The surrounding world "flora and fauna in Mari El". Animals of the republic of mari el mari el other animals
Objective of the project. Promote the development of a respectful attitude towards environment... Objectives: Objectives: - to expand the understanding of the rare animals around us; - develop cognitive interest to rare animals living on the territory of the Republic of Mari El; - conduct research work on the study of information about rare animals listed in the Red Book of Mari El. Application of the project. The project can be used as a visual aid in promoting environmental friendliness.
Content. 1. Red is the color of danger. 1. Red is the color of danger. 2. Rare animals national park"Mari Chodra". 2. Rare animals of the Mari Chodra National Park. 3. Why did these animals become scarce in nature? 3. Why did these animals become scarce in nature? 4. Remember this! 4. Remember this! 5. Love your little brothers! 5. Love your little brothers! 6. About the author. 6. About the author.
About 600 animals are listed in the Red Book. This includes rare animals of our republic: from mammals - desman, from birds - golden eagle, osprey, snake eater, falcon - gyrfalcon, falcon - peregrine falcon, black stork, white-tailed eagle, red-breasted goose, eagle - burial ground.
Once in the past, our rivers were full of fish, and many game birds and valuable animals were found in forests and meadows. V pre-revolutionary years annually, desman alone caught hundreds of thousands of heads. It seemed to the man that such an abundance would always be there.
It is possible to catch and bring home cubs of wild animals only if the chick or cub is injured, freezes or his parents died, he needs human help. After recovery, you need to release them. And just like that, for the sake of fun, you do not need to bring the kids home - you will destroy them. There is no need to collect the eggs of wild birds, destroy their nests, minks, animal dens, anthills. This will not bring you joy, but it will bring great trouble to birds and animals.
I want to tell you about proteins. We can admire squirrels in suburban forests, in city parks. There are still a lot of them. But people often catch squirrels, ravage squirrel closets, take supplies and leave the animal in a difficult position. But squirrels have so many enemies: ermines, martens, weasels.
The following materials were used in the presentation: 1) Red Book. Animal world./ Yoshkar-Ola,) A.A. Pekpaev. We study nature. / Yoshkar-Ola,) Plant and animal world of Mari El. / Yoshkar-Ola, 1978.
The Republic of Mari El is one of the most ecologically clean regions of Russia. The territory of the republic is located on the border of the steppe and forest-steppe zones. Fifty-seven percent of the territory is mixed forests... Thanks to the wonderful ecological conditions, a rich fauna has been preserved on the territory of Mari El.
The Mari Territory is a fabulous landscape, a harbor of silence, a place where the rich vegetable world, as well as the kingdom of animals and birds. The nature of the republic amazes with its splendor and wealth.
With its landscapes, Mari El resembles the nature of the Alps. There are also many rivers, lakes and protected forests here.
The flora of the Republic of Mari El
The local forests are famous throughout Russia; they are the largest forest on the Volga River. Forests are the main treasure of the republic, as they contain large reserves of wood. Valuable conifers prevail on the territory of the republic. In the south, there are pine forests, and in the north, spruce and fir. On the territory of the forests, you can find all kinds of mushrooms and berries, as well as medicinal plants.
The left bank of the Volga, Lesnoye Zavolzhye, is covered with a continuous forest. Coniferous and mixed forests prevail here. There are about seventy species of tree and shrub species. In the river valleys there are oak and linden forests. Forests in the region are rather heavily cut down, but tree planting works are carried out constantly at the cutting sites. On the territory of the republic you can also find aspen, alder, maple, elm, mountain ash, bird cherry, wild rose, honeysuckle, juniper, viburnum and many other plants.
Fauna of the Republic of Mari El
Many different animals live in forests, meadows, rivers, lakes and swamps. More than forty species of fish live in the reservoirs, such as: perch, pike perch, bream and many others. The amphibian world is represented by ten species of inhabitants - frogs, newts, toads. Six types of reptiles - viper, spindle, copperhead. Two hundred and eighty species of birds can be found here - woodpeckers, titmice, owls, cranes, eagles, goldfinches, herons and many others.
The Republic of Mari El is rich in mammals; there are about sixty species of them here. Among them are such representatives as a wolf, a fox, Brown bear, lynx, elk, bat... Rodents, for example, hares, beavers, squirrels, muskrats, are also found here.
The most common representative of the animal world here is the elk.
The coat of arms of Mari El is not in vain decorated with the image of an elk - they have long been found in many in the Mari forests. And today their number in the republic is about 4 thousand.
Climate in the Republic of Mari El
The Republic of Mari El has a temperate continental climate. The winters are quite long and snowy here, while the summers are relatively hot. The territory of the region is under the influence air masses Atlantic and Arctic.
V winter time here there are sharp drops in temperature, and frosts are often observed in autumn and spring.
Average annual temperature air in the east of the republic reaches two degrees Celsius above zero, and in the south-west up to three degrees.
The coldest month is January and the warmest is July.
The warmest season, when the temperature reaches over ten degrees Celsius above zero, lasts about one hundred twenty-eight days on the territory of the republic.
Persistent frosts continue from November 10 to March 25.
There are often thaws in winter.
The largest amount of precipitation occurs during the period from April to October, when it is warm. During the winter, there is little rainfall.
The formation of the snow cover occurs from the fifteenth to the twenty-fifth of November and this snow lies for about one hundred and fifty days.
Winds in the territory of Mari El are variable. Southerly and also southwesterly winds prevail. Strong winds are typical for the winter period.
Goals:
1. To generalize knowledge about the animals of the forest.
2. To acquaint with the animal world of Mari El.
3. To prove to students that everything in nature is interconnected.
4. Explain to children why a person should know natural connections: in order not to violate them, because the violation of these connections entails bad consequences.
5. To teach children to build their behavior in nature on the basis of knowledge about interactions in it and an appropriate assessment of the possible consequences of their actions.
1. Setting goals.
Today we will conduct an unusual lesson with you - a lesson on a journey. And where we go, you will learn from the riddle:
The hero is rich
Treats all the guys:
Vanya - strawberry,
Tanya - a bone
Masha is a nut
Petya - russula,
Katya - with raspberries,
Vasu - with a twig.
- What is this hero?
During the trip, you guys must prove that everything in nature is interconnected and the violation of these connections entails sad consequences (both for nature and for man himself). Studying these connections, we will get to know the owners of the forest and remember the rules of behavior in nature.
To go on a journey, we must choose a transport.
Children: We will go on foot so as not to scare away birds, animals and insects.
2. Repetition of the past.
But before we set off, let's remember the rules of behavior in nature.
Here we are. First stop "Green World"
Almost half of the territory of our republic is occupied by forests. Pine forests turn into dense forests. The local forests have their own charm, their colors, due to the combination of different types of trees. The spruce is turning blue; among the dark green needles, the light foliage of birches stands out, making up the fourth part of all the forests of the republic.
What other trees grow in our forests?
And now I invite you to play, and the game called “Recognize a plant by leaf”
Remember what forests grow in our area?
Tell us about coniferous forests.
About mixed forests.
About deciduous forests.
Why do plants grow in floors here?
What do these plants have in common?
(lily of the valley, lady's slipper, wolf's bast)
Children: These are rare and endangered plants that grow in our republic and they are listed in the Red Book of Mari El
What conclusion can be drawn?
What is the purpose of protecting the forest?
What proverbs do you know about the forest?
3. New topic.
Next stop: "The Kingdom of Beasts".
To get into this kingdom, you must remember what animals live in our forests.
And here we are in the kingdom of beasts. We have already met some of them. Guess what kind of animals the guys are talking about.
Loves the roots of trees, herbs, acorns, berries, mushrooms, worms, larvae of various insects, feasts on grain of field crops and potatoes.
Enemies: wolves, bears, people.
Appearance: strong body, covered with thick undercoat and bristles. The bristles protect the body well from scratches, the undercoat from the cold.
Special features: Short legs, small eyes, a snout on an elongated snout. (boar)
In summer it feeds on grass, leaves, young shoots of trees and shrubs, mushrooms, berries. In winter, he eats pine needles, tree bark, and looks for old dried grass.
Enemies: wolves, bears.
Appearance: among the trees, they are hardly noticeable, since their legs seem to be the trunks of young aspens, having a light color in contrast to the darker body.
Special features: Males have horns (elk).
It eats various berries and mushrooms, flower buds, fruits, catches beetles and butterflies landing on trees, and on occasion ruins bird nests, drinking eggs and eating chicks. In winter, he eats pine and spruce seeds, makes supplies for the winter.
Has enemies: marten, fox, owl, owl.
Appearance: the color of the coat depends on the season. In winter - gray, in summer - red.
Special features: tassels on the tips of the ears, fluffy tail (squirrel).
It feeds on grass, roots of trees and grasses, berries, mushrooms, insect larvae, fish, but the main food: meat - small animals, but can attack large weakened animals. Sometimes he can approach the village and lift up a cow, horse or sheep.
Enemies: The wolf, for whom he is a strong opponent; human.
Appearance: brown skin, strong teeth, sharp claws.
Special signs: He is called the master of the forest or clubfoot (bear)
Why was it called that? (Honey, after all, means that he knows, knows where there is honey.)
Teacher's story:
This animal is slightly smaller than a squirrel. The flying squirrel is characterized by a bushy tail and a leathery membrane covered with wool between the front and hind legs. The membrane serves as a gliding device when binding from tree to tree, and the tail serves as an inhibitory organ during planting. She arranges her dwelling in abandoned woodpecker hollows and squirrel nests. Lives in coniferous and mixed forests. It feeds on kidneys, seeds, mushrooms and berries. Does not hibernate, makes food reserves in the summer for the winter.
The hedgehog can be found in neglected gardens, parks, and even in grain fields bordering the forest. During the day, he hides under a heap of brushwood and foliage, among the bushes, at night he goes out to feed. During the night, a hedgehog sometimes goes up to 3 kilometers. In the dark, he finds food with the help of his subtle sense of smell, although sight and hearing help him to a certain extent. It feeds on beetles, earthworms, woodlice, frogs, toads, lizards, snakes, mice, voles, shrews, as well as berries, acorns, fallen ripe fruits of apple, pear and other trees.
It is known that a hedgehog by smell can detect the presence of an edible beetle at a distance of 1 meter, and the approach of an enemy, for example, a dog, at a distance of 9 meters. In case of danger, the hedgehog curls up in balls, pressing its head to the belly and pulling its legs and tail under itself: a spiky ball with needles sticking out in all directions is obtained. Hedgehog needles are modified hairs located only on the back; muzzle and abdomen are covered with normal hair. When meeting with forest animals, the hedgehog snorts and jumps, trying to prick the enemy. If this does not help, it curls up into a ball, exposing its prickly back to the attacking predator. Often, stabbing the face with needles, the attacker leaves the hedgehog alone. But this is not always the case. The hedgehog also has enemies, from which neither needles nor curling up into a ball can save it. So, during a night hunt, an owl successfully attacks a hedgehog. He is not afraid of the animal's needles, because the paws of this bird are covered with strong scales. The soft plumage of the owl makes its flight noiseless and allows it to overtake its prey by surprise. There is no salvation for the hedgehog and the fox, which carefully rolls it up with its paw to the shore of a forest puddle or swamp and throws it into the water. Water penetrates to the hedgehog's abdomen, and it straightens its back, stretches its muzzle and swims to the shore. Here a fox awaits him, plunges its sharp teeth into the head unprotected by needles and gnaws at the hedgehog. But when he meets the viper, the hedgehog comes out the winner. He grabs her by the tail and immediately curls up into a ball. The viper, at the first attempt to bite its enemy, runs into needles. Meanwhile, the hedgehog gradually pulls the viper under him and then eats it. Perhaps the venom of the viper does not work on the hedgehog, since the hedgehog is not sensitive to many toxic substances, eats foul-smelling bugs, is not afraid of the poison of bees, bumblebees, corrosive blood of ladybirds, hairy caterpillars.
In spring (in April) 5 - 7 hedgehogs with soft whitish needles appear at hedgehogs, which she feeds with milk. Until the age of one month, the cubs are in the nest, arranged by the female in the form of a hut made of dry leaves, brushwood, moss. If a person or an animal discovers the nest, the hedgehog transfers its babies in the teeth to another den. After 1.5 - 2 months, hedgehogs leave the nest, but they begin their independent life only in late autumn.
The most characteristic feature the fox can be considered its bushy tail, with which it acts as a rudder, making sharp turns during the pursuit. The fox hides with its tail, curling up into a ball during rest and burying its nose into the base. It is in this place that a fragrant gland is located, emitting the smell of violets. Foxes go hunting at any time of the day. It is widely believed that they carry chickens and other domestic birds, climbing into the courtyards of villages. However, such cases are rare. Rodents are the main prey for foxes. In summer, foxes also eat insects, berries and fruits of various plants. And at any time of the year, the fox, as people say, mouse: it searches for holes of field and forest mice, breaks them open and eats them. When in some years the number of rodents decreases for one reason or another, foxes are forced to attack hares, partridges, or eat carrion. If foxes do not find enough food in natural conditions, then they get close to human habitation, even visit the outskirts of cities, where at night they look for everything edible among garbage bins. In March or April, the fox gives birth to blind cubs. After 2 - 3 weeks, the cubs become sighted, and after a month they begin to leave the burrow. However, they continue to live in the hole
3-4 months. While the cubs live in the hole, the fox - the mother protects them and does not allow anyone close. If, for example, a dog or a person appears near the hole, then the adult fox resorts to "tricks" - it tries to take them away from its dwelling, enticing them with it. At the same time, she makes dull sounds, reminiscent of a dog barking. If people have been near the hole, then the fox drags the entire brood in its teeth to another, safe place. With age, the cubs begin to move further and further from the burrow, and the parents stop bringing them food. Eventually, the children begin to hunt on their own. At the end of summer, the cubs leave their native nest and begin to lead a solitary life. At this time, the foxes are attacked by wolves and owls, from which the foxes do not always manage to escape.
Guys, do you think there are evil animals?
What kind of animals would you classify as evil?
And here is what the wolves themselves say about themselves.
People have pronounced a death sentence on us, and in some places it is carried out. The verdict contains four counts:
- Destruction of pets.
- Destruction of wild animals.
- The spread of dangerous diseases.
- Attack on a person.
I want to question the last point of the accusation - an attack on a person. Many stories have been written about such attacks. The wolf rarely attacks a person. Have you ever wondered why the "old" wolf animals are very brave people? There are fellows who, going into the forest for wolf cubs, arm themselves only with a sack. This man is waving his weapon, and there is a grin on the wolf's face: the wolf will not touch! You can only do harm with a gun.
They are also cruel: they pay more for adult wolves. Some wolf cubs, having found a den, do not take the wolf cubs, and twisting their legs with a wire so that they cannot walk, they leave them to suffer until autumn. Poor, crippled animals will not crawl far from the lair, but adults will not leave them either, they will feed them. In the fall, this man will come, find grown cripples and, you see: extra money in his pocket.
When the cubs are born, the she-wolf lies with them in the den, then carefully crawls out of the hole, but does not go far. Later, she herself prowls around. And so, then the nannies - "aunts", "uncles" babysit the grown wolf cubs. They play with them, feed the meat they have swallowed during the hunt and, of course, are on guard. The wolf father also does not forget duty. He is always there.
In general, wolves have angelic patience with babies. The wolf-father will return from the hunt, tired, he wants to sleep, but there will be no rest for him! You have to entertain your children. And the attitude towards kids, even strangers, deserves not only praise - imitation! If the parents die, another wolf, finding the cubs, will feed them, give them a drink and teach them how to live. Wolves have a close-knit family.
And I want to tell you about hunting. Imagine. Forest. Two wolves rushed after a group of moose. A limping moose stands out from the group, and the wolves overtake it. It seems a villainous crime has been committed. But if you check this moose, you will find the following: the moose has no front hoof, its lungs are afflicted with disease, the intestines are eaten away by microbial poisons, and the heart is weak. If a sick moose had remained to live, it would have become a walking source of infection.
We are wolves - the main orderlies of the forest. If there are no large animals, we eat small rodents - agricultural pests. Again the benefit of the wolf! We catch pikes in the channels in spring, and sometimes we have to, there are even berries and insects. We are not very demanding animals.
Teacher: You listened to what the wolves could tell us. And what conclusion will we draw?
Generalization:
Indeed, everything in nature is useful. Something good can be found in every animal. Let's take good care of all living things, all animals, be it a fox, a squirrel or a wolf, a cat or a snake!
And what unites these animals?
Generalization:
Most of the plants and animals included in the Red Book are protected by adults. For this purpose, the “Bolshaya Kokshaga” nature reserve was created; reserves: Ust-Kundyshsky, Vetluzhsky, Pektubaevsky, Morkinsky, Emeshevsky, Vasilsursky Dubravy and national park Mari Chodra. Perhaps, when you grow up, you will participate in this work. But do not forget that you can do a lot already now, protecting those plants and those animals that are around you.
Third stop "The Kingdom of Birds"
The forest would be boring without bird singing. So we will try to guess some of the birds by their voices (listening to the recording of “Voices of the Birds)
Problem situation
Imagine, we are walking through the forest and we see a chick that has fallen from the nest. What are you going to do?
Generalization:
In July, it will be full of fledglings everywhere. Young thrushes, buntings, finches, flycatchers leave their nests. They left, although they cannot fly. They are so beloved by nature. They do not know how to fly, but they know how to hide, to become invisible so that no predator would notice them. And the parents find them and feed them. They even talk, call the chicks, and the chicks respond to them with special, inaudible sounds, accessible only to a bird's ear.
What can you say about these birds?
Today we visited plants and animals, and now we will prove that in nature different plants and animals do not exist by themselves. And they are tied together by invisible threads.
Give examples.
Generalization:
In the poem of B. Zakhoder, this is exactly what is said.
About everything in the world.
Everything, everything
In the world,
We need them in the world!
And midges are no less needed than elephants.
You can't do without ridiculous monsters
And even without the evil and ferocious predators!
We need everything in the world!
We need everything -
Who makes honey and who makes poison.
Bad things for a cat without a mouse
A mouse without a cat is no better business.
Yes, if we are not very friendly with someone -
We are still very much each - we need a friend
And if someone seems superfluous to us,
That, of course, will turn out to be a mistake.
4. Reinforcement of the passed
Fourth stop "Forest School"
What are we going to do at this station?
(textbook by A.I.Dubrovina, S.S.Okisheva "Native land". pp. 22 - 23
What animals live in the forest?
What animals have been brought to our republic?
Name rare and endangered animals.
What kind of birds live in our forests?
Name rare and endangered.
Generalization:
Animals, birds, insects are the owners in the forest, and we are guests. And they should behave accordingly:
All kinds of animals are important, all kinds of animals are needed. Do not touch, do not kill, do not offend the animals that you meet, neither a slippery goggle-eyed frog, nor a creeping snake, nor a gray clumsy toad, nor a spider in a web, even if they seem clumsy, ugly to you.
They are the masters here, and you are the guests. Each of them does his own useful work in nature.
Don't try to “save” the chicks. Sometimes you think the bird is in trouble. Here she is running away from you,
Jumping on the ground. Poor thing! Can't fly yet! It will be lost, someone will eat it! No, it will not be lost if you do not catch her and carry her away from her native places.
10 student:
Please don’t take the hedgehogs out of the forest! Neither little ones, nor adults. Unfortunately, it is not so difficult for a person to take a hedgehog prisoner. But is it really business to come to visit and drag the owner out of the house! The hedgehog is needed in the forest. The hedgehog is an insectivorous animal. He has an important service. And then the hedgehog is one of the most ancient. They appeared on the earth tens of millions of years ago, when the masters of the planet were monstrous lizards, like the Gorynychy snakes. Here they are, what vintage hedgehogs! They must be protected, and therefore not touched.
11 student:
The rule of forest courtesy. It is for the benefit of the guests, i.e. for you and me. Sometimes guests in the forest shout, sing, and sound. From this noise, the forest stands frightened, hidden. And none of the screamers will know what's going on. He does not know how the warbler is shading - as if it is dropping droplets. Like a chaffinch sings its sunny song, or how it warns about rain: it has another song for the rain - like a creaking door creaks. They will not hear a woodpecker hammering in his forge, how a squirrel clicks when he is angry. And as someone elusive in the grass rustled - and even more so they will not notice. With what they came, with that, loud guests will leave. As if he had not found the owners of the house.
So we returned from the trip.
Who lives in the forest?
What should we remember about them?
What conclusion should be drawn?
Molluscs
All in all gastropods about 90 thousand species; there are only 69 of them in Mari El. All of them have adapted to different lifestyles and eating habits. Some filter food from organic suspensions of water, others feed on detritus - organic matter consisting of decay products of living organisms and plants, and for predatory forms the main prey is bivalve molluscs.
Representatives of the prosobranch subclass live in water. They are found in our forest lakes: Yalchik, Konanyer, Mushendera, Glukhom, Okunevoy and others.
A much larger number of species is represented in the republic by the family of pond snails, the most common lung snails in our reservoirs. Of these, the most famous common pond snail... From early spring to autumn, you can observe these snails crawling in the coastal strip of such lakes as Glukhoe, Konanyer, Martyn, Sharskoe and others. There are especially many of them in the middle of summer in the thickets of water lilies, water lilies and hornwort.
Our reservoirs are also home to bivalve mollusks: pearl barley and toothless. Their characteristic feature is the presence of a bivalve shell and lamellar gills.
In the lakes Marier, Yalchik, Tsurkan, Lisiem and others, wedge-shaped, thick and common pearl barley live, in which the shell is stronger and more flattened from the sides than in the toothless, which also belong to the family of pearl barley. Their shell is thin-walled, fragile, with a rather weak nacreous layer and without locking cavities.
In the Mari Republic, three types of toothless are known: common, narrow and fish. The first is found everywhere, where there is no fast current, and the narrow toothless was found only in two lakes - Marier and Mushender. Fish toothless is very common for our rivers and lakes. There is especially a lot of it on Lake Kichier.
Insects
In Russia, the breeding of silkworms was first started in 1596 in the village of Izmailovo, near Moscow. At present, it has become widespread in our country. Even in the Republic of Mari El, where it would seem that the conditions are not very suitable, where it is too cold for such heat-loving creatures, they began to engage in silkworm breeding.
The first industrial feeding of the oak silkworm in our country began in the collective farms of the Krasnodar Territory in 1937. And in 1941, some collective farms of the Mari Republic began to silkworm breeding.
There are about two thousand species in the mosquito family, but the most common are the squeaky mosquito and the malaria mosquito. Piskun is very common in our region, and he pursues us in the summer at every step. The malaria mosquito is very rare in the Mari Republic.
Our republic is included in the zone of increased number of beetles - wireworm beetles. Their number under various crops reaches from 18 to 44 specimens per square meter. among them, click beetles are especially numerous: sowing, striped, dark, shiny, wide, red-tailed. Losses of agricultural crops from wireworm, according to experts, are up to 38 percent.
Among the insects of the Republic of Mari El, although they are still relatively little studied, there are species included in the Red Book of Russia. This is - from beetles: a smelly beautiful hermit, an alpine barbel, a mossy bumblebee, a shrenka bumblebee, a sporadicus bumblebee, a Baikal bumblebee, a steppe bumblebee, a lezus bumblebee, a bee - a carpenter, and from butterflies: a peacock eye, a hawk - a dead head, an oleander hawk, hera bear, lady bear, crimson order ribbon, blue order ribbon, saddlery scoop, swallowtail, podaliry, apollo, mnemosyne, polyxena, hero sennitsa, large quail.
Fishes
The Republic of Mari El is located in the middle reaches of the great Russian Volga River. Many large rivers republics such as Vetluga, Rutka, Bolshaya and Malaya Kokshaga, Ilet, Sura, Bolshoi Sundyr and others flow into the Volga. It is through them that fish penetrates into all reservoirs of the region. In the Volga, according to experts, 69 species of fish live, and in our republic there are 42 species, of which 38 are permanently living.
More than half of the total number of species are fish of the carp family. These include bream, carp, crucian carp, ide, gudgeon, tench, sabrefish, rudd, roach, bleak and others. In second place in terms of number is the perch family, represented by 4 species: pike perch, perch, ruff, bersh. Of the families of catfish, pike-like, cod, we have only one species: catfish, pike, burbot.
In the past, before the construction of the Cheboksary hydroelectric power station, many fish, especially sturgeon, which include such valuable species as sterlet, beluga, sturgeon, as well as cyprinids, were raised annually in spring from the Caspian Sea to the upper Volga for spawning. Now their way is blocked by a dam, and the fish can no longer get into our area. Therefore, many species are found in our country less and less, and white fish and herring have disappeared altogether.
The species composition of fish inhabiting individual water bodies of the republic is far from the same. The larger the reservoir, the richer it is in fish. The greatest diversity is observed in Lake Yalchik, where 12 species of fish are found. In small lakes, the species composition is very poor. Among them there are completely isolated reservoirs, such as Lakes Glukhoe, Kuzhuer, in which you can catch only perch, pike and crucian carp.
Amphibians
11 species of amphibians live in the Mari Republic: three species of newts, two species of toads, four frogs, a common garlic and a red-bellied toad.
Birds
In our fauna, chickens are represented by the pheasant family, which includes quail, gray partridge, pheasant and the grouse family, of which four species live in the Mari Republic: ptarmigan, black grouse, capercaillie and hazel grouse.
Predator birds
In the Mari Republic, there are 25 species of diurnal birds of prey from three families: hawk, osprey and falcon. Some of them - osprey, golden eagle, burial ground, white-tailed eagle, snake eagle, falconer, falcon - peregrine falcon - became so rare that they turned out to be extinctions. In many countries, including ours, they are taken under protection and listed in the Red Book.
The Osprey family is represented by only one species - the osprey, which feeds mainly on fish. That is why it can be found on the Volga, Vetluga, near lakes Lugovoye, Marier, fish farms "Nolka" and "Tolman". Its plumage is grayish-brown with streaks, and the sides of the head are black stripes. During the hunt for fish, the bird slowly flies over the water, and sometimes, fluttering its wings, it hangs in the air, looking out for prey.
Of the hawk family, 18 species live in our region: wasp eater, black kite, goshawk, golden eagle, burial ground, snake eagle, white-tailed eagle, buzzard or buzzard, field harrier and others. The largest bird, the golden eagle, has become a very rare of them. In the Republic of Mari El, it nests on the territory of the Iletsky forestry and the former Mari State Reserve. The plumage of the golden eagle is dark brown, in places in reddish and dark gray tones. Feathers were overgrown to the toes. He hunts hares, wood grouses, ducks, feeds on carrion.
But birds from the falcon family are of medium size, the wings are long, pointed, and the tails are narrow. Their flight is swift with frequent flaps of their wings. They feed mainly on freshly harvested animals and only rarely on carrion. Of the falconry, we have a real falcon or peregrine falcon, gyrfalcon, saker falcon, hobby, merlin, kestrel and red fawn. The food of the peregrine falcon and the gyrfalcon, included in the Red Book, are exceptionally small birds, which they catch on the fly. True, in Russia, falcons were also trained for catching hares and foxes.
Animals of Mari El
The fauna of the Republic of Mari El is quite rich and diverse. But this is also one of the traditional sources of human existence since ancient times. And although now it is losing its meaning, it still exists. For example, in 1993 alone, wild ungulates worth 33 million rubles were sold in the republic.
It should be noted that the reduction in forest area, pollution of water bodies, excessive hunting led to the disappearance of certain species of animals and a decrease in the number of squirrels, hares, ermine, marten, otter, and badger. Through the fault of man, over the past hundred years, the reindeer, the whooper swan, and the gray goose have completely disappeared on the territory of our region.
Also in late XIX century, desman was widespread in the Mari Territory. Because of the great value of the fur of these animals, they began to be caught in the thousands. In 1913, more than 60 thousand desman skins were sold at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair alone. But in the 1920s, forest fires took place in the republic, the rivers, the favorite habitats of the desman, became shallow, and the hunting was carried out too irrationally, and as a result, the desman disappeared from us. In 1963, an attempt was made to acclimatize these animals on Malaya Kokshag, where 173 desman were released, but they did not take root.
Even now, not all is well with the protection of animals in the republic, although the state spends considerable funds on this. In 1993, for example, the government allocated about 50 million rubles for the protection, reproduction of wild animals and the maintenance of the huntsman service. however, the number of violations of the rules of animal protection during this period did not decrease and amounted to 313 cases. The poachers were fined about two million rubles.
Per recent times both the government and nature conservation enthusiasts are making a lot of effort to acclimatize fur-bearing animals, organize reserves and sanctuaries, and create fur farms. In 1993, about one of the picturesque places of the Kilemar region, state reserve"Bolshaya Kokshaga", where hunting for wild animals and fishing is completely prohibited, where all animals live in freedom, but under the protection of the reserve staff. To enrich the fauna with valuable fur-bearing animals in the Gornomariysky region in 1993, a bobak - European marmot - was released in the amount of 50 pieces.