What is fascism and Nazism: the difference of ideologies. Four Reasons for the Emergence of Modern Fascism Planning Center Fails to Get Accurate, Detailed and Timely Information on Consumer Needs

The word fascism is strongly associated with Hitler's Germany. However, the head of the Third Reich, Adolf Hitler, professed not fascism, but National Socialism. While many provisions coincide, there are significant differences and even contradictions between the two ideologies.

A fine line

Today, any movements that are extremely radical in nature, declaring nationalist slogans, are usually called a manifestation of fascism. The word fascist, in fact, has become a cliché, having lost its original meaning. This is not surprising, since the two most dangerous totalitarian ideologies of the 20th century - fascism and national socialism - have long been in close contact, exerting a noticeable influence on each other.

Indeed, they have a lot in common - chauvinism, totalitarianism, leaderism, lack of democracy and pluralism of opinions, reliance on a one-party system and punitive organs. National Socialism is often called one of the forms of manifestation of fascism. German Nazis willingly adapted some elements of fascism on their own soil, in particular, the Nazi greeting is a copy of the so-called Roman salute.

With the widespread confusion of concepts and principles that guided Nazism and Fascism, it is not so easy to distinguish between them. But before doing this, you need to dwell on the origin of the two ideologies.

Fascism

The word fascism has Italian roots: "fascio" in Russian sounds like "union".
This word, for example, stood in the name of Benito Mussolini's political party - Fascio di combattimento (Union of struggle). "Fascio", in turn, goes back to the Latin word "fascis", which translates as "bundle" or "bundle".

Fasciae - bundles of elm or birch twigs tied with a red cord or tied with belts - were a kind of attribute of the power of the ancient Roman kings or masters in the era of the Republic. Initially, they symbolized the right of the authorities to seek their decisions by force. According to some versions, the fascia really was an instrument of corporal punishment, and together with an ax, the death penalty.

The ideological roots of fascism go back to the 1880s in such a phenomenon as Fin de siècle (from French - “end of the century”), characterized by tossing between euphoria in anticipation of change and eschatological fear of the future. The intellectual basis of fascism was largely prepared by the works of Charles Darwin (biology), Richard Wagner (aesthetics), Arthur de Gobineau (sociology), Gustave Le Bon (psychology) and Friedrich Nietzsche (philosophy).

At the turn of the century, a number of works appeared in which the doctrine of the superiority of an organized minority over a disorganized majority, the legitimacy of political violence, and the concepts of nationalism and patriotism were radicalized. This leads to the emergence of political regimes seeking to strengthen the regulatory role of the state, violent methods of suppressing dissent, rejection of the principles of economic and political liberalism.

In many countries, such as Italy, France, Belgium, Hungary, Romania, Japan, Argentina, fascist movements are making themselves known. They profess similar principles: authoritarianism, social Darwinism, elitism, while at the same time defending anti-socialist and anti-capitalist positions.

In its purest form, the doctrine of fascism as the power of the corporate state was expressed by the Italian leader Benito Mussolini, who understood by this word not only the system government controlledbut also ideology. In 1924, the National Fascist Party of Italy (Partito Nazionale Fascista) won a parliamentary majority, and from 1928 it became the only legal party in the country.

National Socialism

This movement, known by the term "Nazism", became the official political ideology in the Third Reich. It is often viewed as a kind of fascism with elements of pseudoscientific racism and anti-Semitism, which is expressed in the concept of "German fascism", by analogy with Italian or Japanese fascism.

German political scientist Manuel Sarkisyants writes that Nazism is not a German invention. The philosophy of Nazism and the theory of dictatorship were formulated in the middle of the 19th century by the Scottish historian and publicist Thomas Carlyle. “Like Hitler, Carlyle never betrayed his hatred, his contempt for the parliamentary system,” Sarkisyants notes. "Like Hitler, Carlyle always believed in the saving virtue of dictatorship."

The main goal for German National Socialism was the construction and establishment of a "pure state" in the widest possible geographical area, in which the main role would be assigned to the representatives of the Aryan race, which had everything necessary for a prosperous existence.

The National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) was in power in Germany from 1933 to 1945. Hitler often stressed the importance of Italian fascism, which influenced the formation of Nazi ideology. He assigned a special place to the March to Rome (the procession of the Italian fascists in 1922, which contributed to the rise of Mussolini), which became an inspiring example for German radicals.

The ideology of German Nazism was based on the principle of combining the doctrines of Italian fascism around national socialist ideas, where the absolute state of Mussolini would be transformed into a society with a eugenic doctrine of race.

So close, but different

According to Mussolini, the main provisions of the fascist doctrine are the doctrine of the state, its essence, tasks and goals. For the ideology of fascism, the state is an absolute - an indisputable authority and the highest authority. All individuals or social groups are not conceivable without the state.

This idea is more clearly indicated in the slogan that Mussolini proclaimed in his speech in the Chamber of Deputies on May 26, 1927: "Everything in the state, nothing against the state and nothing outside the state."

The attitude towards the state of the National Socialists was fundamentally different. For the ideologists of the Third Reich, the state is "only a means to preserve the people." In the long term, National Socialism did not aim to maintain the structure of the state, but sought to reorganize it into social institutions.

The state in National Socialism was viewed as an intermediate stage, in the construction of an ideal, racially pure society. Here you can see some analogy with the ideas of Marx and Lenin, who considered the state a transitional form on the path of building a classless society.

The second stumbling block between the two systems is nationality and race. For the fascists, a corporate approach to solving national problems was extremely important in this respect. Mussolini stated that “Race is a feeling, not a reality; 95% feelings. " Moreover, Mussolini tried to avoid this word whenever possible, replacing it with the concept of nation. It was the Italian nation that was a source of pride for the Duce and an incentive for her further exaltation.

Hitler called the concept of "nation" "obsolete and empty", despite the presence of this word in the name of his party. National question Germanic leaders decided through a racial approach, literally by mechanically purifying the race and maintaining racial purity through weeding out foreign elements. The racial issue is the cornerstone of Nazism.

Fascist ideology in its original sense was alien to racism and anti-Semitism. Although Mussolini admitted that he became a racist back in 1921, he emphasized that there was no imitation of German racism. “Italians need to respect their race,” Mussolini declared his “racist” position.

Moreover, Mussolini has repeatedly condemned the eugenic teachings of National Socialism about the purity of the race. In March 1932, in a conversation with the German writer Emil Ludwig, he remarked that “by now there are no completely pure races left in the world. Even the Jews did not escape confusion. "

"Anti-Semitism does not exist in Italy," said Duce. And these were not only words. While anti-Semitic campaigns in Italy were gaining momentum in Germany, many important positions in universities, banks or the army continued to be occupied by Jews. Only from the mid-1930s did Mussolini declare white supremacy in the African colonies of Italy and switched to anti-Semitic rhetoric for the sake of an alliance with Germany.

It is important to note that Nazism is not an obligatory component of fascism. Thus, the fascist regimes of Salazar in Portugal, Franco in Spain or Pinochet in Chile were deprived of the theory of racial superiority that was fundamental to Nazism.

• As a phenomenon or as an ideology?

  As an ideology, no. The ideology is quite simple: there are right nations and there are wrong ones, wrong ones work for the right ones. Only this ideology works on a global scale. If phchism starts only in Latvia, people will simply leave and there will be no one to work for the Nazis. The source is simple, people want to rule people. Without any moral or other restrictions. Fascism realizes this in full.

  Shafmata, checkers

  hatred

  No.
  Feminism is a struggle for equality between men and women, not for the superiority of women.

• Dislike for Islam is just one sign of sanity.
  

  any ideology is doomed to failure g) and this is a fact

  As if Nazism is first of all National Sociolism, this movement was born in Germany.
  Fascism - born in italy, and fascist, meant blackshirt. There was such a party led by B. Musolini
  In general, the communists have become procrastinating the concept of "fascist" and making it a curse. Just A. Hitler before I. Stalin offered his people and built socialism. And Stalin then declared the dictatorship of the proletariat. This meant that you would plow like a plow, from dawn to dusk. If you say a word. you will be sent to a labor camp for 15 years to cut wood, or to the mines. You say 2 words, they will shoot.
  Therefore, the Stalinist propagandists raised this word "fascist" and began to swear at them. although there is nothing like that in it.
  In Germany (20s), in a movement of the type of fascism (NSP), there, in general, black shirts (although they wore brown uniforms) were called stormtroopers. Which later made up the vanguard of the SS.
  So the difference is only in the countries where these concepts originated.

The ideology of Nazism included three main "laws":

1) The law of biological gravity

This law was invented by Hitler and contained the following meaning: man is essentially a social being, therefore he must live in society, but this society itself must be quite definite and limited by some framework. From birth, a child is surrounded by his family, that is, the family of one person. however, according to Hitler, at least two of its types can be distinguished: a family of one people and several peoples (it is worth noting that the German word "Volk" is not literally translated into Russian and means something in between the concepts of "people" and "nation").

Hitler called the best option for his people when all Germans live in the same territory, and he considered the slogan "Germany for the German people" to be fully justified and, moreover, scientifically grounded.

The procedure for identifying and neutralizing the enemies of the German people was considered the most important task (this, in particular, was the responsibility of the SS). The circle of "enemies of the people" was extensive and included several "levels of hostility." Internal enemies included liberals, criminals, homosexuals, Marxists, Freemasons, pacifists, Christians, as well as some cultural and artistic figures. Outside - Anglo-American plutocrats, European democrats and Russian Bolsheviks.

In a famous two-hour speech in Düsseldorf (1932), Hitler declared: “Bolshevism is more than a mob raging in the streets of German cities. This is an absolute lawlessness and the onset of Asian barbarism ”(3, p. 79).

All non-Aryan races - Slavs, Gypsies, Negroes - belonged to racial enemies ... Jews were a special and most hated category - “the greatest misfortune of the German nation,” according to Goebbels. Generally speaking, anti-Semitism had strong roots in the rest of Europe and in Russia, but it was only a state policy in Germany.

One moment, which played into the hands of the Nazis, put German Jews on the brink of complete annihilation: on November 7, 1938, a Polish Jew, outraged by the Nazis' arbitrariness in Germany, in protest shot a German diplomat at the embassy in Paris. This became a suitable pretext for organizing a punitive operation against the Jews. The grandiose pogrom that erupted on the night of November 9-10 went down in history under the name "Kristallnacht". In the course of the pogrom, about 300 synagogues, 7000 shops and 800 Jewish shops were destroyed, and the damage from the broken windows alone amounted to 5 million marks (See 5, p. 386).

2) the law of autarchy

Hitler called the second law the law of autarky (from the Greek autarkeia - sufficiency), that is, economic self-sufficiency, self-satisfaction in the economic respect (Thucydides' term autarky meant the political and economic independence of the country from other states). This law became the official economic theory of Nazism. Hitler has consistently stated that Germany is "striving for autarchy." German sufficiency, he said, must be based on military considerations, and the Third Reich must become immune to blockades such as those that burdened Germany during World War I. "The law of life is higher than greed" - this is another dictum of Hitler (3, p. 84).

In economic terms, Hitler promised the Germans not only the return of the “bright past” (meaning the past before the First World War), but also an even brighter future, and, above all, general employment, order in the country. Although direct administrative diktat became the main method of managing the economy, with Hitler's accession to power, positive changes began to be observed in the German economy: unemployment practically disappeared, and the militarization of the economy led to an exit from the crisis and a significant increase in production (for 1929-1938 the volume of industrial production increased by 25%, and 3/5 of all investments were directed to the heavy and military industry) [See. 2, p. 367].

However, some other states adhered to a similar economic policy, without calling it "autarky". Therefore, the very formulation of Hitler's second law seems rather dubious.

3) The idea of \u200b\u200bthe great Aryan race and the expansion of living space for it

“For centuries, this blond race has been tasked with inheriting legal power over the world. For centuries, this race was faced with the task of bringing happiness, culture and order to the world. ” "For the great Aryan race (racism, in fact, constituted almost all of this ideology).

Feeling infringed on rights and territory after losing the First World War, the German leadership put forward the idea of \u200b\u200bexpanding the borders. Himmler liked to repeat that “after the Great German Reich, the German-Gothic Reich will come to the Urals, and, perhaps, in the distant future, the German-Gothic-Frankish era will come” (4, p. 23). For example, he intended to move the borders of the Reich 500 km deep into Soviet territory, gradually this figure increased to 1000. This doctrine of "blood and soil" manifested itself in the fierce expansionist policy of the Nazis.

Reducing interstate and interethnic relations to the level of social Darwinism led not only to the denial of the right of the "non-Aryan race" to life - Nazi scientists thought of classifying the animal and vegetable world on "representatives of the Nordic fauna and flora and the lowest - Jewish."

Racial doctrine received its theoretical foundation in the middle of the 19th century. in the wake of growing nationalism and its accompanying romanticism, when German racism acquired political and cultural significance. Not content with claims of the superiority of the white race over the colored, the adherents of the racial doctrine created a hierarchy within the white race itself. Faced with this need, they created the myth of Aryan supremacy. This, in turn, became the source for later myths such as the Teutonic, Anglo-Saxon and Celtic.

The first step was to mix the Indo-European group of languages \u200b\u200bwith the so-called Indo-European race. The concept of "Indo-European" was soon supplanted by the concept of "Indo-German". And then, with the light hand of Friedrich Max Müller, it turned into "Aryan" - to denote belonging to a language group. From this position, the racists argued that "Aryan" means the nobility of blood, the incomparable beauty of form and mind, and the superiority of the breed. Any significant achievement in history, they argued, was made by members of the Aryan race. The entire civilization, in their opinion, was the result of the struggle between the Aryan creators and non-Aryan destroyers (1, p. 89).

The "Nordic myth" about the superiority of the Nordic (Aryan) race was also picked up by genetic scientists. In particular, it was suggested that the mental qualities and character of a person depend on the shape of his skull and on the value of his "head indicator". The theory asserted that the lower this indicator, that is, the more long-headed a person, the more energetic, gifted, more viable he is. According to secret documentation that became publicly known after the fall of the Reich, during the Second World War, the Nazis also practiced experiments on people with the aim of "breeding a qualitatively new biological species of man", using representatives of the "Aryan race" as "material". To identify the signs of the "Aryan race" all sorts of devices and mechanisms were invented, with the help of which various parts of the subject's body were measured, while "subhuman" or "Untermenshi" (Jews, and then Poles and Russians) were automatically subject to destruction.

To free Germany from her "main enemy" - the Jews - Hitler took several steps. In 1933, he signed a circular order instructing all ortsleiters (heads of grassroots organizations of the NSDLP) to "organize executive committees to organize a boycott of Jewish shops, goods, legal and medical advice." In 1935, a series of Nuremberg Citizenship and Race Acts were passed, which granted citizenship to "all bearers of Germanic or similar blood" and deprived it of anyone considered to be of the Jewish race. Thanks to these laws, racism gained legal ground in the Third Reich.

In 1940, the General Directorate for Race and Settlement of the SS developed a project for the resettlement of European Jews to Madagascar, but France categorically refused to cede the island, so the Madagascar plan was never implemented.

A turning point in the fate of German Jews was January 20, 1942, when at a meeting in Wannsee a resolution was adopted on the "final solution of the Jewish question", which became a signal for the deployment of an unprecedented genocide. From 1939 to 1945 in Germany, 250,000 Jews were exterminated - about half of their pre-war number (See 3, p. 97).

Similar information.

Fascism (in all variants) exhibits generic features. They should be marked. First I will give a list of the features of fascism, those properties that are in the radical of any fascist equation, without which fascism is impossible. Then I will analyze each of these properties in relation to the present day.

1. Nationalism, the identity of the nation and the state.
2. The identity of the state and the individual.
3. Rejection of strangers, pursuit of the “fifth column”.
4. Creation of a retro empire.
5. Traditionalism.
6. Military camp, militarization.
7. Paganism, paganization of national religion.
8. Aggression, extensive development of society.

1. Fascism is a national idea, which is understood as the idea of \u200b\u200ba social contract. Fascism always refers to patriotism as the last stronghold of statehood. Ethnic pride is the last card of a humiliated population; when there is nothing to be proud of, they are proud of the purity of the race.

Nationalism is the last hope of an oppressed state, patriotism is what the ruler resorts to in the absence of economic, political and philosophical foundations of the people's existence. At first, the national ideology is called patriotism. The borderline between the Italian Carbonari, rebelling against Napoleon, and the blackshirt Mussolini is extremely arbitrary. This border is crossed many times a day: every Blackshirt sees himself as a Carbonary, and every Carbonarian, having created an empire, becomes a Blackshirt.
However, fascism today is flexible, insists not on race, but on the “idea of \u200b\u200brace”. What is “the idea of \u200b\u200brace” is not easy to explain; however, this vague concept is believed.

You may not be an ethnic Russian, but profess “Russian” ideals. It's hard to decipher. There is no specific Russian concept of goodness, truth, beauty. However, there is an idea of \u200b\u200ba specific Russian ideal.

They spoke in the same way about the “Germanic understanding of courage”, etc. In this rhetoric there is a certain moral principle: the idea of \u200b\u200ban ethnos is (in the understanding of fascism) a condition for the common fate of people. Fascism equates the interest of one citizen and the idea of \u200b\u200ba nation, between the idea of \u200b\u200ba nation and a government that implements this national idea.

The national idea (that is, the idea of \u200b\u200bunity, fascines, the idea of \u200b\u200ba clenched fist) is taken as the moral basis of being. Generally speaking, the popular expression “spiritual bonds” does not mean a moral law, but the principle of uniting a nation into a single whole. This process of consolidation of the people has nothing to do with morality and welfare - rather, the word "brace" suggests serfdom.

2. The ruler and the people merge into a common whole. If you deny the political decision of the government, you oppose the national idea and thereby oppose the people; the enemy of the government becomes the enemy of the people. Power modern Russia uses the fascist term "Nationalverräter", which means "National traitor". A term borrowed from the book of Adolf Hitler "Mein Kampf".

Let's say a citizen does not agree with the government's decision to annex Crimea. He is not an enemy of the Russian people - he just does not agree with the government's decision. But the practice of uniting the national idea with the government and the state turns those who disagree with the policy of the state into an enemy of the people.

The national idea, understood as a state idea, - this component of fascist ideology matured for a long time and was noted many times by Berdyaev, Soloviev, and Likhachev. The famous Uvarov triad "Orthodoxy - autocracy - nationality" - already contained the seeds of a nationalist (in the limit and fascist) state; but it is essential that Orthodoxy has positioned itself as a supranational, universal religion. To the extent that Orthodoxy becomes a nationalist religion, the Uvarov triad will become the formula of the fascist state.

Both spirituality and collegiality can be proclaimed a national idea, but if the introduction of the conciliar idea is purely total, then the effect of fascisation is inevitable. Russian philosopher of the twentieth century Ivan Ilyin or Russian public figure Dugin write about the greatness of the nation, cast into the state, as the highest triumph of individual destiny; for a fascist, only through unity with the state, which is one with the people, can personal destiny take place.

An explosion of loyalty to the state is perceived as the acquisition of one's own destiny. Today we are observing this process in Russia. Loyalty to the nation \u003d loyalty to the state; loyalty to the state \u003d loyalty to the fate of the people; dedication to the fate of the people \u003d loyalty to the government; the cycle of identities arises by itself, and every citizen must share the fate of the people, and the fate of the people is in the hands of the ruler.

3. Fascism means such a change in society, in which the homogeneity of the collective pushes out strangers. Such a "stranger" for the fascist state will always be a dissident or a Jew.

According to Hannah Arendt, anti-Semitism is the hallmark of totalitarianism. Anti-Semitism has grown in the world today; it also appeared in Russia, although there was no anti-Semitism during perestroika. Anti-Semitism was pushed aside by anti-Caucasian sentiments, and today it is back.

I think this happened naturally: a Jew is uncomfortable for fascism because Jewry has no native soil, a Jew is not rooted anywhere, a Jew is an inconvenient subject for cultivation: he does not believe in soil and has his own separate God. I would venture to aggravate this reasoning by saying that Jewry does not know pagan antiquity - Jewish traditions are not natural. And the sickly microbe of a wandering Jew, professing his own faith, decomposes the fascist system from within.

A Jew today is again an agent of foreign capital, foreign influence that undermines the Russian world. We constantly read about the “Jews”, about those who sold “Russian ideals”. It doesn't matter that the principles of capitalist profit (usury, speculation) have been adopted by Russian business so much that they have supplanted production.

It doesn't matter that Russia today is a bigger usurer than any Jew. It is only critically important that a Jew is one who does not understand the meaning of the “Russian world”, who is alien to the great design. The nationalism of the fascist state arises from a heightened sense of national justice: we all work for the good of the fatherland, but there are those who work only for their own good.

Let me give you a typical example of concept aberration. Here is the phrase of today's Russian writer: "Jews should be grateful to Russia: Russia saved them during the Second World War, and instead of gratitude they ruined it."

You can dispute this phrase if you understand that Russia did not save the Jews: Russia fought against the inhuman regime of fascism for the principles of humanism.

The Soviet Union defended the principles of internationalism, which exclude the duty of a small people to the titular nation. But if we accept the fact that Russia fought for Russia, and saved the Jews insofar as, then the reasoning is completely fair. However, in this case, Russia's victory over fascism becomes a temporary phenomenon: today the Russians defeated German fascism, and tomorrow they raised their own. In other words, it is necessary to understand: in the war with Nazi Germany, did Russia fight against the principles of fascism or did it fight for its “Russian world”?

This is an important distinction. If the war was against fascism, then the Jew owes nothing; if the war was for the “Russian world,” then the Jew is forever in debt.

The peculiarity of the fascist reasoning is that the Jew remains a debtor for his salvation, and the debtor is obliged to understand the significance of the world that saved him and where he is just a guest. Anti-Semitism, which can be observed today even in England, not to mention Hungary, France, Ukraine and Russia, is a characteristic sign of fascism that has returned to the world.

4. Retro empire. Was there fascism in ancient Egypt? After all, people were oppressed there - why not compare this ancient Egyptian regime with Hitler's or Franco's?

But in ancient Egypt, no one knew if there was an alternative to oppression, no one had heard of democracy and human rights. The oppression of the population of Ancient Egypt was carried out in a natural way - only in this way people imagined a possible society.

The fascists know very well that it is possible in a different way, but they choose to punish dissidents and suppress the weak.

Fascism is secondary education, a social system that came in spite of social progress. Fascism is a retro-empire that deliberately returns the world to violence, since democracy has not justified itself. Violence is accepted by fascism as the only means to maintain tradition and order.

We are raping Ukraine for the sake of establishing the “Russian world”, which (in our view) once existed. For the sake of a retro empire and a new (i.e. forgotten old) order, we suppress apostates. The so-called "new order" of Germany was nothing more than a retrospection, a resurrection of traditions. The truth, however, is that resurrecting traditions always create props.

5. Tradition. Extensive development of a society that does not have modern ideology, but turning to tradition for arguments - this is fascism. Fascism hates progress.

Fascism appeals only to its former greatness. Fascism is always traditionalism. Fascism does not invent anything new; the pathos of fascism lies in the abolition of progress. The so-called conservative revolution has been preparing in the world for a long time. Liberalism helped her in every way, corrupting the population, poverty and lack of rights, preparing a justification for the conservative revolution. It seems that the conservative revolution has won everywhere today. Returning to the rhetoric of the 1930s (cf. the urgent Russian demand “let us restore our Russian world” - and the German demand “give us the primordial living space”), we ceased to be ashamed of the word “empire”. The so-called conservative revolution (it is the conservative revolution that is taking place in Russia now) is always directed against the imposed ideal of progress and in defense of the tribal tradition.

It is curious that such a phenomenon as the “Russian spring” is not associated with the development of a social contract, but only with the expansion of the zone of influence, but most importantly, with the return of the self-consciousness of a citizen of the large “Russian world”. The goal was to create a vast space dominated by a common worldview - but what is that worldview? What is its peculiarity?

The slogan "In peace and death is red" sounded. A person must dissolve in the common world - henceforth his freedom will consist in this, as soon as liberal freedom has turned into a deception. Having dissolved in the common world, a person must be ready to die, for in the world (that is, in a collective of his own kind) and death is attractive. Generally speaking, death is evil; to die in an unrighteous war, to die in defense of a vile cause is not good, it is better to live and work. However, the main thing in the formula is the phrase “in the world” - that is, together with everyone. Sharikovskoe "I wish everything!" and “In the world and death is red” in terms of intellectual content - thoughts of the same size.

6. Military camp, militarization of society. Fascism is born out of opposition to external violence; it is a defensive reaction, an aggressive resentment; fascism is revanchism.

It is common for fascism to call its external enemy the tyranny, while fascism itself postulates itself as a regime of freedom.

Following the new order, which is passed off as the will of the people, comes the understanding that the people's ideology should be protected from an external enemy. From now on, the state is not the apparatus of officials who follow the law, but the leader of the popular consciousness.

The nation is opposed to the world - this idea is suggested to people every day. A nation is a military camp, one should live in peacetime, as in war. It is required to give up cheese - that means we give up: in war as in war. Pardon me, but why are we at war? Do the British want to enslave us? It turns out that they want - the ruler knows better, and during the war they don't argue with the generalissimo.

Modern rhetoric calls the liberal market in the West fascism, and the nationalist opposition to liberalism has come to be called anti-fascism. A semantic confusion arose, but the underlying reason is simple: fascism needs an enemy who is declared a world evil. Such an enemy for Nazism was communism, and for the new fascism, such an enemy is liberalism.

Was communism a global evil? Is neoliberalism a global evil today? Both of these doctrines are aggressive, but neither is fascism, nor is there nationalism in any of them. By calling these doctrines fascist, we thereby transform the opposing fascism into a liberation movement. Actually, fascism itself prefers to call itself a conservative revolution - for the same reasons.

The propaganda of recent months has achieved an incredible effect, unattainable by Stalinist propaganda: the overwhelming majority of the population hates the Western world, although the Western world has not offended this population in any way.

Today in Russia “anti-Maidan detachments” have been created - in fact, these are assault detachments. The stormtroopers are called upon to suppress the liberal protest, and many times the people's anger has spilled out on the protesters: do not dare to oppose our president if the people are for! What is there to object? Say that you are expressing your personal opinion? But personal opinion has no right to exist: there is a common Russian world that cannot be betrayed.

It is postulated that liberal demonstrations endanger the monolithic state of the state. Anti-Maidan (anti-opposition) squads will preserve the homogeneity of society.

The fact that anti-fascist demonstrations will be called fascist, and fascist - anti-fascist, that the junta will be called a civil government, and the officers' government will not be called a junta, this is of principle: from now on everything will be the other way around.

The very concept of "conservative revolution" implies that the meanings will be turned inside out.

One should be aware of the changes in one's own society in order to make judgments about its nature. Fascism is characterized by the existence of a country in the form of a military camp - the militarization of society allows maintaining the hierarchy of relations and fixing unity around the leader as a necessity. For fascism, war is not a means, but a form of existence.

People no longer need peace, society cannot exist in a peaceful regime, cannot. It takes a constant war to stimulate the passion of society, its ecstatically positive state. People are happy about war, people want war - because their peaceful life was not at all successful. It does not work. If society wanted peaceful construction, then, really, the lack of land for such construction would not have experienced.

A citizen of Russia is being taught that he was oppressed by international corporations, that capitalism humiliated the soul of the people and that it is necessary to respond with national unity to an international challenge.

They say this (a quote from the separatist's speech): "We must create a Russian, Slavic world and put an end to the Jewish oligarchs of Ukraine." This is not an accidental quote - this is the pathos of the struggle. True, this struggle is built into the oligarchic empire - but the Russian empire.

If the Marxist concept was to use the international character of capitalism to create an international of workers and then overcome the slave character of labor on a worldwide scale, then the fascist doctrine is that the international character of capital is denied for the sake of the national character of power, for the sake of the national oligarchy. At this moment, the nation is being formed as a military camp. From now on, every citizen is a member of an army collective, and the whole people is an army serving the interests of the oligarchy, understood as the interests of the people.

Fascist states are armies, inequality is inherent in them, but fascism receives army inequality ready-made - from the market. It was not fascism that created inequality. Inequality has already been created by the oligarchy and market democracy. Democratic inequality was decorated with civil liberties - it supposedly could be overcome. In reality, the grandmother from Zhulebin had no more rights to life than a fly, and the hypothetical opportunities to equalize the Gazprom manager in privileges were zero. But it was said that the future depends on the voice of the grandmother, including that of Gazprom.

Democratic propaganda no longer works. But democratic, market inequality will not be canceled. This inequality will simply be consolidated constitutionally, made legitimate and state-justified.

Everywhere in one form or another there will be a cancellation of St. George's Day and the rest, albeit on paper, but privileges. Fascism is a constitutional inequality that is embodied in a solid imperial hierarchy.

7. Paganism is an inevitable and most important sign of a fascist society. However, we are not talking about natural, primary paganism, but about conscious choice soil, ethnic consciousness, rejecting the ecumenism of Christianity, rejecting the international premise of faith (“there is neither Jew nor Hellene.”) We are talking about retro-paganism - that is, retroactive paganism, about what arises as a result of the nationalization of religion, the soil-based perception of history.

Once this trick was performed by Lutheranism with the German consciousness: the world saw the invariant of “battle sermon against the Turks”, read by the Fuhrer about the Jews.

Today, the paganization of Christian culture is carried out all over the world through uniform efforts. It cannot be said that Russia had advantages in this aspect, although the fact of the nationalization of Orthodoxy is obvious; however, in all countries of the Christian circle, through the efforts of secular culture, the substitution of Christian categories with pagan symbols was carried out, which meant the replacement of international ideals with nationalist ones.

Paganism does not necessarily mean the abolition of the paternal religion - but it means the modification of the Christian religion, its adaptation to the needs of the soil consciousness. When social ideologies - communist, democratic, market - disappear, then they are replaced by ideology, so to speak, of a primary nature.

It is required to preserve the division into clean and impure, black and white picture of the world. This work today, instead of outdated ideologies, is carried out by the pagan faith, elevated to the rank of a scientific discipline - geopolitics. The belief of 20th century fascists in geopolitics was embodied in the study of the works of Mackinder and Haushofer; today's geopolitics (Dugin, Tsymbursky, etc.) are characters even more distant from history and philosophy, even more ignorant.

The fact that these characters become masters and suppliers of cannon fodder is monstrous.

8. Extensiveness and totality. Fascism develops by capturing territories, because it does not know how to create something new, it knows how to get its hands on it. The creative principle in fascism is its totality.

Modern wrestling the Russian state with Ukrainian nationalism or neoliberals - with Russian authoritarianism on the side of American authoritarianism is not only ridiculous, but does not correspond to the task of the time. You should fight the disease, not the sick.

This has already happened once: fascism has come crashing down and everywhere, and before our very eyes this massive arrival of fascist ideology is being repeated. There is no homogeneous fascism in history. Since fascism is a retro-ideology, it relies on the traditions and cultural myths of its country and uses national resources.

The world is at the very point where it was in the 30s. But there is less hope. Democracy is discredited by the market. It is difficult to oppose the principles of liberal democracy to fascism, because it was liberal democracy that prepared today's fascism. When a fugitive oligarch gathers opposition to autocracy, it only aggravates the social paradox. Socialism has been destroyed.

Opposition to fascism represented by communist international, is no longer possible - not only because Stalin destroyed the Comintern (the Comintern later gathered on its own), but because the principles “Man is friend to man, comrade and brother” and “Workers of all countries, unite!” are destroyed by liberal democratic ideology. They cannot be opposed to fascism. Humanistic art no longer exists. Figurative humanistic art was deliberately destroyed by Western civilization in the course of liberal market reforms, it was replaced by a glamorous avant-garde.

Religion does not occupy not only the main place, but no place at all in the consciousness of modern European man. The struggle for rights has supplanted all ideas about duty, including moral. Fascism of the last century was defeated by the union of democracy, socialism, humanistic art and religion. All components of this victory were deliberately destroyed. There is nothing to oppose to fascism today.

Definition: Fascism is an economic system in which the government controls the private organizations that own the factors of production. The four factors are entrepreneurship, capital goods, natural resources and labor. A central planning authority guides company leaders to work in the national interest.

In fascism, national interests crowd out all other social needs. He seeks to restore the nation to its former pure and energetic existence.

It includes the individual and business in this vision of the good of the state. In his quest to do this, he is willing to become a "bully," said George Orwell in "What is Fascism?"

Fascism uses this nationalism to overcome individual selfish interests. It subordinates the welfare of the population as a whole in order to achieve imperative social goals. It works with existing social structures, rather than destroying them. It focuses on "internal cleansing and external expansion," according to Professor Robert Paxton in Anatomy of Fascism. This can justify the use of violence to rid society of minorities and adversaries.

Fascist movements and regimes are different from military dictatorships and authoritarian regimes. They tend to attract rather than exclude the masses. They often curtail the distinction between the public and private spheres. This removes the interests of the private sector by absorbing them into the public good.

According to Robert Leigh, head of the Nazi Labor Bureau, the only private person who existed in Nazi Germany was someone asleep. (Source: The Original Axis of Evil, The New York Times, May 2, 2004)

Fascism comes from the Latin word fasces. It was a tied bundle of rods surrounding an ax and a symbol of ancient Rome.

This meant that people in society must undermine their will for the good of the state.

Seven signs of fascism

Fascism uses social Darwinism as its "scientific" base. He legitimizes any research that supports the concept of national characteristics and the superiority of the national majority race. The study should support the fascist vision that a strong nation must be homogeneous to avoid decadence. (999). Fascist regimes have these seven characteristics:

Usurpation: the state overtakes and merges with corporate power, and sometimes with the church.

1. Nationalism: Leaders are appealing to a nostalgic desire to return to an earlier golden age. This can include returning to a simple, virtuous pastoral life.
2. Militarism: They glorify military force through propaganda.
3. Father Rhys: The leader takes on the role of the father of the nation. He creates cult status as "fearless ruler, owes no one."
4. Mass appeal: The leader claims that people who are manifested as a state can achieve anything. If they fail, it is because of skeptics, minority groups and sabotagers.
5. Government oversight: The government is actively involved in suppressing dissent. He rewards people who communicate with each other.
6. Persecution: The state brutally persecutes minority groups and opponents.
7. (Source: “What You Talk About When You Talk About Fascism,” Wednesday 18 November 2016. “How Fascist is Donald Trump?” Is This Really The Formula For This? Washington Post, 21 October 2016. )

Benefits

Fascist economies are good in fully transforming societies to fit the planner's vision. They have many of the same advantages to any centrally planned economy. It can mobilize economic resources on a large scale. He carries out large-scale projects and creates industrial power. For example, Russia's centrally planned economy built up the military power to defeat the Nazis. He then quickly rebuilt his economy after World War II.

disadvantages

The planning center cannot obtain accurate, detailed and timely information on consumer needs.

This happens naturally in a market economy. But central planners set wages and prices. They are losing valuable feedbackwhich these indicators have on supply and demand.

As a result, there is often a shortage of consumer goods. All products are focused on those that serve the national interest, such as military equipment and public works. To compensate, citizens create a black market to trade in what the fascist economy does not provide. This undermines public confidence in the government, creating cynicism and rebellion in the long run.

Fascism either ignores or attacks those who do not help the achievement of national values. This includes minority groups, older people, persons with developmental disabilities and their caregivers. He attacks groups blamed for past economic ailments. Others are seen as extraneous or unnecessary drag on prosperity. They can be considered bad for the genetic pool and sterilized.

Fascism only helps those who agree with national values. They can use their power to set up the system and create additional barriers to entry. This includes laws, educational achievements, and capital. In the long run, this can limit the variety and innovation it creates.

Fascism ignores external costs like pollution. This makes the goods cheaper and more accessible. It also depletes natural resources and reduces the quality of life in the affected areas.

Difference between fascism, capitalism, socialism and communism

Attribute

Fascism, like capitalism, does not promote equality of opportunity. Those without proper nutrition, support and education can never get into the playing field. Society will never benefit from its valuable skills. (Source: Markets Versus Control, Brown University.)

Fascism versus socialism

In fascism and socialism, the government rewards companies for their contributions. The difference is that socialist governments are directly owned by companies in strategic industries. Usually these are oil, gas and other energy resources.

Fascist governments allow private citizens to own them. The state may own some companies, but is more likely to create business cartels in industries. He enters into contracts, thereby uniting business owners to serve the state.

Fascism versus communism

In the past, fascism gained power in countries where communism also became a threat. Business owners preferred the Fascist leader because they believed they could control him. They were more afraid of the communist revolution, where they lost all their wealth and power. They underestimated the leader's connection to the general public.

Can fascism manifest itself in democracy?

Fascist leaders can come to power through democratic elections. Economist Milton Friedman has suggested that democracy can only exist in a capitalist society. But many countries had fascist economic components and a democratically elected government. But Adolf Hitler was elected to power in Germany. He used this position to overthrow his enemies and become a fascist leader.

Fascism grows if it has three ingredients. First, the nation must be in a severe economic crisis. Secondly, people believe that existing institutions and government parties cannot improve the situation. The third ingredient is the feeling that the country was great. People look to a charismatic leader to restore the nation to greatness. They suffer a loss of civil liberties if it allows them to regain their past glory. (