Schedule of St. John the Baptist Church on Friday. Moscow St. John the Baptist Church near Bor
Built: 1658
Temple address: 113035, Moscow, st. Pyatnitskaya., 4/2, bldg. 9 (metro station "Novokuznetskaya").
Thrones: the main one is the Beheading of John the Baptist,
side-altars - bezsr. Cosmas and Damian,
st. Nicholas the Wonderworker.
History: In ancient times, there was the Ivanovsky monastery, first mentioned in 1415 in connection with the story of the birth of Vel. book Basil II.
In 1514 - 1515. by order led. book Basil III was built a cathedral church (architect Aleviz Fryazin New), which after the transfer of the monastery to Starye Sadi in 1530 was converted into a parish.
The existing building (1657, possibly 1675) was erected on the white-stone foundation of the temple of the beginning. XVI century
In 1757 - 1770 it was rebuilt at the expense of the merchant FF Zamyatin in baroque forms, receiving a new two-sided refectory with a narthex.
The high three-tiered bell tower, combining the forms of Baroque and Classicism, was built in 1781.
The renovation of the temple took place in 1896 - 1904. with the participation of the architect F.O.Shekhtel.
The temple was closed in 1917.
Currently assigned to the church of Sts. mchch. Michael and Theodore, Chernigov miracle workers. Services are held on schedule.
The temple is part of the Patriarchal courtyard of the temples near Bor.
Day of Remembrance: August 29 / September 11Worship: Scheduled.
Other churches of the Patriarchal courtyard of churches near Bor:
Temple of the Beheading of John the Baptist, near Bor - April 2009.
On the left - the temple of the Beheading of John the Baptist with a bell tower.
On the right is the Church of Michael and Fyodor of Chernigov.
The Church of the Beheading of John the Baptist, near Bor - view from the courtyard.
Simultaneously with the refectory, they began to erect a new, free-standing bell tower at the corner of Chernigovsky Lane and Pyatnitskaya Street, but its construction was completed only in 1781.
Bell tower of the Church of the Beheading of John the Baptist.
Bell tower of the Church of the Beheading of John the Baptist.
Bell tower of the Church of the Beheading of John the Baptist. View from Pyatnitskaya street.
The church was rebuilt from the older one, erected in 1514 in the Ioannovsky "near the forest" monastery located here by the architect Aleviz Fryazin. The reconstruction, which took place in 1658, completely changed the temple - only the white stone basement remained from the Aleviz building. Therefore, 1658 is usually considered the year of the construction of the temple.
In the 18th century, the main volume of the temple was altered - its completion was changed. Therefore, you can see a mixture of styles in it: the decoration of the walls corresponds to the ancient Russian architecture of the 17th century (windows with type-setting columns and kokoshniks, runner, curb), and the completion of the temple (half-domes, octagonal drum) is typical of Russian Baroque. In 1758-60. a refectory (also baroque) was built. In 1780 or 1781, after the dismantling of the old bell tower, a new, detached one was built. It already shows the features of the transition from baroque to classicism. At the end of the 19th century, the western vestibule was added, and at the beginning of the 20th century, a porch with a porch.
The temple was renovated in 1796, in 1896-1904. (F.O.Shekhtel took part in these works), was restored in the 1970-80s. In Soviet times it was closed and occupied by various organizations. By the early 1990s. the building housed the exhibition hall of the GIS "Art Glass". In the early 1990s, it was returned to believers. It has the status of a Patriarchal courtyard along with the neighboring church, to which it is assigned.
The majestic bell tower of the Church of the Beheading of John the Baptist, near Bor, forms a panorama of the central part of Pyatnitskaya Street and dominates this part of Zamoskvorechye. The building has three tiers. The columns of the lower tier are Doric, the middle tier is decorated with Ionic, and the upper tier is decorated with columns of the most magnificent, Corinthian order. In the two lower tiers there are solemn pediments, and the third tier ends with a turret with a high spire. The site where the Church of the Beheading of John the Baptist is located, which is near Bor, has been known since the XIV century - there was the Ivanovsky Monastery, which was transferred under Grand Duke Vasily III to the current Ivanovskaya Hill. Instead of a wooden monastery church on the same site in 1514-15. a stone was placed, the dedication of which has survived to this day. The author of the temple was Aleviz Novy, one of the builders of the Kremlin. At the same time, but not in the present place, the tent-roofed bell tower of the temple was built. The area where the belfry is now located was occupied by the civil buildings of the courtyard.
The Temple of the Beheading itself was rebuilt at the end of the 17th century, and the courtyard underwent a radical reconstruction in the next century. At the end of the 1750s. at the expense of the merchants Zamyatins, a refectory was attached to the church, which occupied, among other things, the site of the old bell tower. At the same time, construction began on a new bell tower overlooking Pyatnitskaya Street. Only the first tier was built, construction was stopped because the customer died. And it was renewed only by 1780, when the parish had money. It was deliberately erected at some distance from the church - but on the red line of the main Pyatnitskaya street. In this way, the parish of the church “what is near Bor” achieved that the church, hidden in the alley, could not be overlooked when entering and leaving the city center.
In Soviet times, the entire church site was occupied by the management of food products of the district executive committee of the Soviet district. In the wake of interest in ancient monuments in the late 1960s and early 1970s. the bell tower has been restored. An exhibition hall "Art Glass" was set up in the church.
In the 1990s. the church and the bell tower were handed over to the believers. The house of the clergyman of the Church of the Beheading of John the Baptist near Bor is attached to the bell tower from the side of Pyatnitskaya Street.
The history of the churches of Chernigovsky lane dates back to the XIV-XV centuries, when the Ivanovsky (John the Baptist) monastery was located here. For the first time he was mentioned in the annals under 1415 in the story of the birth of the Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark. The John the Baptist Monastery was located on the outskirts of Moscow, on a trade road, in a direction dangerous from the point of view of a possible attack by enemies. Zamoskvorechye itself - "Zarechye" - at that time and later (up to the beginning of the 17th century) was a poor artisan settlement. In 1382 the District was destroyed to the ground by Tokhtamysh, in 1409 by Edigey. In 1514, on the instructions of Grand Duke Vasily III, the Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin ("New") erected on the site of a dilapidated wooden monastery church a stone church of the Beheading of John the Baptist, consecrated on August 29, 1515. It was probably the first stone church in the District.
In 1578, at the walls of the Church of St. John the Baptist, the tsar, the metropolitan and ordinary believers solemnly greeted the holy relics of Prince Mikhail of Chernigov and his faithful boyar Theodore, transferred from Chernigov. In memory of this meeting, a wooden church was built in the name of the Chernigov miracle workers, the first mention of which dates back to 1625. In 1675, a stone five-domed one-altar temple was built in its place, which has survived to this day. Destroyed in 1612 at the height of the Troubles, the Church of St. John the Baptist was rebuilt in 1658. From the Alevizov building, white stone fragments have been preserved in the foundations and basement of the currently existing temple. A stone bell tower was erected at the western wall, which was soon dismantled due to damage. In 1757, construction began on a new, currently existing bell tower. The compositional solution of the bell tower corresponds to the traditions of early classicism with baroque elements and clearly illustrates the transitional stage of architectural architecture from splendor to restrained classics. The construction was completed in 1781. This date is considered the end of the formation of the temple complex of Chernigovskiy lane.
In 1917, the churches of the Chernigov courtyard were closed. In 1977, on the eve of the 1980 Olympic Games, both churches with a bell tower underwent partial restoration. Domes and crosses reappeared, and fragments of paintings from the 17th and 19th centuries were found in the interiors. The fence was restored with a grate, the chapters were covered with emerald tiles. In 1991, the Church of the Chernigov Martyrs was returned to the Church. In 1997, services were resumed in the Church of St. John the Baptist near Bor.
The churches of the Patriarch's courtyard in Chernigovsky lane are architectural monuments of the 16th - 18th centuries, included in the register of Moscow's historical heritage. Preserved information that in the XIV century on this place was located the Ivanovsky monastery "near the forest". The name itself suggests that the territory, which is now the center of Moscow, at the time of the founding of the monastery here was surrounded by dense forest. Although the monastery was located outside the city, it occupied a strategically important place, since it was located at the intersection of roads leading to the city.
The first mention of the monastery in chronicles dates back to 1415 - in the story of the birth of the Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark.
At the beginning of the 17th century, townspeople and artisans began to settle in the District. Wooden houses were not built according to a specific plan, but spontaneously. During the Time of Troubles, the area was repeatedly destroyed by invasion raids, but very soon it was restored.
In 1514, with the favor of Grand Duke Vasily III, the Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin (New), the architect of the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, erected a stone church in honor of the Beheading of John the Baptist on the site of a dilapidated wooden monastery church. The temple was consecrated on August 29, 1515. And the Ivanovsky monastery itself "near Bor" was abolished, and the churches of Chernigovsky lane became parish. Exact information about the reasons for the abolition or transfer of the monastery has not yet been found.
In 1578, at the walls of the Church of John the Baptist, the people with the tsar and the metropolitan solemnly greeted the holy relics of Prince Mikhail of Chernigov and his faithful boyar Fyodor, transferred from Chernigov. In memory of this meeting, a wooden church was erected in the name of the Chernigov miracle workers, the first mention of which dates back to 1625. The new temple was attributed to the John Church near Bor. And in 1675, at the expense of the merchant Juliana Ivanovna Malyutina, a stone five-domed one-altar church was built in its place, which has survived to this day.
During the Troubles of 1612, the Church of John the Baptist was destroyed, but in 1658 it was rebuilt in stone. Only white stone fragments in the foundations and basement of the temple have survived from the Alevizov building.
In 1757, the construction of a refectory was begun, where a new side-chapel of the holy miracle workers and the unserverless Cosmas and Damian of Assia was located. The consecration took place on August 17, 1759. In 1772, the dome on the main church took its final form. Simultaneously with the refectory, they began to erect a new, free-standing bell tower at the corner of Chernigovsky Lane and Pyatnitskaya Street. Its construction was completed in 1781.
In 1896 - 1904. with the participation of F.O. Shekhtel, the church was renovated, in particular, the murals and iconostasis.
The temples of Chernigovsky lane did not escape the sad fate of many temples and monasteries after the revolution. The Church of the Beheading of John the Baptist was closed in 1917, the Church of the Chernigov wonderworkers - soon after. Since 1924, a Baptist prayer house was located in the building of the church of the Chernigov Martyrs, and in 1934-1977. warehouse. By the grace of God, the temples managed to avoid complete liquidation.
In 1969 M.L. Epiphany, one of the leading specialists in the history of Moscow churches, described the state of the church of Saints Michael and Fyodor of Chernigov: “The church is currently beheaded, the plaster has fallen off in places, the bell tower is painted, there is no gilding. Inside is the "Management of food products. Regional department of the Soviet region" ".
In the second half of the 1970s, when the capital of the USSR was preparing to receive foreign guests in connection with the upcoming 1980 Olympic Games, large-scale restoration work was carried out in it. The temples of the courtyard were also restored, along with a detached bell tower in Chernigovsky lane. A dome and a cross reappeared on St. John's Church, and fragments of paintings from the 17th and 19th centuries were discovered in the interior of the church. The fence with a lattice was also restored. On the church of the Chernigov Martyrs, the chapters were covered with emerald tiles, the completion with kokoshniks was revealed. The walls of both churches were plastered and whitewashed, the refectory and bell tower were painted. The restoration work continued until 1984.
The last owner of the temples was the USSR Ministry of Construction Materials Industry. In the 80s of the XX century in the church of St. John the Baptist there was a demonstration and exhibition hall "Art Glass" belonging to the ministry.
In 1991 the Church of the Chernigov Martyrs was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church. His consecration took place on October 3, 1993. In 1997, services were resumed in the Church of the Beheading of St. John the Baptist near Bor.
Now the churches of Chernigov lane are the Patriarch's courtyard. They are undergoing restoration.
In June 2010, His Holiness Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia transferred the complex of the courtyard buildings to the All-Church Postgraduate and Doctorate Studies named after Saints Cyril and Methodius. The rector of the UCAD Metropolitan Hilarion of Volokolamsk was appointed rector of the St. John Church.
This year marks the 600th anniversary of the Chernigov courtyard on Pyatnitskaya Street. For its anniversary, the courtyard complex, which includes architectural monuments of the XIV-XV centuries, has undergone another restoration.
Moscow during the Mongol-Tatar yoke
Few people know that one of the oldest streets in Moscow - Pyatnitskaya - was originally called Lenivka. Then Zamoskvorechye - "Zarechye" - was a poor craft settlement on the outskirts of Moscow and was located on a trade road surrounded by dense forests. Therefore, the wooden church, which was located here at that time, was called "the church near Bor". It is first mentioned in chronicles in 1415 as the Ivanovo (in honor of St. John the Baptist) monastery, to which the "restless father" of the Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark turned to the monk during his painful birth. And the famous church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa, in honor of which Lenivka Street was renamed Pyatnitskaya, will appear only in 1564 - almost 150 years later!It was the Church of the Beheading of John the Baptist, erected on the site of a dilapidated wooden monastery church in 1514, that became the first stone church in the District. Here, at the walls of the renovated church, in 1578, the people, led by Tsar Ivan the Terrible, solemnly met the relics of Prince Mikhail and his faithful boyar Fyodor, who were martyred in the Horde in 1245, transferred from Chernigov.
The meeting place for the relics was not chosen by chance. Ordynka Street, located next to Pyatnitskaya, got its name because the road to the Golden Horde went along it. Tatar merchants arrived in Moscow from this direction, and Russian-Tatar interpreters (translators) lived here - hence the names of the nearest Tolmachevsky lanes. It was along Ordynka that the relics of the saints arrived in Moscow after the fall of the Tatar yoke. In memory of this meeting, next to the temple of John the Baptist, another - wooden - temple was built in the name of the Chernigov miracle workers.
In 2011, when archaeologists were restoring the foundations of this ancient church, a 17th-century burial and tombstone were discovered under the floor. An inscription in the ancient Slavic language has survived on the stone, indicating that the famous merchant of the cloth hundred, the founder of the Malyutin family, who participated in the adoption of the first Moscow Trade Regulations, rests here. It is believed that it was he who bequeathed to his wife to build a stone church of Saints Michael and Fyodor on the site of the wooden one - at that time this was considered a very generous gesture.
The lane formed between the two churches was named Chernigov. It has an amazing shape - with a total length of only 200 meters, it has two turns at right angles.
The temple complex was finally formed only by 1781 and, together with Russia, survived all historical events: the Yoke, the Time of Troubles, Peter's reforms and all wars.
Chernihiv courtyard today
In 1917, the churches of Chernigovsky Lane were closed. In the 30s, bells were dropped from them, the premises were used as warehouses. According to eyewitnesses, the courtyard was so desecrated that toilets were arranged in the altars. Only in 1977, on the eve of the Moscow Olympics, both churches with a bell tower were partially restored, domes and crosses reappeared on them. In 1991, the Church of the Chernigov Martyrs was returned to the Church. Since 2009, restoration work has been carried out in the Church of the Beheading of John the Baptist, which was completed by November 1 of this year.
“White-stone fragments in the foundations and basement have survived from the old building, and in the interiors we found paintings of the 17th and 19th centuries,” restorer Alexander Chorba tells TD. “It was very important for us to preserve what little remained of the original materials, so we preserved them for future generations. The surviving fragments are not visible from the outside - we “hid” them under several layers of plaster, on top of which we made new paintings. Our descendants will be able to carefully peel off layer by layer so as not to damage them and see them as preserved as possible.
Alexander reminds that conservation and restoration are not the same thing: conservation is aimed at preserving the ruins, and restoration is aimed at restoring the original ancient parts.
“We had to completely re-paint the Church of the Beheading of John the Baptist,” says icon painter Mikhail. - We have a large staff of artists, many of them are foreigners. In order for the work to be well-coordinated, and the painting to be uniform, a project is drawn up before starting work, in which the style and basic colors are determined. Further, we already choose fragments for ourselves and paint them separately.
A modern icon painter does not have to fast and pray before starting work, as was customary in Russia in ancient times, says Mikhail. Nowadays, wall paintings are rarely done on wet plaster, affresco: this is too long and complicated process. Silicate and acrylic paints are used. Natural - only partially.
“All this is explained by economic and temporary resources,” explains Alexander Chorba. - It took us about a year to paint this church alone; more than thirty icon painters worked on it. But this does not mean that the approach of modern masters is superficial: yes, canonically they are not required to fast and pray before starting work, but they are all believers and church-going people, many take a blessing from a confessor before starting painting.
Chernigovskiy lane is interesting not only for its ancient churches - it also houses houses built several centuries ago. Some of them house a higher educational institution of the Russian Orthodox Church - the Church-wide postgraduate and doctoral studies named after Saints Cyril and Methodius. And, for example, house No. 19/13, where the Foundation of Slavic Writing and Culture is now located, is a former estate of the 17th-19th centuries, the chambers of which were erected in the 17th century. Everything in this lane seems to convey the atmosphere of old Moscow.
Beheading of John the Baptist near Boraddress: Pyatnitskaya, 4/2
build .: 1514; 1658
Information:
In 1415, the Ivanovsky monastery was first mentioned, which was erected on the trade road to the Kremlin.
In 1514, a stone church was erected in the monastery in the name of the Day of the Beheading of John the Baptist. The church was erected "by the good will" of the Grand Duke Vasily III. The temple was built by the architect Aleviz Novy (it was one of 11 temples built by a princely decree in 1514 in Moscow).
In 1530 (or in 1533), in connection with the birth of the heir to the throne Ivan Vasilyevich (in the future - Ivan the Terrible) the monastery, where traditionally prayed for the successful birth of the Grand Duchess, at the request of Elena Glinskaya and her relatives was moved closer to the Kremlin, to Ivanovskaya hill (st.Zabelina). The church became an ordinary parish church, keeping the name of the throne.
The temple was badly damaged in 1612 and in some documents of the 17th century. it is even mentioned as a wooden one (it is possible that a temporary wooden temple was cut down before the stone temple was renewed). From the Alevizov building, according to some researchers, a white-stone basement and part of an apse remained.
The existing temple was built in 1658.
The pillarless quadrangle of the temple is covered with a closed vault. The chapel of St. Nicholas. There is a porch on the south side of the temple. A refectory and a bell tower were erected from the west.
In 1757, parishioner F.F. Zamyatin contributed funds for the construction of a new refectory and a bell tower to replace the old dilapidated buildings. At the same time, the temple was renewed. It received a baroque decor, and the side-chapel was moved from it to a new refectory.
During the rebuilding in 1758, the top of the temple acquired the appearance of a dome from the outside with "half-domes" in the center of the facades. An octahedral drum of light rose above the dome, and new large windows were cut through the walls. The refectory was erected, partially using the old basement. In addition to the Nikolsky side-altar transferred to it, a side-altar in the name of Sts. Cosmas and Damian.
A four-pillar vaulted refectory, spacious and well-lit with frequently placed windows, is pushed onto the red line of the alley. The rhythm of vertical articulations is emphasized by paired pilasters. The windows are decorated with "eared" platbands and pediment triangles. The top row of windows corresponds to real and false basement windows. The refectory is like a residential building. Instead of the usual bell tower, a wide porch was erected from the east.
The bell tower began to be erected simultaneously with the refectory in a new place, to the west of the church, on the line of Pyatnitskaya Street. Construction dragged on until 1781.
The bell tower became the organizing vertical of the building. It is made up of three quadrangles decreasing upward. The lower tier is cut by an arched opening of the entrance to the churchyard. The order in decoration is applied strictly according to the laws of the classics - Doric at the bottom, Ionic in the second and Corinthian in the third tier. At the corners of the lower quadrangle there are paired columns, receding from the walls, which emphasizes the massiveness of the quadrangle.
The arched ringing quadrant resembles the Baroque forms of the mid-18th century. decor, faceted dome with lucarnes, completion in the form of an octahedron with a figured head and a spire. The parapet of the first tier is decorated with vases. The walls of the bell tower are painted in a pale green tone with white decor - as is customary in gray. XVIII century. The stucco decor is early classical.
In 1896-1904. the temple was renovated with the participation of arch. F.O. Shekhtel.
The temple was closed after 1917, the crosses and bells were removed, the head of the temple was dismantled.
The buildings were given to the regional trade department for offices.
In 1979, the temple began to be restored. During the restoration of the temple itself, the chapter with the cross and the decor of the 17th century were restored. The fence was restored, as well as the vases on the parapet of the first tier. The bell tower has been renovated externally. It houses an art workshop. The building of the temple was occupied by a demonstration and exhibition hall.
Currently assigned to the church of Sts. Chernihiv miracle workers.