Russian Granite missiles are a deadly threat to the US Navy. Submarines of the project "Antey" will receive new weapons - missile systems "Caliber" and "Onyx Granit lens 7t m2 for guiding cruise missiles
last information from the sidelines of the defense industry complex - the submarines of project 949A "Antey" will begin to undergo a rearmament program. The Granit missile systems will be replaced by the Caliber and Onyx missile systems. On given time submarines of the Antey series use RK Granit.
Let's take a closer look at these systems:
Granite
The Granit complex uses the P-700 3M-45 cruise missile. The total number of missiles on board "Anteyev" is 24 units. Main characteristics of RC "Granite":
- operating range up to 600 kilometers;
- control of ARLGSN + INS;
- the weight of the missile warhead - up to 500 kg in the nuclear version, up to 750 kg in the penetrating version;
- rocket weight about 7 tons;
- rocket speed 1.5 / 2.5 M.
Anti-ship cruise missile. The development of the complex was started by NPO Mashinostroeniya (OKB-52) VN Chelomey (since 1984, General Designer - GA Efremov) in 1969, Chief Designer - VI Patrushev, since 1978 - VA Vishnyakov, since 2003 after the establishment of the directorate of NPO "Mashinostroyenia" for the KR "Granit" - AA Malinin. The development of the Granit rocket was a continuation of work on the creation of an underwater launch rocket with a range of 400-600 km and a flight speed of 3200-3600 km / h of the P-500P type (carrier - SSGN pr.688, project).
The "Granite" complex had a number of qualitatively new properties. For the first time they created a long-range missile with an autonomous control system. The on-board control system was built on the basis of a powerful three-processor computer with the use of several information channels, which made it possible to successfully understand the complex jamming environment and highlight the true targets against the background of any noise. The creation of this system was carried out by a team of scientists and designers of the Central Research Institute "Granit" under the leadership of its General Director, Hero of Socialist Labor, Lenin Prize winner V.V. Pavlov.
The rocket embodies the rich experience of NGOs in the creation of electronic systems of artificial intelligence, which makes it possible to act against a single ship on the principle of "one missile - one ship" or "flock" against the order of ships. The missiles themselves will distribute and classify targets according to the importance, choose the attack tactics and the plan for its implementation. To eliminate errors when choosing a maneuver and hitting a given target, the on-board computer of the anti-ship missile system contains electronic data on modern classes of ships. In addition, the vehicle also contains purely tactical information, for example, about the type of ship orders, which allows the rocket to determine who is in front of it - a convoy, aircraft carrier or landing group, and attack the main targets in its composition.
Rocket 3M45 / SS-N-19 SHIPWRECK complex "Granit" in the museum of NPO Mashinostroenie, Reutov
Also in the onboard computer there is data on countermeasures electronic warfare the enemy, capable of setting up jamming to divert missiles from the target, tactics of evading fire from air defense means. As the designers say, after the launch of the rocket, they themselves decide which of them will attack which target and what maneuvers for this need to be carried out in accordance with the mathematical algorithms laid down in the program of behavior. The missile also has the means of counteracting the attacking missiles. Having destroyed the main target in the ship group, the remaining missiles attack other ships of the order, eliminating the possibility of two missiles hitting the same target.
In 1966-1967. in OKB-670 MM Bondaryuk was preparing a project of the 4D-04 engine of the original scheme for the CR "Granit", designed for a speed of M \u003d 4. Subsequently, for this rocket, a serial cruise turbojet engine KR-93 at M \u003d 2.2 was chosen. The rocket has a turbojet engine and an annular solid-propellant booster in the tail section, which starts operation under water. For the first time, the complex engineering problem of starting the engine in a very short time was solved when the rocket emerged from under the water.
The ability to maneuver missiles made it possible to implement a rational battle order in a salvo with the most effective trajectory shape. This ensured the successful overcoming of fire resistance by a strong ship group.
TTX missiles:
Hull length - 8840 mm (or missiles with CPC?)
Case diameter - 1140 mm
Wingspan - 2600 mm
The diameter of the circumscribed circle (missile in a container) - 1350 mm
Starting weight - 7360 kg
CPC weight - 1760 kg
Warhead weight:
- 584 kg
- 750 kg (conventional warhead according to other data)
- 618 kg (according to unconfirmed confused data, lenta.ru)
Range of action:
- 700-800 km (on a high-altitude trajectory, according to the TTZ VPK at the USSR Council of Ministers in 1966)
- 200 km (on a low-altitude trajectory, according to TTZ VPK at SM USSR 1966)
- 500 km (according to TTZ VPK at the USSR Council of Ministers 1968)
- 700 km (for coastal targets)
- 625 km (nuclear warhead, high-altitude trajectory, unconfirmed data)
- 500-550 km (anti-ship missiles, conventional warhead, high-altitude trajectory, unconfirmed data)
- 200 km (nuclear warhead, low-altitude trajectory)
- 145 km (anti-ship missiles, conventional warhead, low-altitude trajectory)
Flight speed:
- 3500-4000 km / h (according to the TTZ VPK at the USSR Council of Ministers 1966)
- 2500-3000 km / h (according to the TTZ VPK at the USSR Council of Ministers 1968)
- 1.5-1.6 M (at low height)
- 2.5-2.6 M (at high altitude)
Flight altitude:
- 20,000-24,000 m (according to the TTZ VPK at the USSR Council of Ministers in 1966)
- up to 14000 m
Sectional diagram of the 3M45 anti-ship missile system of the 3K45 "Granit" - SS-N-19 SHIPWREK complex. High-explosive penetrating warhead.
It should be said that none of the previous cruise missiles created at NPOM has concentrated and successfully implemented so many new and most complex tasks as in the Granit rocket. The most complex design of the rocket required a large amount of ground tests in hydro-pools, wind tunnels, at heat resistance stands, etc.
After carrying out the full volume of ground testing for the CR and its main elements (control systems, main engine, etc.), flight design tests began in November 1975. The complex was presented for state tests in 1979. The tests were carried out on coastal stands and lead ships: the submarine and the cruiser "Kirov". The tests were successfully completed in August 1983, and by the CM Decree of March 12, 1983, the Granit complex was adopted by the Navy.
The missiles of the new universal missile complex of the third generation "Granit" had both underwater and surface launches, a firing range of 550 km, a conventional or nuclear warhead, several flexible adaptive trajectories (depending on the operational and tactical situation in the sea and airspace of the operation area) , the flight speed is 2.5 times the speed of sound. The TNT equivalent of the warhead of each missile is 618 kg, the radius of action damaging factors - 1200 meters.
Warhead types:
- nuclear power up to 500 kt - according to other unconfirmed data 618 kt, radius of destruction - 1200 m; according to agreements between the USSR and the USA (1991), cruise missiles with nuclear warheads are not based on the ships of the Russian and US Navy;
A high-explosive-penetrating warhead developed by NPO Altai (Biysk), put into service in 1983. The warhead has an armored body and a deceleration fuse.
The complex provided salvo firing with all ammunition with a rational spatial arrangement of missiles and an anti-jamming autonomous selective control system. When creating "Granit", for the first time, an approach was used, the basis of which is the mutual coordination of elements of a complex system (target designation means - carrier - anti-ship missiles).
As a result, the created complex for the first time acquired the ability to solve any problem of naval combat with an outfit of fire weapons from one carrier. Based on the experience of the combat and operational training of the Navy, it is almost impossible to shoot down such a missile. Even if you hit "Granite" with an anti-missile, the missile, due to its enormous mass and speed, can maintain its initial flight speed and, as a result, fly to the target.
Launchers SM-233A anti-ship missiles "Granit" on aircraft carrier pr.1143.5
The Granit missile system is armed with 12 Project 949A nuclear-powered submarines of the Antey type, 24 anti-ship missiles each, with an underwater speed of more than 30 knots. Four Project 1144 heavy nuclear missile cruisers (of the "Peter the Great" type) carry 20 missiles each in individual SM-233 underdeck launchers. PU are located obliquely - at an angle of 47º. Before launching missiles, containers are filled with water. In addition, these missiles are equipped with the TAVKR "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov" (pr. 1143.5) - 12 anti-ship missiles.
Each submarine costs 10 times less than the US Navy's Nimitz-class aircraft carrier. There are virtually no other forces in the Russian Armed Forces capable of actually resisting the aircraft carrier threat. Taking into account the ongoing upgrades of the carriers themselves, the missile complex and the Granit anti-ship missile system, the created group is capable of operating effectively until 2020.
| Description | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Developer | TsKBM | ||
| Designation | complex | P-700 "Granite" | |
| rocket | 3M45 | ||
| NATO designation | SS-N-19 "Shipwreck" | ||
| First start | 1975 | ||
| Control system | inertial with active radar final guidance | ||
| Length, m | 10 | ||
| Wingspan, m | 2,6 | ||
| Diameter, m | 0,85 | ||
| Starting weight, kg | 7000 | ||
| Warhead type | high-explosive cumulative | nuclear (500 kt) | |
| Warhead weight, kg | 750 | ||
| Power point | |||
| Cruising engine | TRD KR-93 | ||
| Traction, kgf (kN) | |||
| Starting and accelerating stage | solid fuel | ||
| Flight data | |||
| Speed, km / h (M \u003d) | on high | 2800 (2,5) | |
| by the ground | (1,5) | ||
| Launch range, km | 550 (625) | ||
| Cruising altitude, m | |||
http://youtu.be/rAfnkCCpkOU
Onyx
The Onyx missile system uses the P-800 3M55 cruise missile. Onyx is an anti-ship missile medium range and is intended to destroy enemy surface ships with active fire and electronic countermeasures.
The rocket was created at one time in opposition to the American "Harpoons".
Main characteristics:
- rocket weight 3.1 tons;
- rocket speed 2 / 2.6 M;
- firing range 120-300 kilometers;
- altitude characteristics from 10 to 14000 meters;
- inertial control + RLGSN;
- warhead weight 250 kilograms.
What gives the use of the rocket:
- autonomy of application (the concept of "fire and forget");
- the use of subtle trajectories;
- high supersonic flight speed;
- the use of unobtrusive technologies such as "Stealth";
- high noise immunity.
The developer of BASU anti-ship missile system "Yakhont" - Central Research Institute "Granit".
The power plant of the anti-ship missile system includes a sustainer supersonic ramjet engine (SPVRD) with an integral starting solid-propellant booster. The SPVRD was developed by the NPO "Flame". In 1983 a preliminary design was prepared, and in 1987 flight tests of the engine as part of the rocket began.
SPVRD is designed for cruising flight at a speed of 2.0-3.5 M in the altitude range from 0 to 20 thousand meters. Engine thrust - 4000 kgf, dry weight (combustion chamber) - 200 kg. The SPVRD air intake is nasal axisymmetric with a central cone. SPVRD is equipped with a thrust change system with an adjustable nozzle.
In fact, the entire rocket - from the frontal air intake to the nozzle exit is a power plant organically combined with the airframe. With the exception of the central air intake cone, which houses the control system units, the homing radar antenna and the warhead, all the internal volumes of the rocket, including the air path of the ramjet engine, are used for the sustainer fuel and the built-in solid-propellant starting and accelerating stage.
After the missile leaves the launch container, a solid-propellant upper stage is activated, installed according to the principle of "nesting dolls" in the combustion chamber of the main engine. A few seconds of its operation accelerate the rocket to a speed of Mach 2. Then the starter turns off, it is thrown out of the cruise by the incoming air flow, and the Yakhont continues its flight at a speed of Mach 2.5, provided by a ramjet liquid jet engine. The missile is equipped with a combined guidance system (inertial on the cruising section of the trajectory and active radar on the final stage of the flight).
The flight task is formed according to data from an autonomous target designation source. A radar station (radar) of the seeker can capture a surface target of the "cruiser" class at a distance of up to 75 km. After the initial target acquisition, the rocket turns off the radar station and performs a descent to extremely low altitudes (about 5-10 m). As a result, in the middle segment, the flight is carried out under the lower boundary of the air defense zone. Later, after the release of the anti-ship missile system from behind the radio horizon, the radar turns on again, captures and accompanies the target at which the missile is guided. In this relatively short flight segment, the Yakhont's supersonic speed makes it difficult to hit it with short-range air defense systems, as well as jamming its homing head.
Due to the short flight time and long range of the homing head, the Yakhont anti-ship missile system does not impose strict requirements on the accuracy of target designation information.
An overview of the entire target position zone from a high altitude creates conditions for preliminary target distribution of missiles to the ships of the group and selection of false targets. The main advantage of the Yakhont missile is its target guidance program, which allows it to operate against a single ship on the principle of "one missile - one ship" or "flock" against the order of ships. It is in the volley that all the tactical capabilities of the complex are revealed. The missiles themselves distribute and classify the importance of the target, choose the attack tactics and the plan for its implementation. The autonomous control system contains data not only for countering enemy electronic warfare, but also methods for evading air defense weapons. Having destroyed the main target in the ship group, the remaining missiles attack other ships of the order, eliminating the possibility of two missiles hitting the same target. To exclude mistakes when choosing a maneuver and hitting a given target, electronic portraits of all modern classes of ships are embedded in the on-board computer (BCVM) of the rocket. In addition, the onboard computer also contains purely tactical information, for example, about the type of ships, which makes it possible to determine who is in front of it - a convoy, an aircraft carrier or an amphibious group, and to attack the main targets.
Early reduction of the missile in order to maintain the radio horizon relative to the target being fired ensures the disruption of anti-ship missile tracking by anti-aircraft missile systems, which, along with high supersonic speed and extremely low flight altitude in the homing area, dramatically reduces the ability to intercept the Yakhont anti-ship missile system of even the most advanced ship anti-aircraft defense.
The rocket itself is enclosed in a sealed transport and launch container (TPK). The density of the layout is evidenced by the almost complete absence of gaps between the cruise missile fuselage and the inner surface of the TPK. The dimensions of the rocket make it possible to increase the ammunition load of launch vehicles of the same class by two or three times.
The transport and launch cup is an integral part of the rocket. In the TPS, being completely ready for combat use, the rocket leaves the manufacturing plant, transported, stored and issued to the carrier. It is controlled without removing from the container through a special side connector. technical condition missiles and its systems.
TPS with a rocket is extremely unpretentious in operation, does not require the supply of liquid and gas and does not impose additional requirements for the microclimate in storage areas and on carriers. All this as a whole not only simplifies operation, but also serves as a guarantee of high reliability of equipment, which is in "comfortable" conditions throughout the entire service life.
| Description | ||
|---|---|---|
| Developer | NPO mechanical engineering | |
| Designation | complex | P-800 "Yakhont" ("Yakhont-M") |
| rocket | 3M55E | |
| NATO designation | SS-N-26 | |
| First start | 1987 | |
| Geometric and mass characteristics | ||
| Length, m | 8 | |
| Wingspan, m | 1,7 | |
| Diameter, m | 0,7 | |
| Starting weight, kg | 3000 | |
| Transport and launch cup (TPS) | length, m | 8,9 |
| diameter, m | 0,71 | |
| launch weight, kg | 3900 | |
| Power point | ||
| Cruising engine | SPVRD | |
| Traction, kgf (kN) | 4000 | |
| Compressor mass, kg | 200 | |
| Starting and accelerating stage | solid fuel | |
| CPC weight, kg | about 500 | |
| Flight data | ||
| Speed, m / s (M \u003d) | on high | 750 (2,6) |
| by the ground | (2) | |
| Launch range, km | along the combined trajectory | up to 300 |
| low-altitude trajectory | up to 120 | |
| Flight altitude, m | on the march | 14000 |
| on a low-altitude trajectory | 10-15 | |
| at the goal | 5-15 | |
| Control system | autonomous with inertial navigation system and radar homing head | |
| GOS | range, km | up to 80 |
| target capture angle, degrees | +/- 45 | |
| weight, kg | 89 | |
| readiness time, min | 2 | |
| Warhead type | penetrating | |
| Warhead weight, kg | 200 (250) | |
| Tilt of the launcher, deg. | 0-90 | |
| Combat readiness of the complex for launch from a cold state of the carrier equipment, min | 4 | |
| Interregional checks time, year | 3 | |
| Warranty period of operation, year | 7 | |
http://youtu.be/HNztSsjmLYU
Caliber
The Club-S or Caliber-PLE missile system using the ZM-54E Caliber missile is designed for installation on underwater carriers, its main purpose is to defeat enemy surface ships of any type with strong fire and electronic countermeasures.
The ARGS-54 homing head is made with high anti-jamming protection and continues to work at 6-point sea state.
The rocket consists of the main parts - a launch booster, a subsonic marching stage, and a supersonic penetrating warhead.
The 3M-54E1 rocket can also be used on underwater carriers. It differs from the ZM-54E in a shorter length (620 cm), a double warhead weight and an increased range of use. 3M-54E1 does not have a detachable warhead.
For the first time they started talking about the Caliber rocket in 1999 after the exhibition in Singapore.
Main characteristics:
- missile length 8.22 / 6.2 m;
- starting weight 2300/1800 kg;
- penetrating warhead land mine 200/400 kg;
- range of destruction 220/300 km;
- rocket speed: marching 0.8M, target about 3M;
- flight height 10-150 meters;
- range of application up to 65 kilometers;
- control of INS + RLGSN;
What gives the use of the rocket:
- can be used in a salvo of missiles;
- all-season and all-weather application;
- practical invisibility due to flight at low altitudes.
History of creation
The missile systems "Club-N" and "Club-S" have been developed and produced (main elements) by the OKB "Novator" (Yekaterinburg). The first test launch of an anti-ship missile (ASM), according to media reports, took place from a nuclear submarine (nuclear submarine) in the Northern Fleet in March 2000, the second in June of the same year from a project 877 diesel submarine (DPL) of the Baltic Fleet. Both launches were considered successful.
The first main element of the system is the Alfa universal rocket, which was demonstrated in 1993 (10 years after the start of its development) at the arms exhibition in Abu Dhabi and at the MAKS-93 international aerospace show in Zhukovsky. In the same year, she was put into service.
According to Western classification, the missile received the designation SS-N-27 Sizzler (from "sizzle" - a hissing sound made by boiling oil in a pan). In Russia and abroad (according to various media reports, reference books of the Jane "s series, etc.), it was designated as Klub," Turquoise "(Biryuza) and" Alpha "(Alpha or Alfa).
Appointment
The Club-N missile system is designed to destroy enemy surface ships and submarines of all types during combat operations under conditions of strong electronic and fire resistance.
Composition
The missile system includes missile (attack missile) complexes (RK) "Club-N" (Club-N) and "Club-S" (Club-S), which are installed on surface ships and submarines, respectively, as strike missile weapons ...
Missile systems, in turn, include weapons of war (missiles for various purposes, a universal control system - control systems, launchers), as well as a universal complex of ground equipment that solves the problems of technical support.
Rockets the systems are largely unified among themselves, but, depending on the purpose and base, they have different names and some differences:
The underwater-based anti-ship cruise missile (ASM) ZM-54E of the Club-S complex (Club-S) is designed to destroy surface ships of various classes (cruiser, destroyer, landing ship, transport, small rocket ship, etc.), both single and and acting as part of a group, in conditions of organized opposition. The homing head of the ARGS-54 rocket (JSC Radar-MMS, St. Petersburg) with a maximum range of about 60 km, 70 cm in length, 42 cm in diameter and 40 kg in weight, has high noise immunity and can function in rough seas 5 -6 points. The rocket consists of a launch booster, a low-flying subsonic sustainer stage and a detachable supersonic penetrating warhead. Surface-based anti-ship missiles 3M-54TE are used in the Club-N rocket and are distinguished by the presence of a transport and launch container (TPK) for launching from a vertical (VPU) or inclined launcher (PU) unit;
The two-stage anti-ship KR ZM-54E1 submarine complex "Club-S" (Club-S) is designed to defeat the same targets as 3M-54E, but differs from the latter in a shorter length (6.2 m), doubled in weight Warhead and 1.4 times the firing range. This makes it possible to place it on surface ships of small displacement and to use it on submarines from torpedo tubes of NATO standard shortened to 6.2 m. For the first time information about this missile was presented at an arms exhibition in Singapore (May 1999) and in the same year in Russia at an arms exhibition in Nizhny Tagil. The rocket consists of a launch booster and a low-flying subsonic sustainer stage (does not have a supersonic detachable combat stage). The subsonic anti-ship missile system ZM-54E1 can be installed on ships of small displacement and foreign submarines with shortened torpedo tubes. PKR 3M-54TE1 is used in the Club-N (Club-N) complex and is distinguished by the presence of a TPK for launching from vertical UVP or inclined launchers;
Anti-submarine (sometimes called ballistic) guided missile (PLUR) 91RE1 is designed to destroy enemy submarines. The warhead of the missile is a high-speed anti-submarine torpedo (MPT-1UME) or an underwater missile (APR-3ME) with a sonar homing system, used in the Club-S complex. The rocket is launched from a 533-mm torpedo tube about 8 m long at a carrier speed of up to 15 knots. The solid-propellant engine of the first stage of the rocket ensures its movement on the underwater section of the trajectory, exit from the water and climb. After the separation of the starting stage, the second stage engine is switched on, which ensures a controlled flight of the rocket to the design point, where the warhead is separated from the rocket body, searches and aims at the target. PLUR 91RTE2 is used in the "Club-N" (Club-N) complex, it differs in the size and design of the starting engine and the presence of a TPK for launching from UVP or inclined launchers;
The two-stage cruise missile for hitting ground (coastal) targets underwater (ZM-14E) and surface (3M-14TE) basing in appearance, aerodynamic design, overall characteristics and propulsion system is similar to the anti-ship missile system ZM-54E1 and is similar to the strategic missile system of the Republic of Kazakhstan -55 "Pomegranate" (firing range up to 3000 km). It is distinguished by a high-explosive (instead of a penetrating) warhead, which is detonated in the air to cause maximum damage to the object and an active radar homing head ARGS-14E (JSC Radar MMS, St. Petersburg) with a highly effective missile guidance system on the target at the end of the trajectory flight. According to these indicators, it surpasses foreign counterparts, incl. and the American Tomahawk, which could be jammed with GPS satellite navigation. With a launch weight of 2000 kg (warhead 450 kg) and a flight speed of up to 240 m / s, it is capable of hitting targets at a distance of up to 300 km. It was first shown in February 2004 at the 3rd International Exhibition of Land and Naval Armaments "Defexpo India" (Delhi). During its development, the strategic cruise missile "Granat" (NATO code SS-N-21 Sampson) was used as a prototype, designed to arm nuclear submarines of project 971, 945, 671RTM, 667AT, etc.
The main characteristics of the RCC
| 3M-54E / TE | 3M54E1 / TE1 | |
| Length, m | 8,220/8,916 | 6,200/8,916 |
| Diameter, m | 0, 533/0, 645 | 0, 533/0, 645 |
| Maximum firing range, km | 200 | 300/275 |
| Flight altitude, m on the march in the final section | 10-20 less than 10 | 10-20 less than 10 |
| Maximum speed, M on the march in the final section | 0,6-0,8 0,6-0,8 | 0,6-0,8 0,6-0,8 |
| Weight, kg: starting (without TPK) Warhead | 2300/1951 200 | 1780/1505 400 |
| inertial + active seeker | ||
Main characteristics of PLUR
| 91RE1 | 91RTE2 | |
| Caliber, mm | 533 | 514 |
| Length, m | 7,65 | 6,2 |
| Launch depth, m | 20-150 | . |
| Firing range, km from a depth of 20-50 m from a depth of 150 m | 5-50 5-35 | 40 . |
| Number of missiles in a salvo of 1 target, pcs | up to 4 | up to 4 |
| Maximum flight speed, M | 2,5 | up to 2 |
| Weight with warhead (MPT-1UME), kg Warhead | 2100 300 | 1200 300 |
| Trajectory | ballistic | |
| Control and guidance system | inertial | |
| Prelaunch preparation time, s | 10 | 10 |
Ship universal control system (SU) missile complex, operating in real time, is intended for prelaunch preparation of missiles, formation and entry of a flight task. According to target designation data from the combat information and control system (radar complex, entered by the operator), and according to information from the ship's navigation equipment, the SU generates data for firing, controls prelaunch preparation and launch, as well as routine check of missiles.
All control system devices, except for the missile weapon control panel, are maintenance-free and waterproof. The equipment is fire and explosion proof.
Features:
The missile system "Club" (Club) can be used in almost any physical, geographical and weather climatic conditions day and night.
The presence in the system of missiles for various purposes with a unified ship part allows you to change the composition of the ammunition load of missiles on carriers, depending on the task at hand and the specific combat situation.
Currently rocket system "Club" (Club) has no world analogues. With its wide application, it is capable of drastically changing the nature of naval combat, which makes it possible to make even a small and "weak" fleet a serious threat to large enemy naval groupings and disrupt its important sea communications.
In foreign reference books of the Jane "s series, it is considered a system of anti-sub / ship cruise missile (ASCM) missiles.
http://youtu.be/9K7EX_ItvVERearmament of submarines.
The St. Petersburg Central Design Bureau Rubin designed the modernization of the Antey submarines.
Due to the practically identical mass and dimensional characteristics, the new missile systems will be placed in "old" containers, in which on this moment stored rockets "Granite".
According to the data available at the present time, the replacement of the complexes will be carried out at the Severodvinsk plant of Zvezdochka TsS and the Far East plant of Zvezda.
At the moment, the Russian Navy is routinely carrying out modernization and repair of the Antey submarines. In November of this year, the Zvezdochka plant completed the repair and modernization of the Voronezh submarine numbered K-119.
In its place, a submarine of the Antey project, the nuclear submarine Smolensk, numbered K-410, has already been installed for repair work. These submarines are operational combat submarines of the Northern Fleet.
The main characteristics of the submarines of the Antey project:
- length 154 meters;
- width 12.2 meters;
- displacement of 24,000 tons;
- ship speed underwater 32 knots, surface 15 knots;
- autonomy 120 days;
Armament:
- twelve paired launchers with 24 CR "Granite"
- 2 TA 650 mm and 4 TA 533 mm, ammunition 28 torpedoes.
These complexes are planned to re-equip the submarines of the Yasen project (project 885).
One of the first nuclear-powered submarines of the Yasen project, the Severodvinsk nuclear submarine, will become part of the Russian Navy in 2012.
Anti-ship cruise missile
P-700 / 3M-45 "Granite"missile complex 3K-45 was developed by NPO Mashinostroeniya (Reutov), \u200b\u200bchief designers - V.I. Patrushev and V.A. Vishnyakov (since 1978). As of 2012-2013. chief designer in the direction - Konstantin Danilov.
The development of the Granit missile was a continuation of work on the creation of submarine-launch P-500P anti-ship missiles (ASMs) with a range of 400-600 km and a flight speed of 3200-3600 km / h, which were carried out in connection with the strengthening of the air defense of aircraft carriers of the US Navy with F-14 fighters with Phoenix missiles and multichannel radar. To achieve a guaranteed defeat of an aircraft carrier strike group, it was supposed to strike with a group of anti-ship missiles of at least 20 pieces. The development of the rocket was started by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 539-186 of July 10, 1969 on the R&D "Granit" for the creation of the complex;
Missile tests began at the ground stand in November 1975 near Cape Fiolent in the Crimea. Flight tests of the Granit complex were carried out from mid-1979 to the end of 1980 at the Nenoksa test site. Joint tests of the complex and carriers were carried out from 1980 to August 1981 Launches were carried out from the missile cruiser "Kirov" pr.1144 during the state tests of the cruiser from September to December 1980. The first launch from the lead nuclear submarine with cruise missiles (SSGN ) K-525 pr.949 "Granit" was produced on December 8, 1980. Joint tests were completed in August 1981 - a total of 20 launches from SSGNs and 8 launches from the Kirov missile cruiser were carried out (in August 1981, 4 missile launches were carried out ).
The complex was adopted by the USSR Navy by Decree of the USSR Council of Ministers No. 686-214 dated July 19, 1983. The missiles were produced by the Orenburg Machine-Building Plant (PA "Strela").
Rocket 3M-45 "Granite"
The western designation of the Granite missiles is SS-N-19 SHIPWRECK.
Carriers of the 3K-45 "Granit" missile system in the Russian Navy
- Heavy aircraft-carrying cruisers pr.1143.5, pr.1143.6 and pr.1143.7 ("Ulyanovsk") - 12 under-deck launchers SM-233A, 1 ship has been commissioned - nowadays "Admiral of the Soviet Union Fleet Kuznetsov". In the late 1990s, the combat post of the Granit missile system was put out of action.
- Project 1165 nuclear missile cruiser "Fugas" (project) - 32-48 under-deck launchers (project not implemented).
- Project 1144 Orlan nuclear missile cruisers - 20 underdeck launchers SM-233 (at the cruiser design stage - 16 launchers), 4 ships were commissioned:
- "Kirov" pr.1144 (now - "Admiral Ushakov") - 1980
- "Frunze" pr.1144.2 (now - "Admiral Lazarev") - 1984
- "Kalinin" pr.1144.2 (now - "Admiral Nakhimov") - 1988
- "Peter the Great" pr 1144.2 - 1998 - Project 1293 nuclear missile cruiser (project) - 16 underdeck launchers (project not implemented).
- SSGN pr.688 (draft) - missiles P-500P (draft) in launch containers identical or similar to the missile launcher "Malachite" SSGN pr.670.
- SSGN pr.949 "Granit" - 24 PU SM-225, 2 SSGNs were commissioned (withdrawn from the Navy in 1996):
- K-525 - 1980
- K-206 - 1983 - SSGN pr.949A - 24 PU SM-225A, 11 SSGNs were commissioned, 2 SSGNs (K-139 and K-135) were unfinished.
Rocket design
The rocket is made according to the normal aerodynamic design with a delta wing, triangular keels and stabilizers, triangular stabilizers are also used at the launch and acceleration stage, the aerodynamic surfaces are folded in the pre-launch position. The toroidal starting and accelerating system is dropped after working off, the air intake cap and the nozzle cover of the main turbojet engine are fired off immediately after launch (the rocket exits above the water surface during an underwater launch).
Engines:
- starting and accelerating stage - solid propellant motor;
- marching - short-life turbojet engine KR-21-300.
Length - 8.84 m Case diameter - 1.14 m Diameter of the transport and launch container - 1.35 m Wingspan - 2.6 m Starting weight - 7360 kg Warhead weight - 750 kg Range of action: - 700-800 km (on a high-altitude trajectory, according to TTZ VPK at SM USSR 1966) - 200 km (on a low-altitude trajectory, according to TTZ VPK at SM USSR in 1966) - 500 km (according to TTZ VPK at SM USSR 1968 .) - 700 km (high-altitude trajectory) - 200 km (low-altitude trajectory) Flight speed: - 3500-4000 km / h (according to TTZ VPK at SM USSR 1966) - 2500-3000 km / h (according to TTZ VPK at SM USSR in 1968) - 1.5-1.6 M (at low altitude) - 2.5-2.6 M (at high altitude) Flight altitude: - 200-24000 mTTX missile P-700 "Granite"
The layout of the P-700 "Granit" rocket
The missile is used with two types of warheads: - nuclear power up to 500 kt; according to agreements between the USSR and the USA (1991), cruise missiles with nuclear warheads are not based on the ships of the Russian and US Navy; - high-explosive-penetrating warhead developed by NPO Altai (Biysk). The warhead has an armored body and a deceleration fuse.Combat equipment
Launch of the 3M45 Granite rocket from the nuclear-powered missile cruiser of pr.11442 "Peter the Great", September 19, 2017 (http://mil.ru)
The missile control system is inertial with correction according to the guidance system, which includes several on-board computers, an active radar homing head (GOS) and an information exchange system between missiles (SOIR) of a salvo with several channels for receiving and transmitting information. The GOS radar antenna is located in the central body of the engine air intake. The missile guidance algorithms use the logic of choosing the main target in the order of ships. The size of targets and the distance of targets from the point of expected target coordinates were analyzed. This algorithm made it possible to select the largest target in the order of ships. Later, a similar algorithm was used on the RCC. In a group launch of missiles after a target is detected by the missile's radar (radio-locating sight), target distribution takes place using the SOIR, according to the target type entered at launch. After determining the coordinates of the targets assigned during target distribution and their movement parameters, the missile with the radar off is lowered to a low altitude and flies to the point of the intended target coordinates. When approaching the point of the expected coordinates of the target, the radar turns on and the target is locked. Each anti-ship missile system reaches its goal according to the previously carried out target allocation.Control system and guidance
Modifications:
P-500P - a project of an underwater launch rocket with a flight speed of more than 3000 km / h, developed by OKB-52 for arming the SSGN pr.688 in the mid-1960s.
Complex P-700 / 3K-45 "Granite", missile 3M-45 - the main version of the anti-ship missile, adopted by the Navy of the USSR and Russia.
Complex 3K45-2 "Granit-2", rocket 3M45-2 - a modernized version of the complex with updated equipment. Development started in 2001 but has not been completed.
"New Defense Order. Strategies"
IOM began development of the Granit long-range anti-ship missile.
Back in the mid-60s, during the development of the Amethyst and Malakhit complexes, General Designer VN Chelomey came to the conclusion that it was necessary and possible to take a new step towards universalizing the launch conditions for long-range missiles. He came up with a proposal to develop a new complex with cruise missiles capable of launching from under water, and in terms of range and flight speed, not inferior to the Basalt complex. It was supposed to equip with this complex both submarines (project 949 "Granite") and surface ships. The new complex was named Granite. In the process of creating the Granit complex, for the first time, all the main subcontractors of the branched cooperation worked out many (up to one or two dozen) variants of design solutions for a cruise missile, an onboard control system, and a submarine. Then these options were evaluated in terms of combat effectiveness, cost and time of creation, feasibility, and on the basis of the analysis, the requirements for a cruise missile and other elements of the weapon system were formulated.
Since the creation of the first anti-ship missiles capable of hitting surface ships at very long ranges, the question arose of providing anti-ship missiles with target designation data. On a global scale, this task could only be solved with the help of spacecraft.
Theoretical basis the construction of such a space system, the parameters of their orbits, the relative position of satellites in orbits were developed directly with the participation of Academician M.V. Keldysh. The system, created at TsKBM, consisted of several radar and electronic reconnaissance satellites, from which data on detected targets could be directly transmitted to the KR carrier or to ground points. 
The "Granite" complex had a number of qualitatively new properties. For the first time they created a long-range missile with an autonomous control system. The on-board control system was built on the basis of a powerful three-processor computer with the use of several information channels, which made it possible to successfully understand the complex jamming environment and highlight the true targets against the background of any noise. The creation of this system was carried out by a team of scientists and designers of the Central Research Institute "Granit" under the leadership of its General Director, Hero of Socialist Labor, Lenin Prize winner V.V. Pavlov.
The rocket embodies the rich experience of NGOs in the creation of electronic systems of artificial intelligence, which makes it possible to act against a single ship on the principle of "one missile - one ship" or "flock" against the order of ships. The missiles themselves will distribute and classify targets according to the importance, choose the attack tactics and the plan for its implementation. To eliminate errors when choosing a maneuver and hitting a given target, the on-board computer of the anti-ship missile system contains electronic data on modern ship classes. In addition, the vehicle also contains purely tactical information, for example, about the type of ship orders, which allows the rocket to determine who is in front of it - a convoy, aircraft carrier or landing group, and attack the main targets in its composition. 
Also in the on-board computer there is data on countering the enemy's electronic warfare, capable of jamming missiles away from the target, tactics for evading the fire of air defense equipment. As the designers say, after launching the rocket, they themselves decide which of them will attack which target and which maneuvers for this need to be carried out in accordance with the mathematical algorithms incorporated in the program of behavior. The missile also has the means of counteracting the attacking missiles. Having destroyed the main target in the ship group, the remaining missiles attack other ships of the order, eliminating the possibility of two missiles hitting the same target.
In 1966-1967. in OKB-670 MM Bondaryuk was preparing a project of the 4D-04 engine of the original scheme for the KR "Granit", designed for speed M \u003d 4. Subsequently, for this rocket, a serial cruise turbojet engine KR-93 at M \u003d 2.2 was chosen. The rocket has a turbojet engine and an annular solid-propellant booster in the tail section, which starts operation under water. For the first time, the complex engineering problem of starting the engine in a very short time was solved when the rocket emerged from under the water.
The ability to maneuver missiles made it possible to implement a rational battle order in a salvo with the most effective trajectory. This ensured the successful overcoming of fire resistance by a strong ship group.
It should be said that none of the previous cruise missiles created at NPOM have concentrated and successfully implemented so many new and most complex tasks as in the Granit rocket. The most complex design of the rocket required a large amount of ground tests in hydro-pools, wind tunnels, at heat resistance stands, etc. 
After carrying out the full scope of ground testing for the CR and its main elements (control systems, main engine, etc.), flight design tests began in November 1975. The complex was presented for state tests in 1979. The tests were carried out on coastal stands and lead ships: the submarine and the cruiser "Kirov". The tests were successfully completed in August 1983, and by the CM Decree of March 12, 1983, the Granit complex was adopted by the Navy.
The missiles of the new universal third-generation missile complex "Granit" had both underwater and surface launches, a firing range of 550 km, a conventional or nuclear warhead, several flexible adaptive trajectories (depending on the operational and tactical situation in the sea and airspace of the operation area) , the flight speed is 2.5 times the speed of sound. The TNT equivalent of the warhead of each missile is 618 kg, the radius of action of the damaging factors is 1200 meters.
The complex provided salvo firing with all ammunition with a rational spatial arrangement of missiles and an anti-jamming autonomous selective control system. When creating "Granit", for the first time, an approach was used, the basis of which is the mutual coordination of elements of a complex system (target designation means - carrier - anti-ship missiles). As a result, the created complex for the first time acquired the ability to solve any problem of naval combat with an outfit of fire weapons from one carrier. According to the experience of the combat and operational training of the Navy, it is almost impossible to shoot down such a missile. Even if you hit "Granite" with an anti-missile, the missile, due to its enormous mass and speed, can maintain its initial flight speed and, as a result, fly to the target.
The Granit missile system is armed with 12 Project 949A nuclear-powered submarines of the Antey type, 24 anti-ship missiles each, with a submerged speed of more than 30 knots. The four Project 1144 heavy nuclear missile cruisers (of the "Peter the Great" type) carry 20 missiles each in SM-233 individual underdeck launchers. PU are located obliquely - at an angle of 47º. Before launching missiles, containers are filled with water. In addition, these missiles are equipped with the TAVKR "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov" (pr. 1143.5) - 12 anti-ship missiles. 
Each submarine costs 10 times less than the US Navy's Nimitz-class aircraft carrier. There are practically no other forces in the Russian Armed Forces capable of actually resisting the aircraft carrier threat. Taking into account the ongoing upgrades of the carriers themselves, the missile system and the Granit anti-ship missile system, the created group is capable of operating effectively until 2020. Naturally, it is necessary to simultaneously develop and maintain combat-ready systems combat control forces, intelligence and target designation. In addition to combating AUG, the combat units of the grouping are capable of acting not only against formations of ships of all classes during armed conflicts of any intensity, but also effectively hitting targets on the enemy coast with missiles with a conventional warhead. If necessary, ships with the Granit complex can serve as a reserve for solving the tasks of the Naval Strategic Nuclear Forces.
The first photographs of the secret missile appeared only in 2001 after the tragic death of the K-141 Kursk submarine on August 12, 2000. After the submarine was lifted, 23 anti-ship missiles that were on board the nuclear submarine in the last voyage are unloaded for further disposal.
| Description | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Developer | TsKBM | ||
| Designation | complex | P-700 "Granite" | |
| 3M45 | |||
| NATO designation | SS-N-19 "Shipwreck" | ||
| First start | 1975 | ||
| Control system | inertial with active radar final guidance | ||
| Geometric and mass characteristics | |||
| Length, m | 10 | ||
| Wingspan, m | 2,6 | ||
| Diameter, m | 0,85 | ||
| Starting weight, kg | 7000 | ||
| Warhead type | high-explosive cumulative | nuclear (500 kt) | |
| Warhead weight, kg | 750 | ||
| Power point | |||
| Cruising engine | TRD KR-93 | ||
| Traction, kgf (kN) | |||
| Starting and accelerating stage | solid fuel | ||
| Flight data | |||
| Speed, km / h (M \u003d) | on high | 2800 (2,5) | |
| by the ground | (1,5) | ||
| Launch range, km | 550 (625) | ||
| Cruising altitude, m | |||
In years cold war the designers of the USSR and the USA initiated work on the creation of submarines containing super-high-speed rocket torpedoes and cruise missiles. The aggravated relations between the USSR and the United States became the reason for the appearance of missile cruisers equipped with anti-ship missiles and supersonic bombers in the Soviet armed forces. In 1983, the Soviet Navy adopted the P-700 supersonic cruise missile of the Granit complex. Since 1969, the beginning of its creation, and until today, the complex has been improved and passed more than one state test.
How was the weapon created?
The P-700 "Granite" rocket was developed at NPO Mashinostroeniya under the leadership of the chief designer VN Chelomey. In 1984 he was replaced by Herbert Efremov. For the first time, the P-700 cruise missile of the Granit complex was presented for state testing in 1979.
An on-board autonomous selective system that controls a supersonic cruise missile was assembled by scientists and designers of the Granit Central Research Institute. General Director V.V. Pavlov was appointed responsible for the operation of this section.
Testing was carried out using coastal stands, a submarine and the cruiser "Kirov". Since 1983, all design work has been completed, and the USSR Navy received the P-700 "Granit" complex at its disposal. The photo below shows the design features of the anti-ship missile.
During the work on the creation of the P-700 supersonic cruise missile, the principle of mutual coordination of three elements was used:
- Means for indicating the purpose.
- The carrier on which the missiles are installed.
As a result, the creation of a single complex out of these elements made it possible for the Navy of the Soviet Union to cope with the most difficult tasks of naval battles: to destroy powerful ship and aircraft carrier groups.
Which ships were armed with the new complex?
According to the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU, after a successful flight design test that took place in November 1975, the Granit complex was armed with:
- Antey is a nuclear submarine.
- Orlan is a heavy nuclear-powered missile cruiser.
- "Krechet" is a heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser.
- "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov".
- Heavy aircraft carrier.
- Peter the Great is a heavy cruiser.
The type of carrier is influenced by the dimensions of the rocket. Over time, the P-700 missiles need to be replaced by more versatile and compact anti-ship missiles with a shorter range. The need for replacement is also explained by their technical obsolescence.
Installation efficiency
To counter the real aircraft carrier threat from the US Air Force, Russian designers have found an asymmetric and cost-effective solution. Calculations have shown that the cost of completing each Russian submarine with the Granit complex is much cheaper for the country than for the United States and their aircraft carriers. After the modernization work and their carriers, the Granit anti-ship missiles, subject to their improvement and maintenance in combat readiness, can give high performance until 2020.
What is a tool?
The P-700 rocket of the "Granit" complex is a cigar-shaped product, the front part of which contains an annular air intake and a folding cruciform tail unit. The central part of the fuselage is equipped with a short wing with a high sweep. After launching the rocket, the wing unfolds. The rocket is adapted for sea and air space. Depending on the operational and tactical situation, the anti-ship missile system can use different flight paths. Complex "Granit" can fire a salvo from the available ammunition, and also use anti-ship missiles one by one. In such cases, the principle applies: one released P-700 - one damaged enemy ship.
What is the target of supersonic cruise missiles?
The typical task of the "Granite" complex is the destruction of sea targets. According to military experts, it is problematic to fire at coastal targets. This is explained by the fact that when aiming at terrestrial targets, the seeker (seeker) of the anti-ship missiles does not function. In such cases, an autonomous mode is designed for missiles, in which the homing heads are disabled. Instead, the inertial system performs the function of aiming the anti-ship missile system. The winged P-700s have a very high firing range at ground and coastal targets (higher than at sea targets). For the destruction of objects on land for the PRK does not require a descent to low altitudes. Despite this, such a use of cruise missiles without an activated seeker is an expensive task: the ammunition of the Granit complex is vulnerable to enemy air defenses.
How does the start take place?
The cruise missile P-700 "Granit" is set in motion by means of the KR-21-300 turbojet engine located along the central axis. At the rear of the rocket is a block that contains four solid propellant boosters. A special sealed transport and launch container is provided for storing the rocket. Before the launch of the Granit P-700 anti-ship missile system, the wings and empennage are in a folded position. With the help of a domed fairing, the air intake is covered. To ensure that the Granit P-700 installation during the launch of the rocket was not damaged by exhaust emissions, it is filled with water taken overboard before launching. This procedure is necessary in order to turn on the booster, which pushes the rocket out of the silo. The domed fairing folds back in the air. In this case, the wings and plumage, which were folded before the start, open up. After combustion, the accelerator leans back, and the rocket uses the main engine for its flight.
What is the weapon equipped with?
Rockets "Granite" P-700 contain:
- High-explosive-penetrating warhead. It weighs between 585 and 750 kg.
- Tactical nuclear.
- which weighs 500 kilotons.
Today - according to the adopted international agreement - nuclear cruise missiles "Granit" P-700 are prohibited. To equip them, only conventional warheads are provided.
Tactical and technical characteristics
- The size of the "Granite" P-700 missile is ten meters.
- Diameter - 85 cm.
- The wingspan is 260 cm.
- Before the start, the weight of the gun is 7 tons.
- The product is capable of reaching a minimum flight altitude of 25 meters in the attack area.
- The combined flight path enables the missile to reach a range of up to 625 km.
- The low-altitude trajectory allows you to fly to a distance not exceeding 200 km.
- Use of the control system INS, ARLGSN.
- The gun is equipped with a penetrating warhead weighing 750 kg.
Due to the large mass and high speed of the P-700, it is difficult for enemy anti-aircraft missiles to hit them. According to some military experts, the P-700 warhead, which weighs 750 kg, is effective only for hitting an area target. This is due to the fact that cruise missiles are characterized by deviations at a range of up to 200 meters, which makes it difficult to hit a single target with precision.
What is an on-board computer?
An active radar head is used to aim the missile at the target. Information channels, which are used by a three-processor on-board computer (BCVM), make it possible to extract from a large number jamming the real target. During a group (salvo) detection of the enemy becomes possible through the exchange of information, identification and distribution of the target according to various parameters between the homing missile heads.
The ability of missiles from a number of escort, aircraft-carrying or landing ships to identify the desired target and strike at it is possible due to the necessary data on all classes of modern ships embedded in the on-board computer. The work of the on-board computer is aimed at the enemy's radio-electronic means, which, by means of jamming and other anti-aircraft tactics, are able to divert the launched cruise missiles away from the target. In modern P-700 there is a station 3B47 "Quartz", which, with the help of special devices, drops additional reflectors and false targets provided by the enemy. The presence of the on-board computer makes the P-700 missile highly intelligent: the anti-ship missile is protected from enemy radar interference, in response it sets its own and creates false targets for the attacked air defense. With a group start, information exchange is possible due to the onboard computer.
How is the attack carried out?
For firing at a target, the distance to which exceeds 120 km, the P-700 rises to a height of 17 km. Most of the flight takes place at this level. At this altitude, the impact on the rocket of air resistance is reduced, which makes it possible to save fuel. At the level of 17 km, the target detection radius is improved. After the target is found, its identification is performed. Then the missiles fired descend to 25 meters. The seeker turns off. This makes the anti-ship missiles invisible to enemy radars. The seeker turns on just before the attack itself, when it is necessary to carry out an accurate aiming. A missile attack is organized in such a way that first priority targets are destroyed, and then secondary ones. The distribution of information is carried out between the heads of the missiles before the attack itself. Due to this, a certain number of missiles are intended to hit each target. The presence of tactical techniques programmed in each cruise missile enables them to defend themselves against the enemy's defensive anti-aircraft weapons.
How do RCCs work?
An attack from a single cruise missile can be directed at a separate ship. If a group launch is carried out, anti-ship missiles hit a whole complex of ships. The experience of the air-naval forces in using the P-700 showed the high effectiveness of missiles against enemy coastal targets if they operate in a group. In this case, the first missiles containing a special charge disable all enemy air defenses. The carrier group, which the attacked city or port has, is no longer able to resist. The next stage of the attack is carried out with other missiles that do not have special charges to blind the enemy. In the complex of the fired missiles, one of them can serve as a gunner. Mostly, such an anti-ship missile system is used when conducting rapid fire. It is provided for the use of a considerable height. When it is intercepted by enemy radars or destroyed, another supersonic cruise missile automatically takes over the aiming function.
2016 teachings
On October 16, 2016, performing combat training missions, the crew of the Antey nuclear submarine missile cruiser fired the P-700 missile of the Granit complex. The shooting site was a training ground on the Novaya Zemlya archipelago.
According to some military experts, the launch of the P-700 was carried out with the aim of shooting out obsolete or faulty missiles with their further replacement. At the same time, the mode of firing at ground targets was being worked out. There is also another version of the exercises: in connection with the aggravated political situation in the world, this event served as a signal to NATO that Russia does not possess obsolete Soviet missile carriers, but modernized ones, capable of firing at a ground target at any moment.
Introduction
The heroine of today's material is the P-700 Granit rocket, which has proven itself well during various tests. In the field of anti-ship missiles, the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation, as successors, occupied traditionally strong positions... Recall only the first combat use of a missile of this type, when an Israeli missile boat was sunk by the P-15 Termit missile. And the geopolitical significance of our country in those years was difficult to overestimate.
American aircraft carriers plowed the length and breadth of the world's oceans, they needed powerful countermeasures, primarily in the form of missile weapons.
Together with missile weapons, delivery vehicles were also needed. There were created new types of cruisers, both surface and underwater... For the USSR, these are Project 949 Granit submarines and Project 1144 heavy nuclear missile cruisers (Kirov, Admiral Lazarev, Admiral Nakhimov, Peter the Great)
History of creation
The development of the Granit missile system started in 1969. The main doctrine of application was the versatility of the complex, capable of operating from both submarine cruisers and surface cruisers. NPO Mashinostroeniya Chelomey became the main contractor for the creation of a universal rocket. This association was famous for its ability to create universal media.
The control system was created at the Granit Research Institute. According to the technical specifications, the rocket was supposed to be independent and without additional guidance. search and destroy targets in the enemy ship formation.
Fact! On new rocket entrusted high responsibilities - it must be completely autonomous and must choose a target during the flight.
The first tests were carried out on the ground in 1975. It was decided to send the rocket for testing on a national scale in 1979. A total of 20 missiles were launched. All tests were quite successful and showed the overall effectiveness of the complex. In the eightieth year, joint tests with the alleged carriers started.
In total, 45 missiles left the missile silos, which with filigree precision hit the target... The results shown showed the overall effectiveness of the missile system. By the decision of the state commission in 1983, the supersonic missile "Granit" was adopted by the naval forces.
Features:
Priority attacked targets are enemy surface ships, shooting at ground targets is also possible, but only from a great height, on-board equipment is not intended for flying over uneven ground surface... And on high altitudes the missile could become a "tasty morsel" of enemy air defense systems.
The missile seeker is also not designed to attack ground targets. Flights over the ground are carried out exclusively thanks to the inertial guidance system on coordinates. The firing range at ground targets is much higher than at sea targets.... This happens exclusively due to the high altitude, where the air resistance is less. The cruising flight takes place at an altitude of about 15 kilometers.
On a note! For the "Granite" missile, the task was set to attack surface targets, however, in some cases it can also hit ground targets.
The rocket can appear and in the form of a "lone wolf" and in the form of a pack, where one missile is intended for one ship, and a group of missiles can represent a full-fledged team, where each missile performs its function: the leading missile-covering group.
Device
Rocket "Granite" has a spindle-shaped, folding set of wings with a large degree of sweep.
The rocket comes into motion thanks to solid-propellant boosters, then a turbojet engine that can accelerate the projectile to supersonic speed comes into play.
In anticipation of the shot, the launch and launch container is filled with seawater for excluding the possibility of destruction of the container the principle of operation of the accelerator is also designed in such a way that it turns on during a "wet" start. After running out of fuel in the accelerator, it is dropped and the "sea hawk" spreads its wings and rushes to meet its target.
The rocket is equipped with an on-board computer complex capable of laying the rocket's route, the ability to select the image of an anti-jamming target, the Quartz station carries out active jamming in the form of reflectors and radio-electronic false targets. The presence of a computer system makes the missile "smart": the missile can find its own target, detect interference, set its own and successfully destroy the given target.
Start! The rocket launch consists of 2 stages: first, solid-fuel boosters work, and a turbojet engine drives the rocket to supersonic speed
Target defeat
The rocket can reach the target in different ways.: while at low altitude and making a large slide, where most of the flight takes place in a thin atmosphere at high altitude. The pros and cons of flight procedures are obvious. With a low-altitude profile, the flight range decreases, while moving at high altitude, the missile is vulnerable to enemy anti-aircraft missiles.
P-700 anti-ship missile system "Granite". SSGN project 949A "Antey".
During a group flight of missiles, data exchange between them is possible, they independently find priority targets and secondary ones, distribute among themselves the "firing list" of enemy ships.
Right on target! Group artificial Intelligence several missiles works according to a certain algorithm, which assigns one of the missiles to the main one in the "pack", the task of the "leader" now becomes to hit the most dangerous target.
When flying long distances, additional target designation occurs with the help of aircraft TU-95 "RC" and helicopters K-25 "RC", since the capabilities of the carrier's radars are limited, in simple terms they are rather "myopic". Target designation is also possible with the help of satellites of the "Legend" system, but its functioning is currently in question.
Unfortunately or fortunately, the combat capabilities of the P-700 could not be tested in real war conditions. But dry numbers and test results say that a rather solid missile system is still competitive and, being within the radius of its application, the enemy will not be able to feel calm.
Video
The P-700 anti-ship missile system "Granit" is a long-range cruise anti-ship missile (ASM) designed to combat powerful naval groups, including aircraft carriers.