What are the subjects and predicates. Types of predicates in Russian with examples. What is a grammatical predicate

Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which usually agrees with the subject (in number, person or gender) and has the meaning expressed in questions: what does the subject do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he?

The predicate expresses the grammatical meaning of one of the moods (indicative mood - present, past, future tense; conditional mood, imperative mood).

Types of predicates:

1. Simple verb predicate - PGS
2. Compound verbal predicate - GHS
3. Compound nominal predicate - SIS

Ways of expressing a simple verbal predicate

Note!

1) Complex future tense form ( I will write; will sing etc.) is a simple verbal predicate;

2) as if, as if, as if, exactly, as if with the predicate - modal particles, not comparative conjunctions, therefore, a comma is not placed in front of them (the subject and the predicate are never separated by a comma!);

3) the modal particle was used to denote an action that began, but did not take place due to any reasons, unforeseen circumstances, and commas (unlike introductory words happens, happened with the value of regular repetition of action) is not distinguished.

Wed: He used to not show up in the village for weeks.;

4) in order to distinguish a simple verbal predicate, expressed by a phraseological unit, from a compound nominal predicate, one should remember:

a) phraseologism can often be replaced with one word:

win - win; to have meaning - to mean; make a promise - promise; to give an order - to order and etc.;

b) in a simple verbal predicate-phraseological unit, the verb cannot be replaced by a bunch to be, but in a compound nominal predicate it can.

Wed: He hung his nose(PGS) - you can not: He was the nose; She sat tired(SIS) - She was tired; He born happy (SIS) - He was happy.

Note. In speech (especially colloquial speech) there can be various kinds of complicated simple verbal predicates with expressive meaning. The most common among them are the following:

1) a combination of two verb forms with a particle like this ( Made me feel so good! );

2) a combination of the verb go with another verb in the same form ( I'll go call my mom);

3) the combination of the verb take with another verb in the same form in conjunction with particles yes, yes and, and ( I'll take it and leave tomorrow for the village; I'll take it and leave- these are not homogeneous predicates (!), but one; and in this case - a particle, not a union);

4) combination of a verb with particles yes how, know (to yourself), well, so, to yourself (And Ivanushka know yourself hold on; I AM so she screamed );

5) a combination of a verb with a single-root form of an adverbial type ( He eats her; She is roaring).

Plan for parsing a simple verbal predicate

1. Specify the type of predicate.
2. Specify the form of the conjugated verb.

Sample parsing

My business is on the up.

They go uphill- simple verbal predicate; expressed by a verbal phraseological unit in the present tense of the indicative mood.

Forget about everything.

to forget- simple verbal predicate; expressed by the verb in the conditional mood.

Predicate- the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting the action or sign of what is expressed by the subject.

Predicate has a lexical meaning (names what is reported about the realia named in the subject) and grammatical meaning (characterizes the statement from the point of view of reality or irreality and the correlation of the statement with the moment of speech, which is expressed by the forms of the mood of the verb, and in the indicative mood - and time).

There are three main types of predicates: simple verb, compound verb and compound nominal .

Simple verbal predicate, ways of expressing it

Simple verb predicate(PGS) can be expressed one word and ambiguously .

PGS- one word :

1) a verb in conjugated form, that is, the form of one of the moods; in these cases, the predicate agrees with the subject: He read / reads / will read / would read / let him read / this book.

2) verbal interjection or infinitive; there is no agreement between the predicate and the subject: And the hat bam right on the floor. As the music starts, the boy will immediately dance.

PGS- phrase :

1. PGS - phraseologically free , but syntactically related phrase - may have the following structure and typical meaning:

1) repetition of the verb form to indicate the duration of the action:
I go, I go, but the forest is still far away.

2) repetition of the verb form with a particle so to indicate an intense or fully implemented action:
That's what he said.

3) repetition of the same verb in different forms or single-root verbs to enhance the meaning of the predicate:
He does not sleep himself and does not let others.
I can't wait for spring.

4) a semantic verb with an auxiliary verb form that has lost or weakened its lexical meaning and introduces additional semantic shades into the sentence:
And he take it and say / know yourself sings.

5) two verbs in the same grammatical form to denote an action and its purpose:
I'll go for a walk in the garden.

6) a verb with a particle was, introducing the meaning of a failed action:
I was going to the cinema, but didn't go.

7) design with the value of the intensity of action:
All he does is sleep.

2. PGS- phraseological unit denotes a single action, inseparable in meaning into an action and its material object, in most cases this phraseological unit can be replaced by one verb: take part, come to your senses, fall into a rage, sound the alarm, have the opportunity, have the intention, have the habit, have the honor, have the right; to express a desire, to burn with desire, to acquire a habit, to consider oneself entitled, to consider it necessary etc.:

He attended the conference(=participated).

Compound verb predicate(GHS) has the following structure:
pre-infinitive part + infinitive.

Infinitive expresses the main lexical meaning of the predicate - calls the action.

Pre-infinitive part expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, as well as an additional characteristic of the action - an indication of its beginning, middle or end (phase meaning) or possibility, desirability, degree of commonness and other characteristics that describe the attitude of the subject of the action to this action (modal meaning).

Phase value expressed by verbs become, start (start), accept (accept), continue (continue), stop (stop), stop (stop) and some others (most often these are synonyms for the above words, characteristic of the colloquial style of speech):

I started/continued/finished reading this book.

modal meaning can be expressed

1) verbs to be able, able, want, wish, try, intend, dare, refuse, think, prefer, get used to, love, hate, beware, etc.

2) a linking verb to be (in the present tense in zero form) + short adjectives glad, ready, obliged, must, intend, able, as well as adverbs and nouns with a modal meaning:

I was ready / willing / able to wait.

Both in the pre-infinitive part and in the position of the infinitive, a phraseological unit can be used:

He is eager to participate in the conference(= wants to participate)
He wants to attend the conference(= wants to participate).
He lit with eagerness to take part in conference(= wants to participate).

The complication of CGS occurs due to the additional use of a modal or phase verb in its composition:

I started to want to eat.
I felt that soon I could start to want to eat.

A special type of GHS is presented in sentences, the main members of which are expressed by verbs in an indefinite form: to be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest. The auxiliary part of such predicates is not typical for compound verbs: it is represented by the linking verb to be, which occurs in compound nominal predicates. In addition to being, the auxiliary part can also be represented by the verb mean, for example:

Not to come means to offend.

The predicates expressed are not compound verbal predicates:

1) the compound form of the future tense of the imperfective verb in the indicative mood: I will work tomorrow;
2) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive that occupies the position of an object in the sentence in the case of different subjects of action in the conjugated form of the verb and the infinitive: Everyone asked her.underline ( border-bottom: 1px dashed blue; ) to sing (everyone asked, but she should sing);
3) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive, which in a sentence is a circumstance of the goal: He went outside for a walk.

It is easy to see that in all these cases the conjugated form of the verb before the infinitive has neither phase nor modal meaning.

Compound nominal predicate

Compound nominal predicate(SIS) has the following structure:
nominal part (bundle) + nominal part.

Nominal part expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.

Indicative part expresses the grammatical or grammatical and part of the lexical meaning of the predicate.

Indicative part happens:

1) abstract: the verb to be (in the meaning of "to appear", and not "to be" or "to be"), which expresses only the grammatical meaning of the predicate - mood, tense, person / gender, number; in the present tense, the abstract connective appears in the zero form: He is a student / was a student.

2) semi-significant (semi-abstract): verbs to appear (appear), be, appear (appear), present (appear), become (become), become (become), stay (remain), be considered, etc., which express the grammatical meaning of the predicate and complement the meaning expressed by the nominal part; these verbs are usually not used without a nominal part.

For instance: He turned out to be a student. She seemed tired.

3) significant (full-valued): verbs of movement, state, activity go, walk, run, return, sit, stand, lie down, work, live, etc.

For instance: We returned home tired. He worked as a janitor. He lived as a hermit.

Significant and semi-significantbundle when determining the type of the predicate, it can be replaced by an abstract one.

The nominal part can be expressed in one word and ambiguous.

Single-word noun expression :

1) a noun in the case form, more often in the nominative case. / instrumental.

For instance: He/was a teacher. The skirt was in a cage.

2) an adjective in full and short form, in the form of any of the degrees of comparison.

For instance: His words were smart. He became taller than his father. He is the tallest in the class.

3) full or short participle: Letter was not printed .

4) pronoun: This pencil is mine!

5) numeral: He was eighth in line.

6) adverb: The conversation will be frank. I felt sorry for the old man.

An ambiguous expression of the nominal part:

1) a phraseologically free, but syntactically related phrase may have the following structure:

a) a word with a quantitative meaning + a noun in the genitive case.

For instance: The boy was five years old.

b) a noun with words dependent on it, if the noun itself is not very informative, and the semantic center of the statement is located precisely in the words dependent on the name (the noun itself in this case can be thrown out of the sentence almost without loss of meaning).

For instance: He is the best student in the class.

2) phraseological unit: He was the talk of the town.

The linking part can also be expressed by a phraseological unit:

He looked gloomy and distracted - phraseologism in the connective part;

A compound nominal predicate, like a compound verb, can be complicated by introducing a modal or phase auxiliary verb into it.

For instance: She wanted to appear tired. He gradually began to become a specialist in this field.

Predicate along with the subject, it is an element of the grammatical basis of the sentence. The predicate denotes the action that the subject performs, as well as its state or sign, therefore, the predicate answers questions what to do? what to do? what happens to the subject? what is the subject? what is he? who is he? As a rule, the predicate is expressed by a verb, but there are other ways of expressing it - a noun, adjective, pronoun, participle, etc.

The predicate of the Russian language is represented by three types - simple verbal predicate, compound verbal and compound nominal. In order to quickly and correctly determine the type of predicate in a particular case, it is necessary, firstly, to present a diagram of the composition of the predicate, and secondly, to be able to apply the theoretical scheme to specific language material. Consider the types of predicates, briefly characterize each of them and follow the implementation with an example.

1. Simple verbal predicate.

This is the simplest type of predicate - it is expressed by a verb in some mood. For instance, he plays; would come early and others. Most often, this type is remembered according to the formula: one word in the predicate, which means that the predicate is a simple verb. It is not difficult to guess that this formula is erroneous: this type includes predicates, which include 2, 3 or even more words. For instance:

He will for a long time recall about the past(the future is complex).

Let stars forever illuminate your long, long winter journey(imperative mood).

He went out of his mind (phraseologism).

They waited, waited and did not wait (repetition of one verb in different forms).

Springs waited, waited nature(repetition of the same verb forms).

Get offended don't get offended, but it will still be in my opinion(repetition of one verb with the particle not).

I'll go for a walk (a combination of different verbs in the same form).

2. Compound verb predicate.

This predicate is built according to the scheme: auxiliary verb + infinitive. All these elements must be present in the predicate so that we can call it a compound verb! Again, you should not think that this predicate consists of 2 components - there may be more.

He wants to enroll in the Institute.

I long could not with them meet.

You must learn.

He was a lover of fun.

I AM was unable to think about it.

Note that phase verbs most often act as an auxiliary element (those that denote the phase of action - start, continue, become, quit) or modal words ( must, must, wants).

3. Compound nominal predicate.

Such a predicate consists of a linking verb and a nominal part. The most common linking verb be, but other links can also be found. The nominal part is expressed by an adjective. Noun, adverb, participle, pronoun, etc.

Weather was good.

The book is true friend.

He has character harder become.

Grass bevelled.

Evening quiet.

Error was present.

Two by two - four.

This notebook my.

As you can see, determining the type of predicate is a simple task, you only need to know the material confidently and 100% and, most importantly, be able to navigate it.

site, with full or partial copying of the material, a link to the source is required.

Which includes a subject and (or) a predicate. Their correct selection is the key to successful parsing. In this case, most often there are difficulties with finding the predicate. It can have a different structure and ways of expression. Depending on this, the following types of predicates are distinguished: simple and compound.

What is a predicate?

In a sentence, the subject usually names the subject (or has the meaning of objectivity). The predicate denotes the action, state, quality of the object named by the subject. You can ask him one of the questions: what does he do? what it is? what is he?

This member of the sentence can be expressed in words of different parts of speech and includes lexical and grammatical (the relation of the statement to reality) meaning. They can be combined in one component or require two or more components to express. Accordingly, the composition of the predicate may be different: one or several interrelated words. Knowing these subtleties helps to correctly find the grammatical basis in a sentence.

Types of predicates: table

The study of this topic deals with syntax. In Russian, the following types of predicates are distinguished:

Simple verb predicate

It is this type of main member that usually comes to mind when the question arises about what types of predicate you know. It is believed that finding it is quite easy, but in reality everything can be more difficult. Indeed, usually such a predicate is expressed in only one word - a verb in one of the mood forms: indicative ( I will sing you a song), subjunctive or conditional ( He would read a poem, but his throat hurts), imperative ( Please tell me my favorite story). In this case, both lexical and grammatical meanings are contained in one word.

However, when working with this type of predicate, you need to remember a few important points. First of all, about the fact that the verb in the form of the future compound tense is a simple verbal predicate ( A friend will meet at the station), although it consists of two words. Ignorance of this fact is the most common cause erroneous definition of the grammatical basis and its type. Characterizing different types predicates in Russian, you need to take into account the following little-known (or often forgotten) ways of expressing it.

Difficulties in identifying a simple verbal predicate

Here are examples of sentences, when finding and characterizing the main members of which you can make a mistake.

1. Two verbs used in the same form mean, in fact, one action: I'm going to eat something.
2. The composition of the predicate, along with the main one, includes the verb TAKE in the personal form: She took and refused.
3. The same verb is used twice - in an indefinite and personal form with a negative particle between them: She doesn't read herself...
4. The personal verb is repeated to reinforce what was said ( I'm going, I'm moving forward...), sometimes with a particle SO (Yes, I sang, I sang like that).
5. The sentence contains a combination of a verb with the word WAS or KNOW (KNOW YOURSELF), which have the meaning of a particle: He first thought...
6. The predicate is a phraseological unit: Finally he came to his senses.

Thus, when determining the type of predicate in a sentence, one must be guided by the grammatical features of the verb as a part of speech and the conditions indicated above.

Compound predicates

Very often, when determining the grammatical basis of a sentence, semantic constructions consisting of two or more words are distinguished. These are subjects expressed by an indivisible phrase, or compound predicates, in which there are two parts: the main part (contains lexical meaning) and auxiliary (in addition to indicating grammatical features, it can sometimes introduce additional semantic shades). The latter are divided into verbal and nominal. For the correct finding and characterization, it is necessary to know their structure.

Compound verb predicate

The lexical meaning is always expressed by the infinitive, and the grammatical meaning is always expressed by an auxiliary verb (want, wish, be able, start, complete, wish, love, etc.) in a personal form or a short adjective (glad, obliged, ready, must, able, intends). Here are the types of predicates with examples:

• Soon the sun began to set.
• A friend was obliged to warn about his departure.

When determining a compound verbal predicate, it is necessary to distinguish between the combination of the predicate and the complement expressed by the infinitive: The guests asked the hostess - about what? - sing. In such a case, you can be guided by a hint: if the actions denoted by the verb in a personal and indefinite form are performed by one person (subject), then this is a compound verbal predicate, if different, this is a simple verbal predicate and an addition.

The infinitive can also have a circumstantial value and will be a minor member in such a sentence. Example: He sat down - why? - relax.

Thus, the presence of an infinitive in a sentence is not always an indicator that a compound verb predicate is used in it.

Compound nominal predicate

This is the type that causes the most difficulty in defining. In it, the nominal part contains the main lexical meaning, and the link - grammatical.

The nominal part can be expressed:

1. A noun in the nominative or instrumental case.
2. An adjective in one of the forms (full, short, degree of comparison).
3. Numerals in the nominative or instrumental case.
4. Communion.
5. Pronoun (used alone or as part of a combination).
6. Adverb (more precisely, the word of the category of state).
7. Whole phrase.

The nominal part can be represented by one word or a combination of them. Moreover, short adjectives and participles, as well as a simple comparative, can be in a sentence only part of the nominal predicate.

• Human life is a constant struggle.
• Everything around seemed magical.
• Six yes five - eleven.
• The hat was pushed to the forehead.
• The book is now yours.
• By evening it became stuffy.
• His face seemed darker than a cloud.

As a link, the verb BE in a personal form is often used, as well as the words APPEAR, BECOME, COUNT, MAKE, etc., which complement the lexical meaning ( She has been a nurse for two years now.). Sometimes such types of predicates include as a bundle verbs denoting activity, state, movement and expressing in other sentences an independent semantic meaning: STAND, WORK, RUN, GO, etc. ( The girl has been standing like an idol for ten minutes now).

Using this knowledge will help you correctly parse any sentence, and the question of what types of predicate you know will no longer cause difficulties.

The grammatical basis of the sentence. The concept of the main members of the proposal

The grammatical basis of a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate.

The grammatical basis expresses the grammatical meanings of the sentence. They are connected with the meanings of moods and tense of the verb-predicate.

Troops move to the front.

(The action is actually happening and takes place in the present tense).

Yesterday he came to us.

(The action actually happened, but in the past tense).

Would you talk to your mother, Ivan!

(The action is not realized in reality, but desired by the speaker).

The subject and predicate are called the main members of the sentence, because all the minor members in the sentence directly or indirectly extend them.

We show the dependence of the minor terms on the main ones in the following diagram:

The astonished Varenukha silently handed him an urgent telegram..

The subject as a member of the sentence. Subject forms

The subject is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the questions of the nominative case who? or what?

The subject in Russian can be expressed in different ways, sometimes in "unusual" forms. The following table will help determine the correct subject.

The main ways of expressing the subject.

Predicate as a member of a sentence. Predicate types

The predicate is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject of a special connection and has a meaning expressed in questions, what does the subject of speech do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he? and etc.

The predicate in Russian is simple and compound. A simple (simple verbal) predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.

Compound predicates are expressed in several words, one of them serves to connect with the subject, while the semantic load falls on the others. In other words, in compound predicates, lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.

(Verb was colonel

(Verb started serves to connect with the subject, on the word work the semantic load of the predicate falls.)

Among compound predicates, there are compound verbal and compound nominal predicates.

Learn more about predicate types. Simple verb predicate

A simple verbal predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.

It can be expressed in the following forms of the verb:

We emphasize that in the case of you will be expected tomorrow, the simple verb predicate is expressed by the compound form of the future tense of the verb wait.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate consists of two components - an auxiliary verb that serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and an indefinite form of the verb that expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.

(Here it began - this is an auxiliary verb, and gnaw is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)

(Here I don’t want to - this is an auxiliary verb, and to offend is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)

The role of an auxiliary verb can be a combination of some short adjectives (should, glad, ready, obliged, etc.) and a linking service verb to be in the form of one of the moods (in the present tense, this link is omitted).

(here the linkage will be omitted).

So, let's imagine the structure of the compound verbal predicate by the formula:

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate consists of two components: a linking verb that serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part that expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.

(Here the connective verb will become, and the nominal part is expressed by the adjective viscous.)

(Here the connective verb will be, and the nominal part of the predicate is expressed by the noun handball player.)

Let's represent the structure of the compound nominal predicate by the formula:

The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate is expressed by the following parts of speech: noun, adjective (full and short, different forms of degrees of comparison), participle (full and short), numeral, pronoun, adverb, word of the category of state, verb in indefinite form.

In Russian, at least four main types of one-component sentences can be distinguished.

The main types of two-part sentences

Knowing the main types of two-part sentences, it is easier to find grammatical foundations in them.

The main types of one-part sentences

Secondary members of the sentence: definition, addition, circumstance

All members of the sentence, except for the main ones, are called secondary.

Secondary members of the sentence are not included in the grammatical basis, but spread (explain) it. They can explain other secondary terms as well.

Let's demonstrate this with a diagram:

According to their meaning and role in the sentence, secondary members are divided into definition, addition and circumstance. These syntactic roles are identified by questions.

Valued (to what extent?) high- circumstance.

appreciated (what?) canvases- addition.

Canvases (whose?) his- definition.

Complement as a member of the proposal. Types of add-ons

The addition is a minor member of the sentence that answers the questions of indirect cases (i.e. all except the nominative) and designates the subject. The complement usually spreads the predicate, although it can also spread other members of the sentence.

I enjoy reading (what?) magazines. (Here the addition of the logs extends the predicate.)

Reading (what?) magazines - an exciting activity. (Here, the addition of logs propagates the subject.)

Supplements are most often expressed by nouns (or words in the function of nouns) and pronouns, but can also be represented by an indefinite form of the verb and phrases that are integral in meaning.

He shaved in the campaign (with what?) With a bayonet. (Here, the addition of a bayonet is expressed by a noun.)

This is understandable only to connoisseurs of (what?) Beauty. (Here the complement of the beautiful is expressed by the adjective as a noun.)

And I will ask you (about what?) to stay. (Here the object to remain is expressed in the indefinite form of the verb.)

He read (what?) many books. (Here, the addition of many books is expressed by a combination that is integral in meaning.)

Additions are either direct or indirect.

Direct objects are transitive verbs and denote the subject to which the action is directly directed. Direct objects are expressed in the accusative case without a preposition.

I don’t know when I will see my relatives now (v. p.).

These furnaces used to melt steel (vp).

All other additions are called indirect.

Play the piano (p. p.).

I put the bread on the table (c.p. with a preposition).

I was forbidden to worry (expressed in the indefinite form of the verb).