cannon semi-automatic shutter, Hydraulic rolling brake, spring sweatshrill. The gun had a somewhat unusual design for its time - for transportation, the barrel unfolded 180 ° and was attached to the beds. For more compact laying, both birds could be folded. The wheeled gear of the gun is tight, metal wheels with rubber tires. In 1941, the Germans were introduced into the aircraft guns of the air-piercing rolling projectile arr. 40.

From May 1941, 4.7-cm Czechoslovak cannons began to be installed on the French r-35 tanks.

In 1939, 200 4,7-cm Pak 36 (T) was manufactured in Czechoslovakia, and in 1940 - another 73, on which the production ceased. But in the same 1940, the production of the modification of the CAP guns was launched. 1936 - 4.7-cm Pak (T). In 1940, they made 95 of these guns, in 1941 - 51 and in 1942 - 68. The guns for the wheel chassis were called 4.7-cm Pak (T) (KZG.), And for self-propelled settings - 4.7 -CM PAK (T) (SF.).

Mass production of ammunition to 4.7-cm Czechoslovak tools was also established. So, in 1939, 214.8 thousand shots were released, in 1940 - 358.2 thousand, in 1941 - 387.5 thousand, in 1942 - 441.5 thousand and in 1943 - 229, 9 thousand shots.

By the time of the entry of Austria, the Austrian Army had 357 47-mm anti-tank guns of M. 35/36, created by Böler (BChler). (In a number of documents, this gun was called infantry.) The Wehrmacht used 330 such guns that received the designation 4.7-cm Pak 35/36 (C). The length of the tool trunk was 1680 mm, that is, 35.7 caliber. The angle of vertical guidance of the gun from -10 ° to + 55 °, the angle of horizontal guidance is 45 °. Weight gun 277 kg. In the ammunition gun included fragmentary and armor-piercing shells. With the weight of the shell of 1.45 kg, the initial velocity was 630 m / s. The weight of the cartridge is 3.8 kg.

In September 1940, the production of guns 4.7-cm Pak 35/36 (C) was resumed, and until the end of the year produced 150 guns. In February 1941, Italy sold almost the entire party. Later, the Germans took part of these guns from the Italians in North Africa And used against allies. It is curious that the tools selected from the "pasta", the Germans assigned the name 4.7-cm Pak 177 (I).

As we see, in the anti-tank artillery at both parties by June 22, 1941, quantitative and qualitative equality was observed. Staten anti-tank guns - 14 459 in Germans and 14,791 among the Russians. Soviet 45-mm anti-tank guns could successfully act against all tanks of Germanic production, and 3,7-cm German anti-tank guns are against all Soviet tanks, except for the KV and T-34.

Did the Germans know about creating fat tanks in the USSR? You can definitely answer that not only the officers and the Wehrmacht generalist were amazed by meeting our KV and T-34, the shooting on which from 3.7-cm anti-tank guns was absolutely useless.

There is a version that the German intelligence provided Hitler data on the scale of production and tactical and technical characteristics of Soviet thick-breeding tanks. However, the Führer has categorically forbidden to transfer this information to even the leadership of the Wehrmacht.

In my opinion, this version is quite convincing. Hide from the German intelligence, the presence of hundreds of square meters and T-34 in the border districts (on June 22, 1941 there were 463 T-34 tanks and 824 tanks) was physically impossible.

And what was the Germans in reserve?

Designing 5-cm anti-tank cannons PAK 38 Rainmetall firm began in 1935. However, due to a number of technical and organizational difficulties, the first two guns entered the troops only in early 1940. In combat actions in France, they did not have time to participate. By July 1, 1940, there were 17 anti-tank guns of 5 cm. The large-scale production was established only at the end of 1940, and by June 1, 1941 there were already 1047 5-cm anti-tank guns.

Gun 5-cm Pak 38 with successful hit could be tank T-34, but they were ineffective against the tanks. Guns carried big losses. So, only for three months (from December 1, 1941 to February 28, 1942) on the Eastern Front, 269 5-cm guns were lost.

In 1936, Rainmetall began the design of a 7.5-cm anti-tank gun, called 7.5-cm Pak 40. However, the first 15 wehrmacht guns received only in February 1942 in the gun ammunition, both caliber armor-piernes and Podcast and cumulative shells. Until 1942, this was a rather effective anti-tank gun, able to fight both with T-34 tanks and sq.

Back in the 1930s. The Germans conducted the development of anti-tank guns with a conical channel of the trunk, which, of course, were a masterpiece of engineering thought. Their trunks consisted of several alternating conical and cylindrical sites. The shells had a special design of the leading part, allowing the decrease in its diameter as the projectile is moving through the channel. Thus, the most complete use of powder gas pressure on the bottom of the projectile by reducing the cross section of the projectile was ensured. For the first time, a patent for a rifle with a conical channel of the trunk in 1903 received the German Karl Ruff.

In the summer of 1940, the first serial gun with a conical trunk canal was launched into production. The Germans called her heavy anti-tank S.PZ.B.41 rifle. The trunk had 28 mm caliber in the beginning of the channel, and the dula was 20 mm. The system system was called for reasons of a bureaucratic nature, in fact it was a classic anti-tank gun with anti-tottacking devices and with a wheelchair, and I will be called it with an anti-tank cannon. The weight of the gun in the combat position was only 229 kg.

In the ammunition included a podkalibar shell with a tungsten core and a fragmentary projectile. Instead of copper belts used in classic shells, both shells had two centering ring out-of-iron rings. When shooting, the protrusions were frozen and crashed into cuts of the trunk channel. During the passage of the entire projectile path through the channel, the diameter of the ring protrusions was reduced from 28 to 20 mm. A fragmentary shell had a very weak ammunition.

The podkalibar shell at an angle of 30 ° K normals at a distance of 100 m penetrated 52-mm armor, at a distance of 300 m - 46 mm, at a distance of 500 m - 40 mm.

In 1941, a 4,2-cm anti-tank gun was adopted to armared. 41 (4,2-cm Pak 41) of the Rainmetal company with a conical trunk channel. The initial diameter of it was 40.3 mm, the final - 29 mm. The gun was installed on the yoke from the 3.7-cm anti-tank Pak 35/36 gun. In the ammunition guns, podkaliban and fragmentation shells are entered. In 1941, a 27,4,2-cm arrows of the arrival was made. 41, and in 1942 - another 286.

At a distance of 457 meters, its podcalibered shell pierced 87-mm armor according to normal and 72-mm armor - at an angle of 30 °.

7.5-cm Pak 41 became the most powerful serial anti-tank gun with a conical channel. It was launched by Kruple in 1939. In April - May 1942, Krupp released a batch of 150 products, on which the production of them and stopped.

The gun 7,5-cm Pak 41 showed itself well in combat conditions. At a distance of up to 500 meters, she successfully hit all types of heavy tanks. However, due to the technological difficulties associated with the production of guns and shells, the mass production of the gun was not established.

If the German intelligence has passed the information about our thick-breeding tanks from its generals, the Soviet intelligence to death scared the generals and leaders with the enemy "superpants". Soviet intelligence in 1940 received "reliable information" about the fact that de in Germany is not only created, but also launched into serial production of super heavy armor and heavy-duty cannon. At the same time, astronomical values \u200b\u200bwere called.

Having generalized all these data, the Research Exhaustion of the RKKKA MARCH MARCH 1941 presented "Up" Special Specification No. 316. On the heavy tanks of the Wehrmacht said the following: "According to information requiring additional check, the Germans begin to build three samples of heavy tanks.

In addition, the Renault factories are repaired by 72-ton French tanks who participated in the War in the West.

According to information received in March. S.G. and requiring checks, 60 and 80 tons of tanks are placed at the Skoda and Krupp factories.

As we can see, the smart guys were sitting in the General Staff - analyze and recheck the German "deso" did not become, but only checked: "According to information it is required."

What was really? Yes, in Germany, in Germany was carried out in the creation of heavy tanks and even produced several prototypes of heavy tanks VK-6501 and VK-3001 (both companies "Hensel and Son"). But these were actually the samples of the chassis. Even experienced samples of heavy tanks were made. The most powerful tank guns were 7.5-cm kwk 37L24 guns (a little better than our 76-mm arrows of arr. 1927/32 and much worse than F-32 and F-34).

Well, in addition, on the Polygon in Kummemersdorf, the tests of French tanks with anti-false armor were carried out. That's all! And then there was a magnificent disinformation of the Abver. When and how our scouts were peered at her, we, apparently, never know - in Yasenevo independent historians, the entrance is closed.

The frightened guide demanded urgently to create powerful tank and anti-tank guns. In 1940 V.G. Rubin presented the project 107-mm tank gun F-42, and then even more powerful 107-mm tank gun of the ZIS-6.

At the same time, grace creates a powerful anti-tank gun. In May 1940, he began to design a 57-mm anti-tank gun F-31.

For her, an armor-piercing shell weighing 3.14 kg, the initial speed was assumed to 1000 m / s. The sleeves decided to use from a 76-mm divisional gun with the suspension of the dool of the sleeve from the caliber of 76 mm by 57 mm. The sleeve, thus, was almost completely unified.

In October 1940, a prototype of F-31 was completed at the factory No. 92, and Grorin began his factory tests.

Somewhere in early 1941, a new 57-mm PTP, the factory index F-31 was replaced by ZIS-2. It was associated with the assignment of Stalin's plant No. 92.

In early 1941, the ZIS-2 gun was adopted under the name "57-mm anti-tank gun of the arr. 1941. "

Interestingly, in parallel with the ZIS-2, grain created even more powerful 57 mm PPP ZIS-1KV. Its design was completed in December 1940. The ZIS-1KV GS was designed under the initial speed of 1150 m / s for a calibrous projectile weighing 3.14 kg. The length of the trunk was increased to 86 caliber, that is, up to 4902 m. Flap, the upper machine and sight for the ZIS-1KV were taken from the 76 mm divisional gun F-22USV.

Although Rubin and tried to ease the weight of the faucet design, the weight of the new 57-mm PTP was 30 kg more than the weight of the F-22UV division (about 1650 kg). In January 1941, an experimental sample of the ZIS-1KV, which was completed by polygon tests in February - May 1941, of course, with such a ballistics, the passing gun was low. Grace himself in the book "Winning Weapon" wrote that after 40 shots, the initial speed dropped sharply and the carnoe became unsatisfactory, and after 50 shots, the trunk came into such a state that the shell did not receive a "spin" in the trunk channel and flew lurking. This experiment designated the boundaries of 57 mm anti-tank guns.

It should be noted that Rubin simplifies a somewhat simplifies the situation, in fact, with the vitality of the ZIS-1KV of the case were not so bad. BUT further work It was stopped in connection with the beginning of the gross production of ZIS-2.

The gross production of ZIS-2 began on June 1, 1941 and was suspended December 1, 1941. During this time, 371 cannon produced.

In conclusion, it is worth saying a few words about rotary anti-tank guns that our official military historians do not want to say or do not want to say. The fact is that from 1935 to 1941 in the USSR, there were tests of several samples of rotary anti-tank guns. For the shooting of them, the cartridges from regular cannons were used - 20 mm anti-aircraft gun arr. 1930, 20-mm aviation gun Schwak - and new 25-mm cartridge.

Under the cartridge arr. 1930 V. Vladimirov and M.N. BIG constructed a 20-mm anti-tank gun of the Inz-10 arr. 1936 (in the documentation it was sometimes called the "20-mm rotary anti-tank rifle"). One of the samples was on the bumps, the other on the wheel fault. The gun was semi-automatic. Semi-automatic acted due to the energy of rollback. Movable gun barrel. Five cartridges were placed in an assistant box shop. Vertical and horizontal guidance was made with a shoulder butt. The shield was not. Wheels Motorcycle bicycle type with pneumatic tires. The weight of the system in combat position on the bumps is 50 kg, on wheels - 83.3 km.

Under the Schwak cartridge in 1936, 20 mm PPP CKBSB-51 S.A. system was created. Cow. The prototype was made in Tula. Semi-automatic worked on the principle of gases. The trunk is fixedly enshrined in the casing. The shutter is thrown by the type "Colt". The food was made from a single-row store with a capacity of 5 ammunition. The gun had a powerful dool brake of the system of the audio. The gun was installed on a tripod with coulters (only 5 supports). The weight of the system in a combat position is 47.2 kg.

On March 4, 1936, a project of a 25-mm self-loading rotary anti-tank gun of MC was admitted to the main artillery department of artillery engineers.

According to this project, PTP had a trunk with a muzzle brake. Automation with "long trunk stroke". Piston shutter. Capacity of a removable store 5 ammunition. Special cartridge. The flaws consisted of a stroke, the bottom machine, the top of the machine and two tubular mills that are moving at an angle of 60 °. Vertical and horizontal guidance was carried out by the shoulder focus. Skump spring. Wheels with bicycle tires. For carrying manually, the system was sacrificed to three parts. Shooting could be conducted with both tripods and wheels. The weight of the system in a combat position is 107.8 kg.

All these, as well as a number of other projects in 1936-1940. Polygonal tests were held, but none of these guns were adopted for weapons, although the need for such instruments was extremely large.

At the end of 1940, our generals were confident that in the army with an excessive enough 45mm anti-tank guns, in addition, it was planned to begin production of 57-mm guns. As a result, the Council of People's Commissars did not include 45-mm anti-tank guns in the plan of orders in 1941. However, the catastrophic consequences did not have contrary to the opinion of a number of historians. The fact is that the technology of manufacturing these guns on the factories remained.

In addition, in 1941, the manufacture of 2664 45mm tank guns arrived. 1934, the bodies of which differed slightly from the anti-tank guns of the OBR. 1937. Thanks to this, with the beginning of war, the production of 45-mm anti-tank guns was quickly restored.

Division guns

In the Wehrmacht, in contrast to the Red Army, the shelf guns were named infantry, and the division and cabinet - fields. The most curious thing is that the Germans among the infantry and field weapons were not ... guns! Anti-tank and anti-aircraft guns, of course, do not count. Our and German generals had fundamentally different views on the use of field artillery.

In the Wehrmacht, all infantry and field guns were to have the opportunity to lead a mounted fire, for which they had a large angle of vertical guidance and shots of separate-sleeve charging. In the shots of separate-sleeve charging, changing the number of powder beams, it was easy to change the initial speed and, accordingly, the steepness of the projector's trajectory.

In the Red Army, they were relying mainly on the flooring. Soviet regimental guns could not lead a mounted shooting, and 122-mm and 152-mm warmness and 152 mm and 152-mm cannon ml-20 could lead from the divisional and cabinet implements.

Alas, the land is flat only on the maps of our generals. In fact, as any child knows, "in nature" is hills, ridges, ravines, beams, depressions, forests, etc. And in the city - it is homes, plants, mound of iron and highways, bridges and etc. All these objects create "dead zones" for a floor fire for dozens or even hundreds of meters.

The German designers did everything so that for their infantry and field weapons, there were practically no "dead zones". But our military and historians in the military-historical literature swear over the Germans, unlike our designers, they say, they were so stupid that they did not introduce unitary charges in their infantry and field weapons. Yes, indeed, unitary charges at the first time gives a gain in rapidity, but then the timer of the shooting is determined by the anti-type devices (due to their heating).

As already mentioned, in Germany, the regimental guns were called infantry tools. Infantry implements were divided into light - caliber 7.5 cm and heavy - caliber 15 cm. Both types of infantry weapons were a kind of gun hybrid, warmness and mortaries. They could lead both the flooring and mounted shooting. And the main type of shooting was hinged.

In the German Infantry Division, each infantry regiment had a company of infantry tools in the composition of six 7.5-cm light infantry instruments of the arr. 18 (Le.i.g.18) and two 15-cm heavy infantry tools arr. 33 (S.I.g.33). Taking into account two light infantry tools in the reconnaissance battalion on the state, the infantry division of the Wehrmacht has 20 light and 6 heavy infantry weapons.

7.5-cm Easy Infantry Opera arr. 18 (7.5-cm Le.i.g.18) was established in 1927 by Rainmetall. In the troops, the instrument began to flow in 1932. Originally, the guns were manufactured with wooden wheels, and then with disk metal.

The gun could be transported both with the forefront, and without the front. In the latter case, it hijacked in a single-wheel harness, and on the battlefield, the tool forces on the straps. If necessary, the instrument disassembled into five parts and could be transported on Blades.

In the domestic military-historical literature, both official and amateur, it is customary to compare the German light infantry gun with the Soviet 76-mm regimental fellow of the Obr. 1927 as the superiority of domestic artillery systems over enemy. In fact, our "Coltonian" shot 6700 m with a full-time fragal feu-34 m, a lightweight projectile of OF-343 at 7700 m, and the German light infantry weapon shot them by 3550 m. But no one asks himself a question, is it necessary Shooting 6-7 km to an instrument intended for direct artillery support for the infantry battalion, in the extreme case of the regiment. I'm not talking about the fact that the specified firing range from the GRA gun. 1927 could only turn out at the angle of elevation of 40 °. And to give it such an angle of elevation by the action of the lifting mechanism was impossible, he gave a maximum of 24-25 °. Theoretically, it was possible to dull roar under the trunk and shoot at full range.

But a light infantry weapon could fire at an angle to 75 °. In addition, a light infantry weapon had separate-sleeve charging. The instrument of the gun was variable. At the most small charge number 1, the initial speed of the projectile was only 92-95 m / s, and the maximum shooting range was only 25 m, that is, the tool could shoot the brick wall or near the hut and hit the targets directly for the obstacle. No horses, ravines and other obstacles could serve as a shelter of the enemy from the hinged fire of the German lungs and heavy infantry tools.

And the Soviet 76-mm gun arr. 1927 was the relic of the beginning of the 20th century and was intended exclusively for the flooring. In fact, guns arr. 1927 was a lightweight variant of the 76-mm divisional gun of the arr. 1902 with a degraded ballistic. No wonder before the war, her main shell was shrapnel. In the light infantry tool, Shrapnels in the ammunition was not at all. It should be noted that in the early 1930s. Some of our artilleryrs tried to give the opportunity to be a fear of arr. 1927 to conduct at least some mounted shooting and offered to proceed to separately-sleeve charging. But the leadership of the main artillery department rejected this proposal, and in the war of the GDA gun. 1927 shot unitary cartridges.

Finishing the comparison of both regimental guns, I note that the GRA gun. 1927 had weight in a combat position on metal wheels 903 kg, and a light infantry weapon - 400-440 kg. Writing the clever is easy, and let him slide both systems manually on the battlefield.

For shooting through tanks in the late 1941 - early 1942, a cumulative fragmentation projectile arrived in the amusing of a light infantry tool. 38 (7.5-CM IGR.38). It is curious that in the Soviet closed edition of 1947. This shell was named fugasal, which gave rise to the clever arguments to argue that de the Germans created a special fugance projectile ORP. 1938 for shooting in tanks.

Somewhat later, in 1942, the more powerful cumulative projectile arrived in the part. 38 HL / and with greater armoredness. Moreover, this projectile in most cases was served in the unitary cartridge.

In 1927, Rainmetall was created by a 15-cm heavy infantry weapon. In the troops, it began to flow in 1933, called 15-CM S.I.G.33.

During the war, 15-cm S.i.g.33 easily destroyed the field fortification structures of the enemy. Its fugasic shells penetrated under the shelter with a thickness of up to three meters from the ground and logs.

Machine single-sized machine box. Tissor subressing. The wheels made of aluminum alloy, the guns, the hazed horse, had an iron tire. When making mehthyaga on the wheels, solid rubber tires were put on.

15-cm The heavy infantry weapon could act and as a super heavy mortar. To this end, in 1941, a powerful superchaltery shell (mine) was developed with a weight of 90 kg, which contained 54 kg of ammatol. For comparison: MINA F-364 of the Soviet 240-mm mortar "Tulip" contains 31.9 kg of explosive. But in contrast to a mortar, a heavy infantry weapon could shoot a supercalibal shell and direct vendor in dotam, houses and other purposes.

For the fight against tanks at the end of 1941 - early 1942, cumulative shells were introduced into the amulative shells, which gave the normal armor with a thickness of at least 160 mm. Thus, at a distance of up to 1200 m (table range of firing with cumulative shell), a heavy infantry tool could effectively affect any types of enemy tanks.

The lafet of a heavy infantry tool was touched, and when the mehthyagoy, the speed could reach 35-40 km / h. On horseback, the instrument with the advance was transported by six horses.

By June 1, 1941, the Wehrmacht had 4176 light infantry tools and 7956 thousand shells to them and 867 heavy infantry tools and 1264 thousand shells to them.

And now we turn to the artillery of the Divisia of the Red Army. According to the staff of the rifle and motorized rifle divisions of military time dated April 5, 1941, in each artillery regiment there should be a 6-gun battery of 76-mm arr. 1927

According to the pre-war states of 4 guns arr. 1927 should have the shelves of motorized, cavalry and tank divisions.

By the beginning of the war in the RKKE, there were 4768 76-mm regimental guns of the OBR. 1927 Another 120 such guns were in the Navy. In addition, the Navy had 61,76-mm short GRA gun. 1913 I note that the 76-mm gun of the arr. 1927 was created on the basis of the short gun arr. 1913 in the late 1930s. All the remaining GD guns. 1913 were transferred to the Navy.

Well, now we turn to the divisional and body artillery. Unlike the Germans, the red commanders continued to be the main instrument of field artillery 76-mm divisional gun. The idea of \u200b\u200b"trinity", that is, one caliber, one gun, one projectile, arose somewhere in the early 90s. XIX century.

With the filing of French generals, an idea with enthusiasm was accepted in the Russian Military Office. And here in 1900, 76-mm (3-inch) gun arrived in 1900. 1900, and on March 3, 1903, the famous "three-link" was adopted - 76-mm GPA gun. 1902, distinguished from arr. 1900 by the system of the boiler and the absence of a trunk trunk. It was relied on a single ammunition - 76-mm shrapnel.

The three-links became a wonder-tool, "oblique death", as our generals were given. Battery Oversea guns In 1902, it was possible to literally twider a whole infantry battalion of the opponent for a 30-second art narrow.

The gun could indeed solve all the tasks in the war against the enemy acting in accordance with the tactics of the times of Napoleonic wars. According to the infantry, sowing in the trenches, ravines, houses (even wooden!), The effect of Shrapnel was inefficient.

Already the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905 showed the complete delusion of the theory of "Trinity".

In 1907, a fragmentary fugasal grenade was introduced into the ammunition 76-mm gun, and in subsequent years, the production of 122-mm and 152-mm field leaders began in Russia. 1909 and 1910

The civil war was a maneuverable war and had a number of specific points that were absent in other wars. The use of 76-mm shrapnels and fragant-burglar shells turned out to be quite effective in it. In 1918-1920 The "three-link" was the main gun of artillery of red, white and nationalist formations.

In the late 1920s. The supply of artillery was made by the RKKA artillery, but extremely ambitious people - Tukhachevsky, Pavlounovsky and K °.

They decided to increase the range of division tools, without increasing the caliber of the guns and even leaving the chalves of the GEL 76-mm in immunity. 1900 as they say, and eat fish, and do not indulge. But the obvious thing is to increase the caliber, and will not only increase the shooting range, but also in Cuba will increase the weight of explosives in the projectile.

And how to increase the range of shooting, without changing the caliber and the sleeves? Well, the sleeve is designed with a margin, and you can draw a greater charge, not 0.9 kg, and 1.08 kg, no longer fit. Next, you can improve the aerodynamic form of the projectile, and did it. You can increase the angle of elevation of the gun. Thus, a grenade weighing 6.5 kg at an initial rate of 588 m / s flew by 6200 m at an angle of + 16 °, and at an angle of + 30 ° - at 8540 m. But with a further increase in the elevation angle, the range almost did not increase, so + 40 ° The range was 8760 m, that is, it increased by only 220 m, while the average deviation of the projectile (by range and lateral) increased dramatically. Finally, the last tool was an increase in the length of the trunk from 30 to 40 and even up to 50 calibers. The range increased slightly, but the weight of the gun increased, and most importantly, maneuverability and patency had sharply deteriorated.

Well, using all the measures mentioned, achieved in the shooting of a grenade "long-range form" at an angle of 45 ° from the barrel in 50 calibers of a range of 14 km. And what's the proc. The observation of the gaps of 76-mm weak grenades at such a distance by the ground observer is impossible. Even with an airplane from a height of 3-4 km, 76-mm grenades are not visible, and the discharge below is considered dangerous due to anti-aircraft fire. And of course, a huge dispersion, and even low-power shells.

It is appropriate to say about the grand idea of \u200b\u200bthe creation of supervalic shells. There were several dozen clever, offered to increase the range of division, cabinet and even marine artillery due to the introduction of so-called worn-up-to-social shells - polygonal, pylineberry, cutting, as well as their various combinations.

As a result, many dozens of guns of caliber ranging from 76 to 368 mm, shooting with inco shells on all polygons of the Union. I told about this grand adventure back in 2003 in the book "The Secrets of the Russian Artillery".

Here, I will only say that the tens of types of polygonal, podkaliber and rifle shells were tested in Russia from 1858 to 1875. Reports on their tests with a list of shortcomings and with the presentation of the reasons why they were not adopted, you can read in " Artillery magazine "for 1860-1876, as well as in the affairs of military historical archives.

One rather competent artillery in 1938 compiled a reference from reports on the tests of non-social shells in the USSR in 1923-1937. And he sent their analysis to the GAU, and a copy of the analysis in the NKVD. What ended the adventures of lovers of super-lifting shooting, to predict it is not difficult.

So shooting from 76-mm cannons accounted for only ordinary stool shells. It was possible only to improve their aerodynamics by entering the ORP projectile. 1928. In 1930, 76-mm arrows of the arrival was modernized. 1902. The main changes were the elongation of the barrel from 30 to 40 calibers and an increase in the angle of vertical guidance from 16 ° 40? up to 37 °, which made it possible to increase the range of long-range garnet shooting (of-350) to 13 km. I note that an increase in the length of the barrel on 10 calibers gave a win only 1 km. The modernized gun began to be referred to "arr. 1902/30. "

Then they decided to bring the length of the trunk to 50 calibers. The first such gun was 76 mm arr. 1933, and then - Grub P-22 gun (arr. 1936). The angle of elevation was brought to 75 ° so that an anti-aircraft fire could be conducted from the divisional gun.

It is clear that the effectiveness of the shooting from F-22 on the aircraft of the late 1930s - early 1940s. sought to zero.

With the elimination of Tukhachevsky, Pavlunovsky, as well as most of the members of the GAU, the ideas of increasing the caliber of the division cannons appeared. Already in the second half of 1937, the famous constructors Sidorenko and Grin region offered to create a duplex - 95-mm divisional gun and a 122-mm warmness on a single faft. Rubbin at factory No. 92 created a system of 95-mm P-28 and 122-mm Gaubitsa F-25. A similar complex of 95-mm cannon U-4 and 122-mm Gaubitis U-2 was created on UTTM.

Both systems were quite effective and could play an important role in the war. But in Russia, the people and leaders always enters. That is 40 years old, our generals, like children for a hem of mother, held in 76-mm caliber, and then suffered them - what is 95 mm, give a 107 mm caliber. On trouble from Czechoslovakia, I received a 105-mm gun "OTC" (special delivery Czech). She liked the bosses, yes, plus there are still rumors about the thick-breeding German tanks, which were mentioned earlier.

The question of the appointment of those designed in 1938-1941. 107-mm cannons are still largely unclear. In those years, they were called that corps, then division, and sometimes diplomatic - field. The fact is that in the body artillery there was already a 122-mm gun A-19, which, as they say, 107-mm gun and did not fit at the notes. And on the other hand, four-terminal 107-mm guns were too heavy for the division.

In the 1960s A certain strategist in his memoirs wrote that Stalin at the meeting confused 107-mm GRA guns. 1910 and a new gun M-60. But this is only an anecdote characterizing the mental level of the strategist.

One way or another, but on October 5, 1938, GAU was sent to factory No. 172 (Perm) "Tactical and technical requirements" (TTT) to develop a new 107-mm gun. On this, TTT Plant No. 172 has developed a project 107-mm gun in 4 versions: two options had the same factory index M-60, the remaining two are M-25 and M-45 indices. The M-25 guns were the overlay of a 107-mm trunk on the 152-mm m-10 boilers. The shutter in all four options was taken from 122-mm Maubitis arr. 1910/30 G-25 and M-45 guns were somewhat harder and higher than M-60. Weight in a margin of 4050 and 4250 kg against 3900 kg, and the height is minimal 1295 mm against 1235 mm. But M-25 and M-45 had a larger elevation angle - + 65 ° against + 45 °.

Experienced samples of M-25 and M-45 cannons were factory tests on the Motovilikhinsky polygon. Nevertheless, according to obscure reasons, the GAU did not want to have a duplex - 107-mm gun and a 152-mm warmness on one boiler and preferred M-60.

M-60 mass production was charged with the New Artillery Plant No. 352 in the city of Novocherkassk. In 1940, Plant No. 352 made an experienced series of 24 guns, and in 1941 - 103 guns. On this work on M-60 were completed. In 1941-1942 There was no special need for it, and Novocherkassk captured the Germans.

V.G. Grace, with all its advantages of the designer, was a great conjunct trainer. He practically turned the work on duplex of 95/122-mm - F-28 / F-25 and in 1940-1941. Designed 107-mm CIS-24 and ZIS-28 guns.

107-mm CIS-24 gun was rather not field, but anti-tank. On the yoke 152-mm ML-20 guns, the long trunk (73.5 caliber) was imposed. The gun had a huge initial speed for a caliber projectile - 1013 m / s. Made a prototype, on what work and stopped.

The project 107-mm divisional gun ZIS-28 was performed in May - June 1941 in an initiative order. The system is designed on the basis of M-60 and differed from it the swinging part with a length of the barrel of 48.6 caliber. The ballistics of the guns are taken from the tank gun of the ZIS-6, the initial speed of the projectile is 830 m / s. In connection with the beginning of the war of work on the manufacture of experienced arr. ZIS-28 stopped.

In the meantime, 95-mm and 107-mm divisional guns were created, the GAU leadership decided to progress and parallel worked on 76 mm divisions, returned to the length of the barrel in 40 calibers and with a decrease in the elevation angle to 45 °. In fact, it was a step back.

76-mm Grub Design Gun Guns was adopted on September 22, 1939, under the name "76 mm Divisional gun arr. 1939. "

By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, 8521,76 mm divisional guns consisted. Of these, 1170 are arr. 1939 (SSI), 2874 - Obr. 1936 (F-22) and 4447 - arr. 1902/30. And among the latter, the majority were equipped with a barrel with a length of 40 calibers, but the part remains and old trunks in 30 calibers.

In addition, there were some more types of guns in the warehouses, including an unretended 76-mm CDP guns. 1902 and 1900, 76-mm GP guns. 1902/26, that is, the old Russian "three-links", converted into Poland, 75-mm French guns arr. 1897, etc.

As already mentioned, the German army did not have regular division guns. However, in secondary (security and other), the old (Times of World War II) were used in the Wehrmacht Divisions). It is curious that the old 7.7-cm field gun F.K.16 in the early 1930s. Received new caliber trunks of 7.5 cm, and letters N.A (new sample) were added to the index.

The fundamental difference of 7.5-cm f.k.16.n.a from 76.2-mm Soviet, 75-mm French and other divisional guns was the presence of separate-sleeve, rather than unitary charge. The German gun had four charges, which allowed her to lead a mounted shooting.

In addition, the trophy divisional guns of the caliber of 75-80 mm were limited, taken across Europe - Czech, Polish, Dutch, etc. Most (several thousand) Germans captured the French 75-mm gears of the Obr. 1897, which in the German army was called 7.5-cm F.K.231 (F).

Division Hubitsa

Inheritance from the royal army, the Red Army received two 122-mm Gaubits - Obr. 1909 and 1910 with almost identical tactical and technical characteristics. But the designs of both systems had fundamental differences, starting from a wedge shutter at the Gubitsa Obr. 1909 and piston at the Gubitsa arr. 1910 and externally, both systems had cardinal differences.

What was the meaning of two such different systems in service? From a military point of view - no. But in 1909-1910. All orders of the military department conducted an artillery inspector General Prince Sergey Nikolaevich. Grand DukeHis Metress Matilda Kshesinskaya, as well as the French-speaking rule of the Schneider plant and the Russian-speaking rule of Putilovsky Plant organized a criminal community. As a result, all the artsystems that adopted in Russia had to be necessarily the Schneider system and were carried out exclusively in France or on the only private cannon factory in Russia, that is, Putlovsky.

Formally still conducted open contests On the samples of implements declared by the military. All foreign and Russian factories were invited to shoot on the GAP. And here in the absence of the Grand Duke, having resting on the Cote d'Azur, the winning contest was adopted a sample of 122-mm muscles of the Krupp system. It was launched into production called "122-mm Gaubita Obr. 1909. "

Smeared Sergey Nikolaevich orders already in time to adopt a sample of the company Schneider. So in the Russian army there were two completely different 122-mm Haubes - arr. 1909 and 1910

In 1930, a 122-mm round of arrival was modernized at the Perm Plant. 1910 The main goal of modernization is to increase the shooting range. For this Kamor, the Gaubi was crushed (elongated) to one caliber. The upgraded system was called "122-mm Gaubita Obr. 1910/30. " The Perm Plant was upgraded by 762 Gaubitz Ob. 1910

In 1937, at the same plant, analogous to the modernization and the Kruppovsky Gaubitis of the ORP were produced. 1909 New sample Received the name "122 mm Gaubita arr. 1909/37. "

Regardless of these modernization since 1937, both Hubians began to supply metal wheels with the HA tires instead of wooden. Nevertheless, the replacement of the wheels went slowly. This is evidenced by the Complaints of the command of the Western Special Military District (Recovery) in November 1940 on the presence of a significant number of Gaubitz 122-mm arr. 1910/30 and 152 mm arr. 1909/30 on wooden wheels.

It is curious that 122-mm Gaubita arr. 1910/30 was produced until the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War. So, in 1938, 711 units were produced, in 1939 - 1294, in 1940 - 1139 and in 1941 - 21 such a warmness.

The new 122-mm Gaubita M-30 was adopted by the Resolution of the Defense Committee (KO) dated September 29, 1939, called "122-mm Division Gaubitz Ob. 1938. " She had a subressing, sliding beds and metal wheels.

Gross production M-30 began only in 1940, then 639 systems were manufactured.

In total, 8142 122-mm leaders consisted of the beginning of the war in the Red Army. Of these, 1563 - M-30, 5690 - arr. 1910/30 and 889 - arr. 1909/37

In addition, the warehouses had two or three hundred trophy 100mm Polish Gaubitz arr. 1914/1919. They were used during the war, as evidenced by the "Shooting Tables", published for them in 1941 and 1942.

And now we turn to 152-mm warmts. From the "Cursed Tsarism" of the Red Army got two 152 mm of Gaubits - field arr. 1910 and fortification arr. 1909

Both kinds used the same shells, and the difference in the ballistics was small - the initial speed of the projectile is 335 m / s and a distance of 7.8 km from arr. 1910 and, accordingly, 381 m / s and 8.7 km at the arr. 1909, that is, the range differed in less than 1 km.

Both systems were naturally designed by Shneider. The adoption of two almost identical haubs can be explained only by the dementia of the royal generals.

In 1930-1931 At the Perm plant, an upgrade was modernized by 152-mm Maubitis Ob. 1909 The main goal of modernization is to increase the shooting range. For this, Kamor was elongated, which made it possible to shoot a new grenade of the-530 at a distance of 9850 km.

In addition to the alterations of the old Gaubitz, the production of new Gaubitz - arr. 1909/30. So, in 1938, 480 units were manufactured, in 1939 - 620, in 1940 - 294, and the last 10 leaders were issued in 1941.

In 1936-1937. A similar modernization was subjected to 152-mm Gaubita arr. In 1910, the modernized Gaubice was named "152 mm Gaubita Obr. 1910/37. " On her trunks was knocked out: "Extra Long Kamor".

New Gubitsa arr. 1910/37 were not manufactured, but only the modernization of old Gaubitz arrived was happening. 1910

In 1937, both 152-mm Gaubitz began to gradually replace wooden wheels on metal. It was done regardless of modernization.

In 1937, the tests of 152-mm M-10 Gaubitis, created at the Perm Plant begins. By the decision of September 29, 1939, the M-10, M-10, was adopted under the name "152-mm Division Gaubita Obr. 1938. "

However, for the M-10 divisional artillery, it was too heavy, and for the cabinet is not enough powerful. The combat weight of the system exceeded 3.6 tons, which was then considered unacceptable for field artillery. Nevertheless, M-10 was launched into mass production at factory No. 172 in Perm. In 1939, the plant passed 4 Hubitsa, in 1940 - 685.

In total, the beginning of the war in the framework of the Red Army there were 3768,12-mm Haubitz. Of these, 1058 - M-10, 2611 - arr. 1909/30 and 99 - arr. 1910/37

In addition, there were 92 British 152-mm Gaubitis Vickers, preserved since the first world and civil wars. The shooting range of the warmness is 9.24 km, weight in a combat position is 3.7 tons. And 67 152-mm Gaubitz Vickers to the beginning of the Great Patriotic War were in the recovery.

The composition of the Red Army there were several dozen Polish trophy 155-mm Gaubitz arr. 1917, for which in 1941 created the "Shooting Tables". In particular, 13 such leaders participated in the defense of Sevastopol in the composition of the 134th Gaubic Shelf.

In the states of war-based Soviet rifle Division It was assumed to have 32,12-mm warmness and 12,152-mm warmness. In the motorized rifle division, the amount of 122-mm of Gaubitz was reduced to 24, and in motorized divisions - up to 16. In tank divisions, there should have been 12 haubs of both calibers.

In the Wehrmacht to May 1940, as part of 35 infantry divisions of the 1st wave was one artillery regiment. The regiment was: 3 light artillery divisions of 3 batteries in each (4 light field wanders of 10.5 cm caliber in each battery), 1 heavy artillery division of three-bedtime composition (4 heavy molding wanders of 10.5 cm caliber in each battery). All these musicals were Germanic.

In motorized infantry divisions, the artillery regiment consisted of two light artillery divisions of the three-bedtime composition (4 lightweight molding wanders of 10.5 cm caliber in each battery), one heavy artillery division of three-bedtime composition (4 heavy field wanders of a 150 mm caliber in each battery).

The artillery regiment of tank divisions consisted of two light artillery divisions of the three-bedtime composition (in each battery for 4 lightweight field wanders of 10.5 cm caliber). 1, 2nd and 10th tank divisions had, besides, one serious artillery division of a three-bedtime composition (two batteries of heavy field warm-up caliber of 15 cm and one battery 10.5-cm guns; in the 1st tank division - 3 Battery of heavy field warmts).

The first post-war 10.5-cm light field warmness was created by Reinmetal in 1929. The leader's troops began to flow in 1935, for the purpose of conspiracy, it was named "10,5-cm light field warmness arr. 18 "(10.5-cm le.f.h.18). Gubitsa arr. 18 was a completely modern weapon with sliding boxed beds, ate-tight stroke and metal wheels. Distinctive feature The gubitsa was the location of the anti-type devices above and under the barrel in the clip of the cradle.

10.5-cm Maubitis arr. 18 and subsequent samples had the largest range of shots. In their ammunition, there were over a dozen types of fragmentation and fragmentation, smoking, lighting and armor-piercing calibrate shells.

10.5-cm. Expressive-fuzasny grenades had twisted fragments ahead of 10-15 m and a side of 30-40 m. These shells pierced the concrete wall with a thickness of 30 cm, and a brick wall thick up to 2.1 m.

10.5-cm Gaubita Obr. The 18 armor-piercing projectile pierced at a distance of 500 m at an angle of 30 ° from the normal armor with a thickness of up to 50 mm.

A special place was occupied by 10.5-cm shells with poisoning substances. Among them were shells such as KH weighing 14.0 kg, ZB weighing 13.23 kg, 38 KH weighing 14.85 kg, 40 AB weighing 14.0 kg and 39 Zb weighing 13.45 kg.

At the end of 1941 or in early 1942, 10,5-cm Gaubitz to combat T-34 and KV tanks were introduced by pyline armor-piercing and cumulative shells. In 1934, work began on the creation of 10.5-cm active-reactive shells. However, by May 1945, only a small batch of active reactive shells was released for 10,5-cm of Gaubitz.

Total toast, the Wehrmacht had 4845 10,5-cm Gaubes arr. 16 and 18. They had 16 million fragmentation of fugasal shells and 214.2 thousand shells containing poisoning substances.

In 1926-1930 Krupp and Rainmetall firms jointly created a 15-cm heavy field warmness. In 1934, she began to enter the troops called "15-CM S.F.H.18". Such leaders consisted in heavy artillery divisions of artillery regiments of infantry divisions of the 1st - 6th waves, mining and motorized divisions.

In the division there were three batteries of four guns, that is, 12 15-cm of warmness on the division. In addition, 15-cm heavy field wanders were part of the RGK artillery divisions. So, by May 1, 1940, there were 21 mixed artillery division in artillery, in each division there were two batteries of 15-cm heavy warmts and one battery 10,5-cm guns, and 41 divisions of heavy field warmness, in each Division There were three batteries of heavy field warm-up caliber 15 cm.

In the ammunition 15-cm, the leaders included almost two dozen types of shells. 15-cm fragmentation fuhasnyh shells (grenades) were supplied with shock and mechanical remote explosives. The optimal height of the explosion of the remote grenade was the height of 10 m. In this case, the slaughter fragments flew forward on 26 m and on the part of 60-65 m, the fragments were not flying back. With the instantaneous triggering of the head of the explosharity, when you get into the ground, slaughter fragments flew ahead of 20 m, 60 m and back to 6 m.

Excipheral Fuch Package Type 15-cm GR.19 and 19 STG. Punched by the normal concrete wall thick up to 0.45 m, brick wall up to 3.05 m, sandy soil up to 5.5 m, loose soil up to 11 m.

The concrete 15-cm projectile GR.19 BE pierced the reinforced concrete wall with a thickness of 0.4-0.5 m.

The chimney 15-cm projectile GR.19 NB with a breakdown formed a smoke cloud with a diameter of about 50 m, which remained at a weak wind to 40 seconds.

For the fight against tanks since 1942, a cumulative 15-cm of the Gub.39 HL, Gr.39 HL / A and GR.39 HL / B is introduced into the 100-cm. 15-cm Cumulative shells hit the armor of any heavy tank. The armoredness of them was 150-200 mm in an angle of 45 ° from normal. Effective shooting range on tanks (in adversity) with cumulative and fragmentation and fragmentation shells was 1500 m.

The German 15-cm heavy field warmness became the first artillery gun in the world, whose ammunition includes actively actuative shells. Work on active reactive projectiles were launched in Germany in 1934. With the help of such shells, designers sought to increase the range of shooting. However, the Germans collided with a number of difficulties. Thus, in active-jet shells, the weight of the discontinuous charge decreased compared to conventional shells, the accuracy of the shooting was deteriorated, etc. I note that many of these problems are not solved and still. In the pre-war years, the Germans spent about 2.5 million stamps on the work on active-reactive projectiles.

Initially, the experiments were experiments with 7.5 cm tall shells and 10 cm. Black powder was used as rocket fuel. However, due to the fragility of the checkers of this powder, satisfactory results could not be obtained.

Only in 1938, DAG in the city of Duneberg was able to create a technology for pressing durable checkers of smokeless powder and a reliable inflammation scheme. As a result, the test experienced active-reactive shell had a 30% shooting range compared to the usual projectile.

In 1939, the company "BAPPR" was developed by a 15-cm active reactive projectile RGR.19. The weight of the projectile was 45.1 kg, length 804 mm / 5.36 caliber. The projectile contained 1.6 kg of explosive. Dung speed of the projectile 505 m / s. Shooting range is 18.2 km. After testing, the projectile was adopted.

In 1940, in the military arsenal of the city of Bamberg, 60 thousand active-reactive shells of 15-cm RGR.19 were manufactured. All of them were sent to the African Corps.

In 1941-1944 Rainmetall and Krupp firms released a small batch of improved active-reactive shells 15-CM RGR.19 / 40 with a shooting range of 19 km. These shells did not get widespread due to bad adhesion firing and the low strength of shells. Deviations in terms of shooting at 19 km were up to 1250 m.

In 1944-1945 For the 15-cm, the Gaubitis was created several samples of fragantive-fuke-sized shells. A long 70-kilogram projectile was fired normally from the Gaubitz, but due to the presence in the tail part of the stuffing washer with the protrusions, it received 20 times a smaller angular speed than the ordinary projectile. After departure of the projectile, four stabilizers were revealed in his tail part, which resulted in 400 mm. The initial speed of the projectile reached 360 m / s. Hermann projectile designation 15-CM FL. Ni.gr. (winged mine).

In addition to the regular 10,5-cm and 15-cm of Gaubitz German production in the Wehrmacht, thousands of trophy gaubits caliber 100-155 mm were used.

Cabinet guns

From the royal army of the Red Army, a rather weak 107-mm (42-line) enclosure gun arr. In 1930, the gun was upgraded in 1930, during which the trunk was elongated by 10 calibers (from 28 to 39 calibres), the muffled brake was introduced, the charging chamber was enhanced, unitary charges were replaced by separate-sleeve and so on. Total 139 guns arr. 1910 They received a new name - "107-mm GRA gun. 1910/30. " In addition, in 1931-1935 430 new OBR systems were manufactured. 1910/30

Regardless of modernization, in 1937 the slow replacement of wooden wheels on metal began.

By the beginning of the war in the Red Army, according to the work of "Artillery in the offensive operations of the Great Patriotic War", 863 cannons, and by archival data - 864 cannons, and four more 107-mm arrows. 1910/30 consisted in the Navy.

In addition to them there were at least two hundred 105-mm Polish (French production) of the ORG guns. 1913 and 1929, as well as 107-mm Japanese gears of arr. 1905 I note that in 1941, "Firing Tables" (No. 323, 319 and 135) were published to all three guns.

The history of the creation of 152-mm Gaubitsa-guns arrived is very curious. 1937 (ML-20), which became the most powerful and most common weapon of the Soviet corps artillery.

In 1910, under the pressure of the Grand Duke Sergey Mikhailovich, a 152-mm siege gun of the Schneider was adopted, although a similar system of Krupp showed the best results on tests in Russia. She got the name "152 mm siege gun arr. 1910, and the order for its production, of course, was issued to the Putilov Plant. From 1914 to 1930, the plant passed 85 such guns.

In 1930, the guns were upgraded, which was to lengthen the trunk on one caliber and the boring of cameras under the long-range projectile of the OBR. 1928 was also introduced a muzzle brake. In 1930, the upgraded gun was adopted and received the name "152-mm gun of the arr. 1910/1930. "

By November 1, 1936, all 152 mm guns of arr. 1910 were redone the plants "Red Putilovets" and "Barricades" in the Obr. 1910/1930 by this time in the Red Army there were 152 GRU guns. 1910/1930

In the new 152 mm fend of arr. 1910/1930. Stayed the flaws remained a weak point of the system. Therefore, in 1932, a project for overlaying the barrel of 152-mm CAP guns was developed. 1910/1930 on the faucets of 122-mm guns arr. 1931 (A-19). The system thus obtained was originally called the "152-mm Gaubita arr. 1932 ", then -" 152 mm Gaubita arr. 1934 A-19, "that is, she was assigned the factory index of 122-mm guns. 1931

The system was adopted for weapons and launched into gross production, although in the names and further was a disaster: "152-mm CDP gun. 1910/1934 " or "152-mm Gaubita arr. 1934. "

In the course of the design of 152-mm GP guns. 1910/1934 Many controversy caused a way to transport the system in a margin position. For her, two versions were developed - in a separate and inseparable position.

Production of 152-mm GP guns. 1910/1934 was conducted on the Perm Plant. In 1934, the plant passed 3 guns, in 1935 she also passed 3 guns (this is with a plan of 30 pieces).

By January 1, 1937, 125 cannons were made. During 1937, 150 cannons were produced. On this production of 152-mm arr. 1910/34 was discontinued. Total produced 225 guns.

152 mm Gang gun. 1910/1934 (in 1935-1936. She was named "152-mm Gaubita arr. 1934") had many flaws. The main ones were:

- There was only a yoke only, and the front did not have a subressing, and the speed of the wave on the highway was limited to 18-20 km / h.

- The subressing was turned off with a special mechanism, and not automatically, which went 2-3 minutes.

- The upper machine was too complex casting.

And the most serious disadvantage was combining the lifting and balancing mechanism in one system. The speed of vertical guidance for one turnover of the flywheel did not exceed 10 minutes, which was extremely small.

Finally, the system of 1934. Although he was called the Gaubice, but her angle of elevation (+ 45 °) for the Gaubitz 1930s. It was too small.

During the modernization of the OBR system. 1910/34. A sample of Gaubititsa ML-20 was created at the Perm Plant.

After conducting military testing, the System ML-20 on September 22, 1939 was adopted by arms called "152 mm Gaubita-gun arr. 1937. "

Serial production of ML-20 began in 1937, when 148 guns were released, in 1938 - 500, in 1939 - 567, in 1940 - 901.

To the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in the Red Army, 26,052 mm Gaubitz-guns ML-20, as well as 267,52-mm arrows of the arrival, consisted. 1910/30 and 1910/34

The development of a 122-mm long-range cannon was carried out at the Perm Plant since 1929, 122-mm gun arr. 1931 (A-19) was adopted by the decision of the Council of Labor and Defense (ST) of March 13, 1936

Initially, the trunk and the boiless was carried out separately, but in 1937 they switched to inseparable ages. After applying the barrel of the A-19 system, the system of ML-20 began to be called "122-mm gun arr. 1931/37. " By June 22, 1941, 1255 CU guns consisted in the Red Army. 1931 and 1931/37, of which the OBR. 1931 there was only 21 guns.

In Germany in 1926-1930 A 10,5-cm gun K.18 is created with a new type with sliding beds, antecedal stroke and metal wheels. The trunks for these guns did the Krupp and Reinmetall firms, and the boots are Krupp. By April 1, 1940 there were 700 guns and 1427 thousand shots to them.

10.5-cm gun K.18 consisted in shelves and divisions of parts of the RGK Wehrmacht and, if necessary, attached to infantry and other divisions. To May 1940 in the RGC consisted of 27 motorized divisions 10,5-cm of three-four-four guns and 21 mixed motorized artillery division (two batteries of 15-cm heavy field warmts and one battery 10,5-cm guns in each).

The 15-cm gun K.16 was created by Krupp and adopted in January 1917. The system was produced until 1933 in two almost identical versions made by Krupp and Reinmetal firms (K.16.KP. and K.16 .Ph.), Differed in the weight of the trunk and sizes. Thus, the length of the trunk in the samples of Krup was 42.7 caliber, and the Rainmetall samples are 42.9 caliber.

The trunk K.16 consisted of a pipe, casing and a removable venue. Shutter horizontal wedge. Flaws boxed single-risk. Hydraulic rollback brake. Rubber wheels. Initially, the system was transported on two carts, and then began to apply inappropriate ages on the front (for mehthyagoy). The speed of the crawl did not exceed 10 km / h.

By September 1, 1939, Wehrmacht had 28 k.16 guns and 26.1 thousand shots to them. During the war, K.16 guns were not manufactured. However, in 1940, the production of ammunition to them was resumed. In 1940, 16.4 thousand shots were released, in 1941 - 9.5 thousand and in 1942 - 4.6 thousand shots, on that, their manufacture was completed. By the end of the war, 16 guns were left by K.16, 15 of which were at the front.

Due to the lack of 15-cm long-range canophet command at the end of the 30s. I went to the forced measure and took the 15th-cm sea gun SKC / 28. These guns were installed on Bismarck's linants and "Sharnhorst", Daechland battleships and other ships. In the Wehrmacht, 15-cm gun SKC / 28 was installed on octal wagon. The system was a movable coastal installation with a low silhouette in combat position.

The SKC / 28 trunk consisted of a free tube with a casing and had a muzzle brake. Shutter horizontal wedge.

In a marking position, the gun was transported on an octal (four-axis) wagon, like an anti-aircraft gun. In a combat position, the cannon descended on the support plate, which was balanced eight crucifically located Stanin (the Germans called "cigars") and the couch, scored in the soil.

In 1941, the service consisted of five motorized divisions with 15-cm guns SKC / 28 (No. 511, 620, 680, 731 and 740), in each division there were three trillionnaire batteries.

In addition, in 1941, due to the fact that the manufacturer of 15-cm trunks to the K.18 gun went slowly, and the field troops urgently needed them, 8 SKC / 28 cannons were superimposed on the scuffers 21-cm Mortira arr. eighteen.

Instead of the 15-cm guns of K.16, Rainmetall firm began designing a 15-cm gun K.18. In the troops gun K.18 began to flow in 1938

The shooting was carried out from the wheels or from a platform consisting of two parts and allowing circular shelling. In a marching position, the system was transported on two carts. The vending speed on wheels with freights was allowed to 24 km / h, and with pneumatic tires - up to 50 km / h.

During the war, K.18 guns were in production from 1940 to 1943. In 1940, 21 guns were handed over, in 1941 - 45, in 1942 - 25 and in 1943 - 10. In 1940 48.3 thousand shots were made to K.18, in 1941 - 57.1 thousand, in 1942 - 86.1 thousand, in 1943 - 69 thousand and in 1944 - 11.4 thousand shots .

In 1941, 15-cm guns K.18 were in service with three motorized batteries (821, 822th and 909th). By March 1945, only 21 guns K.18 survived.

In 1938, Turkey issued an order from Krupp to 15-cm guns. Two such guns were supplied by the Turks, but in November 1939, the command of the Wehrmacht forced the Krupp to break the contract and paid 8.65 million rehensharocks for the rest ordered 64 guns. In the Wehrmacht they got the name "15-CM K.39". Until the end of 1939, Kruppa passed the Wehrmachut of 15 guns K.39, in 1940 - 11, in 1941 - 25 and in 1942 - 13 guns. Ammunition for K.39 were made from 1940 to 1944: in 1944 - 46.8 thousand shots, in 1941 - 83.7 thousand, in 1942 - 25.4 thousand, in 1943 - 69 thousand and in 1944 - 11.4 thousand shots.

The 15-cm gun K.39 was used both in heavy field artillery and in coastal defense. The 15-cm gun K.39 was reduced to the tribadal divisions. In each battery there were three 15-cm guns and seven tractors SD.KFZ.9. There were separate heavy three-Russian batteries.

In addition to the 15-cm guns of Germanic production, the Wehrmacht used many dozens of trophy French, Czech, Belgian and other guns.

Tools of high power

In the late 1930s. Triplex high power (bm) was created in the USSR in the composition of the 152-mm BR-2 guns, 203-mm Mortira BR-5, and 280-mm. Of these, Gaubitz B-4 received the greatest distribution.

Initially, in 1937, the BR-2 guns were made with shallow cutting. However, the survivability of their stems was extremely low - about 100 shots.

In July - August 1938, the BR-2 was tested on Niapa with an in-depth cut (from 1.5 mm to 3.1 mm) and reduced kamor. The gun shot the shell, which instead of two had one leading belt. According to the test results, the arcticulation announced that the vitality of the GR-2 guns increased 5 times. To such a statement should be treated carefully, since there was a clear fraud: the criterion of the extensibility of the gun - the fall in the initial speed - was quietly increased from 4% to 10%. Anyway, but on December 21, 1938, the decree of the artivation "approve for gross production of 152-mm BR-2 gun with an in-depth cutting", and experiments with BR-2 trunks in 55 calibres were decided to stop.

In 1938, BR-2 serial guns did not give up. In 1939, 4 guns were handed over (according to plan 26), and in 1940 - 23 (according to plan 30), in 1941 there were not a single cannon.

Thus, in 1939-1940. The 27 guns of BR-2 with deep cutting were handed over, in 1937, 7 guns bro 2 were handed over with shallow cutting. In addition, before January 1, 1937, the industry passed 16,152-mm OBR guns. 1935 (among them, apparently, were BR-2 and B-30).

According to the state of February 19, 1941, a 152-mm BR-2 24 guns, tractors - 104, cars - 287 and 2598 people of personnel were consisting of a heavy cannonian regiment of the RVGK. The regiment included four tribady divisions. In each battery consisted of 2 guns BR-2.

In total, the RVGK artillery by June 22, 1941, taking into account the mobilization deployment consisted of one cannon regiment (24 guns BR-2) and two separate heavy cannon batteries (each in each BR-2 gun). TOTAL 28 guns. In total, in the Red Army on June 22, 1941, there were 37 guns of BR-2, of which 2 demanded overhaul. It takes into account the guns of polygons and others. In addition, it can be assumed that guns with small cutting with weapons were not filmed, but also in the part were not issued.

The barrel of 203-mm Gaubitsa B-4 turned out to be more residual. Officially, 203-mm Gaubitsa B-4 was adopted on June 10, 1934. In 1933, the production of Gaubitz B-4 began at the Barricade Plant.

By June 22, 1941, there were only 849 Gaubitz B-4, of which 41 Gaubitsa needed overhaul.

In 1938-1939. An attempt was made to introduce 203-mm Maubi to the Cabinet Artillery Shelves ("Second Type Shelves"), 6 Waubits in the Division. However, by the beginning of war, the B-4 was brought from corpus artillery, and instead of six Gaubitz each division received 12-15 Gaubitz guns ML-20.

By the beginning of the war, the B-4 war was only in the Gaubic artillery shelves of high power RVGK. According to the regiment (dated February 19, 1941) there were 4 divisions of the three-bedtime composition. In each battery, 2 kinds consisted, respectively, one warm fellow was considered a platoon. In total, the shelf had 24 wards, 112 tractors, 242 cars, 12 motorcycles and 2304 personnel personnel (of which 174 officers). By June 22, 1941, the RVGK had 33 shelf with Gaubes B-4, that is, in total on the state of 792 times, and in fact 727 Gaubits consisted in the shelves.

Tests 280-mm Mortira BR-5 were started in December 1936

Although Mortira BR-5 was not debugged, the Barricade plant launched it into gross production. In total in 1939, 20 Mortira was commissioned, and another 25 - in 1940. In 1941, no 280-mm Mortira was handed over. After the start of the Great Patriotic War, Mortira BR-5 was not made.

On June 22, 1941, 25,80-mm Mortira Schneider and 47,280-mm Mortira BR-5 (apparently 45 serial Mortira and two experienced morrts, surrendered in early 1939) exterminated in the Red Army.

All 280 Mortira was part of 8 separate artillery divisions of special power (OM). In each division there were 6 Mortira. Total in ArgK was 48,280-mm Mortira Schneider and BR-5.

Of the Triplex systems, 203-mm Gaubita B-4 turned out to be the most successful. Looking ahead, I will say that it has been exploited for a long time in the Soviet Army, and in 1964 the design of a nuclear charge began.

However, the said belongs exclusively to the rocking chair B-4, and not to her go. Soviet engineers in the mid-20s. We decided to abandon the platform when shooting from high-power guns. But in those years, neither wheels could not withstand the power of return during shooting full charge. And then the clever heads decided to replace the wheel tracked, without thinking about the weight of the system, nor, the main thing about its passability. As a result, the operation of tryplex guns even in peacetime turned into a continuous "war" with its running part.

For example, the angle of horizontal targeting system was only ± 4 °. To rotate for a larger angle of 17-ton Machina B-4, the effort of calculations of two or more haubs was required. The system, naturally, was separate. Crawler fautles and trunks on the tracked move (B-29) had a terrible permeability. In the Hollyeditsa, the wake of the face or trunks should have been pulling two "Comintern" (the most powerful Soviet tractors). Total on the system - four "Comintern".

Already on February 8, 1938, GAU issued tactical and technical requirements for the development of a wheeled duplex, that is, a new boiler for B-4 and BR-2. The Duplex Project M-50 was developed by the Perm Plant, but by June 22, 1941 he remained on paper.

In the next 10 military and post-war years, a number of designers, including V.G. Graze, made attempts to put triplex on the wheels, but everything was unsuccessful. Only in 1954, the chief designer of the Barricade plant G.I. Sergeev created a wheeled yoke (actually only the move) for a 152-mm gun and 203-mm warmness. Systems on the wheel faucet received the names "BR-2M" and "B-4M".

The German analogue of the B-4 - Mortira 21-CM MRS.18. Mortira was adopted in 1936

Due to the long trunk in some English directories, 21-cm Mortira MRS.18 is called a gun. This is fundamentally wrong. It is not only in a large elevation angle (+ 70 °). It was possible to shoot at the angle of 0 ° Mortira only on small charges - from No. 1 to No. 4. And with a large charge (No. 5 and No. 6) an elevation angle was to be at least 8 °, otherwise the system could tip over. Thus, 21-cm MRS.18 was a classic morrtira.

A characteristic feature of 21-cm Mortira arr. 18 was a double rollback: the barrel rolled back to the cradle, and the cradle along with the barrel and the top machine - along the bottom of the fauthete, which achieved the good resistance of the Mortira during shooting.

In the fighting position, Mortira relied on the front of the support plate, and the back - on the hobular support. The wheels were hanging out. In the hiking position, the barrel was removed and installed on a special trunks. Usually, the crawl was produced separately - the trunks of the airbag and separately fautles with the forefront. The speed of towing at the same time did not exceed 20 km / h. However, for short distances at a speed of 4-6 km / h, the transportation of the Mortira was allowed in an unemployed form, that is, with a barrel, superimposed on the yoke.

The Mortira's ammunition was included in the ammunition of the Mortira and a concrequency projectile. When hitting a fragant-burglar grenade about the soil at an angle of at least 25 °, slaughter fragments flew forward 30 m and to the side of 80 m, and with a drop at an angle of more than 25 °, fragments flew forward at 75 m and to 50 m. The same effective fragmentation action has a shell with a break at an altitude of 10 m. The slaughter fragments flew ahead of 80 m and a side of 90 m. Therefore, 21-cm fragmentation pomegranates were supplied with remote mechanical fuses.

The concrete shell pierced the concrete wall with a thickness of 0.6 m and a brick wall with a thickness of up to 4 m, and also penetrated when hit, close to normal, into a sandy soil to a depth of 7.2 m, and in a loose soil - up to 14.6 m.

By June 1, 1941, the Wehrmachte had 388 Mortira 21-CM MRS.18. All 21-cm Mortira arr. 18 were in the artillery parts of the RGK. By the end of May 1940, 21-cm MRS.18 consisted of two mixed motorized artillery divisions (No. 604 and No. 607). In each division there were two batteries 21-cm Mortira (three-Russian composition) and one battery 15-cm guns. Also 21-cm Mortira arr. 18 consisted of fifteen motorized divisions, three three-tier batteries in each (2nd and 3rd divisions of the 109th artpol, 2nd division of the 115th artpolka, divisions No. 615, 616, 635, 636, 637, 732 , 733, 735, 736, 777, 816, 817). In addition, three Mortira were in the 624th and 641th divisions of special power in addition to the batteries of 30.5-cm Mortira.

In 1939, Krupp produced the bore of 17-cm (172.5-mm) of the sea gun on the morty fauthes. The system received the designation 17-cm K.MRS.LAF. German historians consider the 17-cm gun of the arr. 18 on the morty fauthete (17-cm k.mrs.laf) the best gun of its class in World War II.

The 17-cm gun K.MRS.LAF consisted most often as part of mixed motorized artillery divisions of the RGK Wehrmacht. In each division there were two three-tier batteries 21-cm Mortira arr. 18 and one three-refinery battery 17-cm guns.

The first four 17-cm guns were put in part in January 1941. In 1941, 91 guns were obtained from the industry, in 1942 - 126, in 1943 - 78, in 1944 - 40 and in 1945 - - 3.

In addition to these two full-time systems, the Germans used on the eastern front many dozens of guns of large and special capacity of Czech, French, Dutch and British production.

"Mortar Mafia"

For the first time with the Stokes-Brandt mortars, that is, mortars created according to the imaginary triangle scheme, Kraskomov became acquainted in October 1929 during the Soviet-Chinese conflict for the CER.

During the fighting of the Red Army, seized several dozen Chinese 81 mm Stokes-Brandt mortar and hundreds of mines to them. In November - December 1929, the trophy mortars were sent to Moscow and Leningrad to explore.

Chinese mortars first affected the group "D". At the first acquaintance with mortars, the head of the group N.A. Dorovlev estimated the brilliant simplicity of the product. Without thinking, he abandoned a deaf scheme, although work on such systems has also been conducted for some time on inertia. For several months, the group "D" has developed according to the imaging triangle scheme (or rather, the Chinese mortar system has copied) a system of three mortars of caliber 82, 107 and 120 mm.

Thus were created the first Soviet mortars according to the imaging triangle scheme.

Gradually, the group "D" and their high-ranking fans in the GAU brought. They decided that mortars could replace classic artillery. In 1930, a sample of a twelve and 160 mm mine and several samples of 160 mm mortar were created. The design of 240-mm mortars began.

On the other hand, at the end of 1939, an original type of mortar was created - "37-mm mortar-shovel", made according to the "Unitary Barrel" scheme.

In a hiking position, the mortar was a shovel whose handle was served. Mortar shovel could be used for digging trenches.

When shooting from a mortar, the shovel performed the role of the support plate. The shovel is made of armor steel and 7.62-mm bullets did not break through.

Mortar consisted of a trunk, shovel - the support plate and a bump with a plug.

The trunk tube is connected tightly with the treasury. The feast is pressed into the treasure, to which the Capsule of the Intrusion cartridge was imposed.

In winter, 1940, when using a 37-mm mortar-shovel in the battles in Finland, a low efficiency of 37 mm mini was detected. It turned out that the flight range of mines at the optimal elevation angle is insignificant, and the fragmentation effect is weak, especially in winter, when almost all fragments were stuck in the snow. Therefore, a 37-mm mortar and rear to it were removed from weapons and stopped their production.

At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in the Red Mineet, 14,525 battalion 82-mm mortars, 1468 mining 107-mm mortars and 3876 120-mm mortars and 3876 row 120-mm mortars.

Already in the mid-1930s. A number of mortar designers and their patrons literally declared war on all artillery tools capable of guided fire.

Here, for example, consider guns included in the artillery weapon system for 1929-1932, which was approved by the decision of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPP (b) of July 15, 1920 and had the force of law. In this system, in the section "Battalion artillery" consisted of 76 mm Mortira. In the section "Regimental artillery" - 76-mm Maubitis of infantry accompaniment and 122-mm Mortira. In the section "Division artillery" - 152 mm Mortira. In the section "Cabinet artillery" - 203-mm Mortira.

As you can see, reproach our artilleryrs in the underestimation of the mounted fire is simply non-serious. But alas, none of the items of the program was fulfilled.

But the system of artillery weapons for 1933-1937. Among other things there:

- 76 mm Mortira gun for armament of rifle battalions;

- 152-mm morrti for armament of the rifle regiment;

- 203 mm Mortira for body artillery.

Result? Again, all three points were not fulfilled.

Thus, if, for the other samples of artillery armament, both pre-war programs were fulfilled, then no mortira was admitted. What is it an accident? Or maybe our designers flattened and did the Mortira curves?

In 1928-1930 No less than a dozen 76 mm of battalion mortira was manufactured. The best constructors of the country took part in their design. All these systems have undergone tests and showed quite good results. But in the early 1930s. Work on them stopped.

In December 1937, an arrangement decided to return to the question of 76 mm Mortira. The Military Engineer of the 3rd rank of NTO artipulation Synolitsyn wrote in the conclusion that the sad end of history with 76-mm battalion morrtists "is a direct act of permit ... I believe that work on light morrtiram must be renewed immediately, and all previously made morrti, scattered around the factories and Polygons, find out. "

Nevertheless, work on these Mortiram was not resumed, and 4 experienced 76-mm Mortira were sent to the Artillery Museum.

In the same artillery armament for 1933-1937. It was included "76 mm Mortira gun". She weight should have been 140-150 kg, shooting range is 5-7 km, the rate of fire 15-20 shots per minute. The Mortira gun was intended for arming rifle battalions.

The expression "gun-Mortira" did not fit, and such systems began to be called battalion gaubes. Two such leaders were designed and tested - 35K of factory No. 8 and F-23 of the plant No. 92.

Gubitsa 35K was designed and manufactured at factory No. 8 under the leadership of V.N. Sidorenko. It was intended for mountain and airborne parts, as well as a battalion tool to directly support infantry.

The design of the Gaubitsa 35K began in 1935. May 9, 1936. The first prototype was commissioned by Voinadred.

The gun was sacrificed at 9 parts weighing from 35 to 38 kg. Thus, in a disassembled form, it could be transported not only on horseback, but also in human sprues.

Gaubitiza 35K was tested on Niape 5 times.

The first test occurred in May - June 1936. After 164 shots and 300 km, the Gaubitian runs and was removed from the test.

The second test - September 1936, the frontal connection was bursting, because there were no bolts that fastened the bracket of the shield with the frontal part. Someone, apparently, took out or "forgotten" to put these bolts.

Third test - February 1937. Again, someone did not flood the liquid into the compressor cylinder. As a result, the frontal part of the machine was deformed during shooting due to a strong impact of the trunk.

The fourth test - when shooting from a new experienced game on May 23, 1937, a breakdown of the spring springs. The reason is the coarse error of the engineer in the drawing of the compressor spine.

Fifth Test - December 1937 - 9 Systems of 35k were tested at once. Because of the unrelated and sketches during shooting at an angle of 0 °, the commission decided that the test system could not stand it. There is an obvious dress, since such phenomena had all the mountain weapons, for example, 7-2 and 7-6.

In total, by the beginning of 1937, a twelve 76-mm Gaubitz 3k was manufactured at factory No. 8. However, by this time, having many more favorable orders, the plant lost all interest in this Gaubice.

In early 1937, all works on Gaubice 35k were postponed from factory No. 8 at Plant No. 7, which was given an order for the manufacture of 100 Gaubitz 35k in 1937. But the plant number 7 did not want to do anything with a "foreign" system.

Restricted Sidorenko on April 7, 1938. wrote a letter to Artillery Governance: "Plant No. 7 is not interested in Finishing 35k - it threatens to him with gross arbitrariness ... You [in the article] 35k will see the department, which is a convinced supporter of mortars and, therefore, Mortira " Then Sidorenko directly wrote that on the tests of 35k on the Niapa was an elementary permit.

A unique 76-mm battalion Gaubitsa F-23 created the famous designer V.G. Graze in the KB plant No. 92 in the bitter. The feature of the root design was that the axis of the track was not through the central part of the cradle, but through its rear end. In the combat position of the wheel were behind. When moving to the marching position, the cradle with the trunk was rotated relative to the axis of the 3.50 ° C. Like Sidorenko, the Gaubita was versed for transportation to horse bliss. It is necessary to say that F-23 has suffered fate 35k.

At the plant in Perm (then the city of Molotov) in 1932, an experimental sample of 122-mm regimental mortar M-5 was manufactured and tested, and next year - 122-mm regimental mortar "scrap". Both Mortira had quite high tactical and technical data, but they did not accept them. Moreover, we note: if, for example, the 76-mm divisional gun F-22 could be adopted or not taken, good, in the latter case, the divisions and in production would still be 76-mm CAP guns. 1902/30, then no alternative to 122-mm Mortyram M-5 and Lom in the shelves was not.

In 1930, the KB of the Krasny Putlivovets plant developed a project of 152-mm divisional minor. But she had no chance to survive. According to the agreement with the company "Bütst", the Germans should have put Eight 15,2-cm Mortira Rainmetall and help organize their production in the USSR.

In the USSR, Mortira was adopted under the name "152-mm Mortira arr. 1931. " In documents 1931-1935 It was called Mortira "H" or "Nm" (NM - German Mortira).

From 5 to 30 June 1931, the German 152-mm Mortira "H" successfully passed the tests on the main artillery polygon in the amount of 141 shot, and in the autumn of the same year she passed military tests in the 20th Rifle Division.

152-mm Mortira "H" was launched into mass production at the Perm Plant. However, it was possible to make only 129 Mortira. Where there is a company "Reinmetal" against our mortar lobby!

Nevertheless, the KB of Plant No. 172 (Perm) was modernized by the Mortira region. 1931 and presented three new 152-mm Mortira ML-21 for tests. Tests revealed a number of small design flaws.

The mortar lobby in the artillery administration met ML-21 literally in the bayonets. On July 13, 1938, Klauza Marshal Kulika went from the 2nd department: "Plant No. 172 for a number of years I tried to work out 152-mm Mortira in a large number of options and did not receive a satisfactory solution to a number of questions: system strength, weight, clearance, etc. .

The Mortira tests in the troops also showed unsatisfactory results in both the design and by tactical data (for a regiment of heavy, and for the division is messenger). In addition, it did not enter the arms system. Based on the above, the Artillery Committee considers it necessary to stop further work on Mortira. "

On August 28, 1938, Marshal Kulik in a letter to the People's Commissar Voroshilov as a parrot rewrote all arguments from an argument and added from himself: "I ask your disposal about the cessation of experienced work on this Mortira." Works on 152-mm divisional morrtira were terminated completely.

Looking ahead, I will say that the Mortira of this type, in the Wehrmacht, called 15-cm heavy infantry tools, had a lot of troubles on all fronts of the Second World War.

Soviet designers were successfully completed and the item of both artillery programs for 203 mm corpsmith.

Several samples of 203-mm cabinet mortira were created and tested (in 1929 - Mortira "F"; in 1934 - Mortira "OZ", etc.). The result is the same - no campaign mortira was admitted. Moreover, I note that the tools of the flooring are the same "colonels", the divisional guns were properly adopted and launched into mass production.

The victim of the mortar lobby was a unique tool - a 40.8-mm automatic grenade launcher, ahead of all the army of the world for almost 40 years.

40.8 mm Automatic tubbin grenade launcher terrible weapon. The shooting paced was 440-460 shots per minute. Another question is that in the shopping nutrition, practical speedflow originally was only 50-60 shots per minute. But the Tubin was also developed by the version of the belt power. In this case, practical rapidity became equal to the shooting rate on the entire length of the tape. Taking into account the small charge of the unitary cartridge, the heating of the trunk and its wear during shooting were small. Thus, the length of the tape was limited only by weight limitations. The practical range of grenade laurning range was 1200 m.

The tests of 40.8-mm grenade launcher were continuously conducted since 1933. Almost every year all new models were manufactured, and even the small series. So, only in 1937 OKB-16 made 12 grenade launchers for military tests, and the Inz-2 plant is 24 more.

At the end of 1937, the 40.8-mm grenade launcher Tubbin was trooped at the same time in three rifle divisions. Feedback everywhere were generally positive, practical speedflow was brought to 100 shots per minute (with cross-diet). Here, for example, the reporting from the 90th rifle division of the Leningrad Military District, where from December 8 to December 18, 1932, grenade launchers were carried out: "The action of grenade launchers is trouble-free."

In November 1938, the 40.8-mm grenade launcher was tested on a small bronzemer type "D" of the Dnieper Military Flotilla. The grenade launcher was installed on the cabinet from the Schwak machine gun. Shooting was carried out both anchored and with the go. From the conclusion of the commission: "The automation worked reliability ... The accuracy is satisfactory ... The system during shooting is not demasked due to the weak sound of the shot and the absence of a flame ... The fuse is working safely both along the water and soil."

Management of Arms Navy January 20, 1939 entered into an agreement with OKB-16 for the manufacture of 40.8 mm and 60 mm of ship grenade launchers, but soon broke the contract without explaining the reasons.

The tubbin grenade launcher was also tested in the units of the NKVD in the Far East, where he also received positive feedback.

Already according to the results of military tests of the end of 1937, Grenoomen should have been adopted by the Red Army. All marked disadvantages were non-serious and eliminated. Yes, and without flaws, not a single artsystem was adopted. Won how many drawbacks were in the 76-mm divisional gun F-22 (arr. 1936), and they were allowed into mass production. What happened?

The fact is that Taubabin passed the road "Minetters". They found that the Tubbin grenade lathes questioned the continuation of the work on 50-mm turning mortars, and maybe at 60-mm and 82 mm mortars.

On July 27, 1938, Taubabin wrote to the defense professionate: "Some workers of Artkom - Dorovlev, Bogomolov, Bulba, Ignatenko - for 1937, with the help of the former chairman of the artillery committee, AU Kirillov-Gubetsky, created an atmosphere of blackmail around ... 40.8-mm grenade launcher "

Minetting managed to achieve the exit of the resolution of CO No. 137 of June 22, 1938, which was adopted by 50-mm mortar, which had many constructive flaws.

Minetners are achieved from the artwork of fantastic solutions for nonsense - to experience 40.8-mm grenade launchers together with a 50 mm mortar and a mortar shooting program. Naturally, the mortar could not lead the flooring, and it was not in the program, and the grenade launcher could effectively lead both the flooring and mounted shooting. But at the maximum angle of elevation, the part of the shooting of a 50-mm mortar turned out to be a little better. In addition, the mortar was substantially easier and cheaper than grenade launcher.

So the Red Army remained without the artsystem of the flooring and without automatic grenade launchers. I note that in the mid-1960s. For the first time, the Americans applied an automatic grenade laptom in Vietnam, and at the end of 1969, the USSR began testing the automatic grenade laundry "Flame", on the device and the principle of action very similar to the taubin grenade launcher.

Designers-adventurers and illiterate members of the art committee of the GAU arranged a campaign for campaign to create unable artsystem. We have already spoken about the adventure with non-liberal shells. In 1931-1936 Necessible (2nd courses) Student Leonid Kurchevsky, taking advantage of the patronage of Tukhachevsky, Pavlowan and Ordzhonikidze, tried to replace all the instruments of the Red Army and Navy on dynamoreactive. He created a dead-end direction for the development of the unloading gun according to the "loaded trunk" scheme. From 1931 to 1936, the industry produced about 5 thousand custom-effective guns of the Kurchevsky caliber system from 37 to 305 mm. Most of these guns did not pass military acceptance at all, and several hundred guns consisted several months (up to three years) in service, and then were removed.

By June 22, 1941, no artsystem Kurchevsky was not in service. It is curious that several tens of thousands of shells of the "K" type for 76 mm tucked guns of Kurchevsky during the battle for Moscow was filed to the 76-mm regimental guns of the arr. 1927 and for these shells amounted to special "firing tables".

In 1938-1940 In the GAU began "carduity". On the eve of the war, a number of figures decided to translate the entire corpus artillery of the Red Army from separately-sleeve charging onto the cartoons. The advantages of separate-sleeve charging are more than obvious. I note that Germany, having the world's best artillery in both world wars, relied exclusively on separate-gilz charging. And not only in the weapons of the average caliber (10.5-2.3.3 cm), but also in the weapons of a large caliber (30.5-43 cm).

It is important to note that the transition from the sleeve to the carriage relates not only to the shot, it requires the introduction of changes in the barrel of tools. Thus, the trunks of the experimental 152-mm Gaubitz M-10 and the Gaubitz-guns of ML-20 with cardus charges were not interchangeably with regular trunks. Crackers-cards could win in penny, but completely disorganizing our body artillery. War put an end to the Magnikov "Cartuvers".

Crochobors from GAU for a while have suffered, as well as December 11, 1967, when a decision was taken on the start of work on the creation of 122-mm and 152-mm leads with cards charge. 5 years of in vain labor, and in March 1972, the Ministry of Defense Industry issued an order to terminate the work on Cartus Gaubits 122-mm D-16 and 152-mm D-11.

As you can see, our artillery in the 1920-1940s. threw out of side to side. Billions of rubles taken away from the hungry people went to focuses with worn-free shells, "versators" (that is, with anti-aircraft-divisional guns) Tukhachevsky, smoking of Kurchevsky, the work of "carduznikov" and so on.

Personally, I am not a lover of minor sensations. But it seems that in our artillery worked a large thoroughly regular group of pests. We could not have so many fools, especially since all the dead-end ventures were too well thought out.

Rysak and tractor

If you put all Russian serial and experienced field guns in a row, created from 1800 to 1917, and they will be checked more than two dozen, it is easy to notice that their dimensions are almost the same. The same can be said about the weighing guns. The fact is that the wigsabaric characteristics of the field artsystem defined the "Her Majesty of Horses Six". Reduce weight is to lose in the power of the gun, and a slight increase in weight reduces mobility. Increase the wheel diameter - the flaws will start tilting on the turns, decrease - the permeability will worsen.

A fourth of horses was always considered the optimal garrows in one wagon. At the shape of a larger number of horses, the efficiency has decreased. Therefore, more than 10 horses tried not to bargain. In the XIX century, light and heavy field (divisional) guns were in service. The first were knocked out four, and the second - six horses. By the beginning of the twentieth century it was decided to partially sacrifice the mobility of the field gun for the improvement of its ballistic qualistic qualities. Weight in a margin of 76 mm field cannons arr. 1900 and arr. 1902 was about 2 tons, that is, the extreme limit for six horses. The speed of having them on good dirt roads did not exceed 6-7 km / h. Moreover, it is worth noting that for the events of the six guns, the battery 76-mm guns were required not to 36 horses, but 108, since each instrument in the battery accounted for 2 chargers, each of which was also damaged by the six horses. In addition, in the foot battery there were horses for officers, economic needs, etc.

Horse thrust significantly limited the power of siege artillery. In Russian siege artillery, the utmost weight of the body was the weight of 200 pounds (3.2 tons). In 1910-1913 In Russia, collapsible siege guns are adopted. So, for example, 280-mm Mortira (Schneider) disassembled in a margin of 6 parts. For the trip of each part (wagon), 10 horses were required, that is, for the entire Mortira - 60 horses, not counting horses for wagon with ammunition.

The first attempt to use mechanical thrust in the Russian army occurred in 1912-1914. So, 152-mm siege gun arr. 1904 In 1912, the Wheel Tractor on the highway at a speed of up to 12 km / h was drowned. In 1913, in the Brest-Lithuanian fortress, there were experiments on the age of 76-mm arr. 1900 at the truck. However, the command of the fortress artillery looked at Mehtyag as focuses, and the command of field artillery ignored it at all.

In 1914-1917. Russia purchased several heavy guns and tractors in England for eating them. So, for the 305-mm Hubitsa Vickers were ordered wheeled steam tractors "Large Lion" and "Small Lion" of the fauler design. On the trials of the age of 305-mm, the Gaubitis with the Tractor "Large Lion" was "the excellent highway from the royal village in Gatchina was completely spoiled." In addition, several hours were required for breeding vapor, so GAU refused the steam "Lviv".

Tractors with carburetor engines turned out to be more successful - wheel 60-strong "Morton" and wheel-tracked "Allice Schalmers". These tractors were used to ever 203 mm and 234-mm British Gaubitizes of Vickers. The remaining heavy guns remained on horseback.

Due to the low power and a few collapsible heavy guns, the Russian command was forced to mobilize heavy ship and coastal guns to the front - 152-mm canoe guns and 254-mm guns. They were transported in disassembled form only by rail. To the position of the guns specifically laid the railway branch of the normal rut. Curious was the method of caution of 305 mm siege warmness arr. 1915. To the front line, the Gaubitsa was delivered by rail with a normal rut. Then, the parts of the Gaubitis were quite original manned on the carts of the narrow-salt railway (650 mm) and in this way were delivered directly to the position.

In the years Civil War The Red Army never applied heavy artillery, except for railway and ship installations. It is curious that in the Crimea, the siege guns of the White, abandoned in November 1920, and stood almost a year - there were nothing red to take them out.

In the first half of 1941, partial deployment of the army and the intensive formation of new artillery parts began. This has further worsened the situation with the mechanical burden. Tractors mobilized from the national economy were worn out, and the army had no strength or funds to produce their repair. Menid repair of tractors did not engage in the repair bases of the defense addict, nor artillery parts; The first is due to the lack of free production facilities, the second - due to the lack of spare parts, tools or workshops.

The overhaul of tractors at the repair bases of the defense addict was delayed. Thus, in the Kiev Special Military District (Coo) at the repair bases there were 960 tractors, in the recovery - 600. The deadline for the end of their repair without registration of the newly arrived tractors was scheduled only for the second quarter of 1943 in the machine-tractor workshops of the Agriculture People's Commissariat since 1940 There were about 400 tractors, repaired by Western and Kiev districts. The deadline for their repair remained unidentified.

Table 1. The main TTD of special artillery tractors and tractors used to tow guns at the beginning of the war

Table 2. The number, composition and qualitative state of the Tractor Park of Soviet artillery on January 1, 1941

Here, for example, the reporting of the head of artillery of the Orlovsky Military District dated June 5, 1941: "On the states of peace and military time, 364, the 488th corps of artillery regiments and the 399-MU GABIC artillery regiment were laid by Tractors" Comintern "and" Stalinets 2 ". At the time of forming the specified artillery parts of tractors "Comintern", "Stalinet-2" and their replacement CHTZ-65 in the district there was no ... Armament of the General Staff of the Red Army in 1941, it is planned to equip these parts by 50% of the staffing need instead of the laid tractors " Comintern "and" Stalinet-2 "low-power tractors STZ-3-5 ...

Transportation by these tractors of the material part of artillery from the station Rada Lenin Railway to the camps was produced along the forest country road at a distance of 0.5-1 km ... from 10 Tractors of the STZ-3-5, participating in the transfer of 122-mm cannons and 152-mm haubitz- guns, stuck 8. All the measures taken to pull out the stuck tools with the Tractors of the STZ-3-5 were unsuccessful ... I believe that the staffing of the specified artillery parts by low-power tractors of the STZ-3-5 in the amount of 50% of the staffing need makes them non-visible. " But the report of June 18, 1941 on the movement of the parts of the registration to the new location of the deployment: "During the March 27 and 42th ppm Division, due to the low qualifications of the chauffeurs, there were cases of accidents of cars and tractors. Chauffeur 132 SP 27 SD Poltavtsev 8.V.41 tilted the car. The inspector inspector that was in it was fractured by the right clavicle. Ml. Commander 75 GAP 27 CD Kashin, driving the TTZ-5 tractor, drove on a 122-mm gun, as a result of which the tractor was disabled. The driver of the Tayline tractor (42 SD) appeared on ahead of the gun going on, with the result that the tractor failed and damaged to the gun. The driver of the Baev of the same division, driving a car, jumped onto the second car, as a result of which both cars failed. The driver of a parking lot of a park battery 42 SD Leontiev hit a pillar, which brought out the car and wounded himself. Similar facts took place in 75 sd.

In addition, during a march of 115 SP 75 SD, 23 horses failed because of the misfortune. "

In order to save the material part and fuel in the pre-war years, only one tractor on the battery was allowed to use for combat training and economic need, and the time of work should not exceed 25 hours a month. It can be imagined at what level the combat training of our mechanized artillery was carried out.

The unsatisfactory position with Mehryagi, along with other factors, led to the catastrophic consequences in the first days of the war.

June 26, 1941 Colonel I.S. Strelbitsky came to the commander of the army of the 13th army, which from 12 artillery divisions of the brigade of 9 divisions do not have tractors nor drivers, nor shells.

In the city of Dubno, the 529th Gaubic Artillery Regiment of High Power was formed. Due to the lack of mehtyag, at the approach of the Germans, 27,20-mm Gaubitz B-4 were thrown in good condition, that is, the entire regiment.

On the replenishment of the park in the first half of 1942, only the Tractors of the STZ-5 received from industry. Of these, 1628 - until June 1, 1942 and 650 - for June 1942

These tractors almost completely went to the staffing of newly emerging artplits of rifle divisions.

The Tractor "Voroshilovts" was not made since August 1941 and during the war, the Red Army did not receive a single "Voroshilovka".

The question of the manufacture of prototypes and preparation of the A-45 tractor (instead of the "Voroshilovtsy") on the basis of T-34 tank on July 13, 1942 was not allowed. The technical project of this tractor, developed by the plant No. 183, was approved by Gabtu and GAU on June 4, 1942. Nevertheless, in a series for various reasons, A-45 did not go. The release of tractors CHTV ceased in December 1941, and on July 13, 1942 there was no production to be resumed.

Table 4.

Tractors from abroad on July 13, 1942 were not yet received, and the first batch of 400 pieces was expected only in August. From the report of the head of ATU Gabtu, for the Secretariat of the USSR SCA on the state of the Tractor Park of the Red Army of July 13, 1942: "Due to the complete cessation of the production of Tractors," Voroshilovts "and the CHTZ created an extremely difficult situation in artillery and tank parts. The new formations of cannon and heavy warm-up artpolkov RGK are absolutely not provided with a mechanical burden (Tractor CHTZ). The need for replenishment loss of tractors of the existing parts is not satisfied. In many artpoles 1, the tractor falls on 2-3 guns. Tank parts are absolutely not provided with powerful Tractors "Voroshilovets", with the result that heavy and medium tanks even because of small faults or damage timely not evacuated from the battlefield and fall to the enemy ...

In connection with the cessation of the release of tractors, the CATTD in the artillery units created a catastrophic position with a mechanical burden. "

In August 1943, the tests of three prototypes of the caterpillar artillery tractor I-12, created in the KB of the Yaroslavl Automobile Plant, began. The tractors were equipped with a GMC-4-71 GMC-4-71 with a capacity of 112 hp, which allowed to develop a speed of 37.1 km / h along a good road. Weight tractor without cargo 6550 kg.

Tractor I-12 could be towed 85-mm anti-aircraft guns, corpus artsystems A-19 and ML-20 and even (with difficulty) 203-mm Gaubitsa B-4. From August to the end of 1943, the Yaroslavl Plant manufactured 218 y-12 tractors, in 1944 - 965 and until May 9, 1945 - another 1048.

And now we turn to the regular artillery tractors of the Wehrmacht. For the first 18 days of war average daily Promotion german troops ranged from 25 to 35 km. And it was achieved not least due to the system of German wheelcase artillery tractors. In the Wehrmacht they were called "SomDerkraftFarzeug", that is, "special motorized machines".

Initially there were six classes of such cars:

- 1/2-ton class, SD.KFZ.2;

- 1-ton class, SD.KFZ.10;

- 3-ton class, SD.KFZ.11;

- 5-ton class, SD.KFZ.6;

- 8-ton class, sd.kfz.7;

- 12-ton class, SD.KFZ.8;

- 18-ton class, sd.kfz.9.

Machines of all classes were very similar to each other and equipped with cabins from the awnings. The chassis of the caterpillar chassis was supplied with reference rollers installed in checkers. The caterpillars were with rubber pillows and lubricant tracks. Such a chassis design provided a high highway speed and satisfactory roadless perpetrativity.

Support rollers of all machines, except sd.kfz.7, had a torsion suspension. The turn of the machine was carried out by turning the front (ordinary) wheels and the inclusion of tracked movement differentials.

The smallest German artillery tractor was SD.KFZ.2 - the Crawler Motorcycle of the NSU. Total NSU and Stoewer manufactured at least 8345 tracked motorcycles.

This motorcycle with a motor in 36 hp And its own weight of 1280 kg was originally intended for use in airborne towing 7.5-cm and 10,5-cm of refractory guns, mortars and other systems. The effort "on the hook" is up to 200 kg.

In infantry divisions SD.KFZ.2 was used to tow a 37 mm anti-tank guns, 7.5-cm infantry guns, 2-cm anti-aircraft guns and other light systems.

SD.KFZ.2 speed reached 70 km / h. However, on curves of paths, the speed should be reduced, and the lifts or hills could only be overcome in a straight line, when the SD.KFZ.2 diagonally was diagonally, it could tip over.

In the spring of 1942, Gabtu conducted comparative tests of the trophy German tractor SD.KFZ.2, which we simply were called NSA, and our GAZ-64 car.

According to the report of May 6, 1942, "German NSRA tractor and a gas-64 car on the strength of thrust and passability can be towed a 45-mm anti-tank gun. However, neither the tractor nor the gas-64 car is able to transport the regular calculation of the gun, consisting of 5 people, and ammunition. Towing a 37-mm anti-aircraft gun with a calculation of 3 people instead of seven German tractors and GAZ-64 is possible only on good highway roads ...

The passability of the tractor on the country and forest roads during the spring off-road is better than GAZ-64 ...

The absence of the advantage of the NSU tractor in comparison with GAZ-64 both on the dynamic and traction qualities, the complexity of the design of the tractor and the difficulty of mastering its production gives grounds to conclude about the inexpediency of adopting it into production. "

It should be noted that the Germans called their wheel-tracked tractors 1-, 3-, 5-, 8-, 12- and 18-tons, meaning not their carrying capacity in tons, and the conditional cargo that they could be towed on rough terrain Under the conditions of medium passability.

The monophonic semi-sample tractor SD.KFZ.10 was intended for towing anti-tank guns of 3.7 cm caliber, 5 cm and 7.5 cm. A lightweight BTR was created on its base. The power of the engine SD.KFZ.10 was 90-115 hp Highway speed - up to 65 km / h.

Passenger vehicle traction 3 t SD.KFZ.11 was for towing 10,5-cm lightweight wildkeys and 15-cm reactive mortars. At its base, the average BTR was created. Engine power 90-100 hp The speed of 50-70 km / h.

The average tractor Sd.kfz.6 in 5 tons towed 10,5-cm lightweight warmness, 15-cm heavy warmness, 10,5-cm gun and 8,8-cm anti-aircraft gun. Engine power 90-115 hp Speed \u200b\u200bon the highway 50-70 km / h.

The average tractor Sd.kfz.7 in 8 tons towed a 15-cm heavy warmness, 10,5-cm gun and 8,8-cm anti-aircraft gun. Engine power 115-140 hp Maximum speed on the highway 50-70 km / h.

Heavy tractor SD.KFZ.8 in 12 tons towed anti-aircraft guns of 8.8 cm caliber and 10.5 cm, as well as 21-cm Mortira arr. 18. Engine power 150-185 hp Highway speed 50-70 km / h.

Finally, heavy tractor SD.KFZ.9 in 18 t could tow all types of tanks, all heavy artsystems of large and special power, as well as 12,8-cm anti-aircraft guns. Naturally, the tools of special power were transported in disassembled form. Accordingly, for the carriage of one 21-cm gun K.39, three sd.kfz.9 tractor was required, and for a 24-cm gun K3 - five tractors. For 35.5-cm Mortira M.1 - seven tractors. The power of its engine was 230-250 hp The speed of 50-70 km / h.

During the war on the basis of light, medium and heavy semi-bargaining tractors, the Germans created with a dozen of improvised self-propelled installations. At the same time, the gun simply fastened in the body of the tractor. Thus were created self-propelled ordinary and quad 2-cm anti-aircraft installations, as well as 3.7-cm and 5-cm anti-aircraft automatic installations, and on the chassis of the SD.KFZ.9 tractor - self-propelled 8,8-cm anti-aircraft guns.

In the middle tractors SD.KFZ.6, 3.7-cm and 5-cm anti-tank guns were installed.

In addition to the half-barrel tractor, it was used for the cracker in the Wehrmacht, purely tracked cars. Of particular fame among them received the RSO tractor of the company SHTTER.

For Blitzkrig in Russia, Germans used hundreds of thousands of tractors and cars captured throughout Europe in 1939-1941. The degree of motorization as an army as a whole and artillery in particular was in the Wehrmacht significantly higher than in the Red Army, which became an important component of the artillery vector of defeat of 1941.

Aerial Artillery Adjustment

By the beginning of World War II, the main German aircraft - artillery adjustments were single-engine "Hensel" HS-126. The crew of the aircraft is two people. The high layout of the wing provided a good overview of the pilot and adjustment. Maximum speed HS-126 - 349 km / h, flight range is 720 km. The machine was produced in 1938-1940. 810 aircraft released.

In July 1938, the flight tests of the most famous intelligence officer of the Second World War - Fokke-Wulf FW-189 began. In Luftwaffe, he was called "Uhu" ("Filin"), the German press - "flying eye", well, and our soldiers dubbed him with "Rama" for a twokil design.

The gondola fuselage in its design was a metal monococity, separate parts of which were connected on bolts. The nasal and tail part of the gondola had a large glazing area, which was made by flat panels that do not give distortion. In the gondola there were three crew members - a pilot, an observer navigator and tailing machine guns.

The tail plumage was attached on two beams of oval sections, which were a continuation of the Motogondol. In their design, these beams were monoclies. Stabilizer and keel were a monoblock design. The rules had a carcass of duralumin and linen trim.

Two engines "Argus" AS-410A-1 with a capacity of 465 hp were installed on the "frame" everyone. Screws were changed in flight flight.

The aircraft was armed with two fixed 7.92-mm MG 17 machine guns in the center for firing ahead and two moving 7.92-mm MG 15 machine guns in pivot installations in the back of the gondola. One of the movable machine guns was designed for firing back and up, and the second is back and down. Such a weapon, a good review and high maneuverability allowed the crew on the strife to constantly keep the attacking fighter in the shelling zone of his rear firepoints. The shelling attacking fighter, Rama usually left spirally on small heights and a shaving flight. The Soviet pilot who shot down the "frame" was usually represented by award.

The production of FW-189 aircraft at the German plants was discontinued in 1942, but in French plants it continued until January 1944, and 846 FW-189 aircraft were produced in all modifications to Czechoslovaki - until 1945.

By June 22, 1941, no FW-189 in combat squadrons had not yet, and the artillery adjustment in the first months of the war was only HS-126. In the first three months of war, more than 80 "Hensels" were disabled, of which 43 irrevocably.

Only in November 1941 in the squadron operating on the Eastern Front 2. (f) 11 was received by the first FW-189A-1 aircraft. Then "Fockey-Wolfs" was enrolled in armed with a squadron 1. (P) 31, the operational 8th Army Corps, and the squadron 3. (H) 32, the 12th Tank Division.

Rama turned out to be a strong nuts for our fighters. Here are some examples. On May 19, 1942, over the Taman Peninsula, two Soviet fighters MiG-3 at an altitude of 4000 m attacked the German intelligence officer FW-189A. As a result, the engine "Frame" was damaged, all defensive weapons were faced, but the pilot was still able to plant an aircraft on an advanced airfield. When landing, the car received damage: the left major chassis support was lifted and the left plane of the wing was crushed. The plane was raped quickly, and he again entered the system.

On August 25, 1942, our anti-airlighter anti-airlords shot down "frame" from the squadron 2. (H) 12. 22-year-old pilot Feldwebel F. Elkerst stayed alive and was interrogated. He had a big fighting experience, starting the war in France. The pilot said that his squadron from the landing platform of the Olshans under the eagle was intelligent with a passing bombardment in the triangle of Kirov - Site - Sukhinichi. During the day, 5-6 departures were produced, and almost always without covering fighters. For three months, the squadron did not lose a single aircraft. One of the pilots was seriously injured, but managed to fly to his airfield. According to the German pilot, to avoid meetings with the Soviet fighters "Fokke-Wulfam" managed due to good interaction with posts.

In the region of Stalingrad, FW-189 scouts were constantly above the positions of our troops. So, over the Mamaev Kurgan, they appeared every 2-3 hours to 5-6 times a day, and their departures were accompanied by massive actuators and pixer raids.

Fockey-Wolfs usually acted at an altitude of 1000 m, from where they followed the transit of infantry and tanks, photographed parking of aircraft, the positions of anti-aircraft batteries, warehouses, found reserves, and also corrected fire of artillery. Scouts worked in almost any meteors, and falling into the air defense zone, it took a height of up to 3000 m.

In September 1942, the Germans on the Eastern Front had 174 reconnaissance FW-189, as well as 103 non-126 aircraft, 40 BF-109 and BF-110.

In addition to the Rama and HS-126, the Germans often used the fuseler fuseler aircraft as an adjustment to the "stork" ("stork"), which only 60 meters were required for the runway and approximately the same for landing. This Germans have achieved, applying a "supermecanized" wing with shrinkles, flaps and so-called hanging aleons, also playing the role of lingers.

The maximum take-off weight of the car was 1325 kg, the maximum speed is 175 km / h. The cabin was designed to provide a good overview in all directions. The side parts of the cab lamp performed in the form of balconies, which ensured the overview vertically down. Cabin ceiling was also all transparent. Three seats were located at each other. The front seat was designed for a pilot. The rear seat was removable, and the camera was installed in his place.

The mass production of "Storm" began in 1937 in Germany at the factory in the city of Kassel and continued until the end of the war. In addition, from April 1942, these aircraft were produced in France at the Moran-Solonier plant, and from December 1943 - in Czechoslovakia at the Mraz factory. In total, about 2900 FI-156 aircraft were produced on the books of Luftwaffe.

Especially for exploration and adjustment was produced by the version of Fi-156C-2 with aerial photographs in the cabin and Fi-156C-5 with aerial photographs in a discharge container.

In the Red Army, the means of air artillery intelligence before the war were represented by correction and intelligence aviation in the form of aviation links (three airplanes in the link), organizationally part of the corpus squadrons (three levels in the squadron) of military aviation. In total, the pre-war states were supposed to contain in 59 squadrons of 177 adjustment and intelligence links with 531 plane. In fact, due to non-compliance, there were fewer them. For example, in the Kiev Special Military District, instead of the correction aircraft laid according to the state of 72, only 16. Not enough radio stations and aerial photographers.

In the 1930s. We have developed several projects of the adjustment aircraft, but none of them managed to run into the series. As a result, the adjustment links were staffed with obsolete structures, not adapted for these purposes (P-5 and PZ), besides, many of them were very worn.

The flight composition of the adjustment links was completed mainly from pilots expelled from combat aviation due to its transition to high-speed aircraft. Special preparation of pilots to adjust artillery firing was weak, as the squadron commanders, not being organizationally connected with artillery, did not pay sufficient attention to this type of preparation.

All these circumstances led to the fact that the methods of artillery shooting with adjustment aviation in front of the war were not widespread. So, for example, from 2543 combat shooting, conducted by the parts of the corpus artillery of 15 military districts in 1939/40 academic year, Only 52 shooting (2%) were conducted with the participation of correction aviation.

By the beginning of the war in artillery there were only three detachments of observation balloons (one aerostat for a detachment), stationed in the Leningrad Military District.

In August 1941, special tests of the SU-2 SU-2 serial aircraft were carried out at the aircraft of the Air Force of the Air Force. At the end of the test, with some changes in the equipment, the aircraft was recommended for the adoption of adjusting squadrons.

In September 1941, the head of the Armament Organization of the Main Directorate of the Air Force of the Air Force, Lieutenant General of the Intensdant Service of the Heads in his appeal to the Deputy People's Commissar of the Aviation Industry P.A. Voronin wrote: "The experience of combat operations was revealed that the Su-2 aircraft can be used at the front not only as a near bomber, but also as a scout and an artillery fire correctioner.

Airplanes supplied by factory No. 207 decided to send aircraft supplied by factory No. 207 to intelligence compounds of the Air Force. I ask you to give an urgent indication of the plant director of 207 tons. Klimovnikov supply the Air Force Air Force, additionally equipped with AFA aerial photographers according to the drawings of the main designer, RSB, SPU radio station.

In February 1942, due to disbanding, the plant No. 135 stopped the production of SU-2 aircraft. The entire Su-2 aircraft were armed with 12 intelligence and adjustment squadrons and 18 units.

In early 1943, the squadrons of the correction and intelligence aviation were reduced to correction and intelligence airlrafts (three squadrons in each).

By mid-1943, re-equipped Il-2 aircraft were to change the SU-2 aircraft, which, until the end of the war, were the main intelligence officers of the artillery fire adjustments.

August 13, 1942 Commander of the Air Force Ka A.A. Novikov in connection with the positive experience of applying in June - July 1942, IL-2U aircraft (with the AM-38 motor) to adjust the artillery fire turned to the addict of the aircraft industry A.I. Shahurina (letter number 376269) with a request to create an IL-2 attacker of the artillery fire asset on the basis: "The front requires also intelligence aircraft and aircraft-correcting arthower. Equipped for these purposes, the IL-2 double aircraft will satisfy and this is the requirement of the front. I ask your instructions to the chief constructor. Ilyushin urgently develop and manufacture experienced samples of the IL-2 double aircraft in the embodiments of the attack aircraft, scout and correctioner arthower. "

On February 7, 1943, Ilyushin was obliged by its resolution No. 2841, "... Before the final testing of the adjustment aircraft, to adapt the existing IL-2 double aircraft with AM-38F, installing the RSB radio station and the photo installation."

In March 1943, Il-2 reconnaissance officer was built. The IL-2KR fully preserved the design and armament of the serial double "ila" with AM-38F. The changes were made only in the equipment, in the fuel system and in the booking scheme. The RSI-4 radio station was replaced with a more powerful RSB-3BIS with a greater range of the crew placed in the middle part of the cabin cabin directly behind the pilot armor over the rear benzobacon reduced in height. To fix the results of intelligence in the tail part of the fuselage, the AFA cameras were installed (Installing AFA-im) was installed. Externally, IL-2KR aircraft differed from serial IL-2 only the presence of radioantenna, installed on the front fixed visor of the pilot cabin.

The flight tests of the IL-2KR (head No. 301896) in the NIA Air Force successfully passed from March 27 to April 7, 1943 (test pilot A.K. Dolgov, leading engineer N.S. Kulikov).

The test report indicated that the volume of special equipment does not sufficiently satisfy the requirements for the aircraft of this purpose. Nevertheless, the decision of GKO No. 3144 of April 10, 1943, the IL-2KR was launched into mass production at factory No. 1, which also passed the program for the release of this modification of the attachment of the plant No. 30, due to the fact that the latter received a task to produce aircraft 2, armed with 37-mm aircraft PCB-16 designs A.E. Nudelman and A.S. Suranova.

In April 1943, the 30th aircraft facilities managed to release 65 IL-2KR aircraft, and already on July 1, there were 41 aircraft of this type in the current army.

In addition, for the adjustment of the artogen, a significant number of IL-2 stormcutters was used.

In 1942, Americans on Land Lisa put in the USSR without a request from our side of 30 cars Curtiss O-52 "Owi" ("Owl"). Of these, our Air Force used only 19 cars. The two-piece monoplan is specially designed as the "Observer", that is, an artillery correctioner. The maximum take-off weight was 2433 kg, the maximum speed of 354 km / h. According to the American military, the plane is very inconvenient. By the way, only 209 "Sov" was produced in the United States.

The Curtiss O-52 "OWI" aircraft was equipped with a 12th separate adjusting squadron of the Leningrad Front. In 2001, search engines in the New Dublovy area found one of these cars.

For the absence of the best, for the adjustment of the artogne, we often used single fighters. As it was done, he told the hero of the Soviet Union A.A. Barst, who fought in the 118th separate correction and intelligence shelf: "We are adjusters - flew at an altitude of 3-4 thousand meters, that is, the shell could completely freely please in some of our aircraft. Therefore, it was necessary to imagine yourself a shooting director (direct connecting battery and target) and hold onto it aside. If I just fly, then because of the high speed you can discern the terrain. And when I dive to the target, there is almost no angular movement. Therefore, that's what we did: they gained a height of about 4 thousand meters near the front line and commanded: "Fire"! They make a shot, and shell flew. Now I am lowering my nose and went to the target. The shell overtakes me and explodes, and I fix it, where the explosion, in advance (during pre-exploration), choosing a landmark on the area - the angle of the forest, or the bend of the river, or the church - what is. I give amendments such that, as a rule, the second, the maximum of the third volley covers the goal. "

I will leave without commenting the question of how effective the adjustment of the shooting is single fighters, and give it to make the reader.

So, all the aircraft used by the Red Army in 1941-1945 were not suitable for adjusting the arthower.

In July 1943, the Research Institute of the Air Force of the Air Force has developed tactical and technical requirements for military reconnaissance of artillery fire for an experienced aircraft plan for 1943-1944.

By November 1943 in KB P.O. The drying of the project of a three-bed adjustment with two M-62 engines, made according to the FW-189 German scout scheme. The adjustment aircraft included in the project plan for the construction of experienced aircraft of the People's Commissariat of the Aviation Industry 1944-1945, but in the process of coordination and approval of the plan, this topic "was reduced".

In 1946 in KB P.O. Dry was created an analogue of FW-189 - artillery correctioner and scout SU-12 (RK). The duration of the duration of the scout was 4 h 18 min against 3 hours given by tactical and technical requirements. Flight range 1140 km.

The first prototype of SU-12 (RK) was completed in December 1947, and in 1948 he passed state tests.

At the end of September 1950, the Glerk of the Air Force in circulation to the military minister of the USSR reported that "CA corrective and intelligence aviation, consisting of 18 separate aircadryry and one regiment, armed with IL-2 aircraft, which in their technical condition do not ensure the fulfillment of facing I do not task in combat training.

The IL-2 aircraft is not adapted to flights at night, in the clouds and complex meteors, so the flight frames of Kra are deprived of the opportunity to improve in the technique of piloting and in combat use at night and in complex meteo conditions.

As of September 1, 1950, the KRA was equipped with serviceable IL-2 aircraft by only 83%, and the percentage of staffing systematically decreases due to the exit of aircraft in order to their worn out and the absence of replenishment with new aircraft.

Based on the foregoing, it would be necessary to ask for the CMSR of the USSR to oblige MAP to organize the mass production of past tests in 1949, the SU-12 aircraft with the ASH-82FN motor during 1951-52. In the number of 185 combat and 20 educational and combat aircraft. "

As you can see, the head of the Air Force gave a murderous characteristic of the IL-2 aircraft as an intelligence officer.

The lack of good adjustments sharply reduced the effectiveness of the action of the RKKK artillery during the Great Patriotic War.

During the BS-3 war, it was released in small quantities and could not play a big role. At the final stage of war, 98 BS-3 were dodged as a means of strengthening with five tank armies. The gun was in service with light artillery brigades of the 3-regimental composition.

In the artillery of the RGC as of January 1, 1945 there were 87 BS-3 guns. In early 1945, in the 9th Guards Army, in the composition of three rifle buildings, one cannon artillery shelf of 20 BS-3 was formed.

Basically, thanks to a large range of shooting - 20,650 m and a fairly effective fragmentation grenade weighing 15.6 kg, a gun was used as a cabinet tool to combat enemy artillery and long-range suppression.

BS-3 had a number of shortcomings that made it difficult to use as anti-tank. When shooting, the tool jumped greatly, which made the insecious work of the gunner and shot down the aiming installations, which, in turn, led to a decrease in the practical pace of aiming shooting - quality for the field anti-tank guns is very important.

The presence of a powerful muzzle brake with a small height of the fire line and the flooring trajectories characteristic of archery in armor, led to the formation of a significant smoky cloud, demusked the position and blinding the calculation. The mobility of the gun with a mass of more than 3,500 kg left to desire a lot of better, transportation by the calculation forces on the battlefield was practically impossible.

After the war, the instrument was in production until 1951 inclusive, 3816 field guns of BS-3 were released. In the 60s, the guns were modernization, it concerned primarily sights and ammunition. Until the early 60s, BS-3 could have been punctured by armor of any Western tank. But with the advent of: M-48A2, Chipten, M-60 - the situation has changed. We urgently developed new subcalacer and cumulative shells. The next modernization took place in the middle of the 80s, when the BS-3 is accepted the anti-tank managed projectile 9M117 "Bastion".

This tool was also supplied to other countries, took part in many local conflicts in Asia, Africa and the Middle East in some of them it still is in service. In Russia, BS-3 guns until recently consisted as an instrument of coastal defense in service with the 18th machine-gun-artillery division stationed on the Kuril Islands, as well as a rather significant amount of them on storage.

Until the end of the 60s of the 70s of the last century, anti-tank guns were the main means of dealing with tanks. However, with the advent of Ptthi with a semi-automatic guidance system, which requires only the retention of the goal in sight of sight, has largely changed the situation. Military leadership of many countries found metal, bulky and expensive anti-tank instruments anachronism. But not in the USSR. In our country, the development and production of anti-tank guns in significant quantities continued. And at a qualitatively new level.

From the book of the author

Post-war problem min, although during the war years on all twe opposing parties Installed, according to different estimates, from 80 to 150 million min, it is impossible to assume that about the same number of mines remained in the ground after the end of the fighting. The first, a significant part

From the book of the author

CHAPTER 16 Contemporary Africa The history of the climbing of modern PMCs actually began in Africa when the UN peacekeeping troops in the 1990s showed their complete inefficiency in trying to stop or at least regulate armed conflicts in a variety

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Contemporary wheel armored vehicles Mikhail Nikolsky resolution. See "Ti B" 11-12 / 99, No. 2 / 2000Shshlokhid "Twister" BA X-806Bronevomotomotivers of the most famous aerospace firm Lockhid never and nowhere were adopted, other combat was not developed on their basis

In the USSR, despite numerous design work in the pre-war and wartime, and the anti-aircraft guns were created by a caliber greater than 85-mm. An increase in the speed and height of the flight created in the west of the bombers demanded the adoption of urgent action in this direction. As a temporary measure, it was decided to use several hundred trophy german anti-aircraft guns of caliber 105-128-mm. At the same time, work was forced to create 100-130-mm anti-aircraft guns. In March 1948, a 100-mm anti-aircraft gun of the 1947 sample (KS-19) was adopted. She ensured the fight against air targets that had speed up to 1200 km / h and a height of up to 15 km. All elements of the complex on combat position are interconnected by electrically conductive communication. The gun guides into the proactive point is made by the hydrosloval drive of the GSP-100 from Poise, but it is possible to guidance manually. In the KS-19 gun, the installation of the fuse, the cargo is, the closure of the shutter, the production of shot, the opening of the shutter and the extraction of the sleeve. The shooting paced 14-16 shots per minute. In 1950, in order to increase the combat and operational properties, the instrument and hydroslifting drive was modernized. The GSP-100M system, intended for automatic remote ticking along azimuth and angle of elevation of eight or less KS-19M2 cannons and automatic input values \u200b\u200bfor installing an explosion according to Poise. The GSP-100m system provides manual guidance on all three channels using an indicator synchronous transmission and includes GSP-100M-100m tool (by the number of cannons), a central distribution box (Cry), a set of connecting cables and a battery giving device. The source of power supply for the GSP-100M is a regular power station SPO-30, producing three-phase currents with a voltage of 23/133 V and a frequency of 50 Hz. All tools, SPO-30 and Poazo are located within a radius not over 75 m (100 m) from the Cry.  Radar station of the CS-19 - Son-4 gun is a two-axis towed van, on the roof of which the rotating antenna is installed in the form of a round parabolic reflector with a diameter of 1.8 m with asymmetric rotation of the emitter. Had three modes of operation: - a circular overview for detecting goals and monitor the air situation on the circular review indicator; - manual control of antenna for detecting goals in the sector in front of the transition to automatic support and for rough definition of coordinates; - automatic tracking target over corner coordinates for accurate definition Azimuth and angle together in automatic mode and inclined range manual or semi-automatic way. The detection range of the bombarder during flight at an altitude of 4000 m is at least 60 km. The accuracy of determining the coordinates: by range 20 m, in azimuth and corner of the place: 0-0.16 D.U.  From 1948 to 1955, 10151 CS-19 guns were manufactured, which before the appearance of the SPC were the main means of combating high-altitude goals. But the mass acceptance of anti-aircraft managed missiles did not immediately displaced the KS-19. In the USSR, anti-aircraft batteries armed with these guns were at least until the end of the 70s. KS-19 was supplied to the country's friendly USSR and participated in the Middle Eastern and Vietnamese conflicts. A portion of the 85-100-mm removable guns were transmitted to the illegal services and were used as greedy. In 1954, the mass production of 130-mm anti-aircraft gun KS-30 began. The weapon was inevitable in height - 20 km, by range - 27 km. Rainfare- 12 SECURITY / MIN. Charging separate-sleeve, weight of the equipped sleeve (with charge) - 27.9 kg, the weight of the projectile is 33.4 kg. Mass in combat position - 23500 kg. Mass in a march position - 29000 kg. Calculation - 10 people. To facilitate the work of the calculation on this anti-aircraft gun, a number of processes were mechanized: installation of the fuse, the pin with the elements of the shot (projectile and the equipped sleeve) on the charging line, the elimination of the elements of the shot, the closing of the shutter, the production of shot and opening the shutter with the extraction of the shooting sleeve. Punching is made by hydraulic drainage drives, synchronously controlled Poise. In addition, a semi-automatic tip of indicator devices can be carried out by manual hydraulic drive control. The production of KS-30 is completed in 1957, 738 guns were released. The anti-aircraft guns of the KS-30 were very cumbersome and important administrative and economic centers were undermined them. Often, the guns were placed on stationary concreted positions. Before the appearance of the S-25 Spring "Berkut" about a third of the total number of these guns was placed around Moscow. On the basis of 130 mm KS-30 in 1955, a 152-mm anti-aircraft gun KM-52 was created, which became the most powerful domestic anti-aircraft artillery system. For reducing the recoil KM-52, equipped with the muzzle brake, the effectiveness of which was 35 percent. The shutter of the wedge horizontal execution, the work of the shutter is carried out on the energy of the roll. An anti-aircraft gun was equipped with a hydropneumatic rollback brake and junk. The wheelfront with the yoke is a modified version of the anti-aircraft gun of KS-30. Mass of guns - 33.5 tons. Inigurience in height - 30km, by range - 33 km. Calculation-12 people. Charging separate-sleeve. The meal and supply of each of the elements of the shot was carried out by independently mechanisms located on both sides of the barrel - on the left for shells and the right for the sleeves. All drives of food and feed mechanisms worked from electric motors. The store was a horizontally located conveyor with an infinite chain. The shell and the sleeve were located in the stores perpendicular to the sefing plane. After the automatic explosion installer is triggered, the feeding tray of the shell feeding mechanism moved another shell on the amount of the resolution, and the feeding tray of the sleeve feed mechanism moved the next sleeve on the line of arrival behind the projectile. The shooting shot took place on the line of resolution. The depreciation of the assembled shot was made by a hydropneumatic rate, posted during the ridicule. The shutter closing was performed automatically. Figure 16-17 shots per minute. The tool successfully passed the test, but did not start to the big series. In 1957, a batch of 16 guns km-52 was made. Of these, two batteries deployed in the Baku area were formed. During the Second World War, there was a "difficult" height level from 1500 m to 3000. Here, the aircraft turned out to be little reachless for light anti-aircraft guns, and for a heavy air artillery cannons, this height was too small. In order to resolve the problem, it seemed natural to create antinitioners of some intermediate caliber. The 57-mm anti-aircraft gun C-60 was developed in CACB under the leadership of V.G. Grabe. The serial production of the gun was started in 1950. The ATTATIC C-60 worked due to the energy of the return with the short ribbon of the trunk. Power guns - shop, in the store 4 cartridges. Hydraulic rolling brake, spindle type. Balant mechanism Spring, swinging, pulling type. On the machine platform, there is a table for a closure with chamber and three seats for calculating. When shooting with a sight on the platform there are five employees, and with Pouazo, two or three people are working. The turn of the cart is intense. Tissor subressing. Wheels from the ZIS-5 truck with spongy tire filling. Mass of the gun in a combat position-4800 kg, rapidity - 70 SECTION / MIN. The initial speed of the projectile is 1000 m / s. The weight of the projectile is 2.8 kg. The attainability of the range is 6000 m, in height - 4000 m. The maximum speed of the air target is 300 m / s. Calculation - 6-8 people. The battery pack of the tracking drives ESP-57 was intended to guide the azimuth and angle of elevation of the battery 57-mm C-60 guns consisting of eight or less tools. During shooting, PUAZO-6-60 and the radar station of the SON-9 guns-9 were used, and later - the radar dashboard of the RPK-1 "VAZ". All tools were located at a distance of not over 50 m from the central distribution box. The drives of ESP-57 could carry out the following types of guns: -Automatic remote tip of battery guns according to Poazo (main type of flooring); -Automatic pressing of each gun according to automatic anti-aircraft trance; -Ruchny filter of battery guns according to PUAZO using zero-indicators of precise and coarse samples (indicator type of flooring). C-60 combat baptism adopted during the Korean War in 1950-1953. But the first pancake was a room - immediately revealed a massive cannon. Some installation defects were noted: the feet of the eclapses of the extractor, the clogging of the power supply, the failures of the balancing mechanism. In the future, the shutter was also noted on automatic whisper, skew or wagging the cartridge in the store when feeding, the cartridge transition further links, the simultaneous supply of two ammunition from the store on the oscillation line, the clipping of the clip, the extremely short or long rollbacks of the barrel and other structural disadvantages C-60 corrected, and the gun safely knocked the American aircraft. In the future, the 57-mm anti-aircraft gun C-60 was exported to many countries of the world and was repeatedly used in military conflicts. The guns of this type were widely used in the North Vietnam air defense system during the Vietnamese War, showing high efficiency in shooting for medium heights, as well as Arab States (Egypt, Syria, Iraq) in the Arab-Israeli conflicts and the Iran-Iraq war. Morally obsolete by the end of the 20th century, C-60, in the case of massive application, it is still able to destroy modern fighter-bomber aircraft, which was demonstrated during the war in the 1991 Persian Gulf, when Iraqi settlements from these guns managed to bring down several American and British aircraft. According to the Serbian military, they shot down from these guns several KR "Tomahawk". The S-60. The C-60 was produced in the same way in the Names type 59. Currently, anti-aircraft guns of this type are installed in the storage bases. The last military unit, in service with the C-60, was the 990th zenith artillery regiment of the 201th motorized rifle division in the period Afghan war . In 1957, on the basis of T-54 tank, the mass production of C-60 was started by mass production of ZSU-57-2. Two guns were installed in an open large tower on top, with the details of the right-hand machine were a mirror reflection of the details of the left automatic machine. The cleaner and horizontal guidance of the C-68 gun was carried out using an electro-hydraulic drive. The guidance drive worked from the DC electric motor and used universal hydraulic speed controllers.  Amusement SSA consisted of 300 cannon shots, of which 248 shots are equipped in the cage and are placed in the tower (176 shots) and in the nose of the housing (72 shots). The remaining shots in the climax were not equipped and laid into special compartments under the rotating floor. The flow rate was carried out by manually charging. In the period from 1957 to 1960, about 800 ssu-57-2 were released. SSSU-57-2 was sent to the armament of anti-aircraft-artillery batteries of the twin-versions of the two-link composition, 2 installation in a platoon. The combat efficiency of ZSU-57-2 depended on the qualification of the crew, the preparation of the platoon commander and was due to the lack of radar in the guidance system. Effective fire for defeat could only be conducted from the stop; Shooting "from the course" for air targets was not provided. ZSSU-57-2 was used in the Vietnamese War, in conflicts between Israel and Syria and Egypt in 1967 and 1973, as well as in the Iran-Iraq war. Very often, during local conflicts, ZSU-57-2 was used to provide fire support to land units. To replace 25-mm anti-aircraft machines with routine charging in 1960, 23 mm was adopted in the installation of Zu-23-2. It used shells used earlier in Volkova-Yartsev's aviation gun (VS). Airconorbonic-incendiary shell weighing 200 gr., At a distance of 400 m according to normal, 25-mm armor breaks up 25-mm Rotary and balancing mechanisms and an anti-aircraft automatic tranceP-23. Food guns tape. Ribbons are metallic, each of them is equipped with 50 cartridges and is laid in a quickly connected cartridge box. The device of the machine guns is almost the same, only parts of the feed mechanism differ. The right automatic machine has the right nutrition, left - left. Both automaton are fixed in one cradle, which, in turn, is located on the top of the lafet. Based on the top machine of the bootheette, two seats are located, as well as the handle of the turning mechanism. In the vertical and horizontal planes of the guns are supplied manually. Rotary handle (with a brake) of the lifting mechanism is located on the right side of the flooring seat. In PSU-23-2, very successful and compact manual vertical and horizontal handling drives with a spring-type balancing mechanism are applied. Brilliantly designed aggregates allow you to transfer trunks on the opposite direction in just 3 seconds. Zu-23-2 installed an anti-aircraft automatic Sight Zap-23 as well optical sight T-3 (with a 3.5-fold increase and field of view of 4.5 °), designed to show firing for land targets. The installation has two triggers: a foot (with a pedal opposite the seat of the gunner) and manual (with the lever on the right side of the gunner seat). Fire from automata is carried out simultaneously from both trunks. On the left side of the pedal of the trigger, the brake pedal of the rotating installation node is located. The rapidity is 2000 shots per minute. Installation mass - 950 kg. Shooting range: 1.5 km in height, 2.5 km by range. Two-wheeled chassis with springs installed on support rollers. In the combat position of the wheel rise and deviate aside, and the tool is installed on the ground on three support plates. The trained calculation is capable of translate from a hiking position in combat time for only 15-20 s, and back - for 35-40 s. If necessary, Zu-23-2 can fire from the wheels and even on the go - right when transporting the memory for the car, which is extremely important for a vehicle combat collision. Installation has excellent mobility. Zu-23-2 can be towed for any army car, since its mass in a marching position along with covers and cutting cartridges is less than 1 t. The maximum speed is allowed to 70 km / h, and off-road - up to 20 km / h . The staffing device for controlling anti-aircraft fire (Poazo) issuing data for airborne firing (protection, azimuth, etc.) does not exist. It limits the possibilities of conducting anti-aircraft fire, but makes the gun as cheap and affordable for soldiers with a low level of preparation. The effectiveness of the maintenance of fire targets is increased in the modification of Zu-23M1 - Zu-23 with the "Sagittarius" set placed on it, which ensures the use of two domestic CRKK type "needle". Installation Zu-23-2 received a rich combat experience, it was used in a variety of conflicts, both in air and terrestrial purposes. During the Afghan war, Zu-23-2 was widely used by Soviet troops as a means of fire cover when wiring an autocolone, in the installation option for trucks: GAZ-66, ZIL-131, Ural-4320 or KAMAZ. The mobility of the anti-aircraft gun installed on the cargo car, together with the possibility of shooting at large elevation angles, turned out to be an effective means for reflecting attacks on autocolon in the Mountain Area of \u200b\u200bAfghanistan. In addition to trucks, 23-mm installation was installed on the most different chassis, both tracked and wheels. This practice was developed during the "counter-terrorism operation", the Zu-23-2 was actively used to defeat terrestrial purposes. The possibility of conducting intensive fire was very by the way when conducting hostilities in the city. Airborne troops use Zu-23-2 in the version of the artist "grind" on the basis of the caterpillar BTR-D. The production of this anti-aircraft installation was carried out by the USSR, and then a number of countries, including Egypt, PRC, Czech Republic / Slovakia, Bulgaria and Finland. Production of 23 mm ammunition PSU-23 in different time He was carried out by Egypt, Iran, Israel, France, Finland, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and South Africa. In our country, the development of anti-aircraft artillery went through the way of creating self-propelled anti-aircraft artillery complexes with radar means of detection and guidance ("Shilka") and anti-aircraft gun-rocket complexes (Tunguska and Poles).