The beginning of the "Cold War. Post-war device of the world. The complexity and inconsistency of the development of Soviet society Special Path of Yugoslavia
The post-war world did not become more durable. In a short time, the relationship between the USSR and its allies on the antihytler coalition deteriorated significantly. For their characteristics, metaphor has more and more "coldnaya War "that appeared for the first time on the pages of the English magazine "Tribune" in the fall of 1945 in international comments famous writer J. Orwell. Later, this term used in the spring of 1946 in one of his public speeches A prominent American banker and politician B. Baruch. At the end of 1946, an influential American publicist W. Lippman published a book, the title of which these two words became.
However, the Declaration, or the proclamation, " cold War"Two historical facts are traditionally considered: Speech U. Churchill (March 1946) in Fulton (Missouri) in the presence of US President of the city of Truman about the" iron curtain "and the Soviet threat, as well as the promulgation of" Truman doctrine "(March 1947 .) - American foreign policy concept, proclaiming the main task facing the United States, countering communism and its "deterrence". The post-war world split into two antagonistic blocks, and the "Cold War" entered its active phase in the summer of 1947, leading ultimately to the formation of military-political blocks opposing each other.
Each party has made its specific contribution to the post-war confrontation. The West was frightened military Power Soviet Union, unpredictability of Stalin's actions and increasingly persistent promotion of communist influence on countries of Eastern Europe and Asia. Throughout 1945-1948. A number of Eastern European countries (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, the eastern part of the dissented Germany) were drawn into the orbit of the Soviet influence Communist in the composition of the government.
At the end of September 1947, under the pressure of the Stalinist leadership, from representatives of the six Communist Communist Parties (France and the two largest Western European Communist Parties (France and Italy), the information bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties (Cominform Bureau) was established with headquarters in Belgrade. This body contributed to strengthening the pressure of the USSR to the countries of the so-called "People's Democracy" along with the presence of some of these Soviet troops on the territory of some of these countries and concluded agreements on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance. Created in 1949, the Council of Economic Mutual Assistance (CEA) with headquarters in Moscow even more tied economically the countries of the "People's Democracy" to the USSR, because The latter were forced to carry out all the necessary transformations in culture, agriculture and industry, based exclusively on Soviet, not in all positive experience.
In Asia in the orbit of the influence of the USSR, during the period under consideration were drawn Northern Vietnam, North Korea and China, after the peoples of these countries were able to win the national liberation wars headed by the Communists.
The effect of the USSR on the inner and foreign Policy Eastern European countries, despite all the efforts attached by Stalin, was not unconditional. Not all the leaders of the communist parties here have become obedient puppets. Independence and certain ambitiousness of the leader of Yugoslav Communists I. Tito, his desire to create the Balkan Federation at the dominant role of Yugoslavia caused displeasure and suspicion of I. V. Stalin. In 1948, the Soviet-Yugoslav crisis was sharply sharply aggravated, which led to the condemnation of the actions of the Yugoslav leaders from the Cominform Bureau. Despite this, Yugoslav communists retained the unity of their rows and went for I. Tito. Economic relations with the USSR and the Eastern European countries were torn. Yugoslavia was in the economic blockade and was forced to seek help to capitalist countries. The peak of the Soviet-Yugoslav confrontation began to break the diplomatic relations between the two countries on October 25, 1949. The consequence of this gap and the desire to achieve unity in communist movement The two waves of the cleaning of the communists accused of "Titoimme" were held in the countries of "People's Democracy" under control and with the active participation of Soviet special services. In the period 1948-1949. were repressed in Poland - V. Gomulka, M. Spokeyalsky, 3. Clich-ko; In Hungary, L. Raik and Ya. Cadar (the first was executed, the second sentenced to life imprisonment), in Bulgaria, there was an execution of T. Kostov, in Albania - K. Dzodze and many others. In 1950-1951 Practically in all Eastern European countries took place trials against "Yugoslav spies". One of the latter in time was the process in Prague in November 1952 against the Secretary-General of the Complete Czechoslovakia R. Slansky and the Thirteen prominent Czechoslovak Communists, in the overwhelming majority executed after the end of the process. Indicative political processes, as at one time of the same kind of "events", held in the late 1930s. In the USSR, they had to scare all the politics in the Soviet Union by the Soviet Union regarding the countries of the "People's Democracy" and consolidate the only one, the path to the so-called already laid the USSR. "Socialism."
Despite the fairly serious influence of the Communists in a number of Western European countries (in the first postwar years, their representatives were part of the governments of France, Italy, etc.), the authority of Western European Communities decreased in Europe after the adoption of the Marshall Plan, named so named US Secretary of State J. Marshall is one of the "fathers" of the ideas of American economic assistance to post-war recovery of Europe. The Soviet government not only refused to participate in this regard, but also influenced the relevant decisions of Eastern European countries, including Czechoslovakia and Poland, originally managed to express their readiness to participate in it.
After that, 16 Western European countries became the participants of the Marshall Plan. The division of Europe into two hostile camps has completed the creation in April 1949 of the North Atlantic Covenant (NATO), which united by 1953 under the auspices of the US 14 states of Europe. The creation of this military-political bloc has largely contributed to the events related to the blockade of the Soviet side of Western Berlin in the summer of 1948. The wholesale was forced to organize the "air bridge", which supplied the city about a year. Only in May 1949, the Soviet blockade was removed. However, the actions of the West and the intransigence of the USSR ultimately led to the creation in 1949 of the two countries in Germany: on May 23 of the Federal Republic of Germany and October 7 of the German Democratic Republic.
The end of 1940 is the beginning of the 1950s. Became the culmination of the Cold War. In September 1949, the first Soviet test was conducted in the USSR atomic bombs, the creation of which is associated with the name of an outstanding Soviet scientist I. V. Kurchatov. The most serious international problem for the USSR became unleashed with the immediate consent of Stalin War North Korea against the pro-American regime of South Korea (1950-1953). She cost the lives of several millions of Koreans, Chinese and representatives of other peoples who participated in this largest conflict after World War II. Vast complexity was a question about the integration of Germany in the Western political system and its cooperation with NATO.
The death of I. V. Stalin, who happened in the midst of the "Cold War", contributed to a decrease in tension in international relations, although he did not withdraw the issue of further continuing the struggle between the United States and their allies, on the one hand, and the USSR, the avant-garde of the Commonwealth T.N. "Socialist" States of Europe and Asia, on the other, for world domination.
Check yourself
The Germany section into two states occurred: 1) in 1945; 2) in 1948; 3) in 1949; 4) in 1953?
Which of these writers has undergone particularly sharp criticism from the authorities in 1946-1953: 1) A. Akhmatova; 2) M. Sholokhov; 3) M. Zoshchenko; 4) K. Simonov?
Which of these events, phenomena refer to the concept of "Cold War": 1) the signing of an anti-binding Covenant; 2) political confrontation of the USSR and the USA; 3) Soviet-Yugoslav conflict 1948-1953; 4) War in Korea in 1950-1953?
Name the main political repressive post-war campaigns: 1) "Case of the Promptee"; 2) "Leningrad business"; 3) "Process Tukhachevsky"; 4) "Case doctors."
Solutions of the Potsdam Conference.The conference of the heads of government of the USSR, USA and England in Potsdam worked from July 17 to August 2. The system of four-sided occupation of Germany was finally agreed; It was envisaged that during the occupation of the Supreme Power in Germany will be carried out by the Commander-in-Chief Armed Forces of the USSR, USA, Great Britain and France - each in their area of \u200b\u200boccupation.
Acute struggle flawed at a conference on the western borders of Poland. The Western Border of Poland was installed along the Oder and Neurov River. The city of Kenigsberg and the area adjacent to it was transferred to the USSR, the rest Eastern Prussia went to Poland.
Failures ended the US attempts to put diplomatic recognition of some Eastern European countries dependent on the reorganization of their governments. Thus, the dependence of these countries from the USSR was recognized. Three governments confirmed their decision to bring the court of the main war criminals.
Successful as a whole for the USSR, the solution of important political problems in Potsdam was prepared by a favorable international situation, the success of the Red Army, as well as the US interest in the joining the Soviet Union to the war against Japan.
United Nations education.The UN was created at the final stage of the Second World War at the Conference in San Francisco. It opened on April 25, 1945. Invitations were sent 42 states on behalf of the four great powers - the USSR, the USA, England and China. Soviet delegation managed to organize an invitation to the conference for representatives of Ukraine and Belarus. In total, 50 countries participated in the conference. June 26, 1945 by the adoption of the UN Charter, the Conference has completed work.
The UN Charter obliges members of the organization to resolve disputes among themselves only by peaceful means, refrain in international relations from the use of force or threats to the use of force. The charter proclaimed the equality of all people, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as the need to comply with all international treaties and obligations. As the main task, the UN has been facing the provision of universal peace and international security.
It was established that the session of the UN General Assembly with the participation of delegates of all UN member countries should be held every year. The most important decisions of the General Assembly should be made by a majority of 2/3 of the votes, less important - by a simple majority.
In matters of maintaining the universal world, the main role was assigned to the UN Security Council, consisting of 14 members. Five of them were considered permanent members (USSR, USA, England, France, China), the rest were subject to re-election every two years. The most important condition was the established principle of the unanimity of permanent members of the Security Council. To make any decision required their consent. This principle was prevented by the UN from turning it into a dictate tool in relation to any country or to the group of countries.
The beginning of the Cold War.Already by the end of the war, the contradictions between the USSR were sharply designated, on the one hand, and the United Kingdom - on the other. The main issue was the question of the post-war device of the world and the spheres of influence both sides in it. The tangible west advantage in the economic power and monopoly on nuclear weapons allowed to hope for the possibility of a decisive change in the arrangement of forces in their favor. In the spring of 1945, a plan of military operations was developed against the USSR: W. Churchill planned to begin the third world war on July 1, 1945 by the attack of Anglo-Americans and the formations of German soldiers against Soviet troops. Only by the summer of 1945, due to the obvious military superiority of the Red Army, the plan refused.
Soon both sides gradually moved to the policy of balancing on the verge of war, arms racing, mutual rejection. In 1947, American journalist U. Lippman called this policy "Cold War". A trivial event in relations between the USSR and the Western world was the speech of U. Cherchille in the Military College of Fulton City in the United States in March 1946, he called on the "world, speaking in English" to unite and show the "Russian power". US President Trumen supported Churchill's ideas. These threats caused Stalin's anxiety, which called Churchillus "Dangerous Act". The USSR actively strengthened its influence not only in the European countries busy by the Red Army, but also in Asia.
The beginning of folding two-pole (bipolar) world.In 1947, the relationship between the USSR and the United States continued to worsen. Europe then lay and ruins. In the conditions of people's suffering, the influence of the ideas of communism, the prestige of the USSR grew. To undermine these sentiments, the United States adopted the European Assistance Program - the Marshall Plan (named US Secretary of State J. Marshall). The provision of assistance was its use under the supervision of the United States. This condition was unacceptable for the USSR. Under its pressure, Hungary, Romania, Albania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Poland, Czech Czech and Finland refused to participate in the Marshall Plan,
In response to the Marshall Plan and in order to strengthen the Soviet influence in the world in the fall of 1947, the information bureau of the Communist Parties (Cominform) is created - the similarity of the Comintern flies in 1943. Soon Stalin decided to abandon the course on the gradual transition of Eastern European countries to socialism by parliamentary methods. In the active intervention of the Soviet military and diplomats, promotional governments from the Communists came in 1947-1948. To power in Poland, Romania, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. In 1949, civil war in China ended the victory of the Communists. Even earlier, the Communists came to power in North Vietnam and North Korea.
The USSR, despite the enormous internal difficulties, had enormous material assistance to all these countries, which allowed them by the beginning of the 50s. XX century Basically overcome the post-war ruin. In 1949, to coordinate development issues created Council of Economic Assistance (CEV).At the same time in these countries, which were called the countries of the "People's Democracy", were repressed against political forces, including the heads of the Communist Parties, suspected in trying to bring their states from under the control of the USSR. As a result, all countries of "People's Democracy" were dependent on the Soviet Union. Only the ruler of Yugoslavia, Tito managed to defend his right to independent politics, which was the reason for the breaking of the relations of the USSR with Yugoslavia in 1948.
The Marshall Plan and the response to it of the USSR led to the further division of the world for two opposing part of the part - East and West (Bipolar World).
The first international crises.In 1948, the United States decided to consolidate the German section by creating a separate West German state. Prior to that, Stalin was achieving the implementation of the decisions of the Yalta Conference on Unified Democratic Germany, hoping to make it a neutral buffer between the West and East. Now the Soviet Union had to take the course to strengthen its position in East Germany. Soviet troops overlap the messages connecting Berlin with the Western Occupation Zone. The West created an "air bridge", according to which almost a year was supplied by the western part of Berlin (zone allocated for the allies' occupation troops).
The Berlin crisis put the world on the edge of the war, led to the final section of Germany. On September 20, 1949, the Western Occupation Zone of Germany was announced by the Federal Republic of Germany (Germany). On October 7, 1949, the Soviet German Democratic Republic (GDR) was formed.
Even earlier, in April 1949, the North Atlantic Agreement (NATO) was signed, which was issued by the military-political union of Western countries under the primacy of the United States. It includes 11 states: USA, England, France, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Portugal, Iceland and Canada.
Korean war.After the defeat of Japan, her former Colony Korea was divided into the 38th parallels to the Soviet and American occupation zones. After the withdrawal of troops and the Northern Government of the Communist Kim Il Senya, and the pro-American southern government of Dictatorship, Lee Son Mina wanted to spread their power to the whole Korea. On June 25, 1950, North Korea troops (DPRK) began to successfully move south. In September 1950, the troops of 15 countries led by the United States under the flag of the UN landed in the rear of the Army of the DPRK. During the fierce fighting, UN has reached almost the Korean-Chinese border. Saving the DPRK, "Volunteers" from China made on her side, Soviet aviation successfully operated (Soviet fighters destroyed 1097 opponent aircraft, Americans destroyed 335 Soviet aircraft).
The American military was going to start a war with China, reset atomic bombs on him, but did not decide to do it. In 1951, the front line was established in the region of the same 38th parallel. In 1953, a truce was signed. Korean war gave impetus to a new stage of the arms race.
1939 - 1935 The relationship between the leading powers is under the influence of two factors.
The first trend was the awareness of the world community the need to interact states to ensure peace and security, cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, humanitarian nature.
The second trend was the dominance of two superpowers: the USSR and the USA.
The share of the United States in the global industrial production by the end of the war was 60%. USA after 2MV focused in their hands
After 1945, a cold war began - the global military political confrontation of the USSR and the United States.
Former UK Prime Minister Churchill in March 1946, speaking in the city of Kulton, called for the union of all democratic peoples to protect his freedom.
In March 1947, US President Truman in the Message of Congress determined the departure of the USSR and the allied political forces as a vital interest in ensuring the security of the United States.
The main directions of the Cold War were:
- Arms race
- Development and placement of new types of weapons mass lesionextension of their number
- Confrontation of military-political blocks
- Direct military confrontation in local wars
- PSYCHOLOGICAL WAR, that is, subversive propaganda and support for the opposition
- Fierce confrontation of intelligence and special services
- The struggle for influence in the countries of the Third World
The main milestones of the Cold War:
Marshal plan. In 1947 US Secretary of State George Marshal presented an assistance plan to European countries.
Germany was divided into 4 occupying zones between the United States, the USSR, England and France. In January 1948, England, France and the United States combined their zones in Tritonia. In April 1948, the USSR introduced the control regime on the motorway and railway. In June 1948, the Soviet military administration banned the import of monetary signs and cargo from Triton. During May-October 1949, the German section was commissioned to the liberal-democratic state of the Western type - Germany and the GDR - a state with a socialist orientation. Diplomatic relations between the USSR and Germany were established only in 1955. East Berlin was proclaimed the capital of the GDR. As a result, in 1961, the East German authorities, through the mediation of the Soviet Union, built a wall that divided the city into two parts.
April 4, 1949 in Brussels Representatives of 12 countries (USA, Canada, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Iceland and Portugal) signed the North Atlantic Pact, creating NATO. In 1952, Greece and Turkey joined the Alliance, in 1955 - Germany.
In 1949, the SEA arises - the Council of Economic Assistance.
The Creeic Moment of the Cold War was the Caribbean crisis of 1962. January 1, 1959 A revolution was taken against the dictatorial regime of the American Bastisti in Cuba. The leader of the Cuban Revolution Castro declared the socialist nature of the revolution, about his Marxist-Leninist views and orientation in the USSR.
The first crisis - in conditions of 1 mV
Second - 2MV
Third - Cuban Revolution
The USSR secretly decided to place on the island of freedom 42 atomic rockets of the average radius of 2000 km. There were 40,000 in Cuba soviet soldiers and officers. The American leadership announced the economic blockade of Cuba. In October 1962, the United States prepared a powerful blow to Cuba. Over the territory of Cuba on the night of October 27-24, the Soviet rocket was shot down by American intelligence aircraft. Pilot died. As a result of the negotiations began, the Soviet Union removed all atomic missiles from the territory of Cuba, and the United States refused the plans for armed aggression against Cuba and the placement of their own atomic missiles in Turkey.
After the Caribbean crisis in 1963, a test agreement was signed atomic weapons In three spheres: on earth, under water and in space. This contract signed the United States, USSR and England.
In the next USA in 1945, the USSR in 1949 - nuclear weapons. The United Kingdom first conducted a test of nuclear weapons - 1952, France - 1960, China - 1964, India - 1974, Pakistan - 1998. North Korea - 2006. Israel does not comment on the presence of nuclear weapons.
1968 signed an agreement on non-proliferation of nuclear weapons.
27. USSR NA international conferences In the course of the 2nd World War. Principles of the post-war device of the world
The successes of the Soviet Army during the hostilities of 1942-1943. Forced the Government of the United States and England to consider the most important international problems in conjunction with the USSR government. At international conferences, during the 2nd World War, the Power of the Anti-Hitler Coalition has made decisions that subsequently graceful international significance.
Tehran conference. November 28 - I am December in Tehran (Iran) - the first of the three conferences "Big Troika".
Conference of the leaders of the Three Allied in the 2nd World War of Power: USSR (I. V. Stalin), USA (F. Roosevelt) and Great Britain (W. Churchill). The most important question is the problem of the second front.
At the conference, an agreement was reached on the landing of the Anglo-American troops in France in May 1944. This decision, the Soviet diplomacy regarded as its weighty victory. In turn, at the conference, Stalin promised that the USSR will declare Japan's war after the defeat of Germany.
Questions of the post-war device of the world were stipulated (including, recognition of the Kerzon line as the future border of Poland; the consent of the allies to the transfer of the USSR of Eastern Prussia with Kaliningrad and annexation of the Baltic states). The Delegation of the USSR, going to meet the wishes of the allies, promised to declare the war of Japan after the defeat of the German army.
Yalta and Potsdam conference. The problem of the post-war device of the world
The tasks of the post-war peaceful device put forward on the first plan on the Yalta and Potsdam conferences of the "Big Troika".
Yalta (Crimean) Conferencethe heads of governments of the three great powers took place on 4-11 February 1945 at the Palace of Livadia. It agreed on the plans of the final defeat of Germany, the conditions for its surrender, the order of its occupation, the mechanism of the union control.
The purpose of the occupation and control was declared "the destruction of the German militarism and Nazism and the creation of guarantees in the fact that Germany will never be able to violate the world around the world."
Plan "Three D" (demilitarization, denazification and democratization of Germany) Combined the interests of the three great powers. At the insistence of the Soviet delegation to the occupation of Germany, France was also brought to equal rights with other great powers.
The conference adopted "Declaration of released Europe", where it was stated about the need to destroy the traces of Nazism and fascism in the liberated European countries and create democratic institutions on their own selection of peoples. Polish and Yugoslav Questions were especially allocated, as well as a complex of Far Eastern issues, including the transfer of the USSR of the Kuril Islands and the return of the South Sakhalin, captured by Japan in 1904 at the conference in Crimea, the issue of creating United Nations to ensure international security was finally resolved. In the postwar years.
Acute confrontation isna for post-war peaceful settlement Potsdamskaya (Berlin) the conference "Big Troika" (July 17 - August 1, 1945). At this conference, there was no longer a supporter of active cooperation with the USSR F. Southell. He died shortly after returning from the Yalta conference home. The American side was represented by the new US President G. Trumen. The British delegation at the conference was headed at the beginning of the British Prime Minister W. Cherchill, and from July 28, the leader of the Labor Party leader K. Thotley. At the head of the Soviet delegation as before was I.V.Stalin.
The leaders of the three powers came to mutually acceptable decisions on the German issue (the dissolution of all German armed forces, the elimination of its military industry, the prohibition of the National Socialist Party, a ban on any militaristic activities, including military propaganda.
Agreement on reparations, new borders of Poland, on the problems of Central and South-Eastern Europe were reached.
In addition, the heads of the United States, England and China were published on July 26, 1945 on behalf of the Potsdam Conference declaration of JapanIn which the Japanese government called on to immediately proclaim the unconditional surrender. Despite the fact that the preparation and publication of the Declaration passed without the participation of the USSR, the Soviet government joined it on August 8.
Potsdam secured a new relationship in Europe and around the world.
In April-June 1945, the UN Constituent Conference was held in San Francisco. The conference discussed the draft UN Charter, which entered into force on October 26, 1945. This day became the day of the official creation United Nations as a tool for maintaining and strengthening peace, security and development of cooperation between peoples and states.
8.3. The post-war structure of the world in 1946-1953.
The post-war world did not become more durable. In a short time, the relationship between the USSR and its allies on the antihytler coalition deteriorated significantly. The "Cold War" metaphor, which appeared on the pages of the English magazine "Tribune" in the fall of 1945 in the international comment of the famous writer J. Orwell, was increasingly used for their characterization. Later, in the spring of 1946, this term used in one of his public speeches a prominent American banker and politician B. Baruch. At the end of 1946, an influential American publicist W. Lippman published a book, the title of which these two words became.
However, two historical facts are traditionally considered to be a "declaration", or the proclamation of the "Cold War", two historical facts are traditionally considered: speech W. Churchill (March 1946) in Fulton (Missouri) In the presence of US President Ternahan about the Iron Curtain and the Soviet Threat, as well as the promulgation of the Doctrine of Truman (March 1947) - American foreign policy concept, proclaiming the main task facing the United States, opposition to communism and its "deterrence". The post-war world split into two antagonistic blocks, and The "Cold War" entered its active phase in the summer of 1947. I will ultimately lead to the formation of military-political blocks opposing each other.
Each party has made its specific contribution to the post-war confrontation. The West was scared with the increased military power of the Soviet Union, the unpredictability of Stalin's actions and increasingly persistent promotion of the communist influence on the countries of Eastern Europe and Asia. Throughout 1945-1948. A number of Eastern European countries (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, were drawn into the orbit of Soviet influence, east End dismemberd Germany) In which under the pressure of the USSR was formed at the beginning of coalition, with the decisive influence of communist parties, and then purely communist among government.
At the end of September 1947 Under the pressure of the Stalinist leadership from representatives of the six Eastern European countries and the two largest Western European communist parties (France and Italy) was the information bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties (Cominformbüro) was created with headquarters in Belgrade. This body contributed to strengthening the pressure of the USSR to the countries of the so-called "People's Democracy" along with the presence of Soviet troops on the territory of some of these countries and concluded agreements on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance. Created in 1949, the Council of Economic Communications (CEV) with Headquartered in Moscow even more tied economically the countries of the "People's Democracy" to the USSR, since the latter were forced to carry out all the necessary transformations in culture, agriculture and industry on the Soviet scenario, based exclusively on Soviet, not in all positive experience.
In Asia in the orbit of the influence of the USSR During the period under review north Vietnam, North Korea and China were drawn After the peoples of these countries were able to win the national liberation wars headed by communists.
The influence of the USSR on the inner and foreign policy of Eastern European countries, despite all the efforts attached by Stalin, was not unconditional. Not all the leaders of the communist parties here have become obedient puppets. Independence and certain ambitiousness of the leader of Yugoslav Communists I. Tito, his desire to create the Balkan Federation at the dominant role of Yugoslavia caused discontent and suspicions I.V. Stalin. In 1948, a Soviet-Yugoslav crisis appeared and soon sharply agreed who led to the condemnation of the actions of the Yugoslav leaders from the Cominform Bureau. Despite this, Yugoslav communists retained the unity of their rows and went for I. Tito. Economic relations With the USSR and the Eastern European countries were broken. Yugoslavia was in the economic blockade and was forced to seek help to capitalist countries. The peak of the Soviet-Yugoslav confrontation began to break the diplomatic relations between the two countries on October 25, 1949. The consequence of this gap and the desire to achieve unity in the communist movement became the past in the countries of "People's Democracy" under control and with the active participation of Soviet special services two waves of cleaning communists, accused of "Titoimism". In the period 1948-1949. were repressed in Poland - V. Gomulka, M. Spokeyalsky, Z. Clichely; In Hungary, L. Raik and Ya. Cadar (the first was executed, the second sentenced to life imprisonment), in Bulgaria, there was an execution of T. Kostov, in Albania - K. Dzodze and many others. In 1950-1951 In almost all Eastern European countries, lawsuits were held against "Yugoslav spies". One of the latter in time was the process in Prague in November 1952 against the Secretary-General of the Complete Czechoslovakia R. Slansky and the Thirteen prominent Czechoslovak Communists, in the overwhelming majority executed after the end of the process. The indicative political processes, as at one time of the similar kind of "events", held in the late 1930s. In the USSR, they had to scare all the politics displeased by the Soviet Union in relation to the countries of "People's Democracy" and consolidate the only one, already laid the Way to the so-called "socialism".
Despite the fairly serious influence of the Communists in a number of Western European countries (in the first postwar years, their representatives were part of the Governments of France, Italy, etc.), the authority of Western European Communities decreased in Europe after adoption "Marshall Plan", Named so named US Secretary of State J. Marshall is one of the "fathers" of the ideas of American economic assistance to post-war recovery of Europe. The Soviet government not only refused to participate in this regard, but also influenced the relevant decisions of Eastern European countries, including Czechoslovakia and Poland, originally managed to express their readiness to participate in it.
After that, 16 Western European countries became the participants of the Marshall Plan. The separation of Europe into two hostile camps has completed the creation in April 1949 of the North Atlantic Covenant (NATO), united by 1953 under the auspices of the United States 14 countries of Europe. The creation of this military-political bloc in many ways the events associated with the blockade of the Soviet side of West Berlin in the summer of 1948 were organized by the United States, which supplied the city for about a year. Only in May 1949, the Soviet blockade was removed. However, the Western's actions and the intransigence of the USSR brought ultimately to the creation of two countries in the German Earth in 1949: on May 23 of the Federal Republic of Germany and October 7 of the German Democratic Republic.
The end of 1940 is the beginning of the 1950s. Became the culmination of the "Cold War".
In August 1949, a test of the first Soviet atomic bomb was conducted in the USSR, the creation of which is associated with the name of an outstanding Soviet scientist I.V. Kurchatov. More serious international problem For the USSR, it became unleashed with the immediate consent of Stalin of the war of North Korea against the pro-American regime South Korea (1950-1953). She cost the lives of several millions of Koreans, Chinese and representatives of other peoples who participated in this largest conflict after World War II. Soviet pilots fought in Korea.
Death I.V. Stalin, who happened in the midst of the "Cold War", contributed to a decrease in tension in international relations, although he did not withdraw the issue of further continuing the struggle between the United States and their allies, on the one hand, and the USSR, the avant-garde of the Commonwealth of the so-called "socialist" states of Europe and Asia - On the other, for world domination.
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From the book Cars of the Soviet Army 1946-1991 Author Kochnev Evgeniy Dmitrievich From the book Tehran 1943 AuthorPost-war device Participants in the Tehran meeting only in general features Tested the problems of the post-war device of the world. Despite the inconsistency of the interests of the powers presented at the conference, at this stage of the war attempted to find mutual language in
From the book Tehran 1943. At the conference is a big triple and in the sidelines Author Berezhkov Valentin MikhailovichThe post-war device participants in the Tehran meeting only in general terms touched upon the problems of the post-war device of the world. Despite the contradiction of the interests of the Power presented at the conference, at this stage of the war attempted to find a common language in
From the book. Domestic history: Cheat Sheet Author author unknown95. Repressions 1946-1953. Science and Culture In the first post-war years after the end of the war, many Soviet citizens were calculated on changes in the socio-political life of society. They ceased to blindly trust the ideological dogmas of Stalin Socialism. From here I.
From the book Korean Peninsula: Metamorphosis of post-war history Author Torkunov Anatoly VasilyevichChapter II defeat Militarist Japan and post-war device
From the book a general history. XX - start XXI century. Grade 11. A basic level of Author Volobuev Oleg Vladimirovich§ 17. The post-war structure of the world. International relations in 1945 - early 1970s. Creation of the UN. Attempting the formation of a new world order during the war, the antihytler coalition has become the basis for the formation of a new international organization. There are still fights in Europe
From the book History of the Ukrainian SSR in ten volumes. Tom ninth Author Collective authors1. New alignment of forces in the international arena. The fight of the USSR for the fair post-war device of the world The most destructive of all wars experienced by humanity is the second world Warwho swept over four fifth of the world's population, had a huge impact on
From the book the course of domestic history Author Devletov Oleg UsmanovichChapter 8 of the USSR in 1946-1953 In different periods about post-war years wrote differently. Before the middle of the 80s. They are praised as the time of mass adherence of Soviet people who managed to restore the ruined war in the shortest possible time. Emphasized the achievements of science and technology, including