Highway transliteration. Transliteration - what is it, where is it used and online transliteration translators. The history of transliteration and options for its use

Transliteration is an abbreviation for transliteration. This word means writing in Latin letters of the text, in a language that does not use these letters to write its words. This word appeared in European languages ​​relatively recently, with the advent of computers.

A long time ago, when computers were big, up to the ceiling, they didn't do much. They could not say for sure, so they communicated with human programmers using printing devices, printers.

These devices were at first very simple and resembled a typewriter. Moreover, this typewriter typed mainly numbers. Computers were built to count! But not to waste the available opportunities! Soon, typewriters, tapping out the results of calculations, gave out on paper not only lines of numbers, but also quite meaningful words. Just for clarification.

Naturally, the first printers were in English. English, I must say, is quite convenient for written communication. There are 26 Latin letters in total, and unlike many other European languages ​​that use the Latin alphabet, there are no "special" letters with superscripts or subscripts.

But over time, when the number of computer users has grown thousands of times, the need arose to "train" computers to produce printouts in other languages. Including, and in languages ​​that use a non-Latin script. The problem was solved. There were printers that print in a variety of languages, as well as "national" keyboards. So it became possible to communicate with computers in any "human" language. The need for transliteration has disappeared? Not really.

If you think that the problem of "understanding" of different languages, which transliteration solves, appeared only in the computer era, then you are mistaken. Already in the 19th century, telegraph operators encountered it when transmitting telegrams in Russian to European countries. And even earlier, there were travelers who studied the life, everyday life and language of peoples in distant and not always wild countries. How can a European learn Chinese or Japanese? Learn hieroglyphs? But this is not enough. You still need to master the pronunciation. Transliteration came to the rescue. Qin Shi Huang - this is how the name of the first Chinese emperor Qin Shihuang was written in Latin letters. The Latin alphabet for many Asian and African languages ​​originated from transliteration, which was primarily used by missionaries. A European can read the inscriptions in Vietnamese, Indonesian, and Filipino at least approximately. The letters are familiar!

The principle of transliteration is still used in phrasebooks. It looks pretty funny and almost never brings any practical benefit. After all, one must not only say, but also understand the answer! However, everyone seems to know one phrase in two languages:

“Monsieur, it’s not a mange pa sis magazine. Goeben world zi bitte etvas kopeck auf dem shtyuk brod. Give something to a former State Duma deputy "

Transliteration has certain rules, although not rigid ones. For example, the principle of phonetic correspondence is used (b = b, g = g, l = l). To write "purely Russian" letters, the combinations accepted in English are most often used (w = sh, h = ch). However, if the correspondent does not live in an English-speaking country, there may be country-specific exceptions (w = ch in France or w = sch and x = ch in Germany). Sometimes this kind of problematic letters are written in Polish-German transliteration, left over from the days of the telegraph and telegrams (d = j, q = c, s = y, u = ju, i = ja), and sometimes already in English transliteration (th = y, q = ts, h = ch, w = sh, u = yu, i = ya). The main thing is to use any one method, then the correspondent will quickly get used to your transliteration.

In the old computer times, another method of transliteration appeared, using some visual similarity between English and Russian characters (s = 3, w = III or w = w; h = 4; i = 9I; s = bl). But I, for example, try not to use such sophistication. Transliteration is not easy to read anyway, why else should you solve puzzles at the same time?

By the way, the English-speaking Internet users themselves have taken the path of using transliteration. Have you seen abbreviations like (u = you or 2 = to or even 2 = too)? The name of the ICQ service is of the same kind (I seek you - I'm looking for you)

Progress does not stand still. If before transliteration in e-mails was encountered quite often (well, a person does not have a Russian keyboard, he hasn’t got one yet!), Now many of the Internet users or regulars on Facebook do not even know why it is needed at all. Who does not understand - read the beginning of this article or enter the position of your American interlocutor, who knows Russian, but does not blindly type on the Russian keyboard. In his correspondence with his German colleagues, he uses combinations oe = ö, ue = ü and ae = ä instead of purely German letters with umlauts. And many Germans themselves now write ss instead of the traditional letter β.

Those who do not want to rack their brains over reading transliteration can use online translators. It is not difficult to find them. It is enough just to enter in the search the phrase "Services and utilities that transform the text in Latin into Cyrillic" or, even more simply, "transliteration"

Transliteration

Transliteration(the name is made by the abbreviation of the word "transliteration") - the transmission of text not written in Latin, Latin letters, as well as numbers and other characters available on the computer keyboard. This can also be called the non-Latin text itself, typed in Latin letters.

This term has synonyms, for example, in Bulgarian transliteration can be called shlyòkavitsa or methodology .

According to some reports, in professional speech, the word “transliteration” is sometimes used instead of the word “transliteration”.

Typical sign matches in transliteration
(more common options are given first)

Letter	Transliteration		Letter	Transliteration		Letter	Transliteration
a	a		To	k, c		h	ch, č, Ψ, 4
b	b, 6		l	l, Jl, Λ		NS	sh, sch, š, w, Ψ, 6
v	v, w		m	m		SCH	sh, shch, sch, šč, shh, w
G	g, Γ, s		n	n
d	d, Δ, g		O	o		b	", y, j," ", #, descends
e	e, ye, je, ie		NS	p, Π, n
e	yo, jo, io, e		R	r		NS	j, y, i, q, bl
f	zh, ž, j, z, g, *,> |<		with	s		b	", y, j, b descends
s	z, 3		T	t, m
and	i, u		at	u, y		NS	e, e ", eh
th	y, j, i, u, descends; ı → iy, ı → yy; th / th → i, y		f	f, Φ
			NS	h, kh, x		NS	yu, ju, iu, u
			c	c, z, ts, tc, u		I am	ya, ja, ia, ea, a, q, 9, 9I

Principle

Transliteration, in general, is based on the principle of phonetic correspondences between Russian and Latin letters. Reading rules from different languages ​​are often combined: first of all, there are matches from old Latin transcriptions of the Polish-German sense, also known from traditional Latin pronunciation (j → j, c → c, s → y, ju → ju, i → ja), and later learned English (d → y, q → ts, h → ch, w → sh, u → yu, i → ya ...). Visual similarity of signs (w → III or w → w; h → 4; i → 9I; s → bl) can also be used - however, in moderation, since otherwise, they no longer speak about transliteration, but about the "Volapuk encoding". Borrowed words (and even individual morphemes) can be transmitted in the original spelling.

Types of transliteration

Transliteration does not have unambiguous and stable rules - this, in fact, is its difference from transliteration. It varies from person to person: in some, it is completely spontaneous, when the same word can be transmitted in different ways on adjacent lines, while in others it comes to fairly harmonious systems, sometimes coinciding with some standard of transliteration, and sometimes individual ones. The peculiarities of the type of transliteration used can serve as a kind of identifier for the author of the message.

The disorder and ambiguity of transliteration (sometimes compared with the times before Cyril and Methodius, when, according to Chernorizets the Brave, the Slavs used "Roman and Greek letters ... without dispensation") often creates problems when reading it. To avoid confusion, it is advisable to adhere to common transliteration standards (for example, ISO 9).

There are four main types of transliteration:

• Transcription - transliteration based on the sound of letters. Close to standard letter transcription systems like ISO 9. For example, Vikipediya. It is used for writing SMS, in the addresses of Russian-language sites, when working in computer programs that do not support the Cyrillic alphabet, etc. It is characterized by ease of input - only Latin letters are needed. Some difficulties in reading create sounds denoted by several letters: "zh" (zh), "h" (ch), "sh" (sh), "uh" (sch).
• "One character - one letter." Heirs of MTK-2 and KOI-8. The alphabet is expanded with special characters like @ and ^ for full conversion reversibility. This method of transliteration is difficult both in typing and in decoding, therefore it is used very rarely - where reversibility is important. For example, Wikipediq.
• "Gaming language" ("Volapuk encoding", Leet). Latin letters are used (with the addition of numbers and punctuation marks), outwardly similar to the corresponding Russian letters. For example, BuKunEDu9I. This input method got its name due to the fact that in many computer games (even in Russified ones) there is no possibility of using the Cyrillic alphabet in nicknames, and players often write Russian nicknames in this way. Sometimes this type of dialing is used in the addresses of Russian-language sites. For example, kypc.ru, nouck.ru. The gaming language is quite easy to read (if you get used to it), but unsuitable for long messages, as it is very difficult to type. It is extremely rarely used for writing SMS. And here are some interesting examples: JIanIIIa, BaH9l, geMo6uJIu3aILu9l, BJIaguMup UJIbu4 JIeHuH, ruTJIep u gpyruE.
• "Vulgar". A mixture of transcription and gaming language, popular among the people. A trade-off between ease of typing and readability. For example, 4ernuy for black. Usually they use "x" for "x", four for "h", an asterisk for "w" and sometimes "w" for "w". Other letters are conveyed using phonetic transcription. Various variations are possible.

A special transliteration is used in "pirated" translations of games: Latin letters are replaced by similar Russian ones. The letters themselves are almost always the same - AVSDEGZHN_KLMIORTSYAYYTYUFSHHUP (i is ignored, the number 3 is used as Z and E, and the number 6 is used as B). This design allows you to display both Russian and English text without introducing new code positions.

Application

Transliteration as a phenomenon (still without a name) arose in pre-computer times (in a similar way, for example, from the middle of the 19th century, Russian texts were transmitted by international telegraph; see also MTK-2), but it became especially widespread in Internet communication in connection with existing (sometimes and existing) display problems (see "krakozyabry") or input of Russian letters - for example, they may not be available on the currently available keyboard. Transliteration is actively used when communicating via SMS, since a message typed in Latin can contain about twice as many letters as when using Cyrillic in Unicode encoding.

There are several incompatible Soviet and Russian official standards and rules for transliterating the Cyrillic alphabet into the Latin alphabet:

In some standards, for example GOST 16876-71 and GOST 7.79-2000, several transliteration systems are described. One for the character-to-character version (using Latin diacritics), the other for converting one Cyrillic character to one or more Latin characters without diacritics.

Online transliteration - changes in the 21st century

Russian is the fifth most widely spoken language in the world, it is one of the six official languages ​​of the United Nations, it is spoken by more than 300 million people in the world, of which 160 million consider Russian to be their native language, and only 34% speak English at an elementary level. Thus, the .RF zone will enable more than 100 million people to use the Internet in a more understandable language.

Cyrillic reading is natively supported in regular fonts included with any popular operating system, be it German or Korean. You can read ru.wikipedia.org even in Internet cafes in Tokyo. Input Cyrillic keyboard input tools are also initially present, only unlike fonts, they must be activated - in the usual way add the Russian ("RU") keyboard layout, just like the French ("FR"). Moreover, you can configure - to choose from - several different layouts (eng. keyboard layouts) for one language.

Hundreds of thousands of Russian-speaking people around the world, of those who in the 20th century wrote transliteration for years, now communicate on forums, blogs and by e-mail, using the standard Cyrillic alphabet, since now:

1. It is not necessary to enter with the usual, standard Russian keyboard layout (the arrangement of letters), you can use V. Maslov's method - the phonetic layout of the main, system keyboard (see below the link to the Overview of input methods), when input, with "RU", goes to mode familiar to such people: A-A, B-B, D-D, F-F, K-K, O-O, ...
2. In a situation where you are using someone else's computer, for example, in an Internet cafe in Barcelona, ​​you no longer need to use outdated methods (see below link to Overview of Input Methods) - no time-consuming mouse input using the virtual keyboard or unreliable “transcoders of text entered in Latin ". It is also possible to enter text in an Internet cafe conveniently and as usual - just like at home: on modern sites, where “home”, “system” input is completely imitated, and you can enter with the same layout as at home - standard or phonetic.

Notes (edit)

see also

• Pseudo-cyrillic

Links

Articles

• Another system of the Russian Latin alphabet (scripts for transcoding are given)
• Comparative table of transliteration systems in Latin, Morse, Georgian, etc.

Services and utilities that transform Latin text into Cyrillic

• Translitor.net - online Cyrillic transliteration service
• Tigir.com - online transliteration translator
• translit.ru - transliterator for Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian
• translit.biz - Transliterator for domain names and URLs
• Alternatives: porusski.net, transliter.ru, Trsl.me, translit-plus.net
• Converter of Russian text in the so-called. "Gaming language" ("Volapuk encoding")

Character encodings
Basics →		alphabet text (file data) character set conversion
Historical encodings →		Dokomp .: semaphore (Makarov) Morse Bodo MTK-2	Comp .: 6 bit soft starter RADIX-50 EBCDIC (DKOI-8) KOI-7 ISO 646
modern change

And letter combinations.

Graphical transmission of four types is possible:

1. one character for one character;
2. one character per character sequence;
3. a sequence of several characters in one character;
4. a sequence of several characters in a sequence of several characters, which does not correspond to the transmission of characters separately.

The need for transliteration arose at the end of the 19th century. when creating Prussian scientific libraries for inclusion in a single catalog of works written in languages ​​with Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, Indian and other writing systems. Transliteration instructions compiled for the needs of these libraries were used in the 20th century. the basis of the standard for translating non-Latin writing systems into Latin.

Difference from transcription

The difference between transliteration and transcription is as follows:

In contrast to transcription, intended for the most accurate transmission of the sounds of the language, transliteration, as the term itself (Latin litera - letter) shows, refers to the written form of the language: a text written in one or another alphabet is transmitted by the alphabet of another system. In this case, only the correspondence of the letters of the two alphabets is usually taken into account, and the sounds hidden behind them are not taken into account. Transliteration is used mainly in relation to dead languages, such as Sanskrit, Old Persian, etc. In addition, they often transliterate the texts of living languages ​​using little-known or difficult alphabets, such as Arabic, etc. When transliterating living languages, they usually follow the path of compromise, so how, to some extent, it is necessary to take into account the sound moment, so as not to tear the word too far from its living sounding form; in other words, it is not the alphabet that is transliterated, but the graphics system adopted in the given language. So, for example, the French surname Daudet is transliterated in Russian Dode (or Dode), that is, it is taken into account that [combination] au in French means o, and the final t is not pronounced. In pure transliteration, this surname would have to be written Daudet (or Daudet), which would hardly be rational, since it would have torn it too sonically from the original.

M.I. Matusevich. Introduction to general phonetics. M., 1941.S. 106.

Transliteration should be distinguished from transcription, which consists in letter-by-letter transfer of writing from one alphabet to another, for example, from Russian to Latin, or vice versa. Transliteration is widely used in the spelling of geographic names and other proper names. Despite the seeming simplicity of the task of replacing some letters with others, transliteration is often very difficult. These difficulties stem from the fact that the composition of the alphabet of one language often does not coincide with the composition of the alphabet of another language ...

When transliteration in its pure form is impossible for the indicated reason, or when it is desirable to convey not the spelling, but the sound of a word or its part, one has to use partial or practical transcription. It goes without saying that the transcription is very conditional, since it does not convey the original pronunciation of the word, but only an approximate one, carried out by the sound means of the borrowing language. Sometimes such a transcription can be very close to a transcription in the true sense of the word ...

Pure transliteration is often not used even when it is quite possible, but it separates the spelling from the pronunciation. The name of the French city Rouen could be written in Russian Rowen, but the spelling Rouen is preferred to him as it is closer to the French pronunciation.

Zinder. General phonetics. M., 1979.S. 297

Classification

By the severity of the presentation

Strict

Replacing each character of the source text with only one character of another script (a → a, b → b, c → v ...).

Weakened

Replacing some characters of the original text with combinations of two or more characters of another script (zh → zh, h → ch, i → ya ...).

Extended

Representation of some combinations of characters in the original text in a special way (th → y).

rules

Requirements

Unambiguity

Ensuring the stability of the representation of the elements of the original writing (letters, words; expressions) by means of another (converting) writing.

Simplicity

Ensuring the automatic execution of the procedure for the transition from the original text to the converted one on the basis of simple algorithms, mainly reduced to the use of tables for replacing characters of one writing system with characters of another writing system.

It is also desirable reversibility this transformation so that the original spelling can be restored; in practice, this is not always the case.

Compliance with the rules

When applying the conversion rules, the requirements for sound correspondence of characters of convertible writing systems, aesthetic considerations and traditional norms may not be observed everywhere, although in each case it is desirable to develop such rules so that the violation of traditional, phonetic and aesthetic norms is minimal. However, anyone who knows the original language and the conversion rules has the opportunity to restore the original text and read it according to the rules of the original language.

Application

In practice, transliteration is used to a limited extent, mostly in the field of formal data processing (for example, when compiling a library catalog of books in different languages ​​in a single script). For reproduction of foreign names and names in Russian text, preference is given in most cases to the so-called practical transcription, taking into account not only the written form of the original words, but also their pronunciation, as well as historical considerations. In its pure form, transliteration is used for a few languages: such are, for example, the systems for transmitting Chinese and Japanese words in Cyrillic (see the articles "The Palladium System" and "The Polivanov System", respectively).

Examples of transliteration of the alphabet

Vse lûdi roždaûtsâ svobodnymi i ravnymi v svoëm dostoinstve i pravah. Oni nadeleny razumom i sovest "û i dolžny postupat" v otnošenii drug druga v duhe bratstva.

"Ολοι οι άνθρωποι γεννιούνται ελεύθεροι και ίσοι στην αξιοπρέπεια και τα δικαιώματα. Είναι προικισμένοι με λογική και συνείδηση, και οφείλουν να συμπεριφέρονται μεταξύ τους με πνεύμα αδελφοσύνης.

Transliteration according to ISO 843:

Óloi oi ánthrōpoi gennioúntai eléftheroi kai ísoi stīn axioprépeia kai ta dikaiṓmata. Éinai proikisménoi me logikī kai synéidīsī, kai oféiloun na symperiférontai metaxý tous me pnévma adelfosýnīs.

夫谢 柳季 罗日达尤齐亚 斯沃博德内米 伊 拉夫内米 夫 斯沃约姆 多斯托因斯特韦 伊 普拉瓦赫. 奥尼 纳杰列内 拉祖莫姆 伊 索韦斯秋 伊 多尔日内 波斯图帕季 夫 奥特诺舍尼伊 德鲁格 德鲁加 夫 杜赫 布拉茨特瓦.

브세 류디 로즈흐다윧샤 스보보드니미 이 라브니미 브 스보욤 도스토인스트베 이 프라박흐. 오니 나델레니 라주몸 이 소베스티유 이 돌즈흐니 포스투팓 브 옫노셰니이 드루그 드루가 브 둑헤 브랃스트바.

vuse ryuddai rojidaiuttsuya suvii oboddonymai ai ravii nymai vii suvii oiomu dosutoai nsutovii e ai puravii akkuhu. onai naddereny razumomu ai sovii esutyu ai dorujiny posutuppatto vii onoshenai ai doraggu doraggu a vii dukkuhe burattsutovii a.

ゔ せ ・ り ゅ っ だ い ・ ろ じ だ い う っ つ や ・ す ゔ ぃ ー お ぼ っ ど ん y ま い ・ あ い ・ ら ゔ ぃ ー ん y ま い ・ ゔ ぃ ー ・ ー お ・ ・ ー す ・ す ゔ す と ゔ ぃ ー え ・ あ い ・ ぷ ら ゔ ぃ ー あ っ く ふ. ・ お な い ・ な っ で れ ん y ・ ら ず も む ・ あ い ・ そ ゔ ぃ ー え す ち ・ ・ ん ち い ・ ん ゅ ん ・ ゔ ぃ ー ・ お の し ぇ な い あ い ・ ど ら っ ぐ ・ ど ら っ ぐ あ ・ ゔ ぃ ー ・ づ っ く へ ・ ぶ ら っ つ と ゔ ぃ ー あ.

ヴ セ · リ ュ ッ ダ イ · ロ ジ ダ イ ウ ッ ツ ヤ · ス ヴ ィ ー オ ボ ッ ド ン y マ イ · ア イ · ラ ヴ ィ ー ン y マ イ · ヴ ィ ー · ス ヴ ィ ー オ イ オ ム · ド ス ト ア イ ン ス ト ヴ ィ ー エ · ア イ · プ ラ ヴ ィ ー ア ッ ク ホ ゥ. · オ ナ イ · ナ ッ デ レ ン y · ラ ズ モ ム · ア イ · ソ ヴ ィ ー エ ス テ ュ · ア イ · ド ル ジ ン y ・ ポ ス ト ゥ ッ パ ッ ト ・ ヴ ィ ー ・ オ ノ シ ェ ナ イ ア イ ・ ド ラ ッ グ ・ ド ラ ッ グ ア ・ ヴ ィ ー ・ ド ゥ ッ ク ヘ ・ ブ ラ ヴ ツ ラ ヴ ツ

Vse lyudi rozhdayutsya svobodnymi i ravnymi v svoyom dostoinstve i pravakh. Oni nadeleny razumom i sovestyu i dolzhny postupat v otnoshenii drug druga v dukhe bratstva.

व्से ल्युदि रोज्दयुत्स्य स्वोबोद्निमि इ रव्निमि व् स्वोयोम् दोस्तोइन्स्त्वे इ प्रवख्. ओनि नदेलेनि रज़ुमोम् इ सोवेस्तियु इ दोल्ज़्ह्नि पोस्तुपति व् ओत्नोस्हेनिइ द्रुग् द्रुग व् दुखे ब्रत्स्त्व.

Vsē lyudi rōjdayutsya svōbōdnimi i ravnimi v svōyōm dōstōinstvē i pravakh. ōni nadēlēni razumōm i sōvēstiyu i dōlzhni pōstupati v ōtnōshēnii drug druga v dukhē bratstva.

vsE lyudi rOjdayutsya svObOdnimi i ravnimi v svOyOm dOstOinstvE i pravakh. Oni nadElEni raeumOm i sOvEstiyu i dOlehni pOstupati v OtnOshEnii drug druga v dukhE bratstva.

វ្សេ ល្យុទិ រោជ្ទយុត្ស្យ ស្វោពោទ្និមិ ឥ រវ្និមិ វ៑ ស្វោយោម៑ ទោស្តោឥន្ស្ត្វេ ឥ ប្រវខ៑. ឱនិ នទេលេនិ រជុមោម៑ ឥ សោវេស្តិយុ ឥ ទោល្ជ្ហ្និ បោស្តុបតិ វ៑ ឱត្នោស្ហេនិឥ ទ្រុគ៑ ទ្រុគ វ៑ ទុខេ ព្រត្ស្ត្វ.

ཝྶེ ལྱུདི རོཛྡཡུཏྶྱ སྭོབོདྣིམི ཨི རཝྣིམི ཝ྄ སྭོཡོམ྄ དོསྟོཨིནྶྟྭེ ཨི པྲཝཁ྄. ཨོནི ནདེལེནི རཛུམོམ྄ ཨི སོཝེསྟིཡུ ཨི དོལ྄ཛྷྣི པོསྟུཔཏི ཝ྄ ཨོཏྣོསྷེནིཨི དྲུག྄ དྲུག ཝ྄ དུཁེ བྲཏྶྟྭ.

เวฺส ลฺยุทิ โรชฺทยุตฺสฺย โสฺวโพทฺนิมิ อิ รวฺนิมิ วฺ โสฺวโยมฺ โทโไสฺตนฺสฺเตฺว อิ ปฺรวขฺ. โอนิ นเทเลนิ รชุโมมฺ อิ โสเวสฺติยุ อิ โทลฺชฺหฺนิ โปสฺตุปติ วฺ โอตฺโนเสฺหนิอิ ทฺรุคฺ ทฺรุค วฺ ทุเข พฺรตฺสฺตฺว.

see also

• Pinyin (Syllabic orthographic of China)

Notes (edit)

Links

Standards

International

• ISO 9: 1995 / GOST 7.79-2000: Rules for transliteration of Cyrillic letters in the Latin alphabet.
• The Place Names Database (KNAB) is a place names database maintained by the Estonian Language Institute. (English)
• A large collection of transliteration rules for different alphabets. (English)

Anglo-American

• BGN / PCGN romanization systems is a transliteration system for place names used in the United States and Great Britain. (English)

Perhaps many can remember the times when mobile phones did not support the Cyrillic alphabet and SMS had to be written in Latin, that is, transliterated. Thus, transliteration is the transfer of signs of one language by signs of another.

Transliteration and transliteration

The word "transliteration" comes from the abbreviation of the term "transliteration". However, they are not exactly the same thing.

Transliteration is denoting the transposition of the alphabetic characters of the writing of one language to the characters of another writing. It is of different types and types, depending on the purpose and the languages ​​involved. It is distinguished by the presence of a system and rules by which it is produced.

Transliteration as a separate area of ​​linguistics began to take shape in the 19th century. This was dictated by the practical needs of libraries, which needed to somehow systematize catalogs of books, the titles of which were in various languages.

With regard to transliteration specifically from Russian to Latin, there are several recognized systems, such as, for example, ISO-9, the US transliteration system, or the international transliteration standard for foreign passports.

Transliteration is, in turn, not a scientific concept, but rather an everyday one. Transliteration also means the arrangement of words written in one alphabet with the characters of another, but it allows a more "free" style, does not have clear rules and can contain any graphic characters other than letters, for example, numbers.

Thus, transliteration is a simplified transliteration. Often the basic ones are preserved in it, but they can be violated and vary from person to person. Most often it relies on phonetic correspondences.

The history of transliteration

The rudiments of transliteration, due to the need to write down foreign words with the letters of their native language, have arisen for a very long time. Most often this was due to the fact that in one language culture, a phenomenon that is present in another could simply be absent. And when faced with this phenomenon, and accordingly the word denoting it, there was no translation. And the word was simply transliterated. Since transliteration took shape as a separate direction of linguistics only two centuries ago, everything that was up to the point would be more logical to call transliteration - as a chaotic phenomenon that does not have clear rules.

If you go to times closer to us, then, for example, we know about telegrams that were sent by Soviet travelers from abroad, in which they used transliteration from Russian into Latin, using it as best they could. But these are all matters of long forgotten days. The "golden age" of transliteration, of course, began in the computer era, and, in an amicable way, the real history of transliteration must be kept from its very beginning.

Basically, the need for transliteration arose due to the fact that at the dawn of the spread of the Internet, not all (or rather, at first almost none) computer platforms supported other types of writing, except for the Latin alphabet. Including support for the Russian language did not appear immediately. Therefore, in those days it was possible to find entire messages on the forums, written in transliteration.

Fortunately, the state of affairs has changed for the better long ago - now most platforms support many languages, even the rarest ones, not to mention Russian. As well as buying a keyboard with a Russian layout is no longer a problem.

Types of transliteration

There are many types of transliteration all over the world - you just need to imagine how many different languages ​​and situations there are in which transliteration may be needed. But since we live in Russia and most often we are faced with the need for transliteration from Russian into English (and sometimes vice versa), we will focus on those types that have become widespread among Russian-speaking Internet users.

Gaming transliteration

It gained popularity thanks to online games. Not all games support the Russian keyboard layout, and even if they do, switching back and forth from Russian to English during the game is not very convenient.

Its distinctive feature is the use of Latin letters, as well as numbers and other signs in such a way that the resulting word in spelling resembles Russian letters. For example, the phrase "Hello everyone!" in this performance it will look like "BceM npUBeT!", and the name "Julia" as "I-OJIU9I".

Household transliteration

Now it is already quite difficult to imagine when a person may need transliteration in ordinary Internet communication. Especially if he is sitting at home at his own computer. Perhaps, a rare exception may be the registration on a forum or other resource, which still, for some reason, does not support writing nicknames in Russian and one has to resort to transliteration into English. However, such a need may well arise when traveling. Being abroad and having at your disposal a keyboard without Russian layout in a local Internet cafe, sometimes you have to remember this method in order to convey your messages to friends at home.

In this case, substitution is usually used according to the principle of relative phonetic correspondence, although not very accurate. For example, the same "Hello everyone!" and "Julia" will look like "Vsem privet!" and "Ulia" / "Yuliya".

As you can see in the example with the name, there are many variations. Sometimes other graphic signs, besides letters, sneak out of the "gamer style" and here. The word “person” can be written as “chelovek”, or it can be written as “4elovek”, which saves some time.

Transliteration from English into Russian

Transliteration in Russian also occurs periodically in everyday Internet communication. We are surrounded by many foreign names - it is logical to assume that it is easier for a person to write "Indesit washing machine" using phonetic correspondence than to switch to the English layout and remember how this word is spelled correctly in English.

Correct transliteration

We can meet with him, for example, when registering website addresses. In fact, this type of transliteration is inherently closer to transliteration, since it is often worth adhering to strict rules here. For example, adhering to accepted transliteration standards when creating page URLs will be extremely important for successful SEO promotion. However, this does not negate the fact that many in this case continue to transliterate at their discretion.

Typical matches when using transliteration

Despite the fact that transliteration does not have strict rules, the main correspondences can be identified. We offer you a table for clarity.

Cyrillic	Latin	Cyrillic	Latin
Ah	A a	With	S s
B b	B b	T t	T t
In in	V v	U u	U u
G g	G g	F f	F f
D d	D d	X x	H h
Her	E e	C c	Ts ts
Her	Yo yo	H h	Ch ch
F f	Zh zh (or *)	W w	Sh sh
Z z	Z z	U u	Sch sch
And and	I i	B b	-
Th y	J j	S	I i
K k	K k	B b	"
L l	L l	Uh uh	E e
Mm	M m	Yu yu	U u or Yu yu
N n	N n	I am	Ya ya or Ia ia
Oh oh	O o
N n	P p
P p	R r

Transliteration translators

In this case, by the way, there are good helpers. So, if it seems to you that transliteration is something too complicated, but you needed to transliterate some text (especially in a large volume), the numerous online translators from Russian to transliteration that have appeared recently can help.

Using them is very simple: just enter the text in Russian in the corresponding field and the program will do everything for you. You just have to copy the resulting result and send it to the addressee.

Transliteration or transliteration is a popular language on the Internet. With its help, you can transfer text written in a language. Sometimes numbers and other available characters can be “intertwined” into such a “”. It is not only the Russian language that is subject to transliteration; the top leadership of many countries regulates transliterative translations at the legislative level. there are cases when documents of an international standard are drawn up in this way.

Until recently, transliteration was widespread in everyday life: users who owned non-Russian mobile phones or saved on SMS sent messages, which made it possible to almost double the number of characters transmitted. By the same principle, work was carried out on stationary computers equipped with a non-Russianized operating system.

How transliteration is used today

Russian transliteration services make it possible to translate different world alphabets simply and at the same time with high quality. Online translators have been efficiently optimized to consume a minimum of system resources on the user's PC.

Thanks to transliteration services, it became possible:

Get Russian keyboard emulator. The user can enter even if they are not listed on the keyboard and are not contained in the operating system settings. At the same time, nothing depends on the keyboard layout.

Correctly write technological phrases. We are talking about improving the working conditions of professional translators and foreign linguists, who began to be guided by special rules that comply with international standards and GOST standards.

How transliteration helps communication

Its principle is still used in phrasebooks. After all, it is important not only to convey your thought to the foreign interlocutor, but also to learn to understand what he is saying. It also has its own specific rules, though not so strict. In particular, the principle of phonetic correspondence is used, for example, the Russian letter "b" corresponds to the English letter b, "g" - g, "l" - l, etc. Sometimes, to solve such problems, the Polish-German transliteration is used, which was used times of the telegraph and telegrams. The main thing is to use only one option so that the correspondent quickly gets used to transliteration.

Today, many users have no idea why transliteration is needed at all, although the problem is still relevant, because it is not for nothing that services and utilities that convert Latin text into Cyrillic continue to be popular.