A new temple opens on the sretenka. The Nativity of the Mother of God Monastery - a shelter for the widows of heroes who died on the sandpiper field Moscow Theotokos-Nativity stauropegic convent
Muscovites, who have visited Trubnaya Square for the first time this year, say with very different intonations: "Wow!" - the area has changed again. In 2017, the developers will present us two seemingly dissimilar objects: a shopping center with a proud self-name "Central Market" and the Church of the New Martyrs of Russia in the Sretensky Monastery. New buildings are located at the beginning and at the end of a boulevard that rises up the hill, but when viewed from Trubnaya Square, the shopping center looks like a pedestal of a temple, combining with it not only aesthetically, but also a related circumstance of its appearance.
It is interesting to imagine that I spent the past quarter of a century on some mysterious cryogenic expedition, completely isolated from news from my homeland. And then you arrive just today, not knowing anything about the fact that he died, or about the fact that Meadow was flooded, or about the fact that the pager is out of date. It seems to me that a careful look at architecture would be enough to immediately understand a lot. She speaks of time more truthfully than crafty text sources. The surroundings of Rozhdestvensky Boulevard have changed in a rather fatal way, but in order to appreciate these changes, one must remember what came before them.
View of Rozhdestvensky Boulevard from Trubnaya Square. 2017 version
I first came here in the early 80s - then I still had to say “on Zhdanov Street”. We turned with my mother into a random corner of the Rozhdestvensky Monastery - then we still had to add the "former". There were apartments and an amazing post-war Moscow cosiness, which was already rare in those years: all these benches at the entrances, greenery, domino tables, dozens of door cats. We walked past the gates of the Architectural Institute, at the fountain some young people diligently smoked the sky. Mom did not know about the rich alcoholic traditions of MARCHI and said: "If you study well, you will become the same." Well, I did.
Having entered the institute, I firmly settled on Rozhdestvensky Boulevard, on the bench closest to the beer stand, so that the changes that began in the mid-90s took place before my eyes. By that time, there were fewer seals in the gateways, but in general, in this district, Moscow was still the one reserved. The old town stretched from Petrovka to Lubyanka, which had not changed since the beginning of the 20th century. There were some knocked-out pieces in the streets, there were some non-clamorous Soviet buildings, but on the whole the area was sound, understandable and comfortable. The author does not have the strength to once again enter into polemics on the importance of the predominance of historical buildings in the historical city and simply takes it for an axiom: it was very good here. It, as they say, if you wash it, you can live with it.
Market on Trubnaya Square, 1890-1910s
1 of 8Trubnaya Square, 1902
© M. Scherer / pastvu.com
2 of 8The mansion where the City District Committee of the RKSM was located in 1921-1922
3 out of 8Rozhdestvensky Boulevard, 1940-1947
4 out of 8Still from the film "I am twenty years old", directed by Marlen Khutsiev, 1964
5 out of 8Trubnaya Square, 1982-1984
6 out of 8Beer stall on Rozhdestvensky Boulevard, 1993
© R. Tsekhansky / pastvu.com
7 out of 8"House with Caryatids" in Pechatnikov Lane. A still from the feature film "The Iron Curtain", directed by Savva Kulish, 1994-1996
8 out of 8But it was especially good at the beginning of Rozhdestvensky Boulevard, near the famous stall, which stood under the huge, perhaps the most luxurious poplars in Moscow. While studying at the institute, it was a lot of work on the way from the metro not to slip through to the end of Rozhdestvenka and not to wake up, burying my nose in the pub: before that it was wonderful to live under these poplars, at the intersection of four boulevards.
The former monasteries on the southern side of the boulevard, Rozhdestvensky and Sretensky, concealed many cozy drinking outlets. In my memory, no one danced a break-dance on the ruins of the chapel - it was rather such romantic sketches from the cycle "Where the Motherland Begins". For example, an unforgettable viewing platform on the roof of the current Rector's building - next to it there was a gap in the fence and a staircase down, directly to the stall. And you, of course, remember that in the stall they were poured strictly into brought glass jars: all the time you had to get them somewhere, including asking for apartments. So the uncle, over whose room we used to have a carouse, always gave a container and asked to speak in a whisper during those hours when his children were sleeping. We lived by conscience.
On March 15, the first service was held at the Church of the New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia at Lubyanka. They continue to paint and decorate it - by Easter
It was obvious that all this was just a calm, that the changes that we expected and hoped for were coming. Still, it was assumed that the people who began to change the city would turn out to be not so stupid and greedy, and the fellow architects serving them would not be so helpful and handy. New buildings have hidden the best panoramic views: from Petrovsky Boulevard to the Rozhdestvensky Monastery and from Rozhdestvensky Boulevard to the Petrovsky Monastery.
The prospect of Rozhdestvenka was monstrously cluttered by the "Legend of Tsvetnoy", real estate named after Naomi Campbell - do you remember the oligarch husband once gave her an apartment in his new building? (in 2013 a couple. - Approx. ed.) Half of the old houses disappeared, whole blocks of dusty, but wildly interesting walkways disappeared, turning into a "solid spot" of office, residential and retail real estate. Walking down the street, you can only turn off at the doors of various kinds of establishments: they are abundant and beautiful, but something is missing.
Rozhdestvensky's main problem is the Central Market shopping center, which has become famous among the people under the name of the Dung Beetle. It was approved in 1996 as a glass cafe on the site of an old public toilet and began to be built in 2004. It is quite an allegory of time: the object obviously has no right to be here, since the Boulevard Ring is a monument of garden and park art, the construction of capital buildings across it is legally impossible. However, the object gradually grew to 3300 sq. m, for the sake of it a hundred meters of the boulevard was cut down, including those poplars, and its construction for 10 years has kept the boulevard in a state of dire devastation, easily blocking half of the lanes on the outer passage of the Boulevard Ring with a technical platform.
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The exact date of the “market” opening has not yet been announced, but outside it is finally finished. The object visually locked the boulevard and enclosed Trubnaya Square, clearly not having a vocation for this. The situation is saved as if a cathedral standing on its roof, ascended last year, three hundred meters from here. New buildings are quite compatible stylistically - a sort of pseudo-traditional architecture, somewhat ridiculous in its demonstrative importance. At the shopping center there is a generous abundance of balusters, at the temple - overflowing decorative facades. In fact, the cathedral is the same legalized squatter: capital new construction in the security zone of the ancient monastery is in principle unacceptable. But the Sretensky Monastery has long existed according to separate rules.
Looking back to the 1990s, it should be noted that in the Rozhdestvensky and Sretensky monasteries, the future came in different ways. Both of them had at their backs typical school buildings, built on the site of the monastery gardens. Rozhdestvensky got rid of excess real estate in order to revive the garden, and Sretensky, using the powerful administrative resource of the ruler, took the opposite tactic. He added an attic and adapted the building of the school expelled from the territory of the seminary, added three floors to the old Empire cells, and accommodated several thousand square meters of utility space and a two-storey parking under the new cathedral.
Orthodoxy also has its own pop, its own rock and its own underground. Father, they say, Tikhon is one of those stars who collect stadiums - it's ridiculous to offer him a tour of the Moscow region's recreation centers
Looking at the cathedral from afar, it seems that the golden domes had time to peel off. Only when you come closer, you realize that these are ornaments in silver on gilding. The new building stands on a hill and at the same time is crushed in detail like a thing designed for a view from a close distance. But there is no space nearby to admire the pretentious decoration, the old houses on the boulevard press the cathedral, and there is a fear that this is not the final stage of the formation of the ensemble. Clara Kirchhoff's house. Muscovites know the unique "house with caryatids" saved from death by an entrepreneur from Syktyvkar (the private business on the Truba also followed different paths into the future). The Kirchhoff house is a twin brother that has grown into a wall with it, whose ivy-covered courtyard was one of the best patriotic educational points in the area. The guys and I tentatively called it the heart of Moscow, and those who were ordered to take two and pull up to the named place, as a rule, immediately understood what kind of heart they were talking about. So it is typical: 20 years later, the destruction continues not by the mysterious LLC in crimson suits, but by the interregional public organization of the historical and cultural heritage "Noble Union". As they say, I'll just leave it here - on the tablets of the capital's local history.
Again, with the guys, we once collected the press, trying to draw attention to the disasters of the best Moscow boulevard, and I suggested drawing a dotted separation line across the road: here, where the courtyards and houses are, Moscow will be, and here, where the plastic office and the highly respected Naomi, don't get what. But one smart girl said: "You see, Sasha, the problem is that Moscow is everywhere." And when you understand that there is no magic line behind which one could hide from dung town planning and everything else that each of us is not quite to our liking, it becomes, oddly enough, easier.
We continue walking along the Boulevard Ring. Today I want to talk about the Monastery side, as I called it, in the area Rozhdestvensky boulevard. An interesting corner of the city with a varied, albeit gloomy, history.
Rozhdestvensky Boulevard.
The surroundings of Trubnaya Square have been known since the end of the 14th century, when Christmas female and Sretensky Monastery ... Arable land on the outside began to be built up only in the 16th century. Their working people settled near the monasteries, and in the 17th century, the Pechatny Dvor settlement (Pechatnikov Lane) settled outside the White City wall. After the demolition of the walls of the White City in 1760, despite the order of Catherine II to equip the boulevards (1775), the place of the present boulevard was spontaneously built up with shops. In the fire of 1812, the inner side of the boulevard survived, and the outer was destroyed along with the shops near the former fortress walls. Only then, in the 1820s, a green boulevard was built, steeply descending to Trubnaya Square.
Previously, between Bolshaya Lubyanka Street, Bolshoy Kiselny Lane and Varsonyevsky Lane there was female Varsonofievsky monastery of the White city... It was founded in the late 15th - early 16th centuries. At the monastery there was a huge "shameful cemetery", where the poor and those who died a violent death were taken for burial. To be buried here was considered a great shame among Muscovites, therefore, during the Time of Troubles, False Dmitry I ordered the bodies of Boris Godunov and his family to be buried here. In 1765, the monastery was abolished, the monastery Ascension Cathedral became an ordinary parish church of the Ascension. And later, the Bolsheviks demolished all the buildings and monuments of the monastery, including the Church of the Ascension. Since then, that area, almost the whole, is occupied by numerous corps of the FSB of the Russian Federation - the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (and the USSR too).
New building of the Directorate of the FSB of Russia in Moscow and the Moscow regionin Bolshoi Kiselny lane
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The old buildings are to the left, closer to Lubyanka Square.
Perhaps that is why, thanks to the historically unpleasant "glory" of this area, it has a dark history. Highly! The Bolsheviks continued the terrible "monastic" traditions - here, in the secret courtyards of their buildings, they carried out mass executions, followed by "burial" in the territory of that shameful cemetery, which was no longer officially. And still, there, among these streets, a kind of fear blows. The architecture of the area is heavy, as if pressing from all sides. In general, it was not at all comfortable for me there. It was even scary, being there, to imagine what was happening outside the walls of these buildings ...
And now, among such a gloomy environment, literally like the Light in the Window, on Bolshaya Lubyanka Street you can find the first ancient shrine of ancient Moscow in the Rozhdestvensky Boulevard area -
Sretensky stavropegic monastery.
In my opinion, it is very symbolic that the monastery is for men. Not far was the "neighbors" who worked a block from the monastery to go and atone for their sins.
The monastery was founded in 1397 by Prince Vasily I on Kuchkov field(the name has been known since the XIV century and is associated with the name of the boyar S.I.Kuchka, who owned the lands on the territory of the future Moscow in the middle of the XII century) in memory of the miraculous event reported in the chronicle sources. According to the chronicles, on August 26, 1395, the procession of the cross, led by Saint Cyprian, met the miraculous image of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, brought from Vladimir-on-Klyazma. A day later, Timur-Tamerlane turned south. The defenseless Moscow lying in front of him was saved. And so, in memory of getting rid of the invasion on the spot meeting of the miraculous image of the Mother of God, the Sretensky Monastery was founded. Every year on August 26, the Vladimir icon was transferred here in a procession from the Assumption Cathedral. The Feast of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon was the main local holiday in Moscow.
True, the original buildings of the monastery did not survive. The five-domed Cathedral that is now in the monastery was built in 1679 at the expense of Tsar Feodor Alekseevich. And the Cathedral is the only thing that remains of ancient history.
Cathedral of the Meeting of the Icon of the Vladimir Mother of God.Rather, its belfry ...
Other buildings of the monastery, including the oldest Temple of St. Mary of Egypt, were also demolished by the Bolsheviks in the 1927-1930s, as it was said in newspapers and official documents - "to expand street traffic." The surviving monastery buildings housed a hostel for NKVD officers. In the territory that previously belonged to the monastery, during the years of terror, hundreds of people were also shot. Before the revolution, there was also a cemetery on the territory of the monastery, where participants in the Patriotic War of 1812 were buried. In Soviet times, a secondary school building was built on the site of the monastery churchyard.
The building of the former school number 1216, now - Sretenskaya Theological Seminary.
As far as I understand, the cemetery of 1812 was in this place.
In the fall of 1999, classes began here, at the Sretensky Higher Orthodox Monastery School. By the decision of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church on July 17, 2001, the school was given the status of the Theological Seminary, and on December 26, 2002, the Holy Synod renamed the School into Sretenskaya Theological Seminary.
The modern history of the monastery is also no less interesting. In July 1996, by the decision of the Synod, the courtyard was transformed into Sretensky stauropegic (the status assigned to Orthodox monasteries, laurels and brotherhoods, as well as cathedrals and theological schools, making them independent of the local diocesan authorities and subordinate directly to the patriarch or synod. with his own hand. Stavropegial status is the highest) male monastery , whose governor was appointed abbot (now archimandrite) Tikhon (Shevkunov). The latter was often featured in the press as "Putin's confessor."
Entering from the Lubyanka outside the monastery walls you find yourself in paradise ... literally ... The territory is well-groomed, gardens and flower beds are laid out everywhere. Now, in autumn, it does not look as great as in summer: numerous roses have already bloomed, and the foliage from the trees has fallen ... But !!! Even despite the bad weather, you feel like in a beautiful garden.
It is planned to build another church on the territory of the monastery - a "church on blood" in honor of the new martyrs and confessors of Russia: in the spring of 2011, Patriarch Kirill spoke in favor of perpetuating the memory of those who died for their faith during the years of persecution of the Church on the territory of the monastery. The project is accepted! And despite the numerous protests of various cultural and historical heritage services, construction began. The "stavropegic" status means "independent and independent", it allows you to do whatever you want without special special permissions.
But this is a completely different story ... And we move on ...
The name of the boulevard - Rozhdestvensky - in fact, was given by the name of another ancient monastery located in these places -
Theotokos-Rozhdestvensky nunnery.The refectory chamber.
One-headed stone cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin was erected in 1501-1505 in the tradition of early Moscow architecture. After a fire in 1547, for 150 years, it was surrounded by annexes that distorted the original appearance.
On November 25, 1525, in the Nativity monastery, the wife of Vasily the Third, Solomonia Saburov, was forcibly tonsured under the name Sophia. She lived in the monastery before being transferred to the Pokrovsky monastery in Suzdal. In the summer of 1547, during a strong Moscow fire, the buildings of the monastery burned down, and the stone cathedral was damaged. It was soon restored by the vow of Tsarina Anastasia Romanovna, the wife of Ivan the Terrible. In 1676-1687, at the expense of Princess Fotinia Ivanovna Lobanova-Rostovskaya, a stone church of St. John Chrysostom with a refectory (first photo) and chapels of St. Nicholas, righteous Philaret the Merciful and St. Demetrius of Rostov was erected. At her own expense in 1671 was built stone fence with four towers ...
In 1835-1836 over the Holy Gates was built the bell tower with the church of the Holy Martyr Eugene, Bishop of Kherson ...
An orphanage for girls and a parish school operated at the monastery.
The history of the monastery is very diverse. Many great people of their times turned their eyes to him. For example, it is known that the boyar Mikhail Vasilyevich Sobakin, a distant relative of Martha Sobakina, the third wife of Ivan the Terrible, had an extensive courtyard here. Here was the possession of Prince A.I. Lobanov-Rostovsky, whose family descended from Rurik himself. In 1740, shortly before her death, Empress Anna Ioannovna sent the monastery a gift of brocade vestments in honor of the birth of Ioann Antonovich, whom she refused the throne with the regency of his mother and her niece Anna Leopoldovna. During the Patriotic War of 1812, a Napoleonic general settled in the monastery and the refectory chamber of the Nativity Cathedral was turned into a stable.
During the revolutionary years, the monastery, like many others, was also closed. It housed office, scientific and educational institutions. Communal apartments were arranged in the cells; they even settled down in the Nativity Cathedral. Some of the nuns were allowed to stay in the former monastery; two nuns lived on the territory of the monastery until the end of the 1970s. The monastery cemetery, together with the grave of the founder of the monastery, Princess Maria Andreevna, was destroyed, part of the walls were demolished. Then a correctional labor house was located here, from where the prisoners were taken to work.
In 1922, the monastery was thoroughly plundered: more than 17 poods of silver and 16 pounds of pearls were seized. In the same year, the monastery was closed, its bells were thrown to the ground, the most revered icons were transferred to the neighboring church on Rozhdestvenka Street - Church of St. Nicholas in the Bells ...
It was a former house church in an 18th century estate built by Count I.I. Vorontsov. Later, in the buildings of that estate, the Stroganov School and the now famous Moscow Architectural Institute (Moscow Architectural Institute) were located.
Almost all monasteries were persecuted during the revolutionary years. All church buildings (both monasteries and churches) were plundered, many were partially destroyed and desecrated, many were simply wiped off the face of the earth. But having destroyed the Temples, monasticism was not destroyed. And for some time it still existed secretly ... underground ... They even had their own secret community ... But I will tell you where it was located in the next part of the story about the walk ...
The weather is raging in Moscow, an ice invasion. Pity the trees that break. It is a pity for people who fall, slide, get wet in giant puddles on the roadway. By the way, where are the utilities. This morning in our area, two janitors scratched a little with shovels in the yard, and one just a little by the subway, a drop in a sea of \u200b\u200bice and water.
But yesterday, before the onset of the freezing rain, I managed to walk a little in the center of Moscow.
Rozhdestvensky is my favorite boulevard in Moscow. I love him for the lack of people, especially in winter, for the once beautiful descent to Trubnaya Square, for two monasteries,
House 14 - the estate was owned by the widow of Count F.V. Rostopchina Ekaterina Petrovna, in 1837 it was bought by professor of medicine K.I. Janisch, his daughter Carolina married the writer N.F. Pavlov. Their house becomes the center of literary life; M. Yu. Lermontov, N. V. Gogol, E. A. Baratynsky, A. A. Fet, Ya. P. Polonsky, K. S. Aksakov, brothers Kireevsky have been here at different times , A. S. Khomyakov, S. P. Shevyrev, A. I. Herzen, N. P. Ogarev, T. N. Granovsky, P. Ya. Chaadaev, composer Ferenc Liszt. In 1867, the owner of the house was the French merchant E. Mattern, from 1912 - L.O. Vyazemskaya.
House 12 is now occupied by the Federal Agency for Fisheries (Rosrybolovstvo). Built at the end of the 18th century by Princess A. Golitsyna, then it belonged to the Fonvizin family. In 1821, a secret congress of the Union of Welfare was held in the house, in which the owners of the house M.A. and I.A.Fonvizin, N.I. Turgenev, I.G. Burtsov, S.G. Volkonsky, F.N. Glinka, P. X. Grabbe, P. I. Koloshin, N. I. Komarov, M. F. Orlov, K., A. Okhotnikov, I. D. Yakushkin. In 1825 M.A. Fonvizin was arrested here, from this house in 1828 she left for Siberia to the place of exile of her husband Fonvizin Natalya Dmitrievna. The house belonged to different persons, then it was acquired by the patron N.F. von Meck, who sold it in 1881, and the house was owned by various entrepreneurs.
View of Maly Kiselny Lane
House 10 - built in the 1830s. D.N. Satin, at the beginning of the twentieth century the architect Kokorin built up the house up to five floors. There was L. V. Rosenpletner's Women's Gymnasium.
Once upon a time there was my favorite panorama of Moscow
Now there is an unfinished restaurant, nicknamed "dung beetle"
Optimism is inspired only by the view of the Nativity Monastery
The refectory building with the temple of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God was built in 1904-06, architect P.A. Vinogradov
Residential building, con. 18th century, has an address on Trubnaya Square, rebuilt.
Another rebuilt building - Neglinnaya plaza
Dear parishioners of the Sretensky Monastery!
On October 3, 2012, an open competition was announced, and on December 10, 2012, an open competition for the draft design of the Church of the New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia in Blood in Lubyanka ended.
The need for a new, spacious church in our monastery has long been ripe: who, if not you, knowsthat often many parishioners do not fit in the only surviving cathedral and are forced to listen to the broadcast of the service while standing in the street.
For the purposes and objectives of the competition, the following requirements for the future project were especially emphasized.
"The temple should reflect the idea of \u200b\u200bthe House of God, traditional for Russian church architecture, as well as the feat and triumph of the spiritual victory of the New Martyrs of Russia." This has become a major challenge for the designers.
We were expecting a creative solution that could express the idea of \u200b\u200bthe heavenly triumph of the New Martyrs, carry within ourselves the joy and light of the victory of the Resurrection of Christ, the Church of Christ over the evil of this world, Eternal Life over death. Built to commemorate the centenary of the beginning of the tragic events of the past century, this cathedral should be precisely the Temple-Monument to the victory of the Lord Jesus Christ and His holy disciples.
In the task of the competition there were also indispensable technical points.The temple should be roomy: ideally - for two thousand people.
Another requirement is to provide for the holding of services in the open air during the warm season, as is done, in particular, in the Pskov-Pechersky Monastery, with a special gathering of people.
Due to the particular tightness of the territory of the monastery, the designers had to take into account the possibility of a procession of the cross through the gallery around the temple.
Also, due to the extremely small territory of the Sretensky Monastery (and it really is the smallest and at the same time the most populated monastery in Moscow - 42 monks and novices and 200 students of the Sretensky Theological Seminary live here), we asked the designers to provide the maximum number of additional premises: for sacristy, workshops, other technical services, as well as for the Sretensky Sunday School, an educational and catechetical center for adults and a monastery publishing house, the building of which will be demolished.
Finally, underground rooms are needed for the vehicles of the monastery services.
All these economic problems had to be solved without prejudice to the image of the temple.
The competition task also stated that the architecture of the temple should be made in the Russian traditions (Moscow, Vladimir-Suzdal, Novgorod, Pskov, neo-Byzantine), but it can also contain elements of modern forms and structures.
48 projects were submitted for the competition. Many of them deserve the most serious attention from anyone interested in church architecture. Some of the works are truly talented, traditional in the best sense of the word. On behalf of His Holiness the Patriarch, as the abbot of the monastery, I sent letters of gratitude to everyone who took part in this creative competition. And three winners were awarded in accordance with the terms of the competition.The jury of the competition, in addition to two representatives of the Sretensky Monastery, included famous Moscow architects and art critics.
Below we publish all the projects presented: readers will be able to correlate the creative and technical tasks formulated by the terms of the competition with the creative solutions offered to us.
After review and discussion, the jury selected three projects, and among them, the winning project presented by the workshop of D. Smirnov. The jury's decision was soon approved by the Rector of our monastery, His Holiness Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia.What made this work stand out from the rest?
The main task of the competition was to create the image of the Memorial Temple, the Temple-triumph of the victory of Christ and His disciples, the New Martyrs, and in the opinion of the jury, the authors of the winning project coped with it better than others.
The presented image of the temple is unusually light and majestic. The fact that the authors put the temple on a stylobate pedestal visually emphasizes the idea of \u200b\u200bthe monument.
We were truly pleased with how the authors of the project were able to find an eschatological image of the victory of the Church, the image of the City of Heaven, the New Jerusalem, in the center of which is the Lamb - our Lord Jesus Christ in the triumph of His victory.And I saw a great white throne and Him who sat on it, from whose face heaven and earth fled, and there was no place for them (Revelation 20:11). The artists embodied this idea by placing icon-painting images of the Savior on the throne, surrounded by the New Martyrs, on the outer wall of the church. For some reason, by the way, it was this that caused the harshest criticism, up to reproaches for modernism, although this is the decision we can see on the facade of the main cathedral of the Pskov-Pechersk Monastery, and in this case this artistic parallel seems to be significant for us, since Moscow Sretensky monastery with the Pskov-Pechersky monastery has a special spiritual relationship.
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Together with the inner balconies, the temple will accommodate two thousand worshipers, which corresponds to the terms of reference. And at the same time, the cathedral is designed in such a way that, being on a par with street buildings, it does not go onto the line of Rozhdestvensky Boulevard (unlike most of the projects presented), which, given the high density of buildings, still makes it possible to look at it from considerable distance.
Unfortunately, not all projects provided for the possibility of holding services in the open air. When giving this assignment, we expected that a balcony or a small area would be intended for such a ministry, but the authors of the winning project suggested a much better option.During a particularly crowded divine service, the gallery on the stylobate becomes an altar - a portable throne is installed here - and parishioners are located in the monastery courtyard.
The solution, in my opinion, is very simple, elegant, successful and at the same time practical. And the icons of the Savior and the New Martyrs on the inner facade of the church will remind of the iconostasis, creating the correct image of worship.
It is convenient to carry out religious processions along the gallery of the stylobate without going out onto Rozhdestvensky Boulevard and without interfering with city traffic (which would be inevitable if the project of direct adjoining of the temple walls to the city street was adopted).
Finally, in the spacious stylobate, which serves as the artistic and architectural pedestal of the Temple-Monument, we can incomparably better than in the three-storey annexes proposed by other projects, place an educational center with a lecture hall, a Sunday school with classes, and numerous technical services, a publishing house and even several lecture rooms for our seminary.What will be the material of the external and internal decoration of the temple, what is the technique of images, what specific plots of bas-reliefs dedicated to the New Martyrs will be on the facades of the stairs, we do not yet know. All this is in the process of the most serious work and discussions.
As for another major component of the project - the need to create an architectural concept for a new church in conjunction with the existing buildings in the monastery - here I give the floor to the professionals who have spoken on this topic.
Academician V.D. Shmykov, architect-restorer, head of the architectural design workshop of FSUE “Institute“ Spetsproektrestavratsia ”, full member of the Academy of Architectural Heritage:“ The architectural and artistic image created by the authors contains the idea of \u200b\u200bthe spiritual celebration of the New Martyrs in the name of Christ and the Orthodox Church, meets the high spirituality of the Russian Orthodox people and supports the status of the monastery. At the same time, it fits well into the existing urban planning situation and the existing surrounding historical buildings. "
MARCHI professor Timur Bashkaev: "In general, this is an impressive work, accurately reflecting the needs and self-awareness of the modern Church, but requiring a careful check of the town planning and space-planning solutions of the complex while maintaining the bright author's style of facade solutions."
I appeal to our parishioners with a request for prayers for the Lord to bless this undertaking and to allow the completion of the construction and improvement of the church on time - by February 2017.
Below we present photographs of all the projects that participated in the competition.
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Date of publication or update 19.04.2017
Moscow Theotokos-Rozhdestvensky stauropegic convent.
The address of the Nativity of the Mother of God nunnery: 107031, Moscow, st. Rozhdestvenka, 20 (metro Kuznetsky Most, Tsvetnoy Boulevard, Chistye Prudy, Trubnaya, then on foot).Phone number of the Nativity of the Mother of God Convent: (495) 621–39–86.
Site of the Nativity of the Mother of God nunnery: mbrsm.ru
Since the time of the Baptism of Rus, the Russian people venerated the Queen of Heaven with special reverence and love and dedicated churches and holy monasteries to holidays associated with the main events of Her earthly life. Throughout the year, during the Divine Liturgy, the festive troparion sounded in them, announcing to those praying about the deep essence of the holiday.
Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary (1501-1505).
The Feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary has always been loved in Russia for that quiet, bright and heartfelt joy that is born in the heart of an Orthodox Christian when he remembers him, therefore, the Mother of God Christmas churches appeared in Russia in the pre-Mongol period. In these churches throughout the year, at each Liturgy, the words of the festive troparion, filled with joy, are heard: "Your Christmas, Virgin Mary, the joy of building the whole universe."
One of the first monasteries erected in honor of the victory of the Russian people on the Kulikovo field and dedicated to the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos was the Nativity of the Mother of God Convent in Moscow. It was founded in 1386 by Princess Maria Serpukhovskaya, the mother of the hero of the Battle of Kulikovo, Prince Vladimir Andreevich the Brave. The first inhabitants of the monastery founded by Princess Maria were the widows, mothers and orphans of the warriors, who on the Kulikovo field "laid down their belly for their faith and fatherland." And there were many dead: according to the chronicler, only a third of the Russian army returned from the battlefield. Therefore, the sorrow was great throughout the Russian land: "The birds sang mournful songs, everyone cried - princesses, and boyars, and provincial wives for the killed."
Church of St. John Chrysostom (1676-1677).
The candle of faith, love and hope, heroism, patience and humility, from the flame of which the monastery lamp was lit, was lit in Moscow from the righteous and pious life of the first Moscow prince - Saint Daniel of Moscow (died 1303), the founder of the Danilov monastery, Heavenly the owner and patron of the capital city of Holy Russia. His life was one of the links in the golden chain of holy service to God, the people of God and the fatherland, which united several generations of Russian princes in the most difficult decades of the Horde yoke.
The holy noble Prince Georgy Vsevolodovich led the Russian squads to the shores of the City to battle against the countless hordes of Batu for the Orthodox faith and native land. His nephew, the holy noble Prince Vasilko, entrusted to the care of his uncle by the holy prince Konstantin Vsevolodovich on his deathbed, walked with him with his detachment. George died a soldier's death in an unequal battle, and Vasilko, who survived the bloody battle, was brutally hacked to death by the Tatar soldiers for refusing to serve Batu, who conquered half the world, but did not break the courageous resistance of the hero-princes.
Church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God (1904-1906).
Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, who became the Grand Duke after the death of Grand Duke George (d. 1238), took on his shoulders the heavy burden of responsibility for the defeated, humiliated and robbed Russia. Courageous and active, he set about restoring the destroyed, overcoming the fear and despondency that reigned in the souls of his compatriots who survived the invasion of Batu. By his order, the remains of the dead were buried, the fires were cleared, the fields already overgrown with weeds were plowed, new temples, new houses were built, and new fortifications were erected. At his word, squads gathered to defend the western borders from the Swedes, who were hoping for an easy prey. As a nine-year-old boy, for the first time, his eldest son Alexander, the future saint Alexander Nevsky, took part in such a campaign.
Saint Alexander (1220–1263) lived on earth for only forty-three years, but the memory of his accomplishments lives on for centuries, it is inscribed in golden letters in the history of Russian holiness. He saved Russia from the final defeat by the Horde khans and put an end to the predatory aspirations of the Swedes and German knights, who, with the blessing of the Pope of Rome, rushed to the Baltic possessions of Novgorod and Pskov with a crusade. This would have been enough to leave a memory for centuries. But the feat of Saint Alexander was immeasurably higher - it was the feat of a self-sacrificing person, to the last drop of blood, to the last breath, serving God, and in God - his suffering fatherland. His motto: "God is not in power, but in truth" - for all ages he became the banner of the Russian people in difficult times of trial by fire and sword.
Bell tower with the church of Eugene, Bishop of Chersonesos (1835-1836).
From the son of Saint Alexander Nevsky - Saint Prince Daniel of Moscow, a golden chain stretched to the holy noble Prince John Danilovich, who was named Kalita for mercy and extraordinary love of poverty. He began the great work of gathering Russian lands around Moscow. The spiritual child of St. Peter of Moscow, John Danilovich Kalita sanctified all his deeds with the prayer and blessing of the saint. The blessing of the saint as the cornerstone lay in the formation of Moscow as the capital of the Russian State, which gathered under its sovereign scepter the scattered Russian principalities for a decisive battle with the oppressors.
Little information has survived about Princess Maria Serpukhovskaya, the founder of the Theotokos-Rozhdestvensky nunnery, mother of Prince Vladimir Andreevich the Brave. In the "Brief Historical Sketch of the Moscow Rozhdestvensky Maiden Monastery", compiled by I.F. Tokmakov and published in 1881, it is said that "this monastery was built by Princess Mary during the God-given victory over Mamai and the entire Tatar horde on the day of the Nativity of the Most Pure Theotokos." This information is confirmed by the Russian chronicle (Nikonov list), where it is indicated that the monastery was founded in 1386 by the wife of Prince Andrei Ioannovich, son of Kalita, Princess Maria, mother of the famous hero of the Don Prince Vladimir Andreevich the Brave.
Holy gates.
Princess Maria herself was widowed long before the Battle of Kulikovo. Prince Andrei Ioannovich Borovsko-Serpukhovskoy died of a pestilence (plague), forty days before the birth of his second son, Vladimir. Soon after the death of Prince Andrew, the princess buried her eldest son, John. She lived the rest of her life quietly and unnoticed. Despite her high position and closeness to the grand-ducal family, her name was not surrounded by loud vain glory. Like all the righteous, she avoided glory and devoted herself entirely to her son, raising him in good manners and piety.
Having fulfilled her maternal duty, she became, by the will of God, a mentor and mother for many mothers and sisters who were orphaned after the Battle of Kulikovo, who crossed the threshold of the monastery she founded.
The princess chose the site for the founding of the monastery on the very edge of the Kuchkov field, on a steep hill, which at that time was the bank of the Neglinnaya River. In the annals and historical works in different years the Mother of God-Rozhdestvensky monastery was called differently: the Nativity of the Most Pure Theotokos, the maiden behind the Cannon Yard; Nativity of the Most Pure Theotokos maiden, which is in Moscow, beyond Neglinnaya, at the Trumpet; Rozhdestvensky maiden, in Moscow, on Rozhdestvenskaya street; Christmas girl on the Trumpet; Rozhdestvensky Moscow; Rozhdestvensky on the Moat; Bogoroditsky on the Trumpet.
Probably, the names "ditch" and "pipe" (a break in the wall of the White City, which once passed along the present Rozhdestvensky Boulevard and Trubnaya Square) contributed to the emergence of the version about the original location of the monastery in the Kremlin. In the Kremlin walls there really was at that time the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary on the Moat. However, more reliable information is that Princess Maria from the very beginning chose this particular place on the banks of the Neglinnaya River.
The first nunnery under the abbess, following the example of the Greek monasteries, was founded by Metropolitan Alexy at the request of his own sisters - the Monks Juliania and Eupraxia and was named the Conception Monastery. The Nativity of the Virgin monastery was also modeled on the Byzantine monasteries.
In 1503, the establishment of monasteries with an abbess at the head was finally legalized at the Moscow Council, and in 1528 this decree was confirmed at a private Council by Archbishop Macarius of Novgorod (the future Metropolitan of Moscow), where it was supposed to “take the abbots to male monasteries (from women's), and to give the duchess the abbess of piety for the sake of ”6.
The first building of the monastery was the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, erected in 1389. By erecting the temple and the monastery, Princess Maria set a good example for her relative, Grand Duchess Evdokia - the Monk Euphrosyne of Moscow, the founder of the Ascension monastery in the Kremlin.
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor A.B. Mazurov believes that Princess Maria originally installed a stone cathedral and cells in her monastery. It is not always clear to the people of our time why the chroniclers of Ancient Rus spoke of stone construction as a kind of miracle. In the XIV-XV centuries, stone construction was an extraordinary, outstanding event, and not every prince could afford such a construction - the business demanded large expenses and considerable skill of skilled architects. It is known that Prince Vladimir Andreevich erected only one stone church at his own expense - in Serpukhov.
The hero's mother, wishing to perpetuate the memory of the great battle and its participants, who gave their lives for the faith and the fatherland, did not spare funds for the construction of the monastery and for the needs of those living in it. Many of the inhabitants of the monastery came from eminent families and had prosperity in worldly life. In all respects, the monastery could be called "princely".
Following the example of a pious relative, the holy princess Evdokia after the death of her husband, holy prince Demetrius of the Donskoy, also erected a stone church and stone buildings in her Ascension Monastery, spending the silver and property bequeathed by her husband on the construction.
The life of Princess Maria Serpukhovskaya, illuminated by the light of true love and prayer, was a continuous ascent to the Heavenly Fatherland. Having accepted the great schema with the name Martha, Princess Mary reposed on December 2, 1389 and “was laid in the Church of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos, in her honest monastery on the Moat, and she herself created it with her estate, I still exist with my belly.” 8
After the death of the princess, her daughter-in-law, Elena Olgerdovna, took care of the monastery. Mourning the death of her husband Vladimir Andreyevich the Brave (d. 1410) and her seven sons, she left the world, taking monastic vows with the name of Eupraxia. God gave her longevity: having survived many participants in the battle on the Kulikovo field, she remained for several generations a witness to great events in the lives of the righteous ones close to her.
In 1452, dying, nun Eupraxia left a will, in which she mentioned the monastery: “And I bless my daughter-in-law and my grandson, Prince Vasily Yaroslavich, with the monastery of the Nativity of the Holy Mother of God; but I gave you to the monastery where you can heal yourself, a village with villages ”9. The princess bequeathed the village abodes: Medykino, Dyakovskoe, Glebkovo, Kosino with lakes and a mill at the mouth of the Yauza. She did not live ten years before the reign of the great-grandson of Demetrius Donskoy - John III, the first Russian Tsar.
It can be assumed that the sovereign did not forget that his sovereign father honored the "princely" monastery by granting it a royal charter. Even the imperious hand of Peter at times could not help but stop where the grace and power of God acted, which “is perfected in weakness” and contains the all-embracing Divine love. There was, for example, such historical evidence. At the beginning of his reign, Peter came to Smolensk to execute the archers. When the executed had already been brought up to the chopping block, suddenly from the crowd of people at the feet of the irritated sovereign with a loud cry for mercy rushed the Abbess Martha of the Smolensk nunnery. This unexpected sight so struck the king that he signaled to stop the execution, and soon mercy triumphed over anger. Peter felt the sweetness of forgiveness and in gratitude to Martha ordered that she demanded from him what she wanted, that he was ready to do everything.
The pious eldress asked to build a stone church instead of a wooden one in the monastery, and her request was fulfilled.
The monastic treasures taken from Moscow were kept in the Vologda Spaso-Prilutsky Dimitriev Monastery until the end of 1812. Yuryev-Polsky became another place of their storage. But many valuable things remained in place due to haste and lack of carts. " Archbishop Augustine of Moscow was instructed to take out to Vladimir the main Moscow shrines - the Vladimir and Iberian icons of the Mother of God.
The Abbess of the Nativity of the Theotokos Monastery Esther and her sisters managed to hide the church utensils and many valuables in hiding places: presumably in the refectory of the Nativity of the Theotokos Cathedral or in the burial vault of the Lobanov-Rostov princes, or in the storeroom under the bell tower. Other valuables - although, due to the lack and high cost of carts, not all of them - were removed from the monastery in advance.
But mother did not bless to remove the precious vestments from the icons.
Most of the sisters, led by the abbess, along with other residents of the capital, left the capital. With the blessing of mother, the treasurer of the monastery and several sisters remained in the monastery. They had, as far as it seemed possible, to preserve the property of the "princely" monastery. Not relying on their weak strength, but relying on the Lord in everything, the sisters resorted to prayer to the monastery's patron Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker. The miraculous image of St. Nicholas was in the St. Nicholas side-altar of the Church of St. John Chrysostom. To protect the monastery from robbery, fire and desecration, the nuns every day reverently took the miraculous icon of St. Nicholas and went around the monastery with the singing of the Akathist. On September 2, several nuns of the Nativity Monastery climbed onto the roof and saw an innumerable army approaching. “Fathers! - they shouted, - soldiers, but as if not ours! "
Napoleon waited a long time on Poklonnaya Gora for a deputation with the keys to the city, as was the case in other European cities.
But no one ever left the silent capital. Those close to him answered Bonaparte that they could not find anyone.
The entrance to Moscow, left by the residents, did not bode well. "Approaching the Kremlin, Napoleon said:" What a terrible wall. " All those who accompanied the French emperor on this day and subsequently left their memories, note that Napoleon "was gloomy and depressed."
The fires began in the first hours after the enemy entered the city, on September 1, and continued until September 9, until torrential rains extinguished the flames. By the grace of God, the monastery of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos did not suffer from the fire element. Near the monastery wall overlooking Rozhdestvensky Boulevard, the French shot Muscovites suspected of arson.
Napoleon informed conquered Europe that Moscow was burnt down by Rostopchin and Muscovites. Some of the Muscovites who left the city actually set fire to their houses even before the enemy entered Moscow. By order of the commander-in-chief, Moscow warehouses with ammunition were destroyed, but the Moscow fire and the burning of the entire city of Rostopchin and the residents who remained in the city had nothing to do, as Rostopchin himself definitely stated in 1823 in his brochure "The Truth About the Moscow Fire". Could a person who loved his hometown have burned it down, even by "someone else's hands"?
An eyewitness account is given in the book "The Holy Road" - an entry from C. Logier's diary: "Soldiers of all European nations rushed into launches into houses and churches, already almost surrounded by fire, and left there, loaded with silver, bundles, clothes, etc. They fell each other on the other, pushed and snatched the prey that had just been captured from each other; and only the strong remained right after the sometimes bloody fight. "
Such were the testimonies of the French officers who took part in the capture of Moscow.
At the beginning of the 20th century, over six hundred nuns labored within the walls of the monastery, in its numerous hermitages and farmsteads (before the closure of the monastery, according to some sources - 625, according to others - about 700 sisters or even more, taking into account the inhabitants of monastic sketes and farmsteads) , the monastery owned 33 hectares of land.
The walls of the monastery became cramped for those living in them and for the neighboring residents and pilgrims who came to the pilgrimage. In this regard, significant changes have taken place in the architectural ensemble of the monastery. It was necessary to be an experienced architect so as not to disturb the architectural ensemble, erecting new buildings in the ancient monastery. Thanks to the works of talented architects, as well as the excellent taste and sense of the historical connection between the eras inherent in the abbots who ruled the monastery at that time, the new buildings not only successfully fit into the appearance of the ancient monastery, but also served to greater glory and decoration of the monastery.
For many centuries, parallel to the northern and southern walls of the monastery, one-story buildings of the sister's cells were located in several rows. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, these buildings were demolished. Of the one-storey buildings on the territory of the monastery, cells remained, located along the eastern monastery wall (now - building 8 of house No. 20 on Rozhdestvenka street), next to which rises a huge four-hundred-year-old oak.
At the beginning of the 20th century, on the site of the demolished buildings, a grandiose construction of a majestic refectory church in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God began.
The initial project of the Kazan temple was proposed by F.O. Schechtel, but it was considered too expensive. The abbess of the monastery, Mother Yuvenalia (Lovenetskaya), opted for the project of the architect P.A. Vinogradov.
On July 6, 1904, Hieromartyr Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky), who was at that time Metropolitan of Moscow, consecrated the foundation stone. The construction of the refectory church was funded by M.V. Lapshina. The philanthropist took monastic vows with the name of Seraphima, as stated in the inscription in the temple, on the northern wall near the kliros.
The temple, crowned with domes and crosses, pleases the eye from a distance, towering over the northern wall of the monastery, over the greenery of the boulevards of old Moscow. Built in the Russian-Byzantine architectural style, the temple recalls the centuries-old history of the monastery and reflects the desire to return to the Svyatoi Russian ideal and at the same time testifies to the time when it was erected.
On September 8, 1905, Metropolitan Vladimir consecrated the crosses on the domes of the Kazan temple and the small rank - the temple itself, in which the first Divine Liturgy was performed on that day of the patronal feast day.
A year later, on August 30, 1906, the future First Martyr from the face of the New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia performed the great consecration of the church. The refectory temple was magnificent both inside and out. The external splendor of the temple of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God reflected the high spiritual mood of the best part of Moscow society, in the face of the coming trials, confessing their loyalty to Christ.
In 1989, the ancient church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church. On the feast day of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos, 8/21 September 1991, His Holiness Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow and All Russia visited the reviving church. Soon after this, several sisters arrived in Moscow from the Pukhtitsky Assumption Monastery, which had not been closed in Soviet times and preserved the monastic traditions of pre-revolutionary Russia. In the near future, they were to become the first inhabitants of the first women's monastery, which opened in the capital after seven decades of domination of theomachists in the country. On July 19, 1993, on the day of the celebration of the Council of Radonezh Saints, a resolution was adopted by His Holiness Patriarch and the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church on the revival of monastic life in the ancient Moscow monastery.
At the very beginning of the new history of the monastery, the sisters had to overcome many different obstacles. Difficulties arose in relations with tenants and illegal tenants. Many of those who occupied the monastery premises could not - and some, perhaps, did not want - to understand not only that they are located within the walls of the holy monastery, but even that the architectural ensemble of the monastery is an outstanding monument of Russian history. The restoration of the destroyed temples and monastery buildings over several decades required a lot of effort, time and great expense.
The revival of the prayer, liturgical and spiritual life of the monastery required even greater efforts. It is more difficult to revive monastic activity within the walls of a monastery than to overcome economic difficulties, but the latter does not make sense without the former. A luminaire that does not emit light will only look like a luminaire. The monastery in which the nuns live without spiritual work - a prayer life, sobriety - the core of this work and creative ascetic work - will remain an architectural ensemble, but will not be a truly monastic monastery.
The restoration of the architectural ensemble demanded and still requires a lot of work. It was necessary to stop the process of destruction of the masonry of the walls and foundations of the temples and buildings of the monastery covered with earth; to re-bury in the burial vault the remains of those who once rested in the monastery cemetery, ravaged and desecrated by the God-fighters, scattered throughout the territory; take out hundreds of tons of garbage from the Kazan temple and other buildings; to clear the territory of everything alien and brought into the monastery fence out of malice or ignorance.
Hoping for the help of God and the intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos, who was appointed by the High Hierarch as abbess of the monastery in 1993 and elevated to the rank of abbess by him in 1998, Abbess Victorina (Perminova) and the nuns of the monastery took up the difficult task of restoring the monastery. The nuns and novices carry their obediences in the church, on the kliros, in the prosphora, sewing, refectory, candlelight and monastery courtyard.
On July 19, 1993, the Moscow Nativity of the Mother of God stauropegic convent was reopened by the Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church. Since the beginning of the restoration of the Nativity of the Theotokos stauropegic nunnery, His Holiness Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow and All Russia took an active part in its revival.
The current Primate, His Holiness Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia, does not leave his stauropegic monastery with paternal care, annually visiting the monastery, performing divine services within the walls of its churches, supporting the nuns of the monastery with advice, primate blessing and parting words, a kind word of edification and consolation.