The Battle of Stalingrad is briefly the most important thing for preschoolers. The battle of Stalingrad: briefly the most important thing about the defeat of the German troops. The balance of forces, periods

By the middle of the summer of 1942, the battles of the Great Patriotic War reached the Volga.

The German command also includes Stalingrad in the plan for a large-scale offensive in the south of the USSR (Caucasus, Crimea). The goal of Germany was to seize an industrial city, enterprises in which produced military products that were necessary; gaining access to the Volga, from where it was possible to get to the Caspian Sea, to the Caucasus, where the oil necessary for the front was extracted.

Hitler wanted to implement this plan in just a week with the help of Paulus's 6th Field Army. It consisted of 13 divisions, where there were about 270,000 people, 3,000 guns and about five hundred tanks.

From the side of the USSR, the forces of Germany were opposed by the Stalingrad Front. It was created by decision of the Headquarters of the Supreme Command on July 12, 1942 (commander - Marshal Timoshenko, from July 23 - Lieutenant General Gordov).

The difficulty was also that our side was experiencing a lack of ammunition.

The beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad can be considered on July 17, when the advance detachments of the 62nd and 64th armies of the Stalingrad Front met with the detachments of the 6th German army near the Chir and Tsimla rivers. Throughout the second half of the summer, there were fierce battles near Stalingrad. Further, the chronicle of events developed as follows.

Defensive stage of the Battle of Stalingrad

On August 23, 1942, German tanks approached Stalingrad. From that day on, the fascist aviation began to systematically bomb the city. On the ground, the battles did not subside either. It was simply impossible to live in the city - you had to fight to win. 75 thousand people volunteered for the front. But in the city itself, people worked day and night. By mid-September, the German army had broken through to the city center, fighting in the streets. The fascists intensified the attack more and more. Almost 500 tanks took part in the storming of Stalingrad, and German aviation dropped about 1 million bombs on the city.

The courage of the Stalingrad people was unmatched. Many European countries conquered by the Germans. Sometimes they only needed 2-3 weeks to take over the whole country. In Stalingrad, the situation was different. It took the Nazis weeks to capture one house, one street.

The beginning of autumn, mid-November, passed in the battles. By November, almost the entire city, despite resistance, was captured by the Germans. Only a small strip of land on the banks of the Volga was still held by our troops. But it was too early to declare the capture of Stalingrad, as Hitler did. The Germans did not know that the Soviet command already had a plan for the defeat of the German troops, which began to be developed at the height of the fighting, on September 12. The offensive operation "Uranus" was developed by Marshal G.K. Zhukov.

Within 2 months, under conditions of increased secrecy, a strike group was created near Stalingrad. The Nazis realized the weakness of their flanks, but did not expect that the Soviet command would be able to collect the required number of troops.

On November 19, the troops of the Southwestern Front under the command of General N.F. Vatutin and the Don Front under the command of General K.K. Rokossovsky went on the offensive. They managed to encircle the enemy despite resistance. Also, during the offensive, five enemy divisions were captured and seven enemy divisions were defeated. During the week of November 23rd, the efforts of the Soviet troops were aimed at strengthening the blockade around the enemy. In order to lift this blockade, the German command formed Army Group Don (commanded by Field Marshal Manstein), but it was also defeated.

The destruction of the encircled grouping of the enemy army was entrusted to the troops of the Don Front (commanded by General K.K.Rokossovsky). Because German command rejected the ultimatum to end resistance, Soviet troops proceeded to destroy the enemy, which was the last of the main stages of the Battle of Stalingrad. On February 2, 1943, the last enemy grouping was eliminated, which is considered the date of the end of the battle.

Results of the Battle of Stalingrad:

Losses in the Battle of Stalingrad on each side amounted to about 2 million people.

The significance of the Battle of Stalingrad

The significance of the Battle of Stalingrad can hardly be overestimated. The victory of the Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad had big influence on the further course of the Second World War. She stepped up the fight against the Nazis in all European countries. As a result of this victory, the German side ceased to dominate. The outcome of this battle caused confusion in the Axis (Hitlerite coalition) countries. There was a crisis of pro-fascist regimes in European countries.

But that afternoon, everything collapsed overnight. 4th German air army unleashed its bombing strike on the streets of Stalingrad. Hundreds of planes, making one call after another, systematically destroyed residential areas. The history of wars has not yet known such a massive destructive raid. At that time, there was no concentration of our troops in the city, so all the efforts of the enemy were aimed at destroying the civilian population.

No one knows - how many thousands of Stalingraders died in those days in the basements of collapsed buildings, suffocated in earthen shelters, burned alive in houses. The authors of the collection are members of the Regional public organization"Children of the military Stalingrad in the city of Moscow" write about how those terrible events remained in their memory.

“We ran out of our underground shelter,” recalls Guriy Khvatkov, he was 13 years old. - Our house burned down. Many houses on both sides of the street were also on fire. Father and mother grabbed my sister and me by the arms. There are no words to describe what horror we experienced. Everything around was flaming, cracking, exploding, we ran along the fiery corridor to the Volga, which was not visible because of the smoke, although it was very close. The screams of people who were distraught with horror were heard around. A lot of people have gathered on the narrow edge of the coast. The wounded lay on the ground with the dead. Upstairs, on the railroad tracks, wagons with ammunition exploded. Railroad wheels flew over our heads, burning debris. Burning streams of oil moved along the Volga. It seemed that the river was on fire ... We ran down the Volga. Suddenly they saw a small tugboat. We had scarcely climbed the ladder when the steamer departed. Looking around, I saw a solid wall of a burning city. "

Hundreds of German planes, descending low over the Volga, shot at residents who were trying to cross to the left bank. River workers took people out on ordinary pleasure steamers, boats, barges. The Nazis set them on fire from the air. The Volga became a grave for thousands of Stalingraders.
In his book "The classified tragedy of the civilian population in the Battle of Stalingrad" T.A. Pavlova quotes the statement of an Abwehr officer who was taken prisoner in Stalingrad:

"We knew that the Russian people should be destroyed as much as possible in order to prevent the possibility of any resistance after the establishment of a new order in Russia."

Soon the destroyed streets of Stalingrad became a battlefield, and many residents who miraculously survived the bombing of the city faced a hard fate. They were captured by the German invaders. The Nazis drove people out of their homes and drove endless columns across the steppe into the unknown. On the way, they tore off the burned ears, drank water from puddles. For the rest of their lives, even in small children, fear remained - just to keep up with the column - the stragglers were shot.

In these harsh circumstances, events took place that are just right for psychologists to study. What steadfastness a child can display in the struggle for life! Boris Usachev at that time was only five and a half years old when he and his mother left the destroyed house. Mother was soon to give birth. And the boy began to realize that he was the only one who could help her on this difficult road. They spent the night in the open air, and Boris dragged straw to make it easier for mom to lie on the frozen ground, collect ears and corn cobs. They walked 200 kilometers before they managed to find a roof - to stay in a cold barn in the farm. The kid went down the icy slope to the ice-hole to fetch water, collected firewood to heat the shed. In these inhuman conditions a girl was born ...

It turns out that even a young child can instantly realize what the danger threatening death is ... Galina Kryzhanovskaya, who was not even five then, recalls how she, sick, with high temperature, was lying in the house where the Nazis ruled: "I remember how one young German began to swagger over me, bringing a knife to my ears, nose, threatening to cut them off if I moan and cough." In these terrible moments, not knowing a foreign language, by one instinct the girl realized what danger she was in, and that she should not even squeak, not that to shout: "Mom!"

Galina talks about how they survived the occupation. “My sister and I were rotting from hunger, our legs were swollen. At night, my mother crawled out of our underground shelter, got to the cesspool, where the Germans dumped cleanings, stubs, intestines ... "
When, after the suffering endured, the girl was bathed for the first time, they saw gray hair in her hair. So from the age of five she walked with a gray strand.

German troops pushed our divisions to the Volga, capturing the streets of Stalingrad one after another. And new columns of refugees, guarded by the occupiers, stretched westward. Strong men and women were driven into carriages to lead them like slaves to Germany, children were driven aside with rifle butts ...

But in Stalingrad there were also families who remained in the disposition of our fighting divisions and brigades. The leading edge passed through streets, ruins of houses. Caught up in trouble, the inhabitants took refuge in basements, earthen shelters, sewer pipes, and ravines.

It is too unknown page war, which the authors of the collection reveal. In the very first days of the barbarian raids, shops, warehouses, transport, roads, and water pipes were destroyed. The supply of food to the population was cut off, there was no water. As an eyewitness to those events and one of the authors of the collection, I can testify that during the five and a half months of defense of the city, the civil authorities did not receive any food, not a single piece of bread. However, there was no one to extradite - the leaders of the city and districts were immediately evacuated across the Volga. No one knew if there were residents in the fighting city and where they were.

How did we survive? Only by mercy Soviet soldier... His compassion for hungry and exhausted people saved us from hunger. Everyone who survived amid shelling, explosions, and the whistle of bullets remembers the taste of frozen soldier's bread and a brew made from a millet briquette.

The inhabitants knew what mortal danger the soldiers were exposed to, who with a load of food for us were sent, on their own initiative, across the Volga. Having occupied the Mamayev Kurgan and other heights of the city, the Germans sank boats and boats with aimed fire, and only a few of them sailed at night to our right bank.

Many regiments, fighting in the ruins of the city, found themselves on a meager ration, but when they saw the hungry eyes of children and women, the soldiers shared the latter with them.

In our basement under wooden house three women and eight children took refuge. Only older children, who were 10-12 years old, left the basement for porridge or water: women could be mistaken for scouts. Once I crawled into the ravine where the soldiers' kitchens stood.

I waited for the shelling in the craters until I got there. Soldiers with light machine guns, boxes of cartridges were walking towards me, and their guns were rolling. By the smell, I determined that there was a kitchen behind the dugout door. I stomped around, not daring to open the door and ask for porridge. An officer stopped in front of me: "Where are you from, girl?" Hearing about our basement, he took me to his dugout in the slope of the ravine. He put a pot of pea soup in front of me. “My name is Pavel Mikhailovich Korzhenko,” said the captain. “I have a son, Boris, of your age.”

The spoon shook in my hand as I ate the soup. Pavel Mikhailovich looked at me with such kindness and compassion that my soul, bound by fear, became limp and trembled with gratitude. Many more times I will come to him in the dugout. He not only fed me, but also talked about his family, read letters from his son. Happened, talked about the exploits of the division fighters. He seemed to me like a dear person. When I left, he always gave me briquettes of porridge with him for our basement ... His compassion for the rest of my life will become a moral support for me.

Then, like a child, it seemed to me that war could not destroy such kind person... But after the war, I learned that Pavel Mikhailovich Korzhenko died in Ukraine during the liberation of the city of Kotovsk ...

Galina Kryzhanovskaya describes such a case. A young soldier jumped into the underground, where the Shaposhnikov family was hiding - a mother and three children. "How did you live here?" - he was surprised and immediately took off his duffel bag. He put a piece of bread and a block of porridge on the trestle bed. And immediately jumped out. The mother of the family rushed after him to thank him. And then, in front of her eyes, the fighter was struck to death by a bullet. “If he hadn't been late, he would not have shared bread with us, maybe he would have managed to slip through a dangerous place,” she later lamented.

The generation of children of the wartime was characterized by an early awareness of their civic duty, the desire to do what was in their power to “help the fighting Motherland,” no matter how pompous it sounds today. But such were the young Stalingraders.

After the occupation, finding herself in a remote village, eleven-year-old Larisa Polyakova, together with her mother, went to work in a hospital. Taking a medical bag, in frost and blizzard every day Larisa set off on a long journey to bring medicines and dressings to the hospital. Having survived the fear of bombing and hunger, the girl found the strength to look after two seriously wounded soldiers.

Anatoly Stolpovsky was only 10 years old. He often went out of the underground shelter to get food for his mother and younger children. But my mother did not know that Tolik was constantly crawling under fire into the neighboring basement, where the artillery command post was located. The officers, noticing the enemy's firing points, transmitted commands by telephone to the left bank of the Volga, where the artillery batteries were located. Once, when the Nazis launched another attack, the explosion tore the telephone wires. Before Tolik's eyes, two signalmen were killed, who, one after another, tried to restore communication. The Nazis were already tens of meters from the command post when Tolik, putting on a camouflage coat, crawled to look for the place of the cliff. Soon the officer was already transmitting commands to the artillerymen. The enemy attack was repulsed. More than once, at the decisive moments of the battle, the boy, under fire, connected the broken communication. Tolik and his family were in our basement, and I witnessed how the captain, having handed over loaves of bread and canned food to his mother, thanked her for raising such a brave son.

Anatoly Stolpovsky was awarded the medal "For the Defense of Stalingrad". With a medal on his chest, he came to study in his 4th grade.

In basements, earthen holes, underground pipes - everywhere where the inhabitants of Stalingrad were hiding, despite the bombing and shelling, there was a glimmer of hope - to survive until victory. This, despite the cruel circumstances, dreamed of those who were driven away by the Germans from hometown hundreds of kilometers away. Iraida Modina, who was 11 years old, talks about how they met the soldiers of the Red Army. During the days of the Battle of Stalingrad, the Nazis drove their family - mother and three children into the barracks of the concentration camp. Miraculously, they got out of it and the next day saw that the Germans had burned down the barracks along with the people. Mother died of disease and hunger. “We were completely exhausted and looked like walking skeletons,” wrote Iraida Modina. - On the heads - purulent abscesses. We moved with difficulty ... Once our older sister Maria saw a horseman outside the window, on whose cap was a five-pointed red star. She flung open the door and fell at the feet of the incoming soldiers. I remember how she, in a shirt, hugging the knees of one of the soldiers, shaking with sobs, repeated: “Our saviors have come. My relatives! " The soldiers fed us and stroked our shorn heads. They seemed to us the closest people in the world. "

The victory in Stalingrad was a global event. Thousands of welcoming telegrams and letters came to the city, wagons with food and construction materials went. Squares and streets were named after Stalingrad. But no one in the world rejoiced at the victory as much as the soldiers of Stalingrad and the inhabitants of the city that survived the battles. However, the press of those years did not report how difficult life remained in the destroyed Stalingrad. Having got out of their squalid shelters, the residents walked for a long time along narrow paths among endless minefields, burnt chimneys stood in place of their houses, water was carried from the Volga, where there was still a cadaverous smell, food was cooked on fires.

The entire city was a battlefield. And when the snow began to melt, the corpses of our and German soldiers were found in the streets, in craters, factory buildings, wherever the battles took place. It was necessary to bury them in the ground.

“We returned to Stalingrad, and my mother went to work at an enterprise located at the foot of the Mamayev Kurgan,” recalls Lyudmila Butenko, who was 6 years old. - From the first days, all workers, mostly women, had to collect and bury the corpses of our soldiers who died during the storming of the Mamayev Kurgan. You just have to imagine what the women experienced, some who became widows, while others, who every day awaited news from the front, worrying and praying for their loved ones. Before them were the bodies of someone's husbands, brothers, sons. Mom came home tired and depressed. "

It is difficult to imagine such a thing in our pragmatic time, but just two months after the end of the fighting in Stalingrad, brigades of volunteer construction workers appeared.

It started like this. Female worker kindergarten Alexandra Cherkasova offered to restore a small building on her own in order to quickly accept the children. The women took up saws and hammers, plastering and painting themselves. Volunteer brigades, which raised the destroyed city free of charge, began to be named after Cherkasova. Cherkasov brigades were created in broken workshops, among the ruins of residential buildings, clubs, schools. After their main shift, residents worked for another two to three hours, clearing roads, manually dismantling the ruins. Even children collected bricks for their future schools.

“My mother also joined one of these brigades,” recalls Lyudmila Butenko. “The residents, who had not yet recovered from the suffering they had endured, wanted to help rebuild the city. They went to work in rags, almost all barefoot. And surprisingly, you could hear them singing. How can you forget this? "

There is a building in the city called Pavlov's House. Almost surrounded, the soldiers under the command of Sergeant Pavlov defended this line for 58 days. There is an inscription on the house: "We will defend you, dear Stalingrad!" Cherkasovites, who came to restore this building, added one letter, and on the wall was inscribed: "We will rebuild you, dear Stalingrad!"

With the passage of time, this selfless work of the Cherkasov brigades, which included thousands of volunteers, seems to be a truly spiritual feat. And the first buildings that were built in Stalingrad were kindergartens and schools. The city took care of its future.

The exploits of the children of the military Stalingrad.

Like adults, children had to endure hunger, cold, and the death of their relatives, and all this at such a small age. And they not only held on, but also did everything in their power, for the sake of survival, for the sake of victory. This is how they themselves remember it.

“... The front was still relatively far from Stalingrad, and the city was already girded with fortifications. In a sultry, sultry summer, thousands of women and teenagers dug trenches, anti-tank ditches, built barges, I also took part in this. Or, as they said at the time, "went to the trenches."

It was not easy to overcome the earth, hard as stone, without a pick and crowbar. The sun and wind were especially tormented. The heat was draining and exhausting, but the heat was not always there. Sand, dust clogged the nose, mouth, ears. We lived in tents, slept side by side, on straw. They were so tired that they fell asleep instantly, barely touching the ground with their knees. And it is not surprising: after all, they worked 12-14 hours a day. At first, they covered barely a kilometer per shift, and then, getting used to it and gaining experience, and as many as three. Bloody calluses formed on the palms, which burst and sore all the time. Eventually they hardened.

Sometimes German planes flew in and fired at us at low level from machine guns. It was very scary, women usually cried, were baptized, and some said goodbye to each other. We boys, although we tried to show ourselves almost as men, were still afraid too. After each such flight, we were sure to miss someone ... "

Work in hospitals.

“Many of us, the children of Stalingrad, trace our" stay "in the war since 23 August. I felt it here, in the city, a little earlier, when the girls of our eighth grade were sent to provide assistance in re-equipping the school into a hospital. Everything was allotted, as we were told, 10-12 days.

We started by emptying the classrooms from their desks, and replacing them with bunks and filling them with bedding, but the real work began when a train with the wounded arrived one night, and we helped to transfer them from the carriages to the station building. This was not easy at all. After all, our strengths were not so hot. That is why four of us served each stretcher. Two took the handles, and two more crawled under the stretcher and, slightly raising themselves, moved along with the main ones. The wounded moaned, some were delirious, or even violently cursed. Most of them were black with smoke and soot, torn, dirty, and in bloody bandages. Looking at them, we often roared, but did our job. But even after we, together with the adults, took the wounded to the hospital, they did not let us go home.

There was enough work for everyone: they looked after the wounded, rewound the bandages, took out the ships. But the day came when we were told: "Girls, you must go home today." And then it was August 23 ... "

Extinguishing "lighters"

“... Once our group, among which I was also, heard the growing roar of an enemy plane, and soon - and the whistle of falling bombs. Several lighters fell on the roof, one of them was close to me, blindingly splashing sparks. Out of surprise and excitement, I forgot for a while how to act. A backhand hit her with a shovel. She still flared up strongly, pouring a fountain of sparks, and, jumping up, flew over the edge of the roof. Without causing any harm to anyone, she burned out on the ground in the middle of the yard.

Then there were other tamed lighters on my account, but I especially remembered the first one. I proudly showed the pants burned by her sparks to the courtyard boys ... "

Labor in production.

“... The war found me in a vocational school. Our educational process has changed dramatically. Instead of the prescribed two years of training, after ten months I ended up at a tractor plant. We didn’t regret abbreviated training. On the contrary, they strove to get to the shop as soon as possible so that the slogan “Everything is for the front! Everything is for victory! " could exercise not only others, but also we, teenagers.

The times were harsh, and there were practically no discounts for age. We worked for 12 hours. Unaccustomed to quickly get tired. It was especially difficult if you were on the night shift. I was then working as a milling machine operator and was very proud of it. But there were some among us (especially among the boys - turners) who, in order to stand behind the machine, substituted boxes under our feet.

Rescue people on a boat.

“… Our family was afloat at that time. The fact is that my father worked as a mechanic on a small boat "Levanevsky". On the eve of the bombing of the city, the authorities sent a ship to Saratov for military uniforms and at the same time allowed the captain and my dad to take their families in order to leave them there. But as soon as we sailed away, such a bombardment began that we had to go back. Then the task was canceled, and we stayed on the boat.

But it was a completely different life than before, a military life. We loaded ammunition and food and delivered it to the center. After that, wounded soldiers, women, old people, children were taken aboard and transported to the left bank. On the way back, it was the turn of the “civilian” half of the boat's crew to act, that is, the captain's wife and son and my mother and me. Moving along the swaying deck from wounded to wounded, we straightened their bandages, gave them drink, reassured the seriously wounded soldiers, asking them to be patient a little until we reach the opposite bank.

All this had to be done under fire. German planes shot down our mast, many times steamed us with machine-gun bursts. Often these deadly stitches killed the people taken on board. During one such trip, the captain and dad were wounded, but on the shore they received urgent assistance, and we continued our dangerous voyages again.

So unexpectedly, I suddenly found myself among the defenders of Stalingrad. True, I personally managed to do a little, but if later at least one fighter survived, whom I helped in some way, then I am happy. "

Participation in hostilities.

When the bombing began, Zhenya Motorin, a native of Stalingrad, lost his mother and sister. So a fourteen-year-old teenager was forced to be with the soldiers on the front line for some time. They tried to evacuate him through the Volga, but because of the constant bombing and shelling, they did not succeed. Zhenya experienced a real nightmare when, during another bombing, a fighter walking with him covered the boy with his body. As a result, the soldier was literally torn by shrapnel, but Motorin survived. The startled teenager fled from that place for a long time. And stopping in some dilapidated house, he realized that he was standing at the site of the recent battle, surrounded by the corpses of the Stalingrad defenders. Nearby lay a submachine gun, grabbing which Zhenya heard rifle shots and long bursts of submachine gun fire.

There was a battle in the house opposite. A minute later, on the backs of the Germans entering the rear of our soldiers, a long burst of machine gun fire struck. Zhenya, who saved the soldiers, has since become the son of the regiment.

The soldiers and officers later called the guy "Stalingrad Gavroche". And on the tunic of the young defender there were medals: "For Courage", "For Military Merit".

Intelligence, Beschasnova (Radyno) Lyudmila Vladimirovna.

“... I was sent to the children's home on Klinskaya Street. Many kids were taken to families, and we waited to be sent to orphanages.

The situation at the front was difficult. The enemy approached the Don, and tens of kilometers remained to Stalingrad. It was difficult for adults to pass the line from the Don to the villages, since the scorched fields were very clearly visible, and all adults were detained. The command tried to send the guys into reconnaissance. Six children were selected in the children's center.

For six days we were prepared for reconnaissance. Through the albums, we got acquainted with the enemy's technique, uniforms, insignia, symbols on the cars, how to quickly count the number of soldiers in a column (4 people in a row - rows - a platoon, 4 platoons - a company, etc.). It would be even more valuable if I could accidentally look at the numbers on pages 1 and 2 in a soldier's or officer's book, and keep all this in memory, without writing anything down anywhere. Even the kitchen could tell a lot, as the number of field kitchens serving a given area indicated the approximate number of soldiers in that area. All this was very useful to me, since the information was more complete and accurate.

Of course, the Germans were in no hurry to show their documents. But sometimes it was possible to win over the Germans and ask them to show the photographs to Frau and Kinder, and this is the weakness of all front-line soldiers. The photographs were kept in the pockets of their service jacket, where there were also books next to them. Of course, not everyone was even allowed to open the book, but sometimes it was still possible. It was not always very smooth when crossing the front line. And they caught us and interrogated us.

My first assignment was for Don in the Kumovka area. Frontline reconnaissance found a landing site, and E. K. Alekseeva (according to legend, my mother) and I were transported by boat to the shore occupied by the enemy. We never saw living Germans, and we felt uneasy. It was early morning... The sun was just rising. We turned a little so that it would not be noticeable that we were going from the bank of the Don. And suddenly, unexpectedly, we found ourselves next to the road on which there was a column of motorcyclists. We tightly squeezed each other's hands and, pretending to be careless, walked through the rows, or rather between the motorcyclists. The Germans did not pay any attention to us, and we, out of fear, could not utter a single word. And only after passing a considerable distance, they sighed with relief and laughed. The baptism was passed and it became almost not scary. Ahead patrols appeared, they searched us and, taking away the fat, they strictly forbade us to walk here. They treated us rudely, and we realized that we must always be on the alert and come back in a different way. We were supposed to return in a day or two to the landing site and quietly say "black raven". Whoever was on a quiet river at night knows how far even a slight splash spreads ...

... There were no soldiers in the villages, but there were patrols created from the Cossacks, and the headman lived in one of the houses. We were not allowed to drink from our wells. The bread was baked in the yard on cabbage leaves, but it was not shared with outsiders. The houses were solid and not destroyed. The information that we managed to collect made it possible to return on time and report on the situation in this area. A slight hitch occurred on the route that changed my further destiny: we were returning home, and suddenly shelling began. We ran into the dugout, where there were old people and children. Everyone was praying. Look at Elena Konstantinovna, I also began to pray, but I did it for the first time and, apparently, it was wrong. Then the old man leaned over to me and quietly told me not to pray, and that this is not my mother. We returned and told everything about what we had seen and heard. I was not sent with anyone else and the legend was changed. She was almost believable. I, they say, have lost my mother, I am looking for her and go away from the bombing. I came from Leningrad. This often helped to get food and pass the protected areas. I went on a mission six more times. "

Rusanova Galina Mikhailovna.

“... Soon after arriving in Stalingrad, my mother died of typhus, and I ended up in an orphanage. Those who survived the war in childhood remember how unmistakably by sound, by silhouette, we learned to separate the systems of artillery pieces, tanks, aircraft, military insignia of the Hitlerite army. All this helped me when I became a scout.

I did not go to reconnaissance alone, I had a partner, a twelve-year-old Leningrad woman, Lyusya Radyno.

More than once we were detained by the Nazis. They interrogated. Both fascists and traitors who were in the service of enemies. The questions were asked "with an approach", without pressure, so as not to frighten, however, we confidently tried to stick to our "legend": "We are from Leningrad, we lost our relatives."

It was easy to stick to the "legend" because there was no fiction in it. And we pronounced the word “Leningrad” with special pride.

I will forever remember the July night of 1942. My partner Vanya and I were sent from the left wooded bank of the Don and left alone in the territory occupied by the enemy.

And they met. On the road, two German soldiers on bicycles overtook us. They stopped. They searched. Finding nothing but bread, they let me go.

This is how my first baptism of fire took place. That, the first task of the intelligence department of the 62nd Army, which took part in the battles for Stalingrad, did not bring visible success: during the 25-kilometer raid behind enemy lines, neither German equipment nor troops - and still, it was the most difficult, therefore, what is the first.

My last assignment was in October 1942, when there were fierce battles for Stalingrad.

To the north of the tractor plant, I had to pass a strip of land occupied by the Germans. Two days of endless attempts did not bring the desired success: every centimeter of that land was shot accurately. Only on the third day was it possible to get on the path that led to the German trenches.

On the way, they called me, it turned out that I had entered a minefield. The German led me across the field and handed me over to the authorities. For a week they held me for a servant, barely fed and interrogated me. Then the POW camp. Then - transfer to another camp, from which (here's a happy fate) they released ”.

Verzhichinsky Yuri Nikolaevich.

“... On the descent from the side of the Workers 'and Peasants' side there was our damaged tank. I prepared to crawl over to him, and right next to the tank I got to our scouts. They asked what I saw on my way. I told them that the German reconnaissance had just passed, it went under the Astrakhan bridge. They took me with them. So I ended up in the 130th anti-aircraft mortar division.

… We decided to send them across the Volga with the first opportunity. But I "got accustomed" first to the mortar men, and then to the scouts, as I knew the area well.

... In the division, as a local, I had to cross the front line alone several times. I receive an assignment: under the guise of a refugee to go from the Kazan Church through Dar-Gora, Sadovaya station. If possible, walk to Lapshin Garden. Do not write, do not sketch, only memorize. Many local residents left the city through Dar Gora, Voroponovo station and beyond.

In the Dar Gora area, not far from school 14, I was detained by German tankmen on suspicion that I was a Jew. It should be said that my paternal relatives are Poles. I differed from the fair-haired local boys in that I had pitch black hair. The tankers handed me over to the SS Ukrainians either from Galicia or from Verkhovyna. And those, without further ado, decided to just hang. But then I snapped. The fact is that German tanks the cannons are very short and the rope has slipped off.

They just started to hang them for the second time, and ... then the mortar shelling of our battalion began. This is a terrible sight. God forbid, to fall under such shelling again. My executioners, as if blown away by the wind, and I, as I was with a rope around my neck, started to run, not looking at the breaks.

Having run away decently, I threw myself under the flooring of the destroyed house and threw my coat over my head. It was late October or early November, and I was wearing a winter coat. When I got up after the shelling, the coat looked like a "royal robe" - cotton wool was sticking out of the blue coat everywhere. "

Mikhailova Marina Yurievna
Position: educator
Educational institution: MKDOU "Kindergarten number 14" Stream ""
Locality: Frolovo Volgograd region
Material name: Abstract of Thematic conversation senior preschool age
Theme:"For children about the Battle of Stalingrad"
Date of publication: 24.01.2018
Chapter: preschool education

Municipal government preschool educational institution

"Kindergarten number 14" Stream "

urban district city of Frolovo

Abstract

Thematic conversation on the topic:

"For children about the Battle of Stalingrad"

senior preschool age

Prepared by:

Educator SZD

Mikhailova M.Yu.

Frolovo, 2017.

Educational activities:(Cognitive development.)

Integration educational areas: (Speech development, artistic and aesthetic

development, social and communicative development.)

Type of: cognitive.

View: integrated.

Children's age: 6 years.

Forms organized activities: (cognitive, communicative)

Organization form: group

Target:

the formation of the spiritual and moral potential of preschoolers when familiarizing with

pages of the history of the Great Patriotic War, based on facts and events

Battle of Stalingrad.

Tasks:

educational: to form in children knowledge about the main events of the war -

The Battle of Stalingrad;

developing: to develop in children citizenship and patriotism as the most important

quality;

educational: to cultivate a sense of pride for the people who defeated the enemy;

to cultivate a respectful attitude towards national memory, love for the Defenders of the Fatherland.

Preliminary work: conversations with children about the Great Patriotic War;

Learning poems, songs with children; listening to music of the war years;

Examination of illustrations on the "Battle of Stalingrad" theme.

Equipment and materials: multimedia projector, screen, slideshow, song recording:

You. Lebedev - Kumach "Song of Stalingrad", Surkova V., Listova K. "In the dugout".

The course of the conversation.

(children's answers are heard)

Educator: probably everything that you said is very important, but February 2 is famous for the fact that

Stalingrad, and this was the name of the city of Volgograd before, there were fierce battles.

The Germans strove to take Stalingrad at any cost - there were many factories here and through

Stalingrad, the Nazis wanted to get into the Caspian Sea, to the Caucasus, where it was mined

the oil needed for the front.

Listening to the song: (Vas. Lebedev - Kumach "Song of Stalingrad")

Educator: look at the photos of those years. There was not a single one in Stalingrad

the surviving building: everything was crushed and smashed, because the shells exploded

Often. Look here near the fountain railway station... This is how he looked in

43rd year (Slide1)

The Nazis attacked unexpectedly. Many peaceful people were unable to leave for other cities and

villages where there was no war, and remained in the destroyed Stalingrad. What do you think,

Did they live well? (Slide2)

And these guys hid from the enemy shells in the trench, which were deliberately dug,

to hide in them when bombing. (Slide3)

Child1:

The tattered bear consoled

A little girl in a mutilated hut:

“Do not cry, do not cry ... She herself was malnourished,

I left you half the sugar ...

... The shells flew and exploded,

Black earth mixed with blood ...

There was a family, there was a house ... Now we stayed

All alone in the world - you and me ... "

... And behind the village the grove was smoking,

Struck by monstrous fire

And Death flew around like an evil bird,

An unexpected misfortune came to the house ...

“Do you hear, Misha, I am strong, I don’t cry,

And they will give me a machine gun at the front.

I will avenge my tears

Because our pines are burning ... "

But in the silence the bullets whistled loudly,

An ominous reflection flashed through the window ...

And the girl ran out of the house:

"Oh, Mishka, Mishka, how scared me! .."

The country is celebrating the victory today ...

And how many of them, girls and boys,

Orphaned by a vile war?! ..

Educator: Battles were fought not only on the streets of Stalingrad, but also inside buildings.

It used to be the Nazis on the first floor, the second floor was occupied by our soldiers, and on the third

there were enemies again. Every piece of Stalingrad land was fought off by our soldiers,

not sparing my life. But when the moments of calm came, shells and bombs did not explode,

our soldiers did not cry and suffer, but sang their favorite songs. These songs helped them in

difficult minutes. (Slide4)

(Listening to the song of V. Surkov, K. Listov "In the dugout")

Educator: guys, this war was terrible, cruel and bloody! Many soldiers and

peaceful people died!

Remember! Through the centuries, through the years,

About those who will never come again.

do not Cry! Keep your groans in your throat

Bitter groans, be worthy of the memory of the fallen!

With bread and song, dream and poetry,

A spacious life, every second,

With every breath - be worthy!

In the terrible years, in a fiery storm, we defended the freedom of the Motherland.

Eternal memory to the fallen soldiers.

(R. Rozhdestvensky.)

Educator: After the war, on the site where the fiercest battles in Stalingrad took place, on

A memorial monument was erected in Mamaev Kurgan. Mamaev Kurgan is the highest place.

And the Nazis really wanted to capture Hill 102, but they failed. This

the monument reminds us of those terrible events. And you must know and remember about

this battle! (Slide5)

Reflection. (Minute of silence)

Child2:

City of happiness and sun, you are beautiful again

And you stand majestically over the Volga.

Volgograd is our valor and our love.

Volgograd is our pride and glory!

This human tragedy is almost lost against the backdrop of a grand battle

The published book "Memories of the Children of War Stalingrad" has become a real revelation not only for the current generation, but also for war veterans.

The war broke into Stalingrad suddenly. August 23, 1942. The day before, residents had heard on the radio that battles were going on on the Don, almost 100 kilometers from the city. All enterprises, shops, cinemas, kindergartens were working, schools were preparing for the new academic year. But that afternoon, everything collapsed overnight. The 4th German Air Force unleashed its bombing strike on the streets of Stalingrad. Hundreds of planes, making one call after another, systematically destroyed residential areas. The history of wars has not yet known such a massive destructive raid. At that time, there was no concentration of our troops in the city, so all the efforts of the enemy were aimed at destroying the civilian population.

Nobody knows how many thousands of Stalingraders died in those days in the basements of collapsed buildings, suffocated in earthen shelters, burned alive in houses.

In his book "The classified tragedy of the civilian population in the Battle of Stalingrad" T.A. Pavlova quotes the statement of an Abwehr officer who was taken prisoner in Stalingrad:

"We knew that the Russian people should be destroyed as much as possible in order to prevent the possibility of any resistance after the establishment of a new order in Russia."

It turns out that even a young child can instantly realize what the danger threatening death is ... Galina Kryzhanovskaya, who was not even five then, recalls how she, sick, with a high fever, lay in the house where the Nazis were in charge: “I remember how one the young German began to swagger over me, bringing a knife to my ears, nose, threatening to cut them off if I moan and cough. " In these terrible moments, not knowing a foreign language, by one instinct the girl realized what danger she was in, and that she should not even squeak, not that to shout: "Mom!"

Galina Kryzhanovskaya talks about how they survived the occupation. “My sister and I were rotting from hunger, our legs were swollen. At night, my mother crawled out of our underground shelter, got to the cesspool, where the Germans dumped cleanings, stubs, intestines ... "

When, after the suffering endured, the girl was bathed for the first time, they saw gray hair in her hair. So from the age of five she walked with a gray strand.

This is also an unknown page of the war, which the authors of the collection reveal. In the very first days of the barbarian raids, shops, warehouses, transport, roads, and water pipes were destroyed. The supply of food to the population was cut off, there was no water. As an eyewitness to those events and one of the authors of the collection, I can testify that during the five and a half months of defense of the city, the civil authorities did not receive any food, not a single piece of bread. However, there was no one to extradite - the leaders of the city and districts were immediately evacuated across the Volga. No one knew if there were residents in the fighting city and where they were.

How did we survive? Only by the mercy of a Soviet soldier. His compassion for hungry and exhausted people saved us from hunger. Everyone who survived amid shelling, explosions, and the whistle of bullets remembers the taste of frozen soldier's bread and a brew made from a millet briquette.

Many regiments, fighting in the ruins of the city, found themselves on a meager ration, but when they saw the hungry eyes of children and women, the soldiers shared the latter with them.

In our basement, three women and eight children were hiding under a wooden house. Only older children, who were 10-12 years old, left the basement for porridge or water: women could be mistaken for scouts. Once I crawled into the ravine where the soldiers' kitchens stood.

Then, like a child, it seemed to me that war could not destroy such a kind person. But after the war, I learned that Pavel Mikhailovich Korzhenko died in Ukraine during the liberation of the city of Kotovsk ...

Anatoly Stolpovsky was awarded the medal "For the Defense of Stalingrad". With a medal on his chest, he came to study in his 4th grade.

In basements, earthen holes, underground pipes - everywhere where the inhabitants of Stalingrad were hiding, despite the bombing and shelling, there was a glimmer of hope - to survive until victory. This, despite the cruel circumstances, dreamed of those who were driven by the Germans from their hometown for hundreds of kilometers. Iraida Modina, who was 11 years old, talks about how they met the soldiers of the Red Army. During the days of the Battle of Stalingrad, the Nazis drove their family - mother and three children into the barracks of the concentration camp. Miraculously, they got out of it and the next day saw that the Germans had burned down the barracks along with the people. Mother died of disease and hunger. “We were completely exhausted and looked like walking skeletons,” wrote Iraida Modina. - On the heads - purulent abscesses. We moved with difficulty ... Once our older sister Maria saw a horseman outside the window, on whose cap was a five-pointed red star. She flung open the door and fell at the feet of the incoming soldiers. I remember how she, in a shirt, hugging the knees of one of the soldiers, shaking with sobs, repeated: “Our saviors have come. My relatives! " The soldiers fed us and stroked our shorn heads. They seemed to us the closest people in the world. "

It is difficult to imagine such a thing in our pragmatic time, but just two months after the end of the fighting in Stalingrad, brigades of volunteer construction workers appeared.

It started like this. Kindergarten worker Alexandra Cherkasova offered to restore a small building on her own in order to quickly accept the children. The women took up saws and hammers, plastering and painting themselves. Volunteer brigades, which raised the destroyed city free of charge, began to be named after Cherkasova. Cherkasov brigades were created in broken workshops, among the ruins of residential buildings, clubs, schools. After their main shift, residents worked for another two to three hours, clearing roads, manually dismantling the ruins. Even children collected bricks for their future schools.

Especially for the Centenary

Target: To acquaint children with the historical events of the Great patriotic war for the liberation of Stalingrad from the fascist invaders.

Tasks:

1. To give children an idea of the courage and heroism of the defenders of Stalingrad;

2. To cultivate a sense of pride for their homeland, their people, a sense of compassion for those who have had a hard time during the war;

3. To form a respectful attitude towards the history of your country and its heritage;

4. Develop curiosity, observation, attention.

Preliminary work: excursions to the museum, to the monument - the memorial to fellow countrymen - Heroes of the Soviet Union in the central park; organization of an exhibition of books, paintings, photographs about the Battle of Stalingrad.

Material and equipment: projector and screen for viewing slides; sounds of battle, a song about Volgograd.

The course of the lesson.

Children, today is a significant day in the history of our Motherland, our region, our hometown of Volgograd - 70 years since the victory in the terrible battle of Stalingrad. Stalingrad was the name of Volgograd during the Great Patriotic War. This victory was won by our army over the fascist invaders on February 2, 1943. (Display on the time axis of the war period).

The fascists attacked our country and wanted to conquer all our cities, villages, all people, all our land. (Show on the world map the border where the conquerors came from). They gathered a huge army, thousands of tanks and aircraft, and began bombing cities, killing people, burning houses. Our entire country has risen to war against the fascist invaders. Men and very young guys went to the front to defend our Motherland, their children and mothers with arms in hand. Together with them, women and girls went to the front.

They served as nurses and doctors, treated the wounded, were radio operators and transmitted messages along the entire front, even were drivers and pilots and flew in airplanes, bombed enemy fortifications.

At factories and factories, where before the war they made tractors, machine parts, children's toys, tanks began to be produced, and they immediately left the factory for the front, made shells, grenades to defeat the Nazis. Women and teenagers worked together with men in factories.

A battle appeal appeared on the streets: “Everything for the front! Everything for the victory! "

(View slides on screen)

And the fascist troops were getting closer and closer to Stalingrad. In August 1942, enemy aircraft made about 1,700 sorties in one day, they brutally bombed the city. Walls of residential buildings, buildings of factories collapsed, people died. About 40 thousand people died these days. Black smoke of conflagrations and flames enveloped the city. But our soldiers did not surrender.

"We won't give up the city!" - the Stalingraders swore an oath. "No step back!" they said.

The river raged under a downpour of steel

The city was enveloped in both flame and smoke.

Let the bombs fall and the bullets whistle -

No step back! No step back!

Even metal and granite are crumbling here,

But the Russian fighter stands adamantly.

And proudly the words of fire sound:

- "No step back! No step back!"

V. Kostin.

The Nazis strove to seize the city in order to strike from here on the capital of our Motherland - Moscow. Looming over the city deadly danger... The fate of the entire country depended on the outcome of this battle.

From birth the earth has not seen

No siege, no such battle.

The earth trembled, and the fields turned red -

Everything was burning over the Volga - the river.

(Slideshow)

The battles were fought for every street, every house, floor of a house. Our soldiers defended every meter of their hometown, homeland. It was very difficult for them to win, there were many fascists, and they did not want to retreat. Many soldiers perished in heavy battles, thousands were wounded, but our soldiers stood firm.

For every house, but there were no houses -

Charred scary remnants

For every meter, but to the Volga from the hills

Tanks crawled with a viscous howl ...

And there were meters only to that water.

And the Volga was cold with trouble.

The whole country watched with bated breath the outcome of this terrible battle. All people helped the soldiers as best they could. Women and girls knitted and transferred woolen socks and mittens, warm clothes to the front. Stalingrad was defended by all means - trains with weapons, food, ammunition were flowing in an endless stream.

Where was Stalingrad once,

The chimneys were just sticking out.

There was a thick and gray stench,

The earth groaned in pain.

We stood to death as best they could

They did not look for a more reliable place.

“There is no land for us beyond the Volga!” -

As an oath, it was often repeated.

The courage of the defenders of the heroic city on the Volga helped to withstand all the tests. Soviet soldiers kept their oath, they defended Stalingrad! Many of them died, but did not surrender to the enemy. The words "Fight to the death!" had a direct meaning here - our soldiers fought for the city for 200 days, and in January 1943 they liberated it from the Nazis. On February 2, 1943, the battle on the Volga ended in our victory.

The huge city lay in ruins. Residential buildings, schools and kindergartens, hospitals and theaters were destroyed. City streets, squares and courtyards were torn apart by explosions, dug out with trenches, littered with the rubble of collapsed buildings. Everywhere, wherever you look, broken guns, planes, tanks, cars ...

(Slideshow)

As soon as the fighting ended, people began to return to the city. They congratulated each other on the victory, hugged and cried with joy, thanked the soldiers and officers for the liberation of the city.

On February 4, a rally took place on the Square of the Fallen Fighters. Both soldiers and residents of the city gathered here. The famous heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad - Marshals Chuikov, Rodimtsev, Shumilov, spoke before them.

Residents of the city, adults and children, began to clear the rubble. The surviving buildings were adapted for housing.

70 years have passed ... The city is the hero of Volgograd, he received such a title for the heroism and courage of its defenders, rebuilt again, flaunts on the banks of the Volga River.

(Slideshow)

Wonderful residential buildings, schools and kindergartens, theaters and hospitals, factories and plants have been built here, gardens and parks have been laid out.

As a token of gratitude and respect, in memory of the heroic history of the city, in many places of our region there are monuments to the defenders of the Stalingrad land. People bring flowers to their foot to bow down to the ground to those who gave their lives for us to live. For our children to enjoy everyone the coming day, and did not shudder from the roar of shells and did not cry from hunger and fear. Name, guys, the monuments that are in our village.

The war is over long ago

But the Russian memory is alive.

And everyone knows, young and old:

The soldier won the victory.

And in distant cities, and in close

Obelisks are standing for the soldiers.

Anya Kostenko.

Children, do you know the most important monument to the defenders of Stalingrad? Yes, this is Mamaev Kurgan. The land soaked in the blood of heroes is sacred to us. To commemorate the victory over the Nazi troops, a majestic monument of eternal glory to the heroes of the Great Patriotic War was erected on Mamayev Kurgan.

(View slides). Impressions of children who visited Mamaev Kurgan.

Every year artillery fireworks thunder over the city in honor of the victory. Day and night, the Eternal Flame burns at the sacred graves of the defenders of the hero-city of Volgograd. They gave their lives for their Motherland, for victory, for our happiness. I propose to honor the memory of those who died in the war with a minute of silence.

City of happiness and sun, you are beautiful again

And you stand majestically over the Volga.

Volgograd is our valor and our love!

Volgograd is our pride and glory!

V. Kostin.

Many poets and composers sang the feat of the defenders of Stalingrad in poetry and songs.

The song about the hero-city of Volgograd is played by V. Derbisher.

The Battle of Stalingrad is briefly the most important thing for preschoolers. The battle of Stalingrad: briefly the most important thing about the defeat of the German troops. The balance of forces, periods

Defensive stage of the Battle of Stalingrad

The significance of the Battle of Stalingrad

The last

You need to know