Research work. Theme of work Ideal paper airplane. Research project: "Fly, my plane ... They can't do that.

Being the father of practically a graduate high school, was embroiled in a funny story with an unexpected ending. It has a cognitive part and a touching life-political part.
Fasting on the eve of Cosmonautics Day. Physics paper plane.

Shortly before the new year, the daughter decided to check her own progress and learned that the physicist, when filling out the magazine retroactively, instructed some extra fours and the half-year mark hangs between "5" and "4". Here you need to understand that physics in grade 11 is a subject, to put it mildly, non-core, everyone is busy with training for admission and the terrible USE, but it affects the overall score. Squeaking my heart, for pedagogical reasons, I refused to intervene - like figure it out yourself. She picked herself up, came to find out, rewrote some independent one right there and then received a six-month five. Everything would be fine, but the teacher asked to register on the Volga scientific conference (Kazan University) to the section "physics" and write some report. The student's participation in this shnyaga counts towards the annual certification of teachers, well, and like "then we will definitely close the year." You can understand the teacher, a normal, in general, agreement.

The child rebooted, went to the organizing committee, took the rules of participation. Since the girl is quite responsible, she began to think and come up with some topic. Naturally, she turned to me for advice - the closest technical intellectual of the post-Soviet era. A list of winners of past conferences was found on the Internet (they give diplomas of three degrees), this guided us, but did not help. The reports were of two types, one - "nanofilters in oil innovations", the second - "photographs of crystals and an electronic metronome". For me, the second kind is normal - children should cut a toad, and not rub glasses under government grants, but we did not have much ideas. I had to be guided by the rules, something like "preference is given to independent work and experiments."

We decided that we were going to make some funny report, visual and cool, without the madness and nanotechnology - we will amuse the audience, we have enough participation. It was a month and a half. Copy-paste was fundamentally unacceptable. After some reflections, we decided on the topic - "Physics of a paper airplane". I spent my childhood in aircraft modeling, and my daughter also loves airplanes, so the topic is more or less close. It was necessary to do a complete practical study of the physical orientation and, in fact, write a work. Further I will post the abstracts of this work, some comments and illustrations / photos. The end will be the end of the story, which is logical. If it is interesting, I will answer the questions with already expanded fragments.

It turns out that the paper plane has a tricky flow stall at the top of the wing that forms a curved zone that looks like a full airfoil.

Three different models were taken for the experiments.

Model No. 1. The most common and well-known design. As a rule, the majority imagines it exactly when they hear the expression "paper plane".
Model No. 2. "Arrow" or "Spear". Characteristic model with an acute wing angle and a supposed high speed.
Model No. 3. Model with a high aspect ratio wing. Special design, gathers along the wide side of the sheet. It is assumed that it has good aerodynamic data due to the large aspect ratio of the wing.
All aircraft were assembled from identical A4 sheets of paper. Each aircraft weighs 5 grams.

To determine the basic parameters, a simple experiment was carried out - the flight of a paper airplane was recorded by a video camera against the background of a wall with metric markings. Since the interframe interval for video recording (1/30 second) is known, the scheduling speed can be easily calculated. The gliding angle and aerodynamic quality of the aircraft are determined from the drop in altitude on the corresponding frames.
On average, the speed of an airplane is 5–6 m / s, which is not so much for a trainer and a little.
The aerodynamic quality is about 8.

To recreate flight conditions, we need laminar flow up to 8 m / s and the ability to measure lift and drag. The classical way of such research is a wind tunnel. In our case, the situation is simplified by the fact that the airplane itself has small dimensions and speed and can be directly placed in a pipe of limited dimensions. Therefore, we are not bothered by the situation when the blown model significantly differs in size from the original, which, due to the difference in Reynolds numbers, requires compensation for measurements.
With a pipe section of 300x200 mm and a flow rate of up to 8 m / s, we need a fan with a capacity of at least 1000 cubic meters / hour. To change the flow rate, a motor speed regulator is required, and for measurement, an anemometer with appropriate accuracy. The speed meter does not have to be digital, it is quite realistic to do with a deflected plate with an angle graduation or a liquid anemometer, which has great accuracy.

The wind tunnel has been known for a long time, it was used in research by Mozhaisky, and Tsiolkovsky and Zhukovsky have already developed in detail modern technology experiment, which has not fundamentally changed.

The desktop wind tunnel was based on a fairly powerful industrial fan. Mutually perpendicular plates are located behind the fan, straightening the flow before entering the measuring chamber. The windows in the measuring chamber are fitted with glass. The bottom wall has a rectangular hole for the holders. A digital anemometer impeller is installed directly in the measuring chamber to measure the flow velocity. The pipe has a slight constriction at the outlet to “back up” the flow, thus reducing turbulence at the cost of reducing velocity. The fan speed is regulated by the simplest household electronic regulator.

The pipe characteristics turned out to be worse than the calculated ones, mainly due to the discrepancy between the fan performance and the passport characteristics. The backflow also reduced the velocity in the measurement zone by 0.5 m / s. As a result, the maximum speed is just over 5 m / s, which, nevertheless, turned out to be sufficient.

Reynolds number for pipe:
Re \u003d VLρ / η \u003d VL / ν
V (speed) \u003d 5m / s
L (characteristic) \u003d 250mm \u003d 0.25m
ν (coefficient (density / viscosity)) \u003d 0.000014 m ^ 2 / s
Re \u003d 1.25 / 0.000014 \u003d 89285.7143

To measure the forces acting on the aircraft, we used an elementary aerodynamic balance with two degrees of freedom based on a pair of electronic jewelry scales with an accuracy of 0.01 grams. The aircraft was fixed on two racks at the desired angle and mounted on the platform of the first scales. Those, in turn, were placed on a moving platform with a lever transfer of the horizontal force to the second scales.
Measurements have shown that the accuracy is quite sufficient for basic modes. However, it was difficult to fix the angle, so it is better to develop an appropriate fixing scheme with markings.

When blowing the models, two main parameters were measured - the drag force and the lift force, depending on the flow rate at a given angle. A family of characteristics was built with values \u200b\u200bthat are reasonably realistic to describe the behavior of each aircraft. The results are summarized in graphs with further normalization of scale relative to speed.

Model No. 1.
Golden mean. The design matches the material as much as possible - paper. The strength of the wings corresponds to the length, the weight distribution is optimal, so a correctly folded aircraft aligns well and flies smoothly. It is the combination of these qualities and the ease of assembly that made this design so popular. The speed is less than that of the second model, but more than that of the third. At high speeds, a wide tail already begins to interfere, before that it perfectly stabilizes the model.
Model No. 2.
Worst-performing model. The large sweep and short wings are designed to work better at high speeds, which is what happens, but the lift does not grow enough and the plane really flies like a spear. In addition, it does not stabilize properly in flight.
Model No. 3.
The representative of the "engineering" school - the model was specially conceived with special characteristics. High aspect ratio wings do work better, but drag grows very quickly - the plane flies slowly and does not tolerate acceleration. To compensate for the lack of stiffness of the paper, numerous folds in the wing tip are used, which also increases resistance. Nevertheless, the model is very indicative and flies well.

Some results on vortex imaging
If you introduce a source of smoke into the stream, you can see and photograph the streams that go around the wing. We did not have special smoke generators at our disposal, we used incense sticks. A photo processing filter was used to increase the contrast. The flow rate also decreased because the smoke density was low.
Flow formation at the leading edge of the wing.

Turbulent tail.

You can also investigate the streams using short threads glued to the wing, or with a thin probe with a thread at the end.

It is clear that a paper airplane is, first of all, just a source of joy and a great illustration for the first step into the sky. A similar principle of soaring is used in practice only by flying squirrels, which are not of great national economic importance, at least in our strip.

A more practical counterpart to a paper plane is the “Wing suite,” a wing suit for skydivers that allows level flight. By the way, the aerodynamic quality of such a suit is less than that of a paper airplane - no more than 3.

I came up with a theme, a 70 percent outline, theory editing, hardware, general editing, speech plan.
She collected the whole theory, right down to the translation of articles, measurements (very laborious, by the way), drawings / graphics, text, literature, presentation, report (there were many questions).

I skip the section, where analysis and synthesis problems are considered in general form, which allow building the reverse sequence - designing an airplane according to given characteristics.

Taking into account the work done, we can put a coloring on the mind map, indicating the completion of the assigned tasks. Green color indicates items that are at a satisfactory level, light green - issues that have some limitations, yellow - areas affected but not adequately developed, red - promising areas that need additional research (funding is welcome).

A month passed unnoticed - my daughter was digging the Internet, chasing a pipe on the table. The scales were mowed, the airplanes were blown past the theory. The output is 30 pages of decent text with photos and graphs. The work was sent on a correspondence tour (only a few thousand works in all sections). A month later, oh horror, they posted a list of in-person reports, where ours was adjacent to the rest of the nanoccodiles. The child sighed sadly and began to sculpt the presentation for 10 minutes. Immediately excluded reading - to speak, so lively and meaningfully. Before the event, there was a run-through with timing and protests. In the morning, the sleepy speaker with the right feeling "I don't remember anything and I don't know" drank at KSU.

Towards the end of the day I started to worry, no answer - no hello. There is such a precarious state when you do not understand whether a risky joke was successful or not. I didn’t want the teenager to somehow get out of this story. It turned out that everything dragged on and her report came as early as 4 pm. The child sent an SMS - "she told everything, the jury is laughing." Well, I think, okay, thanks at least they do not scold. And about an hour later - "first degree diploma". This was completely unexpected.

We thought about anything, but against the background of absolutely wild pressure from lobbied topics and participants, getting the first prize for a good, but informal work is something from a completely forgotten time. After that, she said that the jury (quite authoritative, by the way, no less than KFMN) nailed the zombified nanotechnologists with lightning speed. Apparently, everyone was so full in scientific circles that they unconditionally put up an unspoken barrier to obscurantism. It got to the point of ridiculousness - the poor child read out some wild science, but he could not answer how the angle was measured during his experiments. Influential scientific leaders turned a little pale (but quickly recovered), for me it's a mystery - why should they arrange such a disgrace, and even at the expense of children. As a result, all the prizes were given to nice guys with normal lively eyes and good themes. A second diploma, for example, was received by a girl with a model of a Stirling engine, who briskly launched it at the department, quickly changed modes and meaningfully commented on all kinds of situations. Another diploma was given to a guy who was sitting at a university telescope and looking out for something there under the guidance of a professor who definitely did not allow any outside "help". This story gave me some hope. That there is the will of ordinary, normal people to the normal order of things. Not a habit of prejudging injustice, but a willingness to make efforts to restore it.

The next day, at the award ceremony, the chairman of the admissions committee approached the prize-winners and said that they were all early enrolled in the physics department of KSU. If they want to enter, they simply have to bring documents out of competition. This privilege, by the way, really existed once, but now it has been officially canceled, as well as additional preferences for medalists and Olympiads (except, it seems, the winners of Russian Olympiads) have been canceled. That is, it was a pure initiative of the Academic Council. It is clear that now there is a crisis of applicants and physics is not torn, on the other hand, this is one of the most normal faculties with a still good level. So, correcting the four, the child was in the first line of the enrolled. I can’t imagine how she will dispose of it, I’ll find out - I’ll write it down.

Would a daughter have pulled such a job alone?

She also asked - like dad, I didn't do everything myself.
My version is as follows. You did everything yourself, you understand what is written on each page and you will answer any question - yes. You know more about the region than those present here and acquaintances - yes. I understood the general technology of a scientific experiment from the birth of an idea to the result + side research - yes. Did a great job - no doubt. I put forward this work on a general basis without patronage - yes. Protected - approx. The jury is qualified - no doubt about it. Then this is your award for the student conference.

I am an acoustics engineer, a small engineering company, I graduated from systems engineering in aviation, and I studied later.

Paper airplanes have a rich and long history. It is assumed that they tried to fold the plane out of paper with their own hands back in Ancient China and in England during the time of Queen Victoria. Subsequently, new generations of paper model lovers have developed new options. Even a child is able to make a flying airplane out of paper, as soon as he learns the basic principles of folding a layout. A simple scheme contains no more than 5-6 operations, the instructions for creating advanced models are much more serious.

Different models will require different paper, differing in weight and thickness. Certain models are only able to move in a straight line, some are able to write a sharp turn. For the manufacture of different models, you need paper of a certain hardness. Before you start modeling, try different paper, select the required thickness and density. It is not worth collecting crafts from crumpled paper, they will not fly. Playing with a paper airplane is a favorite pastime of most boys.

Before making a paper airplane, the child will need to include all his imagination, to concentrate. When conducting children's party you can hold a competition between children, let them launch the planes folded with their own hands.

Any boy can fold such an airplane. Any paper, even newsprint, is suitable for its manufacture. After the child is able to make this type of airplane, more serious designs will be within his power.

Consider all the stages of creation aircraft:

1. Prepare a sheet of paper of approximately A4 size. Place it with the short side facing you.
2. Fold the paper lengthwise and mark in the center. Expand the sheet, connect the top corner to the middle of the sheet.
3. Perform the same manipulations with the opposite angle.
4. Unfold the paper. Arrange the corners so that they do not reach the center of the sheet.
5. Fold back the small corner, it should hold all the other corners.
6. Bend the plane along the centerline. The triangular pieces are located on top, take the sides to the center line.

The second scheme of a classic aircraft

This common option is called a glider, you can leave it with a sharp nose, or you can make it blunt, bend it.

Airplane with propeller

There is a whole direction of origami dealing with the creation of models of paper airplanes. It is called aerogami. You can learn an easy way to make an origami paper airplane. This option is done very quickly, it flies well. This is exactly what will interest the kid. You can equip it with a propeller. Prepare a piece of paper, scissors or knife, pencils, a sewing pin that has a bead at the top.

Manufacturing scheme:

1. Place the sheet with the short side facing you, fold it in half lengthwise.
2. Fold the upper corners towards the center.
3. Bend the resulting side corners to the center of the sheet.
4. Fold the sides back towards the middle again. Iron all folds well.
5. To make a propeller, you need a 6 * 6cm square sheet, mark both of its diagonals. Make cuts along these lines, slightly less than a centimeter from the center.
6. Fold down the propeller, centering the corners one by one. Secure the middle with a beaded needle. It is advisable to glue the propeller, it will not creep.

Attach the propeller to the tail of the aircraft layout. The model is ready to launch.

Boomerang plane

The kid will be very interested in an unusual paper airplane, which independently returns back into his hands.

Let's see how such layouts are made:

1. Place a sheet of A4 paper in front of you with the short side facing you. Fold in half along the long side, unfold.
2. Bend the top corners to the center, smooth. Expand this part downward. Straighten the resulting triangle, smooth out all the folds inside.
3. Expand the product back side, fold the second side of the triangle in the middle. Send the wide end of the paper to the opposite side.
4. Perform the same manipulations with the second half of the product.
5. As a result of all this, a kind of pocket should form. Lift it to the top, bend it so that its edge lies exactly along the length of the paper sheet. Fold the corner into this pocket and send the top one down.
6. Do the same with the other side of the plane.
7. Bend the details on the side of the pocket up.
8. Expand the layout, place the leading edge in the middle. Protruding pieces of paper should appear, they need to be bent. Also remove the fin-like details.
9. Expand the layout. It remains to bend it in half and iron all the folds well.
10. Decorate the front of the fuselage, bend the pieces of the wings up. Run your hands over the front of the wings to create a slight bend.

The plane is ready for operation, it will fly further and further.

The flight range depends on the mass of the aircraft and the strength of the wind. The lighter the paper the model is made of, the easier it is to fly. But in a strong wind, he will not be able to fly far, he will simply be blown away. A heavy aircraft is easier to withstand the flow of wind, but its range is shorter. In order for our paper plane to fly along a flat trajectory, it is necessary that both parts of it are exactly the same. If the wings are of different shapes or sizes, the plane will immediately dive. It is advisable not to use scotch tape, metal staples, glue in the manufacture. All this makes the product heavier, due to excess weight the plane won't fly.

Complex views

Origami plane

Municipal autonomous educational institution

average comprehensive school No. 41 p. Aksakovo

municipal district Belebeevsky district

I. Introduction______________________________________________ p. 3-4

II. The history of aviation _______________________ p. 4-7

III________ page 7-10

IV.Practical part: Organization of a model exhibition

aircraft from different materials and holding

research _______________________________________ p. 10-11

V... Conclusion__________________________________________ page 12

VI. References... _________________________________ page 12

VII. application

I.Introduction.

Relevance: "Man is not a bird, but aspires to fly"

It so happened that a person was always drawn to the sky. People tried to make wings for themselves, later flying machines. And their efforts were justified, they were still able to take off. The appearance of aircraft did not diminish the urgency of the ancient desire. modern world flying machines have taken pride of place, they help people to travel long distances, transport mail, medicines, humanitarian aid, extinguish fires and save people. So who built and flew it? Who took this step so important for humanity, which became the beginning new era, the era of aviation?

I find the study of this topic interesting and relevant

Objective:study the history of aviation and the history of the appearance of the first paper airplanes, explore models of paper airplanes

Research objectives:

Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky built an "aeronautic projectile" in 1882. So it was written in a patent for him in 1881. By the way, the aircraft patent was also the first in the world! The Wright brothers only patented their apparatus in 1905. Mozhaisky created a real plane with all the parts he was entitled to: a fuselage, a wing, a power plant of two steam engines and three propellers, a landing gear, and a tail unit. It was much more like a modern airplane than the Wright brothers' airplane.

Takeoff of the Mozhaisky plane (from the drawing of the famous pilot K. Artseulov)

specially built inclined wooden deck, took off, flew a certain distance and landed safely. The result is, of course, modest. But the possibility of flying in a vehicle heavier than air has been clearly proven. Further calculations showed that Mozhaisky's plane simply did not have enough power for a full-fledged flight. Three years later, he died, and he himself stood for many years in Krasnoye Selo under the open sky. Then it was transported near Vologda to the Mozhaiskys' estate and already there it burned down in 1895. Well, what can you say. Very sorry…

III... The history of the first paper airplanes

The most common version of the time of invention and the name of the inventor is 1930, Northrop is the co-founder of the Lockheed Corporation. Northrop used paper airplanes to test new ideas in the design of real airplanes. Despite the seeming frivolity of this activity, it turned out that launching airplanes is a whole science. She was born in 1930, when Jack Northrop, co-founder of the Lockheed Corporation, used paper airplanes to test new ideas in the design of real aircraft.

And Red Bull Paper Wings' paper airplane launch sports are world-class. They were invented by Briton Andy Chipling. For many years he and his friends were engaged in the creation of paper models and in the end, in 1989, he founded the Association of Paper Aircraft Manufacturing. It was he who wrote the set of rules for the launch of paper airplanes. To create an airplane, a sheet of A4 paper should be used. All manipulations with the airplane should consist in bending the paper - it is not allowed to cut or glue it, as well as to use foreign objects for fixing (paper clips, etc.). The competition rules are very simple - teams compete in three disciplines (flight range, flight time and aerobatics - a spectacular show).

The World Paper Airplane Launching Championships first took place in 2006. It takes place every three years in Salzburg, in a huge glass-spherical building called "Hangar-7".

The airplane Glider, although it looks like a perfect raskoryak, plans well, therefore at the World Championships pilots from some countries launched it in competition for the longest flight time. It is important to throw it not forward, but upward. Then it will descend smoothly and for a long time. Such an aircraft certainly does not need to be launched twice, any deformation is fatal for it. The planning world record is now 27.6 seconds. It was installed american pilot Ken Blackburn .

While working, we came across unfamiliar words that are used when designing. We looked into the encyclopedic dictionary, here's what we learned:

Glossary of terms.

Air ticket-a small aircraft with a low power engine (engine power does not exceed 100 horse power), usually single or double.

Stabilizer - one of the horizontal planes, which ensures the stability of the aircraft.

Keel is the vertical plane that ensures the stability of the aircraft.

Fuselage- the body of the aircraft, which serves to accommodate the crew, passengers, cargo and equipment; connects the wing, empennage, sometimes the chassis and the power plant.

IV... Practical part:

Organization of an exhibition of aircraft models from different materials and testing .

Well, which of the children did not make airplanes? In my opinion, such people are very difficult to find. It was a great joy to launch these paper models, and to do it was interesting and simple. Because the paper plane is very easy to manufacture and does not require material costs. All that is needed for such an aircraft is to take a sheet of paper and, after spending a few seconds, become the winner of the yard, school or office in the competition for the longest or longest flight

We also made our first airplane - Kid in technology lesson and launched them right in class during recess. It was very interesting and fun.

Our homework was to make or draw a model of an airplane from any

material. We organized an exhibition of our aircraft where all the students performed. There were drawn planes: paints, pencils. Applique from napkins and colored paper, aircraft models from wood, cardboard, 20 matchboxes, a plastic bottle.

We wanted to know more about airplanes, and Lyudmila Gennadievna suggested that one group of students learn who built and made a controlled flight on it, and the other - the history of the first paper airplanes... We found all the information about the planes on the Internet. When we learned about the paper airplane launch competition, we also decided to hold such a competition for the longest distance and longest planning.

To participate, we decided to make airplanes: "Dart", "Glider", "Kid", "Arrow", and I myself invented the airplane "Falcon" (aircraft diagrams in Appendix No. 1-5).

We launched the models 2 times. The airplane won - "Dart", it is pro-meters.

We launched the models 2 times. The airplane - "Glider" won, it was in the air for 5 seconds.

We launched the models 2 times. The airplane made from the office won

paper, he flew 11 meters.

Conclusion: Thus, our hypothesis was confirmed: the Dart flew the farthest (15 meters), the Glider was in the air the longest (5 seconds), the best airplanes fly, made of office paper.

But we liked learning everything new and new so much that we found a new model of an aircraft from modules on the Internet. The work, of course, is painstaking - it requires accuracy, perseverance, but very interesting, especially to collect. We made 2000 modules for the plane. An aircraft designer "href \u003d" / text / category / aviakonstruktor / "rel \u003d" bookmark "\u003e an aircraft designer and will construct a plane for people to fly.

VI. References:

1.http: // ru. wikipedia. org / wiki / Paper airplane ...

2.http: // www. ***** / news / detail

3 http: // ru. wikipedia. org ›wiki / Mozhaisky_Plane

4.http: // www. ›200711.htm

5.http: // www. ***** ›avia / 8259.html

6.http: // ru. wikipedia. org ›wiki / Wright Brothers

7.http: // locals. md › 2012 / stan-chempionom-mira ... samolyotikov /

8 http: // ***** ›from MK aircraft modules

ATTACHMENT

https://pandia.ru/text/78/230/images/image010_1.gif "width \u003d" 710 "height \u003d" 1019 src \u003d "\u003e

A person will fly, relying not on the strength of his muscles, but on the strength of his mind.

(N.E. Zhukovsky)

Why and how an airplane flies Why can birds fly, even though they are heavier than air? What forces lift a huge passenger plane, which can fly faster, higher and farther than any bird, because its wings are motionless? Why can a glider without a motor float in the air? All these and many other questions are answered by aerodynamics - the science that studies the laws of the interaction of air with bodies moving in it.

An outstanding role in the development of aerodynamics in our country was played by Professor Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky (1847 -1921) - "the father of Russian aviation", as V. I. Lenin called him. Zhukovsky's merit lies in the fact that he was the first to explain the formation of wing lift and formulate a theorem for calculating this force. Zhukovsky not only discovered the laws underlying the theory of flight, but also paved the way for the rapid development of aviation in our country.

When flying on any plane four forces operate, the combination of which prevents it from falling:

The force of gravity is a constant force that pulls the plane to the ground.

Traction force, which comes from the engine and propels the aircraft forward.

Resistance force , opposite to the thrust force and is caused by friction, slowing the plane down and reducing the lift of the wings.

Lifting force which is formed when the air moving over the wing creates a reduced pressure. Obeying the laws of aerodynamics, all aircraft are lifted into the air, starting with light sports aircraft

At first glance, all aircraft are very similar, but if you look closely, you can find differences in them. They can differ in wings, tail plumage, fuselage structure. Their speed, flight altitude, and other maneuvers depend on this. And each plane only has its own pair of wings.

To fly, you don't need to flap your wings, you need to make them move relative to the air. And for this, the wing just needs to be told the horizontal speed. From the interaction of the wing with the air, a lift will arise, and as soon as its value turns out to be greater than the weight of the wing itself and everything connected with it, flight will begin. The only thing left is to make a suitable wing and be able to accelerate it to the required speed.

Observant people have long noticed that birds do not have flat wings. Consider a wing with a flat bottom surface and a convex top.

The air stream running on the leading edge of the wing is divided into two parts: one flows around the wing from below, the other - from above. Above, the air has to travel a little longer than from below, therefore, the air speed from above will also be slightly higher than from below. It is known that the pressure in the gas flow decreases with increasing velocity. Here, too, the air pressure under the wing is higher than above it. The pressure difference is directed upwards, so here is the lifting force. And if you add the angle of attack, then the lift will increase even more.

How does a real plane fly?

A real airplane wing is teardrop-shaped, so that the air passing from the top of the wing moves faster than the air passing from the bottom of the wing. This difference in airflow creates lift and the plane flies.

And the basic idea here is this: the air flow is cut in two by the leading edge of the wing, and part of it flows around the wing along the upper surface, and the second part along the lower surface. In order for the two streams to close behind the trailing edge of the wing without forming a vacuum, the air flowing around the upper surface of the wing must move faster relative to the aircraft than the air around the lower surface, since it needs to cover a greater distance.

Low pressure from above pulls the wing towards itself, while higher pressure from below pushes it up. The wing rises. And if the lift exceeds the weight of the aircraft, then the aircraft itself hovers in the air.

Paper planes don't have shaped wings, so how do they fly? Lift is created by the angle of attack of their flat wings. Even in the case of flat wings, you will notice that the air moving above the wing travels a little longer (and moves faster). Lift is generated by the same pressure as profile wings, but of course this pressure difference is not that great.

The angle of attack of the aircraft is the angle between the direction of the speed of the air flow on the body and the characteristic longitudinal direction chosen on the body, for example, for an aircraft this will be the wing chord, - the longitudinal construction axis, for a projectile or rocket - their axis of symmetry.

Straight wing

The advantage of the straight wing is its high coefficient of lift, which makes it possible to significantly increase the specific load on the wing, and therefore, to reduce the dimensions and weight, without fear of a significant increase in the take-off and landing speed.

The disadvantage that predetermines the unsuitability of such a wing at supersonic flight speeds is a sharp increase in the drag of the aircraft

Triangular wing

A triangular wing is stiffer and lighter than a straight wing and is most often used at supersonic speeds. The use of a delta wing is mainly determined by strength and design considerations. The disadvantages of a delta wing are the emergence and development of a wave crisis.

CONCLUSION

If you change the shape of the wing and nose of a paper airplane during modeling, then the range and duration of its flight may change.

The wings of the paper plane are flat. To provide a difference in airflow between the top and bottom of the wing (to generate lift), it must be tilted to a certain ground (angle of attack).

Airplanes for the longest flights do not differ in rigidity, but they have a large wingspan and are well balanced.

Panaiotov Georgy

Objective: Design aircraft with the following characteristics: maximum range and flight duration.

Tasks:

Analyze information obtained from primary sources;

Explore the elements of the ancient oriental art of aerogami;

Get acquainted with the basics of aerodynamics, technology of designing aircraft from paper;

Conduct tests of the designed models;

Develop the skills of correct, effective model launch;

Download:

Preview:

To use the preview of presentations, create yourself an account ( account) Google and log into it: https://accounts.google.com

Slide captions:

Research work "Research of flying properties different models paper planes "

Hypothesis: it can be assumed that the flight characteristics of an aircraft depend on its shape.

Experiment No. 1 "The principle of creating a wing" Air moving along the upper surface of the strip exerts less pressure than the stationary air under the strip. He lifts the strip up.

Experiment No. 2 Moving air exerts less pressure than stationary air that is under the sheet.

Experiment No. 3 "Blow" The still air along the edges of the strips exerts a stronger pressure than the moving air between them. The difference in pressure and pushes the strips towards each other.

Tests: Model No. 1 Attempt Range No. 1 6m 40cm No. 2 10m 45cm No. 3 8m

Tests: Model No. 2 Attempt Range No. 1 10m 20cm No. 2 14m No. 3 16m 90cm

Tests: Model No. 3 Attempt Range No. 1 13m 50cm No. 2 12m No. 3 13m

Tests: Model No. 4 Attempt Range No. 1 13m 60cm No. 2 19m 70cm No. 3 21m 60cm

Tests: Model No. 5 Attempt Range No. 1 9m 20cm No. 2 13m 20cm No. 3 10m 60cm

Test results: Champion in flight range Model No. 4 Champion in flight time Model No. 5

Conclusion: The flight characteristics of an aircraft depend on its shape.

Preview:

Introduction

Every time I see an airplane - a silver bird soaring into the sky - I admire the power with which it easily overcomes gravity and plows the heavenly ocean and ask myself questions:

• How should an airplane wing be structured to support a large load?
• What should be the optimal shape of a wing that cleaves the air?
• What wind characteristics help an airplane fly?

• What speed can an airplane reach?

Man has always dreamed of going up into the sky "like a bird" and since ancient times has tried to make his dream come true. In the 20th century, aviation began to develop so quickly that humanity could not preserve many of the originals of this complex technology. But many samples have been preserved in museums in the form of miniature models that give an almost complete picture of real cars.

I chose this topic because it helps in life not only to develop logical technical thinking, but also to get involved in the practical skills of working with paper, materials science, technology of design and construction of aircraft. And the most important thing is to create your own aircraft.

We put forward a hypothesis - it can be assumed that the flight characteristics of an aircraft depend on its shape.

We used the following research methods:

• Study of scientific literature;
• Obtaining information on the Internet;
• Direct observation, experimentation;
• Creation of experimental pilot aircraft models;

Objective: Design aircraft with the following characteristics: maximum range and flight duration.

Tasks:

Analyze information obtained from primary sources;

Explore the elements of the ancient oriental art of aerogami;

Get acquainted with the basics of aerodynamics, technology of designing aircraft from paper;

Conduct tests of the designed models;

Develop the skills of correct, effective model launch;

As the basis of my research, I took one of the directions of the Japanese art of origami -aerogues (from Japanese "gami" - paper and Latin "aero" - air).

Aerodynamics (from the Greek words aer - air and dinamis - force) is the science of forces arising from the movement of bodies in the air. Air, due to its physical properties, resists the movement of solids in it. At the same time, interaction forces arise between bodies and air, which are studied by aerodynamics.

Aerodynamics is theoretical basis modern aviation. Any aircraft flies, obeying the laws of aerodynamics. Therefore, for an aircraft designer, knowledge of the basic laws of aerodynamics is not only useful, but simply necessary. Studying the laws of aerodynamics, I carried out a series of observations and experiments: "Choosing the shape of an aircraft", "Principles of creating a wing", "Blow", etc.

Construction.

Folding a paper airplane is not as easy as it seems. Action must be confident and precise, folds perfectly straight and in the right places. Simple designs forgive mistakes; in complex ones, a pair of imperfect corners can lead the assembly process to a standstill. In addition, there are cases when the fold must be deliberately not very precise.

For example, if in one of the last steps you want to fold a thick sandwich structure in half, the fold will not work unless you make a thickness correction at the very beginning of folding. Such things are not described in the diagrams, they come with experience. And the symmetry and exact weight distribution of the model depends on how well it will fly.

The key point in paper aviation is the location of the center of gravity. By creating various designs, I propose to make the nose of the aircraft heavier by placing more paper in it, to form full-fledged wings, stabilizers, keel. Then the paper airplane can be controlled like a real one.

For example, experimentally, I found out that the speed and trajectory of flight can be adjusted by bending the back of the wings like real flaps, slightly turning the paper keel. This control is at the heart of paper aerobatics.

Aircraft designs vary significantly depending on the purpose of their construction. For example, airplanes for long-distance flights are shaped like a dart - they are just as narrow, long, rigid, with a pronounced shift of the center of gravity towards the nose. Aircraft for the longest flights do not differ in rigidity, but they have a large wingspan and are well balanced. Balancing is extremely important for airplanes launched outdoors. They must maintain the correct position despite destabilizing air vibrations. Airplanes launched indoors benefit from a forward center of gravity. Such models fly faster and more stable, they are easier to launch.

Tests

In order to achieve good results at launch, it is necessary to master the correct throwing technique.

• To send the plane to its maximum distance, you need to throw it forward and upward at an angle of 45 degrees as much as possible.

• In flying competitions, the aircraft should be thrown to maximum altitude so that it glides down for longer.

Open air launch creates additional benefits in addition to additional problems (wind). Using updrafts, you can make the plane fly incredibly long and long. A strong updraft can be found, for example, near a large multi-storey building: hitting a wall, the wind changes direction to vertical. More friendly air cushion can be found on a sunny day in the car park. The dark asphalt gets very hot, and the hot air above it rises smoothly.

Main part

1.1 Observations and Experiments

Observations

The choice of the shape of the aircraft.(Appendix 11)