Why was the Comintern created? Chapter VII. The formation of the communist international. Characteristic features of Soviet foreign policy

The history of the COMINTERN - the Communist International - the unification of several dozen communist parties began in 1919 and officially ended in 1943

Whether it was really a union of ideologically close parties or one "big" communist party, consisting of sections in individual countries, or it was one party of Russian communists with many "branches" abroad - historians debate and find confirmation of each of the interpretations.

It is indisputable that without knowing the history of the Comintern it is impossible to understand the peculiarities of the political development and relations of the international communist movement and social democracy in the 1920s and 1930s, the struggle against fascism, which was gaining strength in those same years, and many turns in the foreign policy course THE USSR.

This section will present some documents, photographs, memoirs on the history of the Comintern - of course, not a complete history, since the archive of the Comintern has tens and hundreds of thousands of storage units - after all, this is really the history of the international communist movement for two decades.

It is worth reading the documents thoughtfully, paying attention to what their provisions meant and how they could be assessed not only by foreign communists, but also by social democrats and the governments of Western countries, that is, both capitalists and proletarians.

For example, a phrase from the program of the Comintern, adopted in 1928:

"The Communist International is the only an international force, which has as its program the dictatorship of the proletariat and communism and openly advocates organizer of the international revolution of the proletariat"?

How did the ordinary workers of England or France and the prime ministers of these countries interpret these words? Was this a propaganda call or a valid intent? And what did the leadership of the CPSU (b) mean? Did you want to organize a revolution or scare the capitalists?

The main events in the history of the Comintern were its 7 congresses (in other words, congresses). Note, however, that important decisions were made not only at the congresses, but also at the Plenums of the Comintern, as well as by the Executive Committee (ECCI) and the Bureau of the Executive Committee of the Comintern. And, of course, the most important decisions were prepared in the Kremlin. Therefore, we have included in this section several fragments of the transcripts of the congresses of the RCP (b) - those meetings at which the "Comintern" issues were discussed. They talked about the world revolution, and about Italian fascism, and about social democracy, and about the Trotskyists. And, of course, the views of the leaders of the RCP (b) on the real prospects of the world revolution and on the possibility of building socialism in one country affected the activities of the Comintern.

FIRST the Congress of the Comintern took place on March 2-6, 1919 in Moscow. It was attended by 52 delegates from 34 Marxist parties and groups. Let us note right away that these figures require clarification.
In fact, on March 2, a conference of representatives of communist parties and groups began its work, which on March 4 proclaimed itself the constituent congress of the Comintern. And that was the first idea - to announce yourself.

SECOND the Congress of the Comintern (July 19 - August 7, 1920) began work in Petrograd and continued in Moscow. There were 217 delegates from 67 organizations from 41 countries. The main thing was the adoption of a kind of program - the Manifesto of the Comintern and the conditions for joining the Comintern (of 21 points). This congress can be considered actually constituent. The congress also considered the theses prepared by Lenin on agrarian and national-colonial issues, on trade unions, on the role of the party. The main idea is to establish organizational principles for building an organization.

THIRD the congress was held June 22 - July 12, 1921. 605 delegates from 103 parties and organizations attended. Lenin delivered the keynote speech "On the tactics of the Comintern." The main task was to win over the majority of the working class to their side. The main slogan is "TO THE MASSES!"

FOURTH the congress was held November 5 - December 5, 1922. 408 delegates from 66 parties and organizations from 58 countries took part. The main idea is to create a "united workers' front".

FIFTH Congress June 17 - July 8, 1924. Attended by 504 delegates from 46 communist and workers 'parties and 14 workers' organizations from 49 countries. The main thing was the decision on the course towards "Bolshevization" of the parties that were part of the Comintern.

SIXTH the congress was held July 17 - September 1, 1928. The Charter and Program of the Comintern were adopted. The congress was tasked with combating the influence of social democracy, which was characterized as "social fascism".

SEVENTH The Congress was held July 25 - August 20, 1935. The main one was G. Dimitrov's report on the need to combat fascism and the choice of tactics for creating a "broad popular anti-fascist front".

In the period from 1922 to 1933. 11 meetings of the expanded Plenary Sessions of the ECCI (Executive Committee of the Comintern) were also held

I extended plenum of the ECCI (1922)
II expanded plenum of the ECCI (1922)
III expanded plenum of the ECCI (1923)
IV extended plenum of the ECCI (1924)
V extended plenum of the ECCI (1924 - 1925)
VI extended plenum of the ECCI (1925 - 1926)
VII expanded plenum of the ECCI (1926 - 1927)
VIII plenum of the ECCI (1927)
IX plenum of the ECCI (1927 - 1928)
X plenum of the ECCI (1929)
XI plenum of the ECCI (1930 - 1931)
XII expanded plenum of the ECCI (1932 - 1933)
XIII plenum of the ECCI (1933 - 1934)

The leaders of the Comintern were:

in 1919-1926 - G. Zinoviev (although the actual leader and leader was, of course, V. I. Lenin, who died in 1924)

In 1927-1928. - N. Bukharin

in 1929-1934 - formally carried out collective leadership

in 1935-1943 - G. Dimitrov

Bulgarian Georgiy Dimitrov was arrested in 1933 on charges of setting fire to the Reichstag (parliament building) in Berlin, but as a result of a powerful campaign of solidarity, he was released after his trial and adopted Soviet citizenship and released in the USSR. He headed the Comintern in 1935.

In addition, the activities of several international organizations were associated with the Comintern, directed and partially financed by it:

Profintern(Profintern) (Red Trade Union International) - created in 1920.

Krestintern- Peasant International (Krestintern) - created in 1923.

IDLO- International Organization for Aid to Workers (MOPR) - established in 1922.

Kim- Communist Youth International - created in 1919.

Sportintern- Sports International (Sportintern)

and some others.

In the late 1930s, during the Great Terror, a number of members of the Comintern apparatus were accused of espionage, Trotskyism and subjected to repression.

The history of the Comintern, of course, is full of secrets, secrets and fascinating (but at the same time dramatic) stories about the struggle of the underground communists in Italy, Germany and Latin America.

How accurate, adequate and relevant are the assessments of capitalism, social democracy, fascism that were given by the leaders of the Comintern, how useful the documents of the Comintern are for today's politicians - let professional historians talk and argue about this and the politicians themselves judge. But the recommendations on working among women, on the principles of building a party, and even on how to distribute leaflets and posters, of course, are at least curious.

And with all the controversy of the ideas and principles of the Comintern, the fact that it was the foreign communists who were the first to come into direct conflict with fascism and sought to repulse it both in the international brigades of Spain and in the underground groups of the resistance movement in other countries is indisputable. It was so.

Of course, guidelines, instructions, decrees, appeals and slogans are not the most important thing in real political life, in political struggle. The main thing is the actions that politicians take, the results they achieve. And the activities of the Comintern are not instructions from the Kremlin and resolutions of the Congresses, but meetings, demonstrations, strikes that were organized and carried out by the communists, newspapers, leaflets that they distributed, the results that parties received in the parliamentary elections. On the practical implementation of the ideas and directives of the Comintern, perhaps there are more materials in the sections on the pre-war situation in Italy, The Popular Front in France and others.

Speaking at the XV Congress of the RCP (b) with a report on the work of the Comintern, N. Bukharin said:

“A number of reproaches that I did not cover some of the issues are not serious reproaches, because in my report I could not answer all the questions. Kozma Prutkov also said that“ no one will embrace the necessary. ” And even more. Kozma Prutkov says: "Spit in the eyes of someone who says that it is possible to" do the necessary ". (Laughter.) And the topics related to the work of the Comintern, if you take their entire totality, are truly "indispensable."

Subscribing to the words of Nikolai Ivanovich, we note that this section is not a textbook, but rather additional materials for those interested in the history of the Comintern, in which there is something useful for all practicing politicians.

The Communist International was officially dissolved 75 years ago. The activities of the "world communist party" had a significant impact on the European and Russian history... During the formation of the young Soviet state, the Comintern, at the origins of which was Karl Marx, was Moscow's most important ally on the world stage, and during the years of confrontation with Nazi Germany, it acted as the ideological inspirer of the Resistance movement. How the Comintern became an instrument of the Soviet foreign policy and why the organization decided to dissolve in the midst of the Great Patriotic War- in the material RT.

"Workers of all countries, unite!"

September 28, 1864 is considered by historians to be the date of the formation of an organized international movement of the working class. On this day in London, about 2 thousand workers from different European countries gathered for a rally in support of the Polish uprising directed against the Russian autocracy. During the action, its participants proposed to create an international workers' organization. Karl Marx, who was in exile and was present at the meeting, was elected to the general council of the new structure.

At the request of like-minded people, the German philosopher wrote the Founding Manifesto and the Provisional Charter of an organization called the International Workingmen's Association (this was the official name of the First International). In the manifesto, Marx called on the proletarians of the whole world to conquer power, forming their own political force. He concluded the document with the same slogan as the "Manifesto of the Communist Party": "Workers of all countries, unite!"

In the years 1866-1869, the International Workers' Association held four congresses, during which a number of political and economic demands were formulated. In particular, the representatives of the organization demanded to establish an eight-hour working day, observe the protection of women and the prohibition of child labor, introduce free vocational education and transfer the means of production into public ownership.

However, gradually in the ranks of the International there was a split between Marxists and anarchists, who did not like the theory of "scientific communism" by Karl Marx. In 1872, the anarchists left the First International. The split buried an organization already shaken by the defeat of the Paris Commune. It was dissolved in 1876.

In the 1880s, representatives of workers' organizations began to think about recreating an international structure. On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Great French revolution the Socialist Workers' Congress held in Paris, the Second International was created. Moreover, initially both Marxists and anarchists took part in it. The paths of the leftist movements finally parted in 1896.

Until the First World War, representatives of the Second International opposed militarism, imperialism and colonialism, and also spoke about the inadmissibility of joining bourgeois governments. However, in 1914 the situation changed dramatically. Most of the members of the Second International were in favor of class peace and support for national authorities in the war. Some left-wing politicians have even joined coalition governments at home. In addition, many European Marxists were skeptical about the prospect of a revolution in Russia, considering it a "backward" country.

All this led to the fact that the leader of the Russian Bolsheviks, Vladimir Lenin, already in the fall of 1914, began to think about creating a new international workers' organization, following the principles of internationalism.

"Socialism in one country"

In September 1915, the International Socialist Conference was held in Zimmerwald (Switzerland) with the participation of Russia, at which the nucleus of the left-wing Social Democratic parties was formed, which formed the International Socialist Commission.

In March 1919, at the initiative of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and personally Vladimir Lenin, representatives of foreign left-wing social democratic movements gathered in Moscow for the Founding Congress of the Communist International. The goal of the new organization was to establish the dictatorship of the proletariat in the form of the power of the Soviets through class struggle, and an armed uprising was not ruled out. To organize the permanent work of the Comintern, the Congress created the Executive Committee of the Communist International (ECCI).

The formation of the Comintern led to an intensification of the political split in the European social democratic movement. The Second International was criticized for cooperation with bourgeois parties, participation in the imperialist war, and a negative attitude towards the Russian revolutionary experience.

In total, seven congresses of the Comintern were held in 1919-1935. During this time, the ideological positions of the organization have changed a lot.

Initially, the Comintern openly called for a world revolution. The text of the manifesto of the Second Congress, held in the summer of 1920 in Petrograd, read: “Civil war throughout the world is on the order of the day. The Soviet power is its banner ”.

However, already at the Third Congress, it was said that an equilibrium had been established in relations between bourgeois society and Soviet Russia, the stabilization of the capitalist system in most of Europe was recognized as a fait accompli. And the path to the world revolution should not be as straightforward as previously thought.

However, according to the expert, after the failure of a series of uprisings supported by the organization, she switched to a more moderate political line.

In the mid-1920s, representatives of the Comintern sharply criticized the European Social Democratic movement, accusing its representatives of "moderate fascism." At the same time, Joseph Stalin began to promote the theory of "socialism in one country."

He called the world revolution a strategic period that could drag on for decades, and therefore on the agenda he brought economic development and the buildup of the political power of the Soviet Union. This did not please Leon Trotsky and his supporters, who advocated the "traditional" Marxist understanding of the world revolution. However, already in 1926, representatives of Trotsky's faction lost key positions in the executive branch. And in 1929, Trotsky himself was expelled from the USSR.

“At the Sixth Congress of the Comintern, in 1928, they again tried to transfer the organization to vigorous activity... A tough formula "class against class" was deduced, the impossibility of cooperation with both fascists and social democrats was emphasized, "Kolpakidi said.

But in the early 1930s, the full-scale implementation of Stalin's formula about "socialism in one country" began.

Foreign policy instrument

According to Boris Rozhin, a military expert and editor-in-chief of the Kassad information and analytical center, in the 1930s, the Comintern began to turn into a Soviet foreign policy instrument and a means of fighting fascism.

The Comintern began active work in the colonies, fighting British imperialism, historians say. According to them, at that time a significant number of those who, after the war, destroyed the world colonial system, passed training in the USSR.

“One gets the impression that Stalin, as a practical person at that time, tried to intimidate potential aggressors who were ready to attack the USSR. In the Union, saboteurs were trained through the Comintern. Western counterintelligence services knew about this, but had no idea about the real scale. Therefore, the leaders of many Western countries had the feeling that if they did something against the Soviet Union, a real war would begin in their rear, ”Kolpakidi said in an interview with RT.

According to him, in the person of the Comintern, Stalin found a powerful ally of the USSR.

“These were not only workers. They were famous intellectuals, writers, journalists, scientists. Their role can hardly be overestimated. They actively lobbied for Moscow's interests around the world. Without them, there would not have been such a large-scale Resistance movement during the Second World War. In addition, the Soviet Union received invaluable closed technologies through the Comintern. They were passed on by sympathetic researchers, engineers, workers. We were "presented" with drawings of entire factories. In every sense, the support of the Comintern was the most profitable investment in the history of the USSR, ”said Kolpakidi.

The expert points out that tens of thousands of people through the Comintern went to fight as volunteers in Spain, calling it "an almost unprecedented event in world history."

However, since the mid-1930s, the Moscow leadership has declined in confidence in individual leaders of the Comintern.

“In 1935, it seems, (Wisner) gave me an invitation card to the Congress of the Comintern, which was taking place in Moscow. The situation there was very unusual for that time in the USSR. The delegates, not looking at the speakers, walked around the hall, talked to each other, laughed. And Stalin walked across the stage behind the presidium and nervously smoked his pipe. It was felt that he did not like all this freedom. Perhaps this attitude of Stalin to the Comintern played a role in the fact that many of his leaders were arrested, " statesman Mikhail Smirtyukov.

“It was a world party, quite difficult to manage. In addition, during the war years, we began to cooperate with Britain and the United States, whose leadership was very nervous because of the activities of the Comintern, so it was decided to formally dissolve it, creating new structures on its basis, ”the expert said.

On May 15, 1943, the Comintern officially ceased to exist. Instead, the International Department of the CPSU (b) was created.

“The Comintern played a very important role in history, but its transformation was necessary. The bodies created on its basis have preserved and developed all the Comintern's achievements in a dynamically changing international situation, ”summed up Rozhin.

What was the main goal of creating the Communist International (Comintern)

The state of affairs in the Comintern is excellent! I, as well as Zinoviev and Bukharin, are convinced that right now the revolutionary movement in Italy should be encouraged, as well as attention should be paid to establishing the power of the Soviets in Hungary, and perhaps also in the Czech Republic and Romania.

Lenin telegram to Stalin, July 1920

The main goal of the creation of the Comintern (Communist International) was to spread the socialist revolution throughout the world.

Let me remind you that Lenin and Trotskaya (the ideological inspirers of the 1917 revolution) were convinced that it was impossible to build socialism in one single country. For this, the bourgeois elements must be overthrown all over the world, and only then can the building of socialism begin. For these purposes, the leadership of the RSFSR and created the Comintern, as the main means of its foreign policy, to help other states in the "socialization".

First Congress of the Comintern

The first congress of the Communist International took place in March 1919.

In fact, this is the time of the creation of the Comintern. The activities of the first congress decided several important points:

• A "rule" was established for the work of this body to work with workers from different countries, encouraging them to fight against capital.

  Remember the famous slogan "Workers of all countries unite!" This is where it came from.

• The leadership of the Comintern was to be carried out by a special body - the Executive Committee of the Communist International (ECCI).
• Zinoviev became the head of the ECCI.

Thus, the main task of creating the Communist International was clearly defined - the creation of conditions, including financial ones, for the implementation of the world socialist revolution.

Second Congress of the Comintern

The second congress began at the end of 1919 in Petrograd and continued in 1920 in Moscow.

By its beginning, the Red Army (Red Army) was conducting successful battles and the leaders of the Bolsheviks were confident not only of their own victory in Russia, but also that there were only a few leaps left to “ignite the heart of the world revolution”. It was at the second congress of the Comintern that it was clearly formulated that the Red Army is the basis for creating a revolution throughout the world.

Ideas for combining the efforts of Soviet Russia and Soviet Germany for the revolutionary movement were also voiced here.

It must be clearly understood that the main task of creating the Communist International lies precisely in the armed struggle against capital throughout the world.

In some textbooks one has to read that the Bolsheviks wanted money and persuasion to carry the revolution to other peoples. But this was not so, and this was perfectly understood by the leadership of the RCP (b). For example, here is what one of the ideological inspirers of both the Revolution and the Comintern, Bukharin, said:

To build communism, the proletariat must become the master of the world, conquer it. But one should not think that this can be achieved with just one finger movement. To achieve our task we need bayonets and rifles.

The Red Army bears within itself the essence of socialism and workers' power for a general revolution. This is our privilege. This is the right of the Red Army to intervene.

Bukharin, 1922

But the activities of the Comintern did not give any practical results:

• In 1923, the revolutionary situation in Germany aggravated.

  All attempts of the Comintern to put pressure on the Ruhr region, Saxony and Hamburg were unsuccessful. Although colossal funds were spent for this.

• In September 1923, an uprising began in Bulgaria, but they were very quickly stopped by the authorities, and the Communist International did not have time to provide the necessary assistance.

Changing the course of the Comintern

The change in the course of the Comintern is connected with the refusal of the Soviet government from the world revolution.

This was connected purely with internal political affairs, and with Stalin's victory over Trotsky. Let me remind you that it was Stalin who acted as an active opponent of the world revolution, saying that the victory of socialism in one country, especially in one as big as Russia, is a unique phenomenon. Therefore, one should not look for a pie in the sky, but build socialism here and now. Moreover, it became clear even to active supporters of the idea of ​​a world revolution that this is a utopian idea, and it is impossible to realize it.

Therefore, at the end of 1926, the Comintern ceases to be active.

In the same 1926, Bukharin replaced Zinoviev at the head of the ECCI. And along with the change of the leader, the course also changed.

If earlier the Comintern wanted to rekindle the revolution, now all its efforts went to create a positive image of the USSR and socialism as a whole.

Therefore, we can say that the main task of the creation of the Communist International is to foment the world revolution.

After 1926, this task changed - the creation of a positive image of the Soviet state.

Comintern (Communist International)

The Comintern (III International) is international organization, which united the communist parties of different countries. The Communist International operated from 1919 to 1943. The founder and organizer of the Comintern was the RCP (b) party led by V.I. Lenin. Lenin was a supporter of the teachings of K.

Marx and F. Engels, and all his theories were based on their works. But he made a great contribution to the development and structuring of this teaching and became the founder of the theory of the creation of a socialist society in a separate capitalist country.

The Comintern conducted extensive activities to develop and promote the ideas of socialism, as a result of its activities, a huge number of documents remained that are valuable historical and scientific heritage.

Now the bulk of these documents have been collected in a single archive of the Comintern, which is available for study.

The Comintern was called upon to unite workers from different countries of the world. He sought national equality and opposed the oppression of any minority. The work of the Comintern was aimed at improving working conditions, increasing the income of workers, and, as a consequence, at creating a united front capable of resisting fascism.

Its leaders opposed the bourgeoisie and advocated the creation of a socialist society, where power belongs to the people.

The Congress was the supreme governing body of the Comintern and it elected the Executive Committee of the Communist International (ECCI), which held leading positions. At the congress, all further actions were discussed and important decisions were made, which were reflected in the program documents and statutes. Most of the valuable historical documents from the archives of the Comintern are the result of the activities of the ECCI.

All resolutions that were adopted within the framework of the congress were binding on members of the communist parties that were part of the Comintern and other international organizations adjacent to it, such as the Red International of Trade Unions, the Peasant International, the International Organization for Workers' Aid and the International Organization for Aid to the Fighters of the Revolution.

The Communist Youth International (KIM) was part of the Comintern as a section, but it was a separate organization that also held its own congresses.

It was created in 1919 with the aim of uniting youth movements from around the world that sympathized with the communist parties.

KIM's work was aimed at protecting the economic and political interests of young people, and later on fighting fascism.

A great influence on the activities of the Comintern was exerted by I.V. Stalin, after the death of V.I. Lenin in 1924 launched a struggle against the ideas of Trotskyism and was able to defend the Leninist course of creating a socialist society. The Comintern was the center of control for all the leaders of the communist parties, so Moscow tightly controlled their work.

The activities of the Comintern made it possible to develop a strategy and tactics for the actions of the communist movement throughout the world.

He was a powerful political force capable of influencing important events in international politics... On the eve of World War II, Stalin ordered the dissolution of the Comintern and allow the communist parties in other countries to act independently.

After the dissolution of the Comintern, the leaders of the communist parties of other countries were forced to determine their own position in society and look for their own path of development and existence.

The repressions and persecutions of the activists of the communist movement, which followed the dissolution of the Comintern, severely undermined the influence of the communist parties in the world. The number of party members was significantly reduced, but they continued their work.

The principles of internationalism are an integral part of the communist movement, they are able to resist national strife and racial hatred.

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TOPIC 17. FOREIGN POLICY OF THE USSR IN THE 1920s

People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs.

Georgy Vasilievich Chicherin, 1918-1930.

Factors that influenced Soviet foreign policy in the 1920s.

- Ideological guidelines for the world socialist revolution and the victory of the proletariat on a world scale (until the mid-1920s).

- The rise of I. V. Stalin and the confirmation of his installation on the possibility of building socialism in one separately taken country (from the second half of the 1920s).

- Creation by Western countries of a "sanitary cardon" on the western borders of the USSR (from small European countries).

- A hostile attitude towards the world's first socialist state on the part of a number of political circles in the West.

- Need in economic cooperation with the capitalist countries during the restoration and further development of the national economy of the USSR.

The goals of Soviet foreign policy.

- Breakthrough of the country's international isolation and the establishment of diplomatic relations with foreign countries.

- Establishment of mutually beneficial economic cooperation with foreign countries.

- Provision national security and peaceful conditions for the construction of socialism.

- Assistance in the development of the international communist movement (incitement of the world socialist revolution until the mid-1920s).

Characteristic features of Soviet foreign policy.

- The dual nature of foreign policy activity: the desire to establish mutually beneficial cooperation with foreign countries, while simultaneously focusing on the world socialist revolution.

- Leadership of foreign policy activities from the side of the Communist Party.

- The priority of ideological (class) attitudes before political expediency.

- Leadership of the international communist movement.

- Participation in international conferences.

Stages of Soviet foreign policy in the 1920s.

- Stage I: 1918-1923, characterized by the predominance of the course to incite the world socialist revolution and the creation of the World Soviet Republic.

- Stage II: 1924-1930, characterized by a temporary rejection of the plans of the world socialist revolution and the provision of peaceful conditions for the construction of socialism in a single country.

Major foreign policy events.

- 1919, the creation of the Comintern.

- 1920, signing of the first peace treaties with neighboring states, former units Russian Empire- Es-tonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Finland.

- 1921, the signing of the Riga Peace Treaty with Poland.

- 1921, the signing of peace treaties with the eastern neighbors of the RSFSR - Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan and Mongolia.

- 1921, the signing of a trade agreement with England, which became the first international treaty between Soviet Russia and a great Western power.

- 1922, participation of the Soviet delegation in the Genoa conference.

- 1922, signing of the Soviet-German treaty in Ra-pallo.

- 1923, an attempt through the Comintern to unleash socialist revolutions in Germany and Bulgaria.

- 1923, "Lord Curzon's ultimatum" and the severance of diplomatic relations with Great Britain.

- 1924-1925, the strip of international recognition of the USSR (recognition of the USSR by Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, China, etc.).

- 1924-1927, provision of military-technical assistance to the revolutionary forces in China.

- 1927-1929, aggravation of relations with Great Britain.

- 1929, armed conflict with China in Manchuria.

The goals of the creation and activities of the Comintern.

- Leading the activities of the communist parties and the labor movement in different countries the world.

- Preparation of the world socialist revolution.

- Formation in public opinion foreign countries of the positive image of the USSR.

The reasons why Soviet Russia went to normalize relations with capitalist countries.

- Failure of the plans of the world socialist revolution.

- Transition to NEP.

- Interest in economic cooperation with the West.

- The desire to avoid a new war, military intervention.

Facts indicating the failure of the plans of the world socialist revolution.

- The defeat of the socialist revolutions in Germany, Hungary and Slovakia in 1919.

- Defeat in the war with Poland in 1920 and disruption of the plan to "export revolution to Europe" with the help of the Red Army.

- Failure of the Comintern's attempt to unleash revolutions in Germany and Bulgaria in 1923.

10. Reasons why Western countries went to normalize relations with Soviet Russia.

- Failure of military intervention against Soviet Russia.

- The end of the Civil War and the strengthening of the power of the Bolsheviks.

- Arrival in a row European countries to the power of left-wing political forces - Labor and Socialists, who advocated the normalization of relations with Soviet Russia.

- Interest in entrepreneurial circular economic cooperation with Soviet Russia.

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