Knowledge (society). Lyubov Dukhanina, Chairman of the Russian Society "Knowledge": “People asked whether artificial intelligence could replace a teacher or a judge? Who is part of the Russian knowledge society

The first congress of the all-Russian public and state educational organization "Russian Society" Knowledge "(ROZ) opened at VDNKh in Moscow on June 6.

Lyubov Dukhanina, chairman of the coordinating council of the Knowledge Society, called the elaboration of a strategy for the development of the Knowledge Society as the key topic of the congress. It is planned. that the organization will be engaged in educational projects on history, political science, new scientific research, international relations and a number of other areas.

The event will be attended by about 500 delegates and guests.

The decree on the creation of the all-Russian public and state educational organization "Russian Society" Knowledge "was signed by the President of Russia Vladimir Putin on December 11, 2015. The constituent assembly of the organization took place on March 29, 2016. Now the ROZ has representative offices in 60 regions of the Russian Federation, in the future, branches of the society will be created in All subjects of Russia The founders note that the modern society "Knowledge" is the legal successor of the society "Knowledge", created in the USSR in 1947.

17:54, 06.06.2016

MOSCOW, June 7. / TASS /. The congress of the Russian Society "Knowledge" approved a member of the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation Lyubov Dukhanina as chairman of the organization, as well as deputy head of the Central Election Commission Nikolai Bulaev and President of the Russian State Humanitarian University Efim Pivovar as co-chairs.

"Today the congress approved my powers as the chairman of the Russian society" Knowledge ", as well as two co-chairs - Nikolai Bulaev and Efim Pivovar," Dukhanina told TASS on Tuesday.

The executive committee of the society also reported that the "Knowledge" society, the first congress of which was held in Moscow, has a supervisory board.

"The first congress of the public-state organization" Knowledge "society, which will be engaged in educational work, has ended," the interlocutor in the society recalled to TASS. He informed that "within the framework of the establishment of the governing bodies (organization), a supervisory board has been elected." "In the near future, the supervisory board will meet and elect its chairman," the source added.

According to him, the supervisory board included 29 people, among them - representatives of departments, research institutes of the Academy of Sciences, television educational channels, the media. The members of the Supervisory Board were, in particular, First Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration Vyacheslav Volodin, First Deputy Head of the Ministry of Education and Science Natalya Tretyak, Head of Rossotrudnichestvo Lyubov Glebova, Head of Rosmolodezh Sergey Pospelov, Director of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences Yuri Petrov, Secretary of the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation Alexander Brechalov, General Director of TASS Sergey Mikhailov, Chief Editor of the "Historian" magazine Vladimir Rudakov.

"The Council will determine the educational policy of the Znaniye society, oversee its activities," the representative of the organization explained.

The congress of the Russian Knowledge Society is being held in Moscow on June 6-7. The decree on the establishment of the organization was signed by Russian President Vladimir Putin on December 11, 2015. The constituent assembly of the Knowledge Society was held on March 29 this year. The founders note that the current Knowledge Society is the legal successor of the Knowledge Society, which was created in the USSR in 1947.

The Knowledge Society Congress is taking place in Moscow

Space exploration, Newest technologies, the development of the media space and cultural issues - this is how the participants of the first congress outlined the main topics that will be in the field of vision of the revived Russian society "Knowledge". It takes place in Moscow. It brought together over 500 representatives from different regions.

The traditions of the society that was created in the Soviet Union almost 70 years ago, as noted at the meeting, continue. And the main task - to educate - has not changed even after years.

First meeting as a starting point. The educational organization announces the beginning of a new era, where knowledge is at a special price, where technology is not responsible for progress, but people who develop it, where professionals build their careers in several areas at once, and the educational process does not end with graduation.

“Scientists say that a person will change their profession 6-8 times during their life. The education system is not able to change the content of education so quickly. Dukhanin's love.

Designed for the curious - schoolchildren, students, specialists. The creators of the new educational space will be teachers and graduate students of leading universities, scientists, writers, political scientists. They will lecture, supervise scientific projects.

"Education throughout life, enlightenment throughout life - this is the main task. Our citizens have a wide demand for modern scientific knowledge. It is very important that communities of professionals are formed who will provide qualified proven scientific answers to these questions," he said. Minister of Education and Science Dmitry Livanov.

The All-Union Society "Knowledge", which existed in the USSR, appeared almost immediately after the war - in 1947, when the country needed a new impetus for cultural and, of course, scientific growth. Activists, including scientists, academicians, then also lectured, published articles, established their own publishing house. And young people poured into technical universities. It has become prestigious to be an engineer.

The new Russian society "Knowledge" again focuses on the sciences: both exact and humanitarian. 11 directions - from space and IT-technologies to culture and art. Special attention to politics and international relations.

"What is happening with Russia now, why is such pressure on it in all directions, why is history being rewritten, falsification of not just the role, even the meaning of our Victory in the Second World War," lists political analyst Natalia Narochnitskaya.

“It is very important not to launch these disinformation processes far, because later it will be more difficult to understand what is really true. And, of course, one of the tasks of the Knowledge Society is to educate stories about history,” says the rector of the Moscow State University. Lomonosov Victor Sadovnichy.

What is already in the works. Research project - "Pioneer-M". It will be done for a start in Sevastopol. On the basis of a local university, students from various regional universities have to come up with and build a laboratory ship for environmental and underwater research with mobile complexes that will be assembled like a designer.

"The first ship of the whole flotilla, which will be built for many universities in Russia: both in Kaliningrad and on Far East, and in St. Petersburg. As a result of this project, we assume that a whole generation of young professionals will emerge who work in various spheres of the maritime industry, "said Valery Koshkin, head of the regional office of the Knowledge Society in Sevastopol.

Representative offices of the Knowledge Society, as a rule, based on local universities have already been opened in 60 regions, in the remaining 25 they will appear in the near future.

However, the educational process will not be tied to a place at all. Lectures and scientific articles will become available on the Web, it will be easy to connect to the discussion using the webcast, and the teacher can be asked any question by writing on his personal website.

All-Union Society "ZNANIE" as a communicator for the authorities and the scientific community of the USSR

05/10/2012, Science and time

Not so long ago, we published an article "The Polytechnic Museum and the origins of civil society in Moscow ”, written by Gurgen Grigoryan, the long-term director of this museum. Its current publication is a continuation of the history begun, which tells about later events and is based on archival documents that have not been previously published.

Gurgen Grigoryan, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the Russian Federation

In November 1991. the X Congress of the All-Union Society "ZNANIE" (hereinafter - SOCIETY) took place, which completed the history of this organization.

By this time, according to the materials published at that time, the SOCIETY was probably the world's largest public national humanitarian organization, which, according to the charter, had a clear hierarchical structure and united more than 2.5 million members from residents of all parts of the USSR. Members of the society spoke to a mass audience of fellow citizens with nearly 20 million lectures a year. Also per year the SOCIETY published 750 titles of books and brochures with a total circulation of about 160 million copies (according to the "From the history of the ALL-UNION SOCIETY" ZNANIE ", author A.I. Chinenny. M.," ZNANIE ", 1988).

More than 20 years have passed since that time. These years have shown the high qualities of the SOCIETY gene pool, which allowed the organizations inheriting the ZNANIE brand to continue their humanistic activities in conditions radically different from those in which SOCIETY arose and developed its activities.

The emergence and development of SOCIETY is associated in the minds of a number of compatriots with the ideology of the VKP (b) -KPSS, with the concept of "USSR". This allowed the militant critics of the Soviet past to place the SOCIETY at the wall of “critical shootings” on a par with the pioneers, the Komsomol, and a number of creative unions. Today, the maximalist criticism of the meaning of the lives of fathers and grandfathers under the "soviet" regime is being replaced by mature reflection on what from "that time" should not be vainly and hastily to part with. After all, that time contained in its bosom hundreds of millions of human destinies of heroic and vile, crippled and ascended, righteous and sinful. All these contradictory destinies by their actions have determined the history of our fatherland from that time to the present day. What should not be parted with is an existential question. His decision by everyone for himself will determine the ability of the society of RUSSIA to resist the current trend to commercialize both human relations and people's attitude to life. This tendency eats away at the morality of the generations of compatriots entering life. In the context of this approach, a retrospective analysis of the history of the All-Union society "ZNANIE" - this all-Union public organization, unique in its scope and meaning, is of interest.

The era of the creation of "Knowledge"

As you know, the SOCIETY was founded in May 1947, less than a year after the end of the fighting on the fronts of the Second World War, the main burden of which fell on the shoulders of the people of the USSR, who, having suffered innumerable losses and sacrifices, defended their right to life in generations of descendants. It is the people of the USSR, and not of any other country, that went down in history as the victorious people. The cost of this is tens of millions of lives of people, hundreds of millions of wounded destinies, a largely destroyed national economy, created by the incredible efforts and sacrifices of the people by the time this war began, but which turned out to be capable of mobilization and ensured the rear of victory. The country was faced with the main task - the restoration of the economy. But not only that.

It was necessary to lay the foundations for the long-term development of the national economy - primarily its agrarian sector. For these purposes, a gigantic "Stalin's plan for the transformation of nature" was developed and was at the initial stage of implementation, which aimed to prevent droughts in the Volga and Trans-Urals regions by creating protective forest belts, canals, and introducing innovations in agriculture. But then again, not only that.

I had to prepare for the opportunity a new war- now against the former allies who threatened the USSR with a new generation of weapons - weapons of mass destruction of people. It was necessary to create such a weapon for ourselves. During these years, the "NUCLEAR" and "ROCKET" projects were launched, for the implementation of which huge resources were required.

The main and main resource for solving all these incredibly complex and gigantic tasks was the human resource of the Soviet people. The people who knew how to believe in a happy future, put off their lives "for later" and endure in the name of this deprivation, sometimes even hunger, knew how to keep their interest in life with all this. But the spiritual health of the people could not be deaf to the massive manifestations of cruelty and inhumanity of the totalitarian Stalinist regime. Even the happiness of VICTORY did not extinguish the hotbeds of the Cold Civil War, which replaced hostilities in the 1920s. Therefore, the POWER in this period of total mobilization of resources had to pay special attention to the "spiritual health" of the people, "to protect it from any harmful influences." The phraseology of newspapers of that time firmly included the phrase "ideological front", "ideological war".

At the same time, the work carried out by the authorities in the 1920s and 1930s to raise the educational level of the masses gave rise to a spontaneous mass demand for knowledge in the post-war period. Here is how the academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and later the RAS, G.I. Marchuk recalls this. ("SCIENCE AND HUMANITY", M., 2009. The Knowledge Foundation named after S. I. Vavilov):

My peers after the Great Patriotic War, despite the difficulties recovery period, literally poured into student audiences, creating a unique spiritual and moral environment in society - a thirst for knowledge.

Knowledge was massively demanded. about the world around us: about countries and peoples, about how the universe works, about the history and culture of your country, etc. This demand was also stimulated by the fact that the last war forcedly opened the "iron curtain" of the ignorance of the bulk of the population of the USSR about how people live where they have not yet begun to build socialism.

Thus, the acute demand for knowledge by the masses, on the one hand, and the need for ideological support for the mobilization of the masses and their sacrifice for the implementation of the grandiose plans of the communist government, on the other hand, created the preconditions for the emergence of a mass educational movement controlled by the government. To implement such a plan, a systematic approach was needed, linking together those who needed to carry knowledge with those who could be entrusted with it, putting both at the service of ideological work among the masses under the control of the All-Union Communist Party / b /.

The intangible resource of this project was both the intellectual potential of the Soviet intelligentsia, primarily scientists, and the traditions of Russian enlightenment.

Enlightenment - i.e. dissemination of knowledge (both in the form of regulated educational processes and in various forms of popularization that can be flexibly adapted to the demand and the nature of the audience)

was a factor underlying the formation of human civilization. This problem is widely covered in the literature, including the works of Russian cosmist philosophers. V last years Academician N.N. Moiseev paid great attention to this problem in his life. in his writings on universal evolutionism. In his book “Ascent to the Mind. Lectures on universal evolutionism and its applications ”(M., IzdAT, 1993), the author, analyzing the prehistoric period of the formation of human society, regaining its place in the biosphere, states: The nascent society needed ... ... the preservation of craftsmen and experts capable of preserving and passing on knowledge to other generations.

The long historical process of the development of the forms of "preservation of craftsmen and experts" and the transmission of their knowledge in time and space N.N. Moiseev calls the formation of the universal human INSTITUTE "TEACHER"

which is called play a very special role in the history of mankind. It is impossible to overestimate its significance - it is both a bearer of morality, this is both new knowledge, and new skill and protection from atavism and savagery of the era when the psyche of modern man was formed ... ...

Russian enlightenment is rooted in the depths of centuries - to the great enlighteners Cyril and Methodius, and passes through the entire Russian history, manifesting itself as a powerful lever of modernization transformations in Russia, influencing primarily the worldview of people. This view was very clearly and passionately set forth by the great Russian historian, rector of Moscow State University in the 70s of the 19th century S.M. Solovyov in his "Public Readings ABOUT PETER THE GREAT" (M. SCIENCE. 1984). Having in mind science as a concentration of knowledge, he wrote at the end of the "reading of the third": Science achieves full power not only when it teaches and develops mental abilities, not only when the study of the laws of visible nature increases the convenience of life: it achieves full power when it educates a person, develops all the principles of his nature for their correct and harmonious manifestation.

Have Russian intelligentsia, at the heart of its motives for educational activities, has always been based on a sense of duty to its people, enduring hardships and hardships, the need to serve their fatherland.

Fate willed, and it is no coincidence, that the mission of the national educational movement at the stage of the inception of the ZNANIE Society would forever be associated with the name of a wonderful Russian person, worthy of the successor of the traditions of Russian enlightenment - Academician Sergei Ivanovich Vavilov.

The first head of the All-Union Society "ZNANIE" S. I. Vavilov

SI Vavilov led the SOCIETY for a relatively short time - from the moment of its creation in the spring of 1947. before the sudden departure from life on January 25, 1951. two months before his sixtieth birthday. But the incredible scale and versatility of his personality, his unique human qualities allowed him, as a CREATOR, to create a Society and endow it with the ability to serve the ideas of enlightenment for many years.

The roots of the family tree of Sergei Ivanovich are fixed in the peasant-serf soil. His father, Ivan Ilyich, at the age of 12, "transferred the arrows" of a kind of movement from the village to the city, and having covered a hundred and thirty-kilometer path to Moscow on foot, he stood behind the counter

shop of manufacturing magnates Prokhorovs. By the early 90s of the 19th century, he was able to become a prominent figure in the Moscow business community. His sons Nikolai and Sergei were able to receive an excellent education and each in his own scientific field became an outstanding phenomenon in domestic and world science, although the fate of each was tragic. Nikolai Ivanovich, for his talent, scientific achievements and advanced views, was hunted by competitors in the field of science, favored by the authorities and died in 1943. in prison, repressed according to their slander.

The heart of Sergei Ivanovich could not stand the strength tearing him apart from grief in connection with the tragedy of his beloved brother, from the daily struggle for the honor and dignity of national science, the "captain" of which he was in the rank of President of the USSR Academy of Sciences. During his presidency (1945-1951), a total ideological, repressive Stalinist attack on the so-called. "Bourgeois and antipatriotic" trends in science and culture. The non-partisan President of the Academy of Sciences, a merchant who came from a merchant environment, a brother of a repressed "enemy of the people", who did not renounce his roots and was trying to honestly, according to the scientist's duty, defend the business entrusted to him, could instantly expect "retribution." The journal "Questions of the history of natural science and technology", published under the leadership of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, published in 2004 (№№1.2) materials from the diaries of S.V. Vavilov. Recorded October 6: There are a lot of difficult things to do at the Academy. I feel like a target, on which blows fall from all sides. Construction, scandals, papers endlessly, denunciations, illiteracy, and, "like a criminal before execution, I am looking for my own soul all around." Entry on January 21, 1951, shortly before his death: A difficult week… .Conveyor of problems in the Academy: scandal on the basis of computers, builders, elections. The heart is out of order. Yesterday I was seized again in the Kremlin. I can’t lie on my left side. Handel's music, ate in the snow, the moon in the clouds. How nice it would be to die imperceptibly right away and lie down here in the ravine under the fir trees forever.

These mournful lines belong to an outstanding physicist of world renown, who through his works discovered a number of the latest promising areas in science and technology, including those related to the country's defense, who revived the activities of the Academy of Sciences after its return from evacuation after the war and created the world-famous Physics Institute of the Academy Science (FIAN) and headed it. A man of deep and versatile knowledge, high culture and morality, S. I. Vavilov created an atmosphere of creativity, benevolence and cooperation around him. In the secret "Certificate of the USSR People's Commissariat for State Security on the scientific and social activities full members of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR "dated July 8, 1945, sent to Stalin, Molotov, Malenkov (probably in order to inform him before the election of the President of the Academy), it is noted: Vavilov possesses organizational skills and is in good relations with the majority of scientists of the Academy of Sciences and enjoys authority with them. Simple in circulation, modest in everyday life.

Vavilov is now in the dawn of his creative powers and personally conducts research work. Has great students and followers. Known in the USSR and abroad. (the book “Sergei Ivanovich Vavilov. New touches to the portrait. M., FIAN, 2004. p. 162,163). July 17, 1945 Vavilov was elected President. 92 votes out of 94 academicians were cast for him. The personality of SI Vavilov was formed by the traditions of his family and the atmosphere in which he studied.

A pet from the Physics Faculty of Moscow State University, S. I. Vavilov was among those young people who were fortunate enough to take up the baton of scientific ethics from such magnificent Russian scientists as N. Zhukovsky, K. Timiryazev, V. Vernadsky, P. Lebedev (whose name was named FIAN). For his first independent scientific work SI Vavilov was awarded in 1915. Gold medal of the Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography at Moscow State University. This society owes its origin to the Polytechnic Museum, to which the Vavilov brothers "got used to" since their gymnasium times, attending popular science lectures that shaped their future aspirations in study and science. SI Vavilov himself later gave lectures at the Polytechnic Museum, having a special attitude to the scientific popularization of knowledge.

All of the above suggests that the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences S. I. Vavilov, a great scientist and patriot of the popularization of knowledge, put forward the idea of ​​a large-scale development of this activity in the post-war USSR under the auspices of the Academy of Sciences on the basis of the Polytechnic Museum (which, apparently, was then located in deplorable condition, occupied by various organizations). This Vavilov idea was probably received favorably by I. Stalin, but it was significantly rethought taking into account the requirements of the "current moment" and the already existing experience of political propaganda carried out since 1943. Lecture Bureau under the leadership of A.Ya. Vyshinsky.

All-Union Lecture Bureau

Theory and practice of the Bolshevik transformation of RUSSIA and the construction in it socialist society and states assumed that agitation and propaganda were fundamental factors in the "technology" of such a transformation. They open up opportunities for involving the broad masses in the planned transformations. The extremely low level of literacy of these very broad masses became a serious obstacle to business. By the end of the 19th century, no more than 20% of the Russian population could read. Therefore, among the first decrees of the Soviet government were the decrees

dedicated to enlightenment (1917) and education (1918). According to the decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On the elimination of illiteracy in the RSFSR" of December 26, 1919, the entire population of Soviet Russia aged 8 to 50, who could not read or write, was obliged to learn to read and write in their native language or in Russian (at will). The People's Commissariat of Education was given the right to involve all literate persons in teaching illiterates on the basis of labor service (!). According to the 1939 census, literacy of persons aged 16 to 50 in the USSR was already approaching 90%. During these 20 years, the number of ideas prepared for the perception propagated by the Bolsheviks was actively expanding.

VI Lenin developed and presented comprehensive aspects of the theory and methodology of agitation and propaganda. He proceeded from the fact that propaganda and agitation affect the minds of people, introducing ideas and teachings into their consciousness that require mastering as a guide to action.* In his book What to Do (1902), he divided the functions of a propagandist and an agitator. According to Lenin, the propagandist illuminates many ideas, and the agitator takes one of them in order to induce people to think and act. “Personal exposure and speaking at meetings in politics means a tremendous amount. Without them, no political activities, and even writing itself becomes less political ”(VI Lenin. Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 47, p. 54).

Lenin's ideas on propaganda and agitation until the end of the 20th century served as a guide to action in the implementation of all plans and programs (regardless of their thoughtfulness and success) of socialist construction in the USSR, and after 1945. and in the countries of the "socialist camp".

From the very first days of the existence of the Bolshevik Soviet Power, its current affairs and plans for building socialism were very ambiguously perceived by the population of the country, which for many, many years was split by a civil war, the consequences of which have not been eliminated to this day. That is why the authorities of the country of soviets have always paid special attention to the so-called. "Ideological support" of their deeds and plans, i.e. primarily propaganda and agitation.

The beginning of the war with Nazi Germany in 1941, tragic for the USSR. demanded from the Soviet leadership a rigid total mobilization of all human, material and spiritual resources for the struggle for the life of the country on the fronts of the war and for its rear support. Ideological work in the form of propaganda and agitation took their place in the ranks of the defenders of the Fatherland, making a significant contribution to what was later called “the moral and political unity of the Soviet people in the Great World War II". This work was carried out in the troops of the defenders of the Motherland both by army political workers and by mobile brigades from the rear. Particular attention was paid to propaganda and agitation in the rear, aimed at mobilizing labor resources for the cause of victory. The scale and depth of the echelons of this work is illustrated, in particular, by the small-format brochure “ TO A SCHOOLBOY ABOUT POLITICAL EDUCATIONAL WORK IN THE RURAL "(Detgiz, 1942; 50000 copies, 0.5 pp., signed for printing on 06/11/1942), prepared by the political education department of the work of the NARKOMPROS of the RSFSR with a foreword from the People's Commissar V. Potemkin. The brochure is addressed to school students leaving for agricultural work, which was part of the implementation of the May Day (1942) order of Stalin, which "obliges the Soviet people to exert all their forces to help the front for the final defeat of the enemy in 1942." The brochure calls on schoolchildren arriving in the village “to become an active assistant in the work of the reading room, library”, instructs and teaches them “how to conduct a conversation, loud reading of a newspaper”, “how to arrange a wall newspaper, a combat leaflet, a poster”, how to conduct a reference (!) work in the countryside, etc. This illustrates the organization of political education work at the lowest level.

Carrying out this work at the highest level was instructed by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) of the USSR dated July 31, 1943. The Lecture Bureau, created under the Committee for high school under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (later - the All-Union Lecture Bureau under the Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR), by Decree, the leadership of the Lecture Bureau was entrusted to high-ranking party and state officials headed by A.Ya. Vyshinsky.*

In the report on the work of the LECTURE BUREAU for the period August 1943 - June 1944. ( GARF, F-r9548, op.7. case5) it is noted that the BURO began its activities on 08/03/1943, having determined as its task, in accordance with the Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars, the organization of public paid lectures in Moscow and throughout the country on topics related to international position, current military-political events, on historical, military-historical and other issues, and the largest scientists, prominent military and public-political figures were to be involved in the preparation and delivery of lectures. This was to "ensure the relevance of the topic, the proper ideological and theoretical level and the political acuteness of the lectures."

Permanent sections were created at the Bureau: military; international relations; military history; historical; state and law; economic; scientific and technical; literature and art; philosophical. These 9 sections were headed by 5 academicians and 1 corresponding member. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 3 generals and 1 professor.

From 08.16.1943 on 07/01/1944 The Lecture Bureau held 493 public paid lectures on 85 topics in Moscow and other cities. These lectures were attended by 253 thousand listeners. The price of a lecture ticket was from 2 to 5 rubles. The funds from the collection were used to pay the lecturers' fee (50%), for the production of visual aids. Prominent scientists, military commanders, leaders of the international communist movement, cultural figures. The composition of lecturers is characterized by such names as S. Vavilov, E. Tarle, S. Mikhoels, D. Ibaruri. I. Ehrenburg and many others no less worthy.

The leadership of the Lecture Bureau made a decision on the possibility of admission to public reading of the lectures offered by the authors, carefully analyzed their quality, criticizing their shortcomings. For example, the famous Hungarian communist M. Rakosi (later the head of the former Hungarian People's Republic, whose activities are associated with the tragic events of 1956 in Hungary) was criticized for a number of political and historical imperfections (according to the leadership of the Lecture Bureau) his lectures on the topic: “ Hungary is a vassal of Hitlerite Germany. "

In September 1944. Vyshinsky approved the Regulation "ON THE LECTURE HALL OF THE BUREAU under the HIGHER SCHOOL COMMITTEE under the USSR Council of People's Commissars" ( GARF, F-r9548, op 7, case 2)... In accordance with it, the Lecture Hall (the Large Auditorium of the Polytechnic Museum, which later - on June 2, 1946 - was assigned to the Lecture Bureau by Decree No. 1451 of the USSR Council of Ministers) became the main base of the activities of the Lecture Bureau in Moscow (hence the name "Central Lecture Hall"), with full economic independence.

The data provided by Vyshinsky at the meeting of lecturers of the Lecture Bureau on May 24, 1945, make it possible to judge the scale of the Lecture Bureau's activities and the pace of its development. ( GARF, F-r9548 op 7, case 72). In 1945. The activity of the Bureau was manifested in the organization of 363 lectures per month with full classrooms in all locations. These lectures were published in mass circulation for their distribution (lectures prepared by the lecturers “ the first category of scientific quality " The Lecture Bureau and approved by it; on these texts lecturers spoke on the ground"Second category"* ). The successful experience of the Lecture Bureau made it possible to raise the question of a significant expansion of lecture activities. At this meeting of lecturers, Vyshinsky voiced ideas about the prospects for the future activities of the Lecture Bureau. In post-war conditions, it was required (hereinafter referred to as transcripts) « to expand the work deeper, to embrace wider strata of our society, and maybe even not only of our Soviet society, but much wider than it was until now, and to raise all our work as a whole to a new higher stage of its development ... .. should be a tribune public opinion, should be a well-known mouthpiece for the expression of views, points of view, approaches to solving certain problems, which (the mouthpiece) is not always possible to use in an official form, so that this expression of views is carried out in a less official form or not at all in an official form " .

The development of activities in such a setting required a new approach to its implementation. Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks 02/02/1947 makes a decision "On the transformation of the All-Union Lecture Bureau" with the creation, based on the experience of its activities, an All-Union public organization. Two months later - 04/01/1947. The Department of Agitation and Propaganda of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks convenes a meeting of scientists and cultural figures to discuss this issue. ( RGASPI, fund 17, op 125, storage unit 505, sheets 1,2,24,25). A month later, the appeal of the participants of this meeting to the Soviet intelligentsia with an appeal to create such an organization was published by the newspaper "PRAVDA"

For those who are familiar with the activities of the All-Union Society "ZNANIE", it should be obvious that the "matrix" for it was the activities of the All-Union Lecture Bureau under the USSR Ministry of Higher Education.

The first steps of the brainchild of the VKP / b / and S.I. Vavilova

The biography of the All-Union Society "ZNANIE" (hereinafter referred to as WHO) dates back to April 29, 1947. On this day, JV Stalin signed Decree No. 1377 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the All-Union Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge." The first paragraph of this ruling reads as follows (GARF, fund p-9547, op1, delo1):

« Approve the appeal of a group of scientists and public figures to all figures of Soviet science and culture on the creation of the All-Union Society for the dissemination of political and scientific knowledge and to allow the publication of the appeal in the central press. "

We are talking about the treatment that took place with permissions (!) VODYA was published on May 1 by the PRAVDA newspaper with 70 signatures, of which the first is the signature of the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences SI Vavilov. This is followed by the signatures of the presidents of the Academy of Sciences of 9 union republics, 17 full members of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Academy of Sciences of the Union Republics, 8 corresponding members of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 22 scientists-figures of higher education, as well as signatures of famous writers, generals, members of the USSR Government, secretaries of the Central Committee of the Komsomol and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions .. In particular, the Appeal was signed by academicians Tarle E.V., Artobolevsky I.I., Orbeli I.A., Ambartsumyan V.A., and writers Simonov K.M., Fadeev A.A., Tikhonov N.S. ...

This Appeal already contains the concept of the future All-Union Society. Here is how its main provisions are presented in the Address (PRAVDA newspaper):

– The successful implementation of the great task of building a communist society requires systematic and extensive work to raise the culture of the working people, to intensify the work on the communist education of the Soviet people, and to an indefatigable struggle to completely overcome the remnants of capitalism in the minds of people.

- We propose to create an All-Union society for the dissemination of political and scientific knowledge. The task of this Society should be to organize a broad propaganda of scientific and political knowledge by conducting public lectures in the field of international politics, Soviet economy, science, culture, literature and art, as well as by publishing and distributing transcripts of lectures

- We must show the greatness of our socialist Motherland, instill in the Soviet people a sense of pride for the Soviet country, for our heroic Soviet people, waging a decisive struggle against the servility of individual citizens of the USSR in front of modern bourgeois culture. Members' duty.

By a decree of the Council of Ministers, an organizing committee was approved in the amount of 21 people, chaired by Academician S.I. Vavilov - President of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The organizing committee consists of 12 academicians, including: Tarle E.V., Muskhelishvili E.I., Grekov B.D., Artobolevsky A.A., Oparin A.I., Lysenko T.D. By its Resolution, the Government instructed the organizing committee to carry out work on the preparation of a general meeting of the founders of the SOCIETY in July of the same year, having previously formed a collective of these founders. By the decree, the created SOCIETY was transferred all available property, equipment and funds of the All-Union Lecture Bureau under the USSR Ministry of Higher Education. Also under the jurisdiction of the SOCIETY was the "Moscow Polytechnic Museum", which was previously under the jurisdiction of the Committee for Cultural and Educational Institutions under the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR.

Events unfolded rapidly. The organizing committee was to develop the foundations of the life and activities of a large All-Union public organization for discussion by a general meeting of founders, and it was necessary to decide on who should be considered founders.

Debates on the main issues unfolded at the meeting of the Organizing Committee on May 12, 1947. (GARF, f p-9547, op1. Case7) The issue of membership in the SOCIETY was especially hotly discussed. The severity of this problem is explained by the fact that it was necessary to combine in the "one team" of lecture activities the wide participation of local enthusiasts (rural intelligentsia, the intelligentsia of small towns, i.e. precisely those areas where the lecturer's word was of particular value and potential for dissemination), with the necessary the level of scientific support for the content of lectures. A sharpened polemic on this issue unfolded between A.Ya. Vyshinsky and A.A. Voznesensky* ... The presiding officer S.I. Vavilov defined his position as follows:

- I ask you to take into account that the Appeal published in the newspapers had a very wide response. Indeed, a huge circle of people - both school teachers, and engineers working at factories, and others. This Appeal was extremely interested. It seems to me that it is necessary to involve them to some extent in the activities of the Society, as it became clear from the discussion. Otherwise, we will encounter a number of difficulties in further work... It was indicated here that this would be some kind of division into groups, but I must say that the name "competing member" is a name that has existed from time immemorial. Even in the party relation, there are such gradations - a party member and a candidate. V scientific societies and in the old days, students participated as competing members, and they considered it a great honor for themselves. I myself was a competing member and it was a great honor for me.

At this meeting of the Organizing Committee, proposals were discussed on the structural and regional structure of the SOCIETY, on the thematic structuring of lecture activities and its management, on the formation of governing bodies of the SOCIETY. The huge volume of work to be done raised doubts about the possibility of its implementation within the timeframes stipulated by the Government Decree. But SI Vavilov was firm, and the general meeting was held at the appointed time.

Newspaper "PRAVDA" July 7, 1947 in the heading "Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge" she reported on the holding of a "general meeting of members of the All-Union Society" at the Bolshoi Theater. The newspaper wrote: "Members of the society came to the meeting from all over the Soviet Union ... ..In the Union republics, before the general meeting, a lot of work was done to form republican societies."

The meeting was primarily to determine the fundamental principles of the Society's activities. He spoke about this in his introductory remarks S. I. Vavilov:

– The purpose of the Society is at first glance so clear and obvious that its special consideration may seem superfluous. In reality, however, every day one has to meet with very diverse understandings and interpretations of the purpose and nature of his forthcoming activities. For example, sometimes opinions are expressed that society should be an association of numerous Soviet special scientific and technical societies, like the corresponding British and American associations ... wide circles of the population of the Soviet Union .... Joseph Vissarionovich (meaning J.V. Stalin. author's note) pointed out ... ... “It also happens that new paths of science and technology are sometimes paved not by people generally known in science, but completely unknown in the scientific world people, practitioners, business innovators ”. One of the main tasks of our Society is to create cultural conditions for which such people, practitioners, innovators of business would appear in science as much as possible. " (BULLETIN of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1947, No. 8, p. 3-11).

The preparation of the General Meeting was personally supervised by the Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of the Soviet Union / b / A.A. Zhdanov, with whom the composition of the Board was previously agreed upon,* draft statute and a number of other issues (GARF, f p9547, op1, file 2a, sheets 35.36 - letters dated 02.07.47 to Zhdanov signed by Vavilov and Mitin).

The general meeting adopted The statute The Society, which was subsequently approved by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 3401 dated September 29, 1947, and also formed a Board headed by the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences S.I. Vavilov. Since that time, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR handed over to the Society its journal "Science and Life".

The first CHARTER OF THE COMPANY (GARF f r-5446, op1, delo 313) consisted of 8 sections, which determined the objectives and membership of the Society, its structure and financial basis for its activities. His first article reads like this: "The All-Union Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge is a voluntary public political and educational (!) Organization and has as its goal the dissemination of political and scientific knowledge among the population of the Soviet Union."

Article 8 states: "The All-Union Society consists of: honorary members, full members - individuals and collectives, competing members."

Honorary Members there could be persons elected by the congress of the SOCIETY for "Especially valuable services for the dissemination of political and scientific knowledge in the USSR."

Full members there could be figures (!) (science and technology, socio-political and military, literature and art, as well as teachers) "Taking a personal active part in the dissemination of political and scientific knowledge among the population of the USSR (composing and giving lectures, compiling popular books, etc.)." Collective members could be public and state organizations and institutions participating in the creation and activities of the Society. Competitor members of the Society could be "Persons participating in the activities of the Society by giving lectures on the basis of texts approved by the Society, participating in the organization of scientific experiments, exhibitions, as well as providing other types of assistance to the Society."

For "Development of issues corresponding to the objectives of the Society" THE CHARTER provided for the presence of SECTIONS in the Society for individual branches of knowledge, as part of full members.

The financial well-being of the Company was determined by the entrance and membership fees stipulated by the CHARTER, income from all statutory activities, contributions from public organizations and institutions and individuals “Interested in the development of the Company”.

At the General Meeting (by prior agreement with the Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party / b / A.A. Zhdanov), honorary members of the Society were to be elected: comrades Stalin I.V., Molotov V.M., Zhdanov A.A., as well as academics Zelinsky N.D., Obruchev V.A., Pryanishnikov D.N. However, they were elected at the 1st Congress of the Society in January 1948.

Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 4032 of December 16, 1947 "ON MEASURES OF ASSISTANCE TO ALL-UNION SOCIETY FOR DISSEMINATION OF POLITICAL AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE" signed by IV Stalin (GARF, f p-9547.op1. Case1) was instructed:

- 9 ministries and departments “to deliver in December (!) 1947. All-Union Society…. materials and equipment according to Appendix No. 1 ";

- 5 ministries and departments, as well as the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions “to transfer until February 1, 1948. All-Union Society …… exhibitions, libraries and museums located in the building of the Polytechnic Museum in accordance with Appendix No. 2 ”;

The aforementioned Appendix # 2 lists: 1. Central Station young technicians(Ministry of Education of the RSFSR); 2. Museum of Labor of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. 3. Forest Museum (Ministry of Forest Industry of the USSR; 4. Moscow House of Technology (Ministry of River Fleet of the USSR); 5. Exhibition of Control and Measuring Instruments (Committee for Measures and Measuring Instruments under the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR); 6. Central Polytechnic Library (Committee for cultural and educational institutions under the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR).

The decree obliged 5 departments and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions to “relocate from the building of the Polytechnic Museum of their subordinate institutions and organizations in accordance with Appendix No. 3”, and instructed the heads (personally) of the Moscow City Executive Committee and the Administration of the USSR Council of Ministers “to assist the Board of the All-Union Society ... from the building of the Polytechnic Museum of the institutions and organizations specified in Appendix No. 3 ".

The decree also established exemption from state and local taxes for "public lectures and other scientific and educational events" organized by the Society. January 26, 1948 the 1st Congress of the Society has already taken place. With the report “On the results of the Society's activities for 1947. and about the work plan for 1948. Academician M.B. Mitin made a speech. The spirit of this lecture can be perceived already from the following citation of it (Journal "Science and Life", 1948, No. 2, p. 35.):

"The task of our Society is not a non-partisan" culture ", but a militant, offensive, propaganda of political and scientific knowledge imbued with the spirit of the Bolshevik partisanship ... .. All the work of the Society, lectures, printed publications should help to etch out these harmful and disgusting manifestations of bourgeois vestiges." The author of the report has in mind the "vestiges" that he had previously mentioned in the report in the form of "groveling before foreignism."

In the Resolution of the 1st Congress of the Society (published there) it is written:

item 2 "The congress considers it necessary to oblige each full member of the Society to read in various audiences or compose at least two lectures a year on behalf of the Society."

item 3 “According to the content of the lecture work of the Society for 1948. the congress gives the following instructions:

a / The most important place in the lecture topics should be occupied by topics in the social sciences ...……

b / …… In lectures (for the section on natural and technical sciences, author's note) should find a broad and comprehensive coverage of the role of Russian science and the achievements of Soviet scientists .... The demonstration of the advantages of Soviet socialist science should be the guiding principle in the work of lecturers. "

The Society attached great importance to the participation of the Central Polytechnic Library in its work. The Presidium of the Board of the Society adopted a special resolution on the work of the Library on February 24, 1948. Clause number 1 of this resolution reads like this:

To establish that the Central Polytechnic Library, in accordance with the objectives of the Society, should specialize, along with scientific and technical and production and technical literature, and in the field of popular science literature.

By the same Resolution, the Presidium approved the Regulations on the Library, which defined the concept of its activities as follows:

The Central Polytechnic Library of the All-Union Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge is a public scientific library - a book depository of technical literature and a research center for library and bibliographic work with technical literature. The library specializes in the field of popular science literature on technology and natural science.

The regulation determined that the main contingent served by the Central Polytechnic Library of the Society should soon be the actual individual members, competing members and members of the Society's collectives. The library needs to organize appropriate services for the members of the Society who are involved in lecturing.

The direct management of the Library by the Board was entrusted to the Deputy Chairman of the Board, Academician I.I.

This is how the life and activity of the largest All-Union public organization began, which from its first steps turned out to be a significant factor in public activity in the USSR. The published materials of that time make it possible to judge about this.

Journal "Science and Life" since 1948. introduced a permanent column "In the All-Union Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge." Below is a brief overview of this section for 1948-1949.

1948 year ... # 8 Publishes materials dedicated to the first anniversary of the Society. “To turn the Society into a powerful hotbed of political and

scientific knowledge "(based on the results of the June plenum of the Board of the Society - speaker at the plenum - academician MB Mitin).

No. 9 Publishes materials: on the propaganda of Michurin doctrine; about the lecture of prof. A.A. Kosmodemyanskiy, dedicated to the founders of modern rocket technology; about the lecture of the candidate of biological and pedagogical sciences VP Ilyin "Maintaining high working capacity in middle and old age"; about popular science literature; about helping rural lecturers, where it is reported that thousands of lecture halls have been organized in rural areas, for which the Board is preparing 4 series of popular brochures: "What modern science says about the origin and development of life on earth." "Science of the Origin of the Universe", "Soviet Agricultural Science", "History of Our Motherland".

# 10 Continues to publish materials about lecture activities in the countryside. In September, the first two collective farm lectures of the Society were opened in the Moscow region. SV Vavilov spoke at the opening of one of them at the Ogorodny Giant agricultural cartel. For schoolchildren

in the city of Ivanovo in the summer, 30 lectures were given with a total audience of 4000 high school students on the topic: "The moral image of the Soviet man." "Love, friendship and comradeship", "On the remnants of capitalism in the minds of people and ways to overcome them", "Education of will and character", "The culture of a young man's behavior", "Mother in the life of a person."

The Physics and Mathematics Section of the Society is preparing for publication, under the leadership of Academician G.S. Landsberg, a series of popular science books under the general title "Popular Library in Physics". The books are designed "for people with 6-8 grade education and are intended for independent reading."

1949 №3 Material about collective farm universities in Ukraine. The Poltava branch of the Society organized 34 collective farm universities for more than 1,500 students. The educational program of universities in the scope of the agricultural technical school is designed for three years. For university lecturers, 2 times a month, so-called speaker seminars are held at which scientists speak.

The magazine also reports: "The branch of the Society in Kolyma is living a full life." For the last quarter of 1948. in Magadan, more than 30 public lectures were delivered to 4000 people. "And in the provinces in October-November there were 92 lectures, which were attended by over 10 thousand people." Lecture topics: "The role of ideology in social development", "The Soviet Union in the struggle for peace and security", "On the countries of new democracy", "On Communist morality", "The emergence of life on earth", "The search for the remains of mammoths in the Kolyma region" ... The journal publishes an abstract presentation of the lecture of Professor BA Vorontsov-Velyaminov "A BEAM OF LIGHT - BULLETIN OF DISTANT WORLDS", informs about the Stalingrad lecture hall of economic knowledge of the local branch of the Society for economic and financial workers, about a lecture hall for parents in Arkhangelsk.

№4 "The exclusion of bourgeois cosmopolitans from the ranks of society." The Presidium of the Board “on the proposals of the general meetings of the sections of literature and art and the Leningrad branch of the Society, considered the issue of being among the full members of the Society of Altman, Bleiman, Boyadzhiev, Belza and others, exposed by the Soviet press (!) And the Soviet public (!) As antipatriots and bourgeois cosmopolitans ". The Presidium decided to exclude this group of persons from the number of full members with the consideration of this issue by the Plenum of the Management Board.

No. 8 He spoke, in particular, about the experience of the collective farm lecture hall in the village of Lipnyazhki, Kirovograd Region, Ukrainian SSR, as presented by VM Maidebura, the head of the lecture hall. “I cannot but tell about the selfless behavior of Comrade. Lyubitsky, who teaches at the school of the village of Markov, 15 km. from U.S. It was in the spring. Comrade Lyubitsky was supposed to give a lecture on the topic "The origin of life on earth."

On this day it was pouring rain, it was dirty, the road was washed out. I call him: -Can we reschedule the lecture? - No way. Prepare the audience. - Exactly at the appointed hour Comrade. Lyubitsky has appeared; the club was overcrowded, and the collective farmers listened with great interest to a good lecture. For more than an hour, the lecturer answered numerous questions from the audience "

Let's finish the whole review with a curiosity, which was reported by No. 9 of the magazine under the heading “In the Presidium of the Board of the All-Union Society”.

"The Shvidler-Ronev case"

"A. Shvidler (Ronev), using the title of a full member of the Society, asceticised in the Pskov region, in Leningrad, in the Estonian SSR with an anti-scientific lecture "Brain and Psyche", accompanying it with hypnosis sessions. All Shvidler's performances were paid, most often without vouchers - the entire gross collection ended up in his pocket. Ticket prices have always exceeded the established norms. He created a private entrepreneurial "lecturer group" of close and distant relatives. " “The Presidium of the Board of the All-Union Society…. He put an end to the antiscientific slack "lecture" activity of this "group".

This curiosity indirectly characterizes the popularity and authority of the Society, as well as Mr. Shvidler as “the hero of our time”.

The very first report on the activities of the SOCIETY. was sent on 09.11.1948, signed by the Chairman of the Board Academician SI Vavilov and the First Deputy Chairman of the Board, Academician M.B. Mitin, to the Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) G.M. Malenkov. ( RGASPI, f17, op.132, d.10, sheets 77 - 104). It is noteworthy that all (!) Official letters of the SOCIETY to the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and to the Government were sent with two signatures: SI Vavilov and MB Mitin. Apparently, the latter was assigned the role of “party duenna"With a non-partisan Chairman.

Stages of development of the society "Knowledge"

Analysis of materials reflecting the activities of the ALL-UNION SOCIETY "ZNANIE" in the process of its development from prehistory to completion, allows us to single out a number of periods in the life of this organization.

These periods, or stages, are characterized by changes in the self-identification of SOCIETY, which is undoubtedly associated with the evolution of the political and socio-economic conditions of life in the USSR.

The materials presented earlier make it possible to single out the first, "Stalinist" period with the inclusion of the "prehistoric" stage in the activity of the Lecture Bureau as its subsection.

The peculiarity of the SOCIETY's activities during this period is fixed by the main provision of its CHARTER, defining the SOCIETY as political educational organization . The nature of the activities prescribed by the authorities could not diverge from the fact that J.V. Stalin and his associates were elected honorary members of the SOCIETY with enthusiasm and unanimously. During this period, the VKP / b / mobilized the SOCIETY for agitation and propaganda support for the post-war reconstruction of the country and for the ideological struggle "at the front and in the rear of the Cold War." The latter did not fit well with the original idea of ​​S.I. Vavilov, but he did not set the rules of the game. Nevertheless, during these years, the popularization of the achievements of the natural sciences began to unfold: physics, astronomy, chemistry, and earth sciences. In 1953. after Stalin's death, a painful process of rethinking life began in the country. The former "pagan idols" (and above all the honorary members of the SOCIETY) were overthrown from their pedestals.

But the belief in building a "bright future" remained, moreover, the time of its occurrence was determined - 1980. Thus, a new incentive arose for mobilizing the creative potential of the Soviet people. All-Union "ZNANIE" was assigned its role in this work. The post-Stalinist - "thaw" period in the life of the SOCIETY has come.

Charter of the ALL-UNION SOCIETY FOR DISSEMINATION OF POLITICAL AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE 1955. its first paragraph declares that it (SOCIETY) is a voluntary public scientific and educational organization. It aims to contribute to the strengthening of the Soviet socialist state by widely disseminating among the population of the Soviet Union political and scientific knowledge on the basis of Marxism-Leninism on the following issues: followed by a list of at least 25 thematic areas, starting with the external and domestic politics with a further listing of all branches of science, cultural activities and ending with sports and excellence. No "charter" ideological war.

The "thaw" period in the life of the country and SOCIETY is characterized by revival and enthusiasm. The ranks of the SOCIETY are growing due to the formation of groups of its members in production teams. By 1964. there were already about 90 thousand such groups. (YK Fishevsky, NN Murashov. Primary organization - the basis of society KNOWLEDGE M., 1981, "KNOWLEDGE"). At the 6th congress of the SOCIETY (since 1963 it is called simply - the Society "Knowledge"), a charter was adopted, providing for the presence of primary organizations at the heart of its structure. The Polytechnic Museum begins to play a special role - the role of the showcase of the SOCIETY. Its halls host exhibitions and meetings dedicated to the achievements of excellence. Within the walls of the MUSEUM, the SOCIETY met and honored the first cosmonauts. Employees - members of the primary organization "KNOWLEDGE" MUSEUM, delivered lectures and demonstrations to popularize scientific and technical knowledge in places of recreation, at enterprises and educational institutions in Moscow and abroad. In the Big Auditorium of the Polytechnic, the main tribune of the SOCIETY, prominent domestic and foreign scientists, for example N. Wiener in 1960, spoke. The term “thaw” itself, in its political and moral context, seemed to flutter out of the walls of the Polytechnic, whose Big Auditorium became a “nest” of thaw poets who gained worldwide fame.

It can be assumed that the thaw period in the life of the country and SOCIETY ended at the very end of the 60s, after the “thaw” manifested itself as a syndrome of revision of the ideological foundations of the “socialist camp” by the events in Czechoslovakia in August 1968. The CPSU strengthened the inviolability of these foundations by "tightening the ideological screws." For this, the most extensive company for the preparation and celebration of the 100th anniversary of V.I. Lenin was used 100%. The period that has come can rightfully be considered "stagnant" with a climax in 1987, when a new edition of the COMPANY'S CHARTER was adopted.

The preamble to this document reads in particular:

The ZNANIE Society works under the leadership of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, contributes to the implementation of its program goals. Its activities are aimed at:

- the formation of a scientific worldview, high ideology and consciousness of Soviet people, an increase in their political and general culture, a deep mastery of Marxist-Leninist teaching, education in the spirit of Soviet patriotism and proletarian internationalism, the ability to evaluate social phenomena from a clear class position, uphold the ideals and spiritual values ​​of socialism ;

This is followed by a whole series of original instructions like fostering intolerance to any manifestations of alien ideology and morality ..., readiness to actively participate in the implementation of the party's strategic course to accelerate the country's socio-economic development ....

During these years, the SOCIETY organizations are embedded in the system of the propaganda apparatus of the CPSU at all levels from the primary organizations and above. The thematic structure of the SOCIETY's activities includes the following directions of propaganda (!): Socio-political, scientific and technical and natural science. The most important attention is paid to the first of them. It should also be noted that over the past 40 years since the founding of the Society, the lecture form of its activities as a basic one begins to lag behind the times. The increased cultural and educational level of the population, the population's assimilation of a wide range of mass media services required a deep modernization of the entire technology of the Society's activities, for which it was not ready. The inertia of thinking of the "curators" of the Society from the leadership of the CPSU kept it in a well-worn rut.

But the main reason why this period manifests itself as stagnant is that the basic statutory prescription for SOCIETY (see above) is gradually losing its justification. This is becoming more and more obvious, since the attitudes given to the Society do not stand up to the test of citizens' life experience. In these conditions, the essence of enlightenment begins to be replaced by the cult of rituals for its implementation. It is no coincidence that the main provisions of the new CHARTER, adopted by its 10th extraordinary congress of the SOCIETY and registered on February 25, 1991, look completely different, 4 years after the previous one (1987) and less than a year before the end of the SOCIETY's activities. The main goal, which the society should be guided by in its activities, is formulated by the latest CHARTER as follows:

- To contribute to the solution of national tasks - bringing the country to the level of advanced states in the economic, scientific, technical, social and humanitarian spheres, achieving civil accord, uniting and consolidating democratic forces, spiritual improvement of the people, development and strengthening of universal and socialist values, internationalism and friendship of peoples , the establishment of the ideals of a humane, democratic society, freedom, equality and justice, the formation of the rule of law and the provision of human rights.

The fundamental, revolutionary difference of this appeal from the one that was relevant quite recently - in 1987, speaks volumes, in particular, that by 1990. SOCIETY used up the ideological resource of its development following the CPSU.

Nevertheless, during the stagnation period, when the intellectual and spiritual resource of the CPSU was gradually fading away, the work of the SOCIETY intensified to support lifelong education, to promote

professional growth interested groups of the population, on the development by specialists of the knowledge they need from related scientific fields. So, for example, the SOCIETY, with its publications and lectures, helped the masses of specialists to master the "ideology" of computing technology and its applications. The People's Universities played a worthy role in all this activity, which allowed interested categories of citizens to expand their cultural horizons, replenish and update their intellectual and professional baggage.

In this regard, the role of the Academy of Sciences in the life of SOCIETY is invaluable. The traditions established by SI Vavilov continued to be preserved until the very end of the activities of the ALL-UNION SOCIETY "ZNANIE".

During all 44 years of this activity, the SOCIETY was always headed by a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, as a rule, an outstanding scientist with a worldwide reputation, often a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, a member of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences. At the head of the SOCIETY were two Nobel Prize winners - Academician N.N. (1960-1963) and academician Basov N.G. (1978-1989) Academicians Basov N.G. and Artobolevsky I.I. (1966-1977) led the SOCIETY for the longest time and very significantly influenced the content of its activities, primarily and mainly in the field of popularization of science, innovative areas of application of its achievements. NG Basov received many letters to the Board with a request to evaluate the various ideas of using lasers proposed by the addressees.

Basov was the initiator of the adoption of a joint Resolution of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Presidium of the Board of the All-Union Society "ZNANIE" "On the further strengthening of cooperation between the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the All-Union Society" ZNANIE "(May 11, 1979 No. 644/6, see also BULLETIN of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR 1987. No. 12). In accordance with this Resolution instructed to the heads of the following sections of the Presidium of the Academy: physical, technical and mathematical sciences ( Academician E.P. Velikhov.), chemical-technical and biological sciences ( Academician Yu.A. Ovchinnikov.), geosciences ( Academician Sidorenko A.B.), social sciences ( Academician Fedoseev P.N..) together with academics- the heads of the relevant structures of the Management Board of the COMPANY ( Dollezhal N.A., Sokolov V.E., corresponding member Lisitsin A.P., Konstantinov F.V.) at joint meetings to consider plans for the promotion of current areas of science, as well as to promote the wider involvement of scientific workers in the propaganda of scientific knowledge, considering their participation in propaganda as a social duty of the Soviet scientist. For this purpose instruct the heads of all scientific institutions of the USSR Academy of Sciences:

to use expeditions, business trips of scientific workers, including abroad, to deliver lectures;

- when summing up the results of the activities of departments, sectors, laboratories and when re-certifying research workers, take into account their participation in the activities of the Knowledge Society.

In the development of this Decree on 02.22.1979, a joint decree was adopted "On the list of institutes of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR for joint work with the scientific and methodological councils of the All-Union Society" Knowledge "to promote the relevant branches of scientific knowledge." This document

instructed the heads of 52 scientific organizations of the USSR Academy of Sciences to ensure the participation of their academic councils in joint work with the scientific and methodological bodies of the SOCIETY Board. For this, the directors were offered

to single out this area of ​​work as an independent one and assign responsibility for it to one of his deputies.

It should be borne in mind that the SOCIETY also closely interacted with the Academy of Medical Sciences, promoting medical knowledge and healthy lifestyles, and with the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences on the problems of raising children and family building.

Popularization of knowledge is a natural form of activity for a scientist. Since ancient times, the "cellular" structure of the implementation of scientific activity has been presented in the form of a triad: "TEACHER - STUDENTS - SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL". A teacher can win students only by his enthusiasm for scientific research and the clarity of the presentation of his essence. According to S.I. Vavilov's behest, many dozens of scientists themselves gave lectures, developed their topics, created programs and manuals for popular universities, prepared popular science brochures and books, involving their students in this work. Special events were the meetings of leading scientists with the general public in the Big Auditorium of the Polytechnic Museum in the cycle "Tribune of the Academy of Sciences". This communication of "big science" with the people took on another original form in the mid-80s. The board of the SOCIETY took the initiative and organized the speeches of scientists of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Academies of Sciences of the Union Republics at enterprises at the venues of the annual field meetings of the Council for the Coordination of Scientific Activity of the Academies of Sciences of the Union Republics under the President of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Academician A.P. Aleksandrov was then the Chairman of the Council. Such meetings were held in Estonia, Moldova, Armenia, Turkmenistan. The events organized by the SOCIETY in the context of the Council's work program were attended by vice-presidents of the USSR Academy of Sciences, academician-secretaries of departments of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Presidents of republican academies. At the same time, up to 30 prominent scientists went to perform at factories, agricultural enterprises, on ships of the fishing fleet, etc. The experience of this work showed that the prominent scientists themselves were sincerely interested in the opportunity to personally "bring knowledge from the scientific laboratory to the people." Each of these meetings gradually turned from a lecture into an interesting conversation for all its participants.

Outcome

Taking a look at the history of the All-Union Society "Knowledge", history inextricably linked with the post-war history of the USSR and the CPSU, we can confidently assert that not without compromises and conformism with the inertia of the ideological leadership of the country, SOCIETY honestly served the FATHERLAND. It really contributed both to an increase in the general culture and education of the population, and to the professional growth of specialists.

Moscow, July - September 2012

* In the second half of the 20th century, Western psychologists will develop a similar approach in the so-called. "Transpersonal psychology".

* VYSHINSKY A. I... From September 6, 1940 to 1946 - First Deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR. From June 1933, Deputy, and from March 1935 to May 1939 - Prosecutor of the USSR.

The leadership of the Lecture Bureau also included KAFTANOV S, V, In 1937-1946. - Chairman of the All-Union Committee for Higher Education under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, at the same time in 1941-1945. - authorized by the State Defense Committee for science. In 1946-1951. - Minister of Higher Education of the USSR; ALEXANDROV G, F * A.A. Voznesensky (1900-1950; prominent economist, rector of Leningrad University, then - Minister of Education of the RSFSR). He was repressed and posthumously rehabilitated.

* A hardened “fighter of the ideological front”, an ardent opponent of “bourgeois pseudoscience - genetics”, philosophers, academician MB Mitin was “assigned” to the non-partisan Chairman of the Board as a deputy.

The Congress of the Knowledge Society of Russia - to be!

December 17 in Moscow, in the conference hall of the Federation Council of Russia a meeting of the Board of the all-Russian public organization - the Knowledge Society of Russia... More than fifty of the most authoritative members of the Board, heads of regional organizations and public structures gathered to discuss the fate of the most famous and influential educational organization in the country.

The President of the Knowledge Society, member of the Federation Council made a welcoming speech to the meeting participants Nikolay Bulaev... In his speech, Nikolai Ivanovich noted the high results achieved by the Knowledge Society of Russia over the past few years and, in particular, in the current 2015 - this is the growth of popularity, the authority of the Knowledge Society, both among high leaders at the federal level, and among other non-profit organizations. Highlighted the achievements in the expansion and development of the regional network.

With particular interest, the participants in the meeting accepted the clarifications on the goals and objectives identified by the President of Russia V. Putin in the Decree on the creation of the Russian society "Knowledge".

The position of the state on the same issue was highlighted in detail by the head of the Department for public projects Administration of the President of Russia Pavel Zenkovich, who not only emphasized the role and importance of the Knowledge Society of Russia in educational activities, but also noted the importance of partnerships that have developed between the public organization and government agencies in the past few years.
Following the discussion The Management Board of the Knowledge Society of Russia made a decision to convene an extraordinary 17th Congress of the Society to resolve the issue of joining the co-founders of the public and state organization Russian Knowledge Society of December 11, 2015 No. 617. The convention is scheduled for March 17, 2016 .

T Also, the Board made a number of personnel decisions due to changes in the state scale in the educational sphere. The President of the Knowledge Society of Russia, a member of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation was elected to the post of the Chairman of the Management Board Nikolay Ivanovich Bulaev... Elected as his deputy Dmitry Vladimirovich Bogdanov... Also elected as Deputy Chairman of the Management Board Dmitry Vyacheslavovich Krasnov- Head of the Directorate of Grant Programs of the Knowledge Society of Russia.

Also at the meeting of the Management Board, issues of priority areas of educational activities were considered, among which the participants of the meeting emphasized the need for large-scale explanatory work on the theses of the Address of the President of Russia to the Federal Assembly, on the fight against terrorism, countering corruption, strengthening intergenerational ties, working with youth and the older generation. Russians, strengthening health, improving the quality of life, developing a system of additional professional education.

The society was divided - its property on the territory of Russia passed to the society "Knowledge of Russia". The new organization fell into decay in the 1990s: the number of members decreased, many regional offices... In June 2016, a congress of the Knowledge of Russia society made a decision to liquidate this organization.

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✪ Investing in real estate. What is more important skill or knowledge?

✪ From work experience class teacher| Lisnaya Anna Yurievna

Subtitles

Greetings, dear friend in touch, Denis Teterin, in this short video I would like to tell you about the attitude to skill and knowledge, we all perfectly understand that training is very important for achieving any results, I perfectly understand this and completely agree with you myself, constantly learning this, and I urge you myself I teach naturally, I have paid courses, I make money on this, so everything is fine to study, I always invest in myself and I also take money from people who come to me for training and together we change life for the better, it's all great, great as a second a view that, in your opinion, skill is more important or all the same knowledge, people are very different, some there is a category of people who are deeply convinced that constantly learning, learning, learning is all cool and this makes them some kind of superhuman much better than their immediate environment, there are a lot of such people who really know how to learn they know how do they learn constantly, everything is great, well done, I'm ready to shake hands with them, but at the same time they are poor they have nothing they know how to build a business how to write a business plan they underwent trainings they did their homework they defended some projects in these trainings everything is great cool beyond their own there is no business this is the same as in institutes, you know we have here economic financial institutions of computer technology institutes teachers teach people to do business to build a business while not a single day in their life they did not have their own business the same analogy is identical when a person is constantly learning undergoes business trainings, but he does not have a business, so I am deeply convinced that if you choose between two evils, the most important thing in life is not your knowledge, but a skill, after all, you agree that your knowledge will give you well, you have completed the training, but you have knowledge of what they are like they will change your life in general in no way will the skill of course change of course you will you make a lot of mistakes you do something it may be wrong, even most likely wrong, but it will give you confidence that I tried it wrong, I have the opportunity to try something again and do it maybe a little better maybe it’s right or maybe it’s not perfect do it for a long time ideally and well you need to do it quickly, however, so the most important skill changes your life not your knowledge not your trainings courses attending webinars read books they will not change your life they will not set the table for you and your family they will not buy you a new car and your skill when you came did something you did something something didn’t work out there were clients paid you money this is a skill everything is cool calls you start to be an intermediary connecting link in some business build your own business opening a production this is a skill through failure through want and I don’t want you to build your personal experience you have your own path and skill de bark your life is truly exciting, so if you choose between endlessly studying and stupidly doing, I choose to always do so be the one who does just be doers and not endless learners Denis Deterin was in touch wait for new videos subscribe to the youtube channel for now

History

The reasons for the creation of the Society were:

• significant damage caused by the Great Patriotic War to the entire system of Soviet education;
• the mass deprofessionalization of the population caused by the war;
• course towards the earliest possible creation of the Soviet nuclear shield;
• the Cold War, which spurred the growth of the competitiveness of the Soviet high-redistribution industry.

The objective need for mass education of the adult population - the "academy of millions" - was presented as an initiative of the intellectual part of society, supported by the party and the government.

Initially, the future structure was called the All-Union Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge. On May 1, 1947, the appeal appeared in the Soviet press; On May 12, at its first meeting, the organizing committee decided to create branches of the Society in the union republics, the largest regional and regional centers of Russia.

Soon, one after another, 14 republican societies arose for the dissemination of political and scientific knowledge, and in 1957, the 15th society - the All-Union.

It became prestigious to be an engineer and to be engaged in research work; young people flooded into technical universities. In the cinema, the image of an intellectual worker was born, created by the director Joseph Kheifits and the artist Alexei Batalov (Big Family, 1954).

In 1963, the All-Union Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge was renamed the All-Union Society "Knowledge". By this time, an adult Soviet person listened to an average of 4 to 5 lectures annually.

In 1964, the 4th congress of the "knowledgeists" adopted a decision to establish people's universities, thereby paving the way from scattered lectures and brochures to systematic special education. Enterprises not only improved the qualifications of their personnel in popular universities, but also attracted academics to solve applied problems. And the leaders of higher education were able to open and debug in these universities the most advanced faculties (for example, cybernetics), which appeared in universities only years later.

By the beginning of 2017, it was planned to form regional offices and update the staff, after which the recruitment of lecturers was to begin. The organization's budget for 2017 was 100 million rubles.

The sphere of activity of the updated "Knowledge", in addition to increasing civic consciousness, was called spiritual and moral education, the popularization and protection of the Russian language, literature, and a healthy lifestyle. The members of the organization, most of the heads of departments in the regions of which were representatives of universities, called strategic objectives society "Knowledge" "work to transform knowledge into convictions", broadcast "state ideology" and the formation in the mass consciousness of "the image of the country as a modern dynamically developing state."