The most famous artist surrealist. Surrealism in art. The main features of surrealism

Style was born in the post-war in France. At the beginning of the 20th century, surrealism was marked in the literature and other types of art, combining incompatible objects and phenomena, playing by associative thinking, the Grand Consciousness in the first minutes after waking up, involving another reality in the world. Surrealism translates from French as over-reality, embodying imaginary images in different hypostasis of consciousness.

For the first time, the term was introduced by Writer Andre Breton in his surrealistic manifesto in 1924. Confident influence of literature on the theater, photo, music, painting made surrealism with a popular phenomenon, an interesting public for several decades. Rapidly developing, the style united talented artists. Already in 1925, the first exhibition of the works of surrealists in Paris took place. Along with new names, the name of the famous artist preaching cubism, Pablo Picasso.

Description and basic style techniques

The works of surrealists are filled with hidden meaning, special philosophy. The influence on the manifestation of the unconscious in their plots was the author of the theory of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud. It is the inner world that is decomposed on individual segments, paradoxically combined with each other, fills the space of pictorial cavities. In an effort to grab a thin line of manifestation of imaginary designs, surrealists often immersed in the state of hypnosis, narcotic or alcoholic intoxication.

Following the manifestation of illusory plots in their visions, the surrealists invented new methods with which they can be captured. So arose:

automatic writing technique (write or automatically sketch all the association coming to the object);

texturing of the surface (graphite or pastel slaughter sheet applied to the textural surface, for example, tree or stone);

collage (from carved parts of newspapers, paintings, magazines create full-fledged plots);

scraping (finished patterns are placed on top of the textural surface and scrape part of the paint, contributing to the manifestation of the pattern);

fUMAGE (on paper create fantastic images with cooled candles);

decalcoma (splash the kel on a large canvas from the bucket, create splashes with large brushes).

Pictures of surrealists are often difficult to relate with any genre, so unreal and paradoxical image. Most often, the topic for their work they choose dreams, magic, erotic, supernatural, religion.

Famous Surreal Artists

The names of the artists who created pictures between the first and second world war were known to the whole world due to the breadth of views, skill and raised issues. This is Rena Magritt, Max Ernst and others.

Salvador Dali became the most significant, well-known and extraordinary figure of the era of surrealism. Its works are characterized by the manifestation of irrational, denial of any framework and restrictions. The artist's talent manifested itself in painting, design, architecture, music, dramaturgy. Individualism and self-confidence influenced the exceptions were given from a circle of surrealists, but his work had an impact on the formation and development of style.

In the period of the German fascism, surrealists moved to the United States, where they continued working on paintings. Thanks to their work, society has finally be understood and evaluated to more complex cubism, expressionism and abstract art.

Modern surrealism in painting

Surrealism ideas are popular in contemporary art. They find an expression in the extraordinary work of talented artists. The main features of the style are clearly traced in the canvases made by acrylic, pastel, butter. Our gallery offers its customers to buy any of the works presented in the catalog as an exclusive gift or interior decor. You can watch a picture in the style of surrealism many times, finding a secret meaning and new images again and again.

FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 15, 2017

Surrealism(from Franz. surrealisme - "Superdealism") - direction in painting, cinema, literature of the 20th century, which established in France in the 1920s. The term "surrealism" belongs to the poet of Guillaume Apolliner. In the late 1910s, he managed to collect astringers in the face of Andre Breton, Philip Suco, Louis Aragon, Jean Cocteo - young poets who called themselves surrealists. In 1917, the Apolliner put his "surrealistic drama" "Sosses of Tiresias" (Les Mamelles de Tiresias). But the founder of surrealism is the French writer and the poet - Andre Breton, who in 1924 published the first "manifest of surrealism", where he clarifies the essence of the surrealistic movement.

What is characterized by surrealism? What is his feature and difference from other directions? Let's try to figure out, considering ⇩

Saturday, April 15, 2017

1. The impact of the Philosophy of Bergson and the teachings of Freud.
It was under the influence of these scientists a vision of surreal artists was formed.
According to Bergson, a person is able to comprehend the world, superconduct, if the intuition will take the top over the mind, logic. A person becomes a real, without complexes and prejudices, if he managed to free themselves from the control of the mind. Only it is born by "clean" art that can reflect the essence of being, which is hidden behind the obstacle. Freud's contribution is that he determined the subconscious as a phenomenon that causes the thoughts and human behavior. Based on his theory, a dream is nothing more than impressions, experiences, images, thoughts, hidden desires, memories that were ousted by consciousness in the "repository" of the subconscious, where they are constantly as unconscious complexes.
Thus, surrealists tried to penetrate as closely to the subconscious, ensuring ↯

2. Care from reality, refusal of logic, traditional worldview, distinction of things for good and bad, false and truthful, beautiful and ugly.
For this, they used the following ways: ↯

3. Imitation of the features of primitive art, creativity of children, mentally ill. Image of dreams, hallucinations.
Surrealists believed that it was necessary to get away from reality and allow free associations, "creative madness" to break out. To penetrate the scope of the subconscious, artists resorted to the help of hypnosis, alcohol, drugs. Salvador Dali resorted to the way to capture dreams immediately after waking up: the canvas with paints were always "on duty" near his bed, plus he often fell asleep on a chair with the key in his hand, which later fell and wake up the painter, and Dali quickly tried to portray the dream.
From here in their paintings you can observe ↯

4. The combination of this and fictional. Changing the shapes and sizes of objects: Heavy forms become weightless, solid items spread, and small things become unrealistic sizes.
Appear ↯

5.Ost illusions - Dual patterns containing elements inside that are not noticeable immediately. At first glance, thoughts on the absurdity of work may arise at the surrealistic picture - many chaotic, unrelated elements, but ↯

6.Something - in the symbols of images. Considering the work of surrealists, the viewer is trying to understand them, collect images together and see at least some meaning. And he [the viewer] sees - it is not necessary that the artist laid, but its own, based on his worldview and life experience.
So the surrealists are trying to achieve their main goal - ↯

7. - Having visited the viewer for reasoning.
They managed it or not, you can understand yourself, having acquainted with the work of the most famous surrealists.

Georgho de Kiriko "Two Masks", 1926 Private Collection of Allegory, Surrealism "What I hear does not matter; It is important that I see, especially when I close my eyes. " George de Kiriko

Salvador Dali "Portrait of Mrs. Mary Sigoll", 1948 Surrealism

Leonor Finney "Woman of Surrealism?" Leonor Ferni was born in Buenos Aires in 1907. After the divorce, the mother Godwolly Leonor moves with her to Italy. The girl's father is traveling for them to steal Leonor and take back to Argentina. But her mother does not give up and reking her daughter (without the slightest assistance from law enforcement), after which it is forced ...

Salvador Dali "Great Surrealist" May 11, 1904 was born world-famous artist Salvador Dali. Talent in drawing manifested itself from his early years, in school textbooks and notebooks in the fields, he often painted caricatures to laugh a small sister. Family friend Ramon Pisho was an impressionist artist, he noticed the boy's ability and helped him develop in this direction ....

René Magritte "Strike with Heart", 1952 Surrealism Who Rose Tender Love instilled in heart cuts - not in vain lived! And the one who heard God listened to God, and the one who hop of earthly glast drink! Omar Khayam

Salvador Dali "invisible person", 1929-1932 Surrealism Although Salvador Dali began a picture in 1929, he finished it only in 1932. This is his first job, where he began to portray the dual images, which filled the later works of the artist during its paranoid-critical method. In the picture, the illusion created Dali is visible immediately. The duality of the image was not so ...

René Magritte "Man in the Koteteka", 1964 Surrealism Magritte portrayed a man in a bowler in several of his paintings. This may not be so well known as other paintings of Magritt, nevertheless it is easy to attribute to the painting of Magritte, it resembles a well-known picture of the "Son of Man" (1964). Pay attention to the details of the picture. The face of a man is closed as like a pigeon flew ...

Salvador Dali "The first days of spring", 1929 Museum of Salvador Dali, St. Petersburg Surrealism in 1929, after Dali joined surrealism, he writes "the first days of spring", "real erotic nonsense", as the artist calls this picture. Writer Robert Desnos said that "this is something unprecedented" and that he is in another material situation, would have been glad to ...

Joan Miro Farm. 1921-1922 National Art Gallery, US Surrealism Although the artist was born in Barcelona, \u200b\u200bhe was always associated with the rural world, especially with the city of Mont-Roche del Camp. In his early works, the effect of landscapes is already visible. The picture was sold by Hamingue for five thousand French francs. Hemingway wrote in 1934 in the magazine Cahiers d'Art: "I do not change the" farm "...

Surrealism is a fashionable movement in painting in interwar years. The direction was formed in the 1920s in France, from where it spread across Europe, becoming one of the most influential styles and directions in the art of avant-garde.

The name comes from the phrase "Drame Surrealiste" - this is a subtitle from the writer's play and art historian Guillaume Apolliner. For the first time, the term is fixed in his manifest "New Spirit" to the ballet "Parade". Joint work P. Picasso, E. Sati, J. Kokto and L. Musina gave birth to a real surreal masterpiece.

Surrealism evolved from the nihilistic "anti-artism" of Dadaism, most of whose representatives were surrealists. The most striking example of surrealism is considered the work of Salvador Dali.

Initially, the main direction of movement was literature, but soon surrealism covered painting, sculpture and other forms in modern visual art. Surrealists sought to create a completely new set of images by liberating the creative forces of the subconscious.

Techniques and philosophy

Artists invented methods for obtaining fantasy images in which reality and fiction, hallucination, sleep is intertwined.

Texture

The method of creating an image by placing a sheet of paper on an uneven or grain surface. For example, tree or stone. A pencil or shallow paper is processed until it becomes a texture of a material used for a substrate.

Decalcomania

The method in art in which the paint splashes on paper or applied with a large brush. While it is not dried yet - covered with a different sheet of paper. By friction of the surface of the surface, the artist can create unusual images.

Scraping

The technique of creating certain effects with the premises of the painted canvas on the textured surface and processing by bubbling. Partly paint is removed from the surface, and the painted part acquires an unusual, factory look.

Fusion

Formed in the late 1930s, a candle was placed under a sheet of paper so that traces of soot remained on the surface. Moving the candle a variety of fantasy patterns.

Drip method in art

The paint is applied on the canvas with separate drops that fall from the swinging object.

Collage

The technique of creating collages involves creating picturesque or graphic cavities by collecting the plot from different parts of other pictures, clipping newspapers, magazines, drawings, photos. These elements are placed and glued according to the initial intent, and thus create a new one-piece composition.

Drawing

The automatic drawing is performed using a pen or brush: lines are drawn without a certain plan and compliance with the rules.

Work in the style of surrealism is called absurd, devoid of logic, complete contradictions. Artists who worked in this style began the artistic revolution of consciousness and perceptions. They believed that only art could free the mind of a person.

History of development

Art historians call the predecessor of the style of I. Bosha, whose works first demonstrated interest in unreal images, fantasy, deformed reality art.

The history of style development began in Paris, but surrealism in painting quickly spread over Europe. Starting from the 20s and to the 60s of the 20th century, surrealism developed in the United States, to the 80s - penetrated into Africa, Asia, Australia.

1. "Magnetic Fields" A. Breton and F.Supo.
2. "Surrealistic revolution."
3. "Paris Peasant" L.Aragon.

The development of the style was influenced by scientific research and theory of Z. Freud. Many surrealists treated psychoanalysis skeptically, but the most theory influenced, bringing a fine psychologist, emotionality, depth. One of the main values \u200b\u200bof the style is considered: the desire for freedom, individuality, the abandonment of the framework in the development of painting art. The works of El Salvador and other painters are characterized by irrationality and special aesthetics, not understandable.
The feature of the style is the symbolism of images.

The impact on the development of the direction was the work of famous creators O. Hero and Moro. The central topics of their works were: human subconscious of ironic images of everyday life, erotic, magical, phantasmagoric images.

One of the specific methods for creating unusual works is creativity under the influence of narcotic substances. The hallucinations of artists spent the chaoticness displayed in the picture of the scene.

The style has evolved in two directions:

Irrational

Creating an irrational, unrealistic image that forms the subconscious. The father of this direction consider Salvador Dali. It is characteristic: accuracy, expressiveness of images and lines, brightness, fantasy on the topic of reincarnation of objects. The illusion of Salvador Dali looks convincingly, thanks to working with color and prospect. Carefulness and accuracy of technology make it possible to attribute paintings of the painter to Academism. It was the works that were coming to mind when it comes to surrealism: the paintings of his authorship are an example of the most accurate transfer of the main ideas of the style.

Subconscious

The second direction is closely connected with attempts to display the subconscious on the canvas. Images are fuzzy, leaving into the abstraction. Representatives: M. Ernest, A. Mamason.

Surrealism is based on the individual perception of man, associations. Despite the popularity of cloths in this style, it can be called the most controversial of all. Salvador's work was given and remains most representative to study the direction in art.

Famous representatives and their canvas

Salvador Dali

Spanish painter, embodied in his work all ideals of style. "Surrealism is me!" - Thus wrote about himself an artist. He was one of the first to joined the group of Surrealist Creators, which A. Breton organized. After some time, it is excluded from this community, but it continues to develop his own style. The late stage of creativity is noted by the influence of painting Renaissance and Academism.

The most famous canvas of El Salvador Dali: "Honey sweeter", "dizziness", "Self-portrait", "Geopolitical Baby", "Young woman who seen from the back."

Mark Ernst

One of the ideologues of the style, a German surreal artist, a master of collage. The peculiarity of his work is a concentration on the technique of collage, considerable attention to the work of people with mental disorders, which has become one of the factors of its development as a surrealist. Works: "French Garden", "Oko Silence", "Castor and Pollux", "Woman, Old Man and Flower".

Frida Kalo

Mexican Surrealist Artist. Her work was characterized by special semantic filled, emotionality, brightness. Feature - Calo many works focused on themselves, among the works a significant number of self-portraits. The most famous works are: "Little Lan", "Fruits of the Earth", "Two Frida", "What I gave me water", "broken column".

Yves Tanga

French surrealist. For life, he changed many professions, spent some time in the sea - on a shopping ship, which influenced its picturesque creativity and the mark in art. The theme of the sea, underwater residents became central in his work. Tanga work recognizable: they are characterized by some gloomy, romanticism, the use of smooth lines, images of clouds, waves, smoke: "Hand in the clouds", "Tape of limits", "Tomorrow", "Wind", "Reincarnation", "Family" .

Developed a surrealistic direction in Belgium. He was influenced by the works of artists de Kiriko and De estimation. Central theme of work is a naked body. The feature of creativity is the use of skeleton images, for example, in the work "Crucifixion".

Meaning for the development of art

The style has become a starting point for the development of fantastic realism and Vigenari Art in art. At the present moment, the features of Creativity Salvador Dali and other creators adopted modern artists - sometimes their work is difficult to distinguish from the canvases of style masters. Surrealism has become more commercial than other directions of painting.

Modern followers were adopted by phantasmagoricity, the irrationality of Salvador was given, leaving emotions, depth, psychologism, internal experiences, which artist, with the help of symbolic images, transfers on the canvas.

The name of the avant-garde direction in the art and literature of the first half of the twentieth century surrealism comes from the French word "surréalisme", meaning literally over or over realism. He appeared in the 20s of the last century in France, his founder is considered the French writer and the poet Andre Breton, for the first time the term "surrealism" appeared with the easy hand of the writer and art historian Guillais Apolliner in his manifesto "New Spirit". Initially, this direction appeared in the literature, later it covered and painting, and sculpture and other forms of art. The purpose of followers of the ideas of surrealism was to create absolutely new sets of images by the full release of the deep forces of its subconscious.

Surrealism in painting

The work of the famous Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud, the work of the famous Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud, was used to create their specific masterpieces, Surrealists used dreams and hallucinations.

(Picture of Yateck Jerk, Illustrator Artist)

For new fantasy images, surreal artists used such innovative methods and techniques as:

• Texture. The sheet of paper is placed on an uneven surface (wood or stone) and processed with chalk or pencil before producing texture of the substrate material;
• Decalcomania. The paint is applied to two sheets of paper, the surface of which the artist rubs on each other, the way to give fantastic images and patterns;
• Scraping. The painted canvas is placed on the texture surface and is processed by the scraping method, part of the paint is removed, and the surface with the remaining paint acquires a factory, original view;
• Fusion. Under the sheet of paper I put a burning candle, and move it in different directions, a fantasy pattern is formed by traces of soot;
• Drip method. Drops of paint fall on the swinging surface of the sheet:
• Collage method. Creation of graphic and picturesque paintings by collecting the plot of tenderloin from magazines, newspapers and a variety of photos. The one-piece composition is created by the location of the pictures and cuts in the manner conceived by the author;
• Drawing. Lines are performed by pen or brush chaotically, without complying with the rules and a specific plan;
• Ready-Made. As your work, a certain object or an object created by himself and does not have any artistic value ("wheel from a bicycle", "Fountain", "Bottle dryer" of Marcel Duzane).

(Fabulous Surrialism Yateck Yerka)

Very often, the pictures of surreal artists are characterized as absurd, fully deprived of all logic and complete contradictions of the work, which nevertheless made a revolution in the relationship between the human mind with the actual reality. Surrealists believed that only art could make a human mind absolutely free.

Famous Surreal Artists

The predecessor and ideological founder of surrealism in painting researchers consider the work of the Netherlands artist Jerome Bosch (XVI century), whose mysterious paintings have shown the interest of creative personality to fantasies, unrealistic images and a deformed reality ("Allegory of Grevogenia and an Employee", "Extraction of Stuffy Stones", Triptych " A terrible court).

(Salvador Dali "Constancy of Time")

The most famous artist-surrealist Spaniard Salvador Dali (1904-1989) considered himself a follower of Bosch. His works, based on Freud's theory of human subconscious, served as a formal and visual language for the transfer of his dreams, fantasies and hallucinations to the surrounding people. His creativity is characterized by the use of the paranoid-critical method of knowledge (a state that allows you to create illusions in full preservation of our own sensitivity). His famous paintings - "Constancy of Time", "Sleep, caused by a bee flight around a grenade, for a moment before awakening", "Premonition of the Civil War", "Swans reflected in elephants", etc.

(Max Ernst "Loire")

The German ideologue of Surrealism is the artist, schedule and sculptor Max Ernst. This is a recognized master of collage and frettage, in whose works much attention is focused on the work of people with a disturbed psyche. His works are: "Pleiads or the approach of puberty", "Kebal", "Doubtful Woman", "King Edip", "Castor and Polox", "Silence Oko".

(Frida Calo "Two Frida")

The famous artist who worked in the style of Fried Calo Surrealism (Mexico), its work has a special semantic fullness, emotionality and brightness. Her works are distinguished by a large number of self-portraits: "Little Lan", "Two Frida", "broken column", "roots", "that gave me water."

(Yves Tangi "I saw three cities")

French surrealist Yves Tangi, who has changed a huge number of different professions, was a sailor for some time, which explains the presence of the themes of the sea, underwater inhabitants in his paintings. Its works are characterized by some gloomy, romanticism, using soft, smooth lines, image of clouds, sea waves, smoke clubs: "Tomorrow", "Wind", "Hand in the clouds", "Transformation", "Storm".

In Belgium, the development of a surrealistic direction in painting in painting The artist Paul Delvo, the central theme of his paintings was the naked female body, often depicted skeletons, the most famous canvases: "Sleeping Venus", "Village Mermaid", "Mirror", "Leda", Pigmalion . Also, the famous Belgian artist Surrealist Renee Magritte, his works "Human Child", "Lovers", "Fake Mirror".

Russian Surrealism

(Alexander Tyshler "Weather Director")

Surrealism as a separate artistic direction in Russia did not receive development, since in the time of the USSR, even the most innocuous fantasies and the slightest deviations from the strict ideological course of the Communist Party were recognized as "alien elements" and the miscarions of the bourgeois west. Nevertheless, in some works of artists you can find some prerequisites for their surrealistic perception. For example, in the picture of the Soviet artist Alexander Tyshler (1898-1980) "Weather Director" Researchers see fantastic images and spatial feeling similar to surrealistic techniques in the paintings of Salvador Dali, the Potdar of David's death (1926) was performed in the best traditions of Max Ernst paintings The artist of the Clement Rishko, associated with the theme of electricians, is associated with the "Machines of the desires" of Ernst and Dushan.

The most closely with such a direction in painting as surrealism was associated with a group of followers and students of Kazimir Malevich called UNIVIS (Approtients of new art). Researchers note that all later creativity Malevich (on the example of the painting "three girls") can be safely attributed to the surrealistic direction.