Civil War and Intervention 1917 1922 Civil War and Foreign Intervention. The policy of war communism. List of used literature
1) Civil War Civil War 2) White and Red White and Red 3) From the leaflet of General Wrangel. From General Wrangel's leaflet. 4) The beginning of the war The beginning of the war 5) The first stage The first stage 6) The end of 1918 - the beginning of 1919 The end of 1918 - the beginning of 1919 7) The decisive stage The decisive stage 8) The Soviet-Polish war The Soviet-Polish war 9) The final stage The final stage 10) P.N. Milyukov. From the report on the white movement. P. N. Milyukov. From the report on the white movement. 11) Results of the war Results of the war
Civil War CIVIL WAR in Russia is an irreconcilable armed struggle between social groups led by the Bolsheviks, who came to power as a result of the October Revolution, and their opponents; the struggle for power and property, which led to numerous human casualties.
Whites and Reds In November-December 1917 in Novocherkassk was created the Volunteer Army, the White Guard military formation of the South of Russia. Initially, it was recruited on a voluntary basis, then by mobilization. It was headed by generals M. V. Alekseev, L. G. Kornilov, lieutenant generals A. I. Denikin, P. N. Wrangel, V. Z. May-Maevsky. In 1919 it became a member of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. The number increased from 2 thousand people (January 1918) to 50 thousand people (September 1919). The name "WHITE" comes from the color of the banner of the king's supporters during french revolution... And in 1918 Soviet army was officially renamed the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA).
... Listen to the Russian people! What are we fighting for? For an insulted faith and insulted shrines. For the liberation of the Russian people from the yoke of the communists, vagabonds, convicts, who have completely ruined holy Russia. For the cessation of internecine strife. For the peasant to acquire ownership of the land he cultivates and to engage in peaceful labor. For true freedom and right to reign in Russia. For the Russian people to choose their own master. Help me, Russian people, save the Motherland. General Wrangel.
The beginning of the war The split of society into supporters and opponents of the revolution began in 1917, when street confrontations, strikes and strikes intensified. The time of the beginning of the war can be considered the removal of the Provisional Government and the armed seizure state power the Bolsheviks. But the war acquired a national character only by the middle of 1918, when the actions of two opposing camps involved millions of people in the war.
THE INITIAL STAGE After Russia's withdrawal from World War I, German and Austro-Hungarian troops in February 1918 occupied part of the Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic States and the South of Russia, which led to the conclusion of the Brest Peace in March 1918. In March 1918, Anglo-French-American troops landed in Murmansk; in April, Japanese troops in Vladivostok; in May, the revolt of the Czechoslovak corps began. All this created serious problems for new government... By the summer of 1918, three-quarters of the country's territory had formed numerous groups and governments opposed to Soviet power. The Soviet government set about creating the Red Army and adopted a policy of "war communism".
In the second half, the Red Army won its first victories on the Eastern Front, liberated the Volga region and part of the Urals. After the November Revolution in Germany, the Soviet government annulled the Brest Peace, Ukraine and Belarus were liberated. However, the policy of "war communism", as well as "decossackization", aimed actually at destroying the Cossacks, provoked peasant and Cossack uprisings in various regions and enabled the leaders of the anti-Bolshevik camp to form numerous armies and launch a broad offensive against the Soviet Republic.
In the territories occupied by the White Guards and interventionists, the partisan movement expanded. In Siberia, on November 18, 1918, Admiral Kolchak came to power, who proclaimed himself the Supreme Ruler of Russia (the Whites soon obeyed him), Miller took the leading role in the north, Yudenich in the west, and Denikin in the south, who subjugated the Don army. But by the beginning of 1919, the power of the Soviets had succeeded in establishing itself in most of the Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic states.
A decisive stage In the spring of 1919, the Supreme Council of the Entente developed a new plan for anti-Soviet action, in which the leading role was assigned to the white armies. But in April August 1919 the interventionists were forced to evacuate their troops from the south of Ukraine, from the Crimea, Baku, Wed. Asia. The troops of the Southern Front defeated Denikin's armies near Orel and Voronezh, and by March 1920 pushed their remnants back to the Crimea. In the fall of 1919, Yudenich's army was finally defeated near Petrograd. In the beginning, the North and the coast of the Caspian Sea were occupied. The Entente states completely withdrew their troops and lifted the blockade, their plan failed, the whites were defeated.
Soviet-Polish War On April 25, 1920, the Polish army equipped by France invaded the territory of Ukraine and captured Kiev on May 6. On May 26, the Red Army launched a counteroffensive and, after a series of successful operations, reached Warsaw and Lvov in mid-August. As a result of the counterattack of the Polish troops, the Red Army was forced to retreat to the line of Augustow, Lipsk, Belovezh, Opalin, up to Vladimir-Volynsky. The result of the war was the signing of a peace treaty on March 18, 1921 in Riga.
The final stage During the Soviet - polish war General Wrangel became more active, turning Denikin's divisions into a combat-ready Russian army. But after the end of the war in Poland, the Red Army struck a series of blows at the troops of General P.N. Wrangel and drove them out of the Crimea. In the anti-Bolshevik uprisings were suppressed in Kronstadt, in the Tambov region, in a number of regions of Ukraine, etc., the remaining centers of interventionists and White Guards in Wed. Asia and Far East (October 1922).
First of all, the white movement was not created by individuals. It grew spontaneously, unavoidably, like an ardent protest against the destruction of Russian statehood, against the desecration of holy places ... The meaning and significance of the white movement is not limited to the Russian scale. No wonder one of the real Western politicians, Churchill, in the British Parliament in 1919, said to his compatriots: her ... Why did our ship crash? People were looking for an idea and stained the banner. Yes, it was. We knew our sins well ... Volunteering was unable to preserve its white vestments. Along with the confessors, heroes, martyrs of the white idea were money-grubbing and murderers ... Volunteerism is flesh of flesh, blood of the blood of the Russian people.
Results of the war The civil war brought great disasters. From hunger, disease, terror and in battles (according to various sources) from 8 to 13 million people died, including about 1 million soldiers of the Red Army. By the end of the Civil War, up to 2 million people emigrated. The damage to the national economy amounted to approx. 50 billion gold rubles, industrial production fell to 4-20% from the level of 1913, agricultural production was almost halved.
31. Civil war and military intervention in Russia (1918-1920)
A civil war is an armed struggle for power between citizens of one country, between different social groups, political movements. Civil war in Russia (1918-1920), and on the outskirts the war lasted until 1922.Its consequences, material damage, human losses were terrible. Two points of view on the beginning and periodization of the civil war in Russia: 1) Western historians believe that the civil war in Russia began in October 1917, immediately after the October Revolution. 2) Soviet historians (most) believe that the civil war began in the spring-summer of 1918. And before that, hostilities on the territory of Russia proper (without national regions) were mainly local in nature: in the Petrograd area - General Krasnov, on South Urals - General Dutov, on the Don - General Kaledin and others. In the first months of its existence, only 3% of the entire officer corps opposed the Soviet power, and the rest were waiting for the elections and their results to the Constituent Assembly. The war begins to unfold after the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly. Causes of the Civil War in Russia:
Domestic policy of the Bolshevik leadership. Nationalization of the entire land; nationalization of industry. Dispersal of the Constituent Assembly. All this turned the democratic intelligentsia, the Cossacks, the kulaks and the middle peasants against the Bolshevik government. The creation of a one-party political system and the "dictatorship of the proletariat" turned against the Bolsheviks parties: Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks and others. The desire of the overthrown classes to return the land, factories and plants. maintain their privileged position. Thus, the landlords and the bourgeoisie are against the Bolshevik government. The confrontation in the village between the wealthy and the poor.
Main opposing forces:
Supporters of Soviet power are workers, in many ways the poorest and partly middle peasants. Their main strength is the Red Army and the Navy. The anti-Soviet white movement, the overthrown landowners and the bourgeoisie, some of the officers and soldiers of the tsarist army are opponents of Soviet power. Their forces are a white army, relying on material, military and technical support from the capitalist countries. The composition of the red and white armies did not differ so much from each other. The backbone of the commanding staff of the Red Army was the former officers, and the overwhelming majority of the White armies consisted of peasants, Cossacks, and workers. Personal position did not always coincide with social origin (it is no coincidence that members of many families ended up on opposite sides of the war). The position of the authorities in relation to the person, his family was important; on whose side they fought or from whose hand they suffered, his relatives and friends were killed. Thus, for the majority of the population, the civil war was a bloody meat grinder, into which people were drawn, most often, without their desire, and even despite their resistance.
The civil war in Russia was accompanied by military foreign intervention.In international law, under intervention means the violent intervention of one or several states in the internal affairs of another state or in its relationship with third states. The intervention can be military, economic, diplomatic, ideological. The military intervention in Russia began in March 1918 and ended in October 1922. goal interventions: "Destruction of Bolshevism", support for anti-Soviet forces. It was assumed that Russia would split into three or four weak states: Siberia, the Caucasus, Ukraine, the Far East. The beginning of the intervention was the occupation of Russia by German troops who seized Ukraine, Crimea and part North Caucasus... Romania began to lay claim to Bessarabia. The Entente countries signed an agreement on non-recognition of the Brest-Litovsk Peace and the future division of Russia into spheres of influence. In March 1918 British, American, Canadian, Serbian and Italian troops landed in Murmansk and then in Arkhangelsk. In April, Vladivostok was occupied by a Japanese landing party. Then the detachments of the British, French and Americans appeared in the Far East.
In May 1918, the soldiers of the Czechoslovak corps rebelled, sent by the Soviet government along the Trans-Siberian Railway to the Far East. The uprising led to the overthrow of the Soviet regime in the Volga region and Siberia. The Belochekhs occupied a huge territory from Samara to Chita. Here in June 1918 the Constituent Assembly Committee (Komuch) was established. He declared himself the only legal authority in the country. By August 1918, the entire territory of modern Tatarstan was also occupied by the troops of the White Czechs and White Guards. The interventions were concentrated mainly in ports, far from the centers where the fate of the country was decided, and did not take part in active hostilities on the territory of Russia. The Red Army did not conduct military operations against the invaders. The interventionists supported the anti-Soviet forces, rather, by the fact of their presence. However, in the areas of deployment, the interventionists brutally suppressed the partisan movement, exterminated the Bolsheviks. Foreign powers provided the main assistance to the anti-Soviet forces with weapons, finances, and material support. England, for example, fully provided with uniforms (from shoes to hats) and armed A. Kolchak's army - 200 thousand people. By March 1919, Kolchak received 394,000 rifles and 15.6 million cartridges from the USA. A. Denikin received 300 thousand rifles from Romania. Foreign states supplied the anti-Soviet forces with airplanes, armored cars, tanks, and cars. The ships carried rails, steel, tools, and sanitary equipment. Thus, the material basis of the anti-Soviet forces was largely created with the help of foreign states. The civil war was accompanied by active political and military intervention by foreign states. There are 4 stages of the civil war: Stage 1 (summer-autumn 1918). At this stage, the struggle against the Bolsheviks was fought, first of all, by the Right SRs and Mensheviks, who did not formally declare war on the Bolsheviks, but supported the SRs locally.
In July 1918 there were uprisings of the Social Revolutionaries: (left) - in Moscow, (right) - in Yaroslavl, Murom, Rybinsk. The main centers of this movement were: in the Volga region - Samara, in Western Siberia - Tomsk and Novonikolaevsk. The Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom, headed by Savinkov, actively participated in this movement. The resolution of the Central Committee of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party opened terror against the Bolshevik leaders. In August 1918, Uritsky, the chairman of the Cheka, was killed, Lenin was seriously wounded. In response to this, the Council of People's Commissars, by its Decree of September 5, 1918, officially legalized the red terror. In the same period, there was a mutiny of the Czechoslovak corps (from May 1918). By August 1918, the entire territory of modern Tatarstan was occupied by the troops of the White Czechs and White Guards. An offensive began on Moscow through Kazan. Through Kazan, it was possible to control the railway lines to Siberia and the center of Russia. The city was also a large river port. From here it was possible to get the way to the Izhevsk military plants. But the main reason for the attack on Kazan was that almost half of the gold reserves of the empire were in the bank of Kazan. In August 1918 Kazan became the most important frontier where the fate of Soviet Russia was decided. The Eastern Front became the main one. The best regiments and commanders were sent here. September 10, 1918 Kazan was liberated. Stage 2 (late 1918 - early 1919). The end of World War I and the end of the German intervention, the landing of the Entente troops in the ports of Russia. Foreign powers wanted to protect their interests in Russia and prevent the spread of the revolutionary fire to their territories. They attacked from the north and east of the country, but delivered the main blow in the southern regions. Were captured: Novorossiysk, Sevastopol, Odessa, Kherson, Nikolaev. During the same period, Kolchak's dictatorship was established in Omsk. The main danger was represented by Kolchak. Stage 3 (spring 1919 - spring 1920). The departure of the interventionists, the victories of the Red Army over the armies of Kolchak in the East, Denikin in the South, Yudenich in the North-West. Stage 4 (spring-autumn 1920). Soviet-Polish war, defeat of Wrangel's troops in the Crimea. IN 1921-1922 the elimination of the local centers of the civil war, the Makhno detachments, the White Cossack rebellions in the Kuban, the liberation of the Far East from the Japanese, the fight against the Basmachi in Central Asia were carried out.
The outcome of the war: the victory of Soviet power.
The "white movement" was defeated for the following reasons:
There was no unity in the white movement, personal ambitions were disunited and there were disagreements with the interventionists, who wanted to increase their territories at the expense of Russia, and the White Guards advocated a united and indivisible Russia. The forces of the whites were significantly inferior to the Red Army. The white movement did not have a defined socio-economic politics. The program of the whites was unpopular with their desire to restore the old order, landlordism. The "whites" were against the right of peoples to self-determination. The arbitrariness of the whites, the punitive policy and the return of the old order, the pogroms of the Jews deprived the "white movement" of social support. The victory in the war of the "Reds" was ensured by a number of factors:The Bolsheviks had an important advantage - the central position of Russia. This allowed them not only to have powerful economic potential (basic human resources and the overwhelming majority of the metalworking industry), which the whites did not have, but also to quickly maneuver their forces. Success in organizing the rear. A special role was played by the system of "war communism", which turned the country into a single military camp. A system of emergency supply, control, counterrevolutionary fighting, etc. was created. In the republic and the party there were generally recognized leaders in the person of V.I. Lenin and L.D. Trotsky, a united Bolshevik elite, which provided the military and political leadership of the regions and armies. With the broad participation of old military specialists, a five-million-strong regular army was created (on the basis of a general conscription). Consequences of the Civil War.The civil war was a terrible disaster for Russia. It led to a further deterioration of the economic situation in the country, to complete economic ruin. Material damage amounted to more than 50 billion rubles. gold. There was a reduction in industrial production and a halt in the transport system. 15 million people died, another 2 million emigrated from Russia. Among them were many representatives of the intellectual elite - the pride of the nation. The political opposition was destroyed. The dictatorship of Bolshevism was established.
1 civil war (G.V.) - a way of resolving acute contradictions (class, national, religious) between various social and political forces within the country by means of armed violence.
Intervention - violent interference of one or several states in the internal affairs of another state.
2.Temporary and spatial characteristics: The exact time of the beginning and end of G.V. it is difficult to point out, but when determining the chronological framework, there are two periodizations. First: summer 1918 - 1920 This periodization is accepted by the majority of historians and prevails in educational and scientific literature. In this case, we are talking about highlighting a special period in the history of the Soviet state, the period of intervention and civil war, when the military question became the main, fundamental issue on which the fate of the revolution depended. Second periodization: 1917 - 1922 - is associated with the concept of civil war as a form of class struggle. And this struggle began immediately after October 1917. Suffice it to recall the Kerensky-Krasnov mutiny, the speeches of Kaledin, Dutov, Kornilov, Alekseev — all these were the centers of G.V. By 1921 - 1922. - refers to the elimination of the last centers of resistance to Soviet power.
3. Prerequisites and reasons G.V. a) The reasons for G.V. - the ultimate exacerbation of social, class and political contradictions, which led to confrontation, and then to a split of society into warring camps. b) The inability and unwillingness to solve the problem peacefully (on both sides).
4. The beginning of G.V. and intervention (first half of 1918) The Volunteer Army (former tsarist officers - Alekseev, Kornilov, Denikin) is formed on the Don, which goes to the Kuban - "Ice Campaign". At the same time, White Cossack units were formed in the Don, South Urals, Kuban and Siberia. In parallel, the beginning of the intervention. December 1917 - Romania occupies Bessarabia. February 1918 - Germany, Turkey, Austria invade Russia. Spring 1918 - British, French and American troops land in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk, planning an offensive on Petrograd and Moscow. The Soviet regime was overthrown here. Japanese, American, British troops are in the Far East. In the summer of 1918, British intervention began in Transcaucasia and Central Asia. Germany occupied Ukraine, captured Rostov and Taganrog, violating the terms of the Brest Peace. German troops invaded Belarus, the Baltics, Crimea and Transcaucasia. In May 1918, a revolt of the Czechoslovak corps began. In September 1918, with the capture of Baku by the British, a ring of fronts closed around the Soviet Republic.
5. Red and white terror... Terror is suppression, elimination of political opponents by violent method. Violence has become the norm. Both the Reds and the Whites had military punitive organs. Wherever riots broke out, the victims, first of all, were the Bolshevik leaders. The Bolsheviks acted no less harshly. In Yekaterinburg, at the approach of the Czechoslovak corps, in the face of widespread anti-Soviet riots, the royal family was shot (on the night of July 16-17). The Social Revolutionaries killed Volodarsky, Uritsky. August 30, 1918 - Lenin is wounded. On September 5, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a resolution "On the Red Terror". All persons involved in White Guard organizations, conspiracies and revolts were subject to execution. For 1918-1919 more than 9 thousand people were shot by the Cheka.
6. Strengthening the Red Army (K.A.) and organizing defense (summer-autumn 1918)... Creature new army (late 1917 - early 1918). April 22, 1918 - a decree on compulsory general military training was issued. In May, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee issued a decree "On the transition to a general mobilization of workers and the poorest peasants." The Red Army is the backbone (300 thousand people), members of the CPSU (b). By the end of G.V. in K.A. - 5.5 million people (700 thousand workers). The army served 50 thousand officers and generals of the old army (military experts) - Shaposhnikov, Egorov, Tukhachevsky, Karbyshev. In the fall of 1918, K.A. - the positions of military commissars were introduced. September 2, 1918 - By a resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Soviet Republic was declared a military camp. The Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (RVSR) was created, headed by Trotsky. The post of commander-in-chief of the republic's armed forces was established On November 30, 1918, the Council of Workers 'and Peasants' Defense was created, headed by Lenin. Soviet military leaders - Budyonny, Voroshilov, Blucher, Lazo, Kotovsky, Parkhomenko, Frunze, Chapaev, Shchors, Yakir.
7. Military actions summer-autumn 1918... In the second half of 1918, Denikin's Volunteer Army inflicted a number of serious defeats on the Red Army. In November 1918, Krasnov's Don army, having broken through the southern front, began to move north. In December, her offensive was stopped, and at the beginning of 1919 K.A. managed to launch a counteroffensive. Belochekhs in the Middle Volga region are trying to break into the center of the country. The Eastern Front was created. In heavy battles K.A. liberates Kazan, Samara, Simbirsk. Northern Front (autumn 1918) - whites and interventionists stopped in the region of Kotlas and Vologda.
8. Military operations in late 1918 - early 1919... The military intervention and blockade of the Soviet Republic is intensifying. Allied troops landed in Odessa, Sevastopol, Vladivostok. On November 18, 1918, Admiral Kolchak carried out a coup in Omsk and established a military dictatorship. Kolchak took the title of supreme ruler Russian state and the rank of Commander. Denikin became his deputy in the south of the country. Kolchak creates an army of 400 thousand people. and begins active operations on the Eastern Front. Eastern Front - battles with varying success. Northern Front - Americans and General Miller - dictatorship in Arkhangelsk. Southern Front - Krasnov's troops are defeated and the Don is liberated. Denikin begins an offensive in the North Caucasus. January 1919 - The Volunteer Army and the Cossack troops of the Don and Kuban united into the armed forces of southern Russia under the command of Denikin.
9. Military operations in the second half of 1919 - the first half of 1920
Southern Front: The main danger from the South is General Denikin (110 thousand people). The Entente provides him with massive support. May-June 1919 - Denikin goes on the offensive along the entire Southern Front (Kharkov, Yekaterinoslav, Tsaritsyn are taken). July 3, 1919 - Denikin gives the order to attack Moscow. On the right flank - the Caucasian army, in the center - the Don, on the left - the Volunteer. Soviet power: "All to fight Denikin!" In the rear, Denikin is restoring the old order, which leads to the growth of the strike and partisan movement. August 15, 1919 - K.A. begins a counteroffensive. After temporary successes, it was suspended due to lack of strength. White inflicted a counterattack: Kursk, Voronezh, Oryol were taken - they approached Tula. The most critical days for Soviet power have come. Mid-October - fierce fighting on the Southern Front. Mid-November - The Red Army strikes at the junction of the Volunteer and Don armies. The main striking force is Budyonny's 1st Cavalry Army. January 1920 - Tukhachevsky took Tsaritsyn, Rostov-on-Don, the last stronghold of the whites - Novosibirsk. Denikin transferred command to Wrangel and went abroad.
Petrograd front: Summer 1919 - at the height of the fighting on the Eastern Front, the troops of General Yudenich went on the offensive against Petrograd. From the sea they were supported by the English fleet. In May, Yudenich took Gdov, Yamburg and Pskov. In mid-June, the Red Army launched an offensive. The immediate threat to Petrograd was removed, but, thanks to the efforts of the allies, Yudenich's army soon restored its combat capability. Autumn 1919 - Yudenich begins the second offensive against Petrograd, there is a danger of surrendering the city. But on October 21 K.A. begins an offensive along the entire front. Yudenich is defeated, the English fleet is leaving the waters of the Baltic.
Eastern front: Autumn 1919 - K.A. begins a new offensive on the Eastern Front. November 14 - Omsk is taken - the capital of Kolchak. On January 6, 1920, the remnants of Kolchak's army were defeated near Krasnoyarsk. He and his prime minister were shot. The Entente evacuates its troops from Russia, and Japan withdraws them to Primorye. K.A. conducts offensive operations, but at the boundary of Lake Baikal they are suspended (to avoid war with Japan). Spring 1920 - the decision to create the Far Eastern Republic (FER) - a buffer state between Soviet Russia and Japan.
Northern front: In early 1920, Arkhangelsk and Murmansk were liberated. Intervention and counter-revolution are over.
Defeat of counter-revolution in Transcaucasia and Central Asia. The Azerbaijan SSR, the Armenian SSR, and the Georgian SSR were created. In Central Asia, the Khorezm and Bukhara NSR were created.
10. The final stage of the civil war.
War with Poland... In the spring of 1920, Poland began military operations against Soviet Russia. The Western (Tukhachevsky) and Southwestern (Egorov) fronts were formed. In the summer of 1920, they went on the offensive, but the Western Front suffered a crushing defeat at Warsaw, and the Red Army was forced to retreat again. In March 1921, a peace treaty was signed with Poland.
Defeat Wrangel... Leaving Russia forever in April 1920, Denikin handed over power to General Wrangel. By early June, Wrangel was entrenched in the Crimea, having at his disposal a significant land army and navy. The offensive of Wrangel's troops began in May 1920. The Southern Front was again created, with the task of liberating the Crimea before winter began. In September and October K.A. successfully restrained the onslaught of Wrangel, who was trying to unite with the White Poles. At the end of October, in Northern Tavria, the main forces of Wrangel were defeated, parts of K.A. reached Perekop. On the night of November 7, 1920, parts of K.A. forced the Sivash, and led the offensive to the rear of the impregnable Perekop positions. At the same time, an attack on these positions through the Turkish Wall began. Perekop was taken. After its capture, other positions of the Wrangelites fell as well. By November 17, Crimea was completely cleared of whites, the Southern Front was liquidated. The remnants of Wrangel's troops (about 145 thousand) were evacuated abroad on foreign ships.
11. Results of G.V.: Human losses - about 8 million. people: victims of hunger, disease, terror and war. Losses from 1918 to 1923: 13 million people. Material losses: 50 billion gold rubles. 2-2.5 million people emigrated. 200 thousand families of Russians were left homeless. Industrial production fell: to 4-20% in relation to 1913. The agricultural sector has been halved. Degradation of transport, destruction of internal and external economic ties, a sharp decline in culture and morality. The victory of the Bolsheviks marked the beginning of the formation of a totalitarian regime in Soviet Russia.
Ticket
- The civil war and military intervention of 1917-1922 in Russia is an armed struggle for power between representatives of different classes, social strata and groups of the former Russian Empire with the participation of the troops of the Quadruple Alliance and the Entente.
1. Causes of the war and its content.
The main reasons for the Civil War and military intervention were:
· The irreconcilability of the positions of various political parties, groupings and classes in matters of power, economic and political course of the country;
· The stake of the opponents of Bolshevism on the overthrow of Soviet power by armed means with the support of foreign states;
· The desire of the latter to protect their interests in Russia and prevent the spread of the revolutionary movement in the world; the development of national separatist movements on the territory of the former Russian Empire;
· The radicalism of the Bolsheviks, who considered revolutionary violence to be one of the most important means of achieving their political goals, the desire of the leadership of the Bolshevik party to put into practice the ideas of the world revolution.
(Military encyclopedia. Military publishing. Moscow. In 8 volumes - 2004)
After the withdrawal of Russia from the First World War, German and Austro-Hungarian troops in February 1918 occupied part of Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic States and southern Russia. To preserve Soviet power, Soviet Russia agreed to the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty (March 1918). In March 1918, Anglo Franco American troops landed in Murmansk; in April, Japanese troops in Vladivostok; in May, a revolt of the Czechoslovak corps began, following the Trans-Siberian Railway to the East. Samara, Kazan, Simbirsk, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk and other cities along the entire length of the highway were captured. All this created serious problems for the new government. By the summer of 1918, on 3/4 of the country's territory, numerous groups and governments were formed that opposed the Soviet regime. The Soviet government set about creating the Red Army and adopted a policy of war communism. In June, the government formed the Eastern Front, in September - the Southern and Northern Fronts.
By the end of the summer of 1918, Soviet power remained mainly in the central regions of Russia and in part of the territory of Turkestan. In the second half of 1918, the Red Army won its first victories on the Eastern Front, liberated the Volga region, part of the Urals.
After the revolution in Germany, which took place in November 1918, the Soviet government annulled the Brest-Litovsk Peace, Ukraine and Belarus were liberated. However, the policy of war communism, as well as decossackization, provoked peasant and Cossack uprisings in various regions and enabled the leaders of the anti-Bolshevik camp to form numerous armies and launch a broad offensive against the Soviet Republic.
In October 1918, the Volunteer Army of General Anton Denikin and the Don Cossack Army of General Pyotr Krasnov went on the offensive against the Red Army in the South; the Kuban and Don region were occupied, attempts were made to cut the Volga in the Tsaritsyn area. In November 1918, Admiral Alexander Kolchak announced the establishment of a dictatorship in Omsk and proclaimed himself the supreme ruler of Russia.
In November-December 1918, British and French landings were landed in Odessa, Sevastopol, Nikolaev, Kherson, Novorossiysk, Batumi. In December, Kolchak's army, which captured Perm, stepped up its actions, but the Red Army troops, having captured Ufa, suspended its offensive.
In January 1919, the Soviet troops of the Southern Front managed to push back from the Volga and defeat Krasnov's troops, the remnants of which joined the Armed Forces of the South of Russia created by Denikin. In February 1919, the Western Front was created.
At the beginning of 1919, the offensive of the French troops in the Black Sea region ended in failure, a revolutionary ferment began in the French squadron, after which the French command was forced to evacuate its troops. In April, British units left Transcaucasia. In March 1919, Kolchak's army launched an offensive along the Eastern Front; by the beginning of April, she captured the Urals and advanced to the Middle Volga.
In March-May 1919, the Red Army repelled the offensive of the White Guard forces from the east (Admiral Alexander Kolchak), the south (General Anton Denikin), and the west (General Nikolai Yudenich). As a result of the general counteroffensive of the units of the Eastern Front of the Red Army in May July, the Urals were occupied and in the next six months, with the active participation of partisans, Siberia.
In April-August 1919, the interventionists were forced to evacuate their troops from the south of Ukraine, from the Crimea, Baku, Central Asia. The troops of the Southern Front defeated Denikin's armies near Orel and Voronezh and by March 1920 pushed their remnants back to the Crimea. In the fall of 1919, Yudenich's Army was finally defeated near Petrograd.
At the beginning of 1920, the North and the coast of the Caspian Sea were occupied. The Entente states completely withdrew their troops and lifted the blockade. After the end of the Soviet-Polish war, the Red Army inflicted a series of blows on the troops of General Pyotr Wrangel and drove them out of the Crimea.
In the territories occupied by the White Guards and interventionists, a partisan movement was operating. In the Chernigov province, one of the organizers of the partisan movement was Nikolai Shchors, in Primorye, the commander-in-chief of the partisan forces was Sergei Lazo. The Ural partisan army under the command of Vasily Blucher in 1918 carried out a raid from the region of Orenburg and Verkhneuralsk through the Ural ridge in the Kama region. She defeated 7 regiments of Whites, Czechs and Poles, disorganized the rear of the Whites. After passing 1.5 thousand km, the partisans joined up with the main forces of the Eastern Front of the Red Army.
In 1921-1922, anti-Bolshevik uprisings were suppressed in Kronstadt, in the Tambov region, in a number of regions of Ukraine, etc., the remaining centers of interventionists and White Guards in Central Asia and the Far East were liquidated (October 1922).
The consequences of the war.
By 1921, Russia was literally in ruins. The territories of Poland, Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Western Ukraine, Belarus, the Kara region (in Armenia) and Bessarabia departed from the former Russian Empire. According to experts, the population in the remaining territories barely reached 135 million people. Losses in these territories as a result of wars, epidemics, emigration, and a decline in the birth rate amounted to at least 25 million people since 1914.
During the hostilities, Donbass, the Baku oil region, the Urals and Siberia were particularly affected, many mines and mines were destroyed. Due to the lack of fuel and raw materials, factories were stopped. The workers were forced to leave the cities and go to the countryside. In general, the level of industry has decreased by 5 times. The equipment has not been updated for a long time. Metallurgy produced as much metal as it was smelted under Peter I.
Rural production fell by 40%. Almost all of the imperial intelligentsia was destroyed. Those who remained urgently emigrated to avoid this fate. During the Civil War, according to various sources, from 8 to 13 million people died from hunger, disease, terror and in battles, including about 1 million soldiers of the Red Army. Up to 2 million people emigrated from the country. The number of street children increased dramatically after the First World War and the Civil War. According to some data, in 1921 there were 4.5 million homeless children in Russia, according to others - in 1922 there were 7 million homeless children. The damage to the national economy amounted to about 50 billion gold rubles, industrial production fell to 4-20% of the 1913 level.
Losses during the war (table 1)
Results of the intervention
“Some exotic African troops were peacefully walking along the streets of this beautiful seaside town: Negroes, Algerians, Moroccans brought by the French occupiers from hot and distant countries - indifferent, carefree, poorly understanding what was the matter. They did not know how to fight and did not want to. They went shopping, buying all sorts of trash and giggling, speaking in a guttural language. Why they were brought here, they themselves did not know for sure. "
Alexander Vertinsky about the French intervention in Odessa, early 1919
The leaders of the White movement were in fact in a stalemate regarding the issue of accepting or not accepting the help of the “allies”: a ruined economy that required huge financial costs; the stationing of all White Guard state entities on the outskirts of the empire, without fail with a rear at sea, which did not have an industrial and material base - in contrast to the position of the Bolsheviks based in the center of the country with its factories and military depots during the First World War. Unable to manage on their own, they were forced to put themselves in strategic dependence on the interventionists, who, as Ph.D. NS Kirmel, in solidarity in this matter with Doctor of Historical Sciences. NA Narochnitskaya, in a difficult moment betrayed the White movement.
An important factor, skillfully used by the Bolsheviks against the White movement in the propaganda struggle, was the very presence on the territory of Russia of limited contingents of foreign troops, who did not want to fight the Red Army, and therefore brought the fact of their presence to the White movement not so much good, how much harm, since they only discredited anti-Soviet governments among the masses and gave the Soviets a powerful propaganda trump card. Bolshevik agitators presented the White Guards as alleged henchmen of the world bourgeoisie, trading in national interests and natural resources, and his struggle is supposedly patriotic and just.
List of used literature
1. Goldin V. I. Russia in the civil war. Essays on the latest historiography.
M.-2000.-276s.
2. Civil war in documents and memoirs.-M.-1998.
3. History of the USSR. / Edited by V.P. Ostrovsky - M .: Prosvet, 1990.
4. Konovalov V. Civil war in Russia (1917-1922): myths and
reality // Dialogue.-1998.-№9.-p.72-76
5. Levandovsky A.A., Shchetinov Yu.A. Russia in the XX century: Textbook. M .: Vlados,
6. Our Fatherland. Experience political history... T.2 - M .: Prosvet, 1991.
7. Domestic history / Edited by A.A. Radugin. - M .: Academy, 2003.
8. Manual on the history of the Fatherland / Ed. Kuritsina V.M. - M .: Prostor,
9. Shevotsukov P. A. Pages of the history of the Civil War.-M.-1995.
Similar information.
(in the Soviet historiogr. other data were given), armed. power struggle between representatives of different. classes, social. layers and groups of ex. Grew up. empire with the participation of the troops of the Quadruple Alliance and the Entente. Main reasons G.v. and V.I .: irreconcilability of the positions of polit. parties, groups and classes in matters of power, econ. and polit. country course; rate of pr-cov owls. power to overthrow her arms. through with the support of foreign. state-in; the desire of the latter to protect their interests in Russia and prevent the spread of revolutionaries. movement in the world; development of national-separatist movements on the outskirts of the former. Grew up. empire; radicalism is a Bolshevik. leadership, who considered one of the most important means of achieving their polit. goals of the revolutionary. violence, and its desire to put into practice the ideas of the "world revolution".
The beginning of the Civil. war (Oct. 1917 - Feb. 1918). As a result of the Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917 in Russia, the RSDLP (Bolsheviks) came to power and the Party of Left Socialist Revolutionaries, which supported it (until July 1918), expressed in the main. interests grew. the proletariat and the poorest peasantry. They were opposed by motley in their social. composition and often scattered forces of the other (non-proletarian) part grew. about-va, represented by numerous. parties, trends, associations, platforms, unions, etc., often at odds with each other, but adhered to, as a rule, anti-Bolsheviks. focus. An open clash in the struggle for power between the two. polit. forces in the country led to G.v. Ch. instruments for achieving the goals set in G. were: on the one hand, the Red Guard (then the Red Army), on the other, the White Army, hence the established terminology of the period of the Civil War. in designation warring parties - "red" and "white". Immediately after the October armed uprising in Petrograd in 1917, the Kerensky-Krasnov rebellion of 1917 broke out, which was quickly suppressed. In Moscow, fighting revolution. detachments of workers and soldiers against supporters of Vrem. pr-v were conducted on October 26. - November 3 (November 8-16) and ended with the defeat of the latter. In nov. - Dec. 1917 Sov. power is established on most ter. Russia. The proclamation by the 2nd Congress of Soviets of the right of nations to self-determination was used by various. nationalistic. forces for separation from Russia and the creation of their own. nat.-ter. formations. In the end. 1917 - early. 1918 Finland declared its independence, Ukr. bunk bed Rep., Mountain Rep., Zakavk. commissariat, Kuban regional production, Mold. bunk bed rep. and others. In a number of regions of the country, Ch. arr. in the Cossack regions, the local authorities refused to recognize the Sov. pr-in (see Dutov revolt of 1917-18, Kaledin revolt of 1917-18). Top. commander-in-chief. armed forces Ros. owls. rep. General - l. N.N. Dukhonin refused to comply with the order of the Sov. pr-va address to germ. command with a proposal for a truce and for disobedience at the direction of the previous. SNK V.I. Lenin was removed from office, and the Headquarters of the Supreme Command rus. army 20 Nov. (3 Dec.) is occupied by a roar. troops led by N.V. Krylenko and put in the service of owls. authorities in order to conclude peace with Germany and demobilize the old army. Nov 21 (Dec 4) signed an agreement with germ. command about the time. the end of the military. actions, 2 (15) Dec. a truce was concluded. To fight the counterrevolutionary. forces were sent to the places of the revolution. detachments. The fighting on both sides was carried out by the det. detachments, ch. arr. along the railway per cr. us. points and railway nodes (see "Echelon War"). K ser. in the spring of 1918, the first centers of counterrevolution in the country were eliminated. Main the reason for the subsequent deployment of G.V. was a military man. foreign intervention state-in.
The exit of the Sov. Russia from the 1st world. war, the fight against German-Austr. military. intervention (Feb.-May 1918). Guided by the Decree on Peace, Sov. pr-in invited all the belligerent states-you start peace. conversation. 9 (22) Dec. in Brest-Litovsk, negotiations began on the conclusion of peace between Russia and Germany. Taking advantage of the fact that the Entente refused to negotiate, the Germ. the delegation on 01/27/1918 in an ultimatum demanded from the Sov. Russia signing peace for annexationist. conditions. The threat of the military. clashes with Germany forced the Sov. pr-in to speed up the solution of the issue of creating a new army, tk. old Russian the army finally lost its combat capability and could not serve as a support for the owls. authorities. 28 jan. the Decree on the organization of the Kr. army, and 11 Feb. - Cr. fleet. They were supposed to be recruited only from representatives of the working classes on a voluntary basis. Meanwhile, in response to germ. ultimatum head of owls. delegation of the People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs. cases L.D. Trotsky arbitrarily broke off the negotiations and announced a unilateral end to the war and the demobilization of the Russian. army. Against the Sov. Russia began the German-Austrian military intervention in 1918. The remains of the old Russian. armies, unable to offer resistance, began to retreat in disarray to the east. Feb. 22. owls. Prospect published the decree "The Socialist Fatherland is in Danger!" and called on the people to fight the invaders. Feb 23 unfolded a massive entry of workers into the Kyrgyz Republic. army and construction of fortifications in the most important areas. March 3 owls. the pr-in signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918, which meant the withdrawal of Russia from the 1st world. wars on the side of the Entente. However, by agreement with Ukr. Center. gladly the interventionists continued their offensive in the Ukraine and soon completed its occupation, in March 1918 Germ. troops landed in Finland in April. captured the Crimea, at the beginning. May they occupied Rostov-on-Don and supported Krasnov, who headed the Don. Cossacks against the owls. authorities. Sov. Balt. the fleet was forced from the ports of Finland to relocate to Kronstadt, and Chernomor. the fleet, in order to prevent its capture by the Germans, was sunk in Novorossiysk (June 18). On March 3, the Supreme Military Council was formed, which is entrusted with performing the functions of the top. command of the Armed Forces of the Sov. Republic. In apr. owls. troops on the west. border closed in curtains, the country introduced general military. training (Vsevobuch), a local military man was created. apparatus - military. commissariats, a military institute was established in the army and navy. commissars, on May 29, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a decree on universal military service. The building of regul. Cr. army.
Sov. Republic in a ring of fronts (May - November 1918). The war that began in the spring of 1918. armament intervention forces of the Entente was a decisive factor in the expansion of the German military. in Russia. The Entente troops landed in Murmansk and Vladivostok, invaded Wed. Asia and Transcaucasia. Having created bridgeheads in the north, east and south of the country, the Entente organized the Czechoslovak Corps mutiny of 1918 (May 25), to-ry revived the internal. counterrevolution. With its help, in May - July 1918 the Czechoslovakians captured Wed. Volga region, Ural, Siberia and D. East. To fight them, the Eastern Front was created 1918 - 20. In the south of the country, with the help of the interventionists, centers of counterrevolution also arose: the White Cossacks on the Don in Ch. with Ataman Krasnov, the Volunteer Army (General Director A.I. Denikin) in the Kuban, bourgeois nationalist. regimes in Transcaucasia, Ukraine, etc. United. hike out. and int. counterrevolutions against Resp. The Soviets demanded an increase in the number. Cr. army, improvement of its organizational-staff structure, operative. and strategist. management, improving the level of combat training and discipline, first of all, eradicating the remnants of partisanship. Instead of veils, a front began to be created. and arm. combining with correspondent. governing bodies (Southern, Northern, Western and Ukrainian fronts). Having lost 3/4 ter. country, Sov. Rep. ended up in a ring of fronts. In these conditions, the Sov. pr-in nationalized kr. and cf. industry, took control of the small-scale, introduced labor conscription for the population, surplus allocation and on September 2, 1918 declared the country a single military. camp. For a strategist. military leadership. actions, the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (RVSR) was created, to-ry headed by Trotsky, the post of commander-in-chief was introduced. Sun Rep. (I.I. Vatsetis). 11/30/1918 established the Council of Workers 'and Peasants' Defense (Lenin). All these measures made it possible to turn the tide of arms. fight and win the first victories at the front. During the offensive of the Eastern Front in 1918-19, Wed. Volga and Kama regions. Sov. troops successfully repelled the Don offensive. White Cossacks on Tsaritsyn (Volgograd) (see Tsaritsyn Defense 1918-19) and Denikin's troops on Grozny and Kizlyar. Military. successes of Kr. armies somewhat stabilized the situation, accelerated the transition of the middle peasant to the side of the Sov. authorities and expanded the social. base of owls. Rep.
Failure of the Entente's attempts to destroy the Sov. Republic on its own (Nov.1918 - March 1919). In nov. 1918 Germany, defeated in the 1st world. war, surrendered to the Entente. Revolutions took place in Germany and Austria-Hungary. 11/13/1918 Sov. the pr-in canceled the Brest Peace. Sov. troops, advancing behind those retreating from the occupied ter. germ. and Austro-Hungarian. armies, began the liberation of Belarus, Ukraine and the Baltic states (see the offensive of the Red Army in Belarus and the Baltic States 1918-19, the offensive of the Ukrainian front 1919). However, the end of the 1st world. war untied the hands of the Entente. She decided to throw the liberated troops against the Sov. Russia and destroy its own. forces. The White Guards were assigned an auxiliary. role. In Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Vladivostok, and other cities, new units and corps have landed. interventionists. The help of the Whites has sharply increased. troops. In rez-those military. coup in Omsk was installed by the military. dictatorship of adm. A.V. Kolchak, a protege of the Entente. Ch. military blow. The Entente strategists decided to inflict on Moscow from the south. ports landed kr. contingents of interventionists. However, they met stubborn resistance from the partisans. and rebel. detachments in Ukraine and were able to advance into the interior of the country by only 100-150 km. The actions of the Entente were also affected by the contradictions between the allies, the lack of a firm and unified management of the multinationals. forces and a sharp drop in the morale of troops thrown from one war to another and for this reason did not burn with the desire to fight against their recent ally - Russia. Sov. Rep. she skillfully used the contradictions in the camp of her pr-cov and organized active work to decompose the troops of the interventionists. Sov. The strategy set the goal of first crushing the troops of Kolchak and Denikin, preventing them from uniting with the interventionists, and then defeating the Entente troops. In the end. 1918 began the offensive Kr. armies on all fronts. Left bank were released. Ukraine, Don region, South. Ural, a number of districts to the north and north-west. countries. Thus, the plan of the Entente to destroy the owls. power was thwarted. Revolutions began in her troops. speeches of soldiers, and military. the Entente leadership hastily withdrew its troops from Russia.
Decisive victories Kr. armies on the fronts of Civil. wars (March 1919 - March 1920). In the beginning. 1919 The Entente relied on internal forces. counterrevolutions and small states adjacent to Russia. A concentric plan was developed. the offensive of these forces on Moscow. Main the role was assigned to Kolchak's army. Auxiliary. strikes were delivered: from the south - the army of Denikin, from the west - the Poles and the troops of the Baltic states. state-in, with S.-Z. - White North. corps and fin. troops, with S. - White. troops North. region (General - L. E.K. Miller). Total in combination the campaign had to take part approx. 1 million people Cr. the army numbered St. 500 thousand people In connection with the new military. the threat of the Sov. Rep. a course was taken to further strengthen Kr. army. The material basis for this was a strong alliance of owls. power with the middle peasant and the design of military-polit. union of owls. republics, which significantly strengthened the country's defense capacity, made it possible to create a 3 million army and carry out the follow-up. defeat numerous. pr-kov. In the spring of 1919 the Sov. Rep. focused efforts on V., where before Kr. the army was tasked with crushing Kolchak. During the strategist. defenses, then counter-offensives of the Eastern Front in 1919, Kolchak's armies were defeated and driven back beyond the Urals. In the summer of 1919, without stopping the victorious offensive in the Urals and Siberia (see the Offensive of the Eastern Front 1919-20), Kr. the army repelled the offensive created on the basis of the White. North. buildings North-West. army (general from info-i N.N. Yudenich) (see Petrograd defense 1919). In the fall of 1919, in view of the fact that the stake on Kolchak failed and the Entente moved Ch. blow from V. to Yu., main. efforts of Kr. armies were focused on the fight against Denikin's troops, which launched an offensive on Moscow (see Offensive Armed Forces South of Russia 1919). In the counteroffensive of the Southern Front in 1919, and then in the offensive of the Southern and South-Eastern fronts of 1919-20, Denikin's armies were defeated, and their remnants were driven back to the North. Caucasus and Crimea. At the same time, Yudenich's new offensive against Petrograd failed, and his army was defeated. The destruction of the remnants of Denikin's troops in the North. Caucasus Kr. army completed in the spring of 1920. The achievement of decisive victories in 1919 means. partisans played a role (see Partisan Movement in the Russian Civil War 1917-22).
The Soviet-Polish war and the defeat of Wrangel (Apr. - Nov. 1920). In the spring of 1920, the Entente organized a new campaign against the Sov. Russia. This time DOS. beats the Polish militarists, who were planning the restoration of the Commonwealth within the borders of 1772, and the Russian army of 1920 (general-l. P.N. Wrangel) came out by force. The Soviet-Polish war of 1920 ended with Poland's withdrawal from the war (October 1920). Wrangel's troops were defeated in October. - nov. during the counterattack of the Southern Front in 1920 and the Perekop-Chongar operation in 1920. Their remnants went abroad. Main foci of G. on ter. Russia were eliminated. But on the outskirts, it still continued.
The final stage of the Civil War (1920-22). With the defeat of the main. Forces of the counter-revolution, hostilities continued in the Transcaucasus, Wed. Asia and the D. East. In the spring of 1920 Cr. army came to the aid of Azerb. the Bolsheviks. During the Baku operation in 1920, owls were installed. power in Azerbaijan. In May from the White. Fleet cleared Caspian m. In August. - Sept. 1920 Cr. the army provided assistance to Bukhara. revolutionaries who raised an uprising against the emir. During the Bukhara operation in 1920 in Bukhara, a plank bed was installed. power, and Bukhara. the emirate is liquidated. In the beginning. 1921 Cr. the army came to the aid of the arm. and cargo. revolutionaries who raised uprisings against their bourgeois-nationalist. regimes, and helped them establish Sov. power in Georgia and Armenia (see the Erivan operation in 1921, the Tiflis operation in 1921, the Batumi operation in 1921). In the D. East, the fight against the White. the formations were led by the People's Revolutionary Army of the Far East Republic. In the summer of 1921, in cooperation with parts of the Kr. army and numerous. rebel with detachments, she defeated the troops of General L. R.F. Ungern von Sternberg, invading ter. Transbaikalia from Mongolia. July 6 owls. troops entered Urga (Ulan Bator), where Mong was proclaimed. Nar. Rep. (see Mongol Operations 1921). In Feb. in the Volochaev operation of 1922 Nar. — revolutionary. army (NRA) defeated the White insurgents. army general - m. V.M. Molchanov, and in October. joint with the partisans liberated Primorye (see Primorskaya operation 1922). 10/25/1922 NRA (IP Uborevich) and the partisans of Primorye entered Vladivostok, left by the Japanese. interventionists and White Guards. With the liberation of Primorye, the G.V.
Results of the Civil War. In a fierce weapon. the fight against internal. counter-revolution and foreign. military. an intervention that lasted 5 years, the Sov. Rep. Ter. the integrity of the state, which fell apart after the crash of Ros. empire, restored. Outside the union of owls. republics, the basis of which was Russia, only Poland, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia remained, as well as Bessarabia, annexed to Romania, West. Ukraine and West. Belarus, ceded to Poland. Main cause of the victory of the Sov. Russia in G.V. there was support for owls. power dop. the mass of the people. The important conditions for victory were: military-polit. the alliance of the working class and the working peasantry, the alliance of the Sov. republics, broad support for the just struggle of the peoples of Russia by the workers of other countries. Sov. Rep. created in the conditions of G.V. powerful aircrafts with a clear org. structure, centralized. leadership and high warrior. discipline. To the end. 1920 Cr. the army consisted of 5.5 million people. During G.v. 22 armies were formed (including 2 cavalry), 174 div., of which 35 cavalry, as well as big number dep. parts differ. types of troops. In G.v. personnel of Kr. army showed great courage and heroism. Two armies (5A and 11A) became Red Banners. 55 parts, conn. and military training. institutions for military exploits were awarded hordes. Cr. Banner (established in Sept. 1918), and 300 - Honorary Revolution. Cr. banner. Ord. Cr. The banner was awarded approx. 15 thousand people, of which approx. 300 people twice and three times, and military officers V.K. Blucher, S.S. Vostretsov, J.F. Fabritius and I.F. Fedko - four times. In the ranks of Kr. army and navy in the years of G.V. served approx. 75 thousand officers and generals of the old Russian. armies, experience and knowledge to-rykh played an important role in the construction of owls. Armed Forces and their leadership on the battlefield. Of these, cr. military talent and organizer. abilities were shown by I.I. Vatsetis, V.M. Gittis, A.I. Egorov, S.S. Kamenev and A.I. Cork, F.C. Mironov, D.N. Reliable, M.N. Tukhachevsky, I.P. Uborevich, V.I. Shorin and many others. others. Successfully proved themselves as military men and many former. soldiers, sailors and non-commissioned officers of the old Russian. armies: V.K. Blucher, S.M. Budyonny, P.E. Dybenko, B.M. Dumenko, V.I. Kikvidze, G.I. Kotovsky, N.G. Markin, V.M. Primakov, F.F. Raskolnikov, V.I. Chapaev and others, as well as M.V. Frunze, I.E. Yakir, A. Ya. Parkhomenko et al. Rigid centralization. the leadership of the army and navy was carried out by the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic. Polit. work in the troops was led, as a rule, by large Sov. and desks. figures and prof. revolutionaries who served as members of the Revolutionary Military Council of fronts and armies: A.S. Bubnov, K.E. Voroshilov, S.M. Kirov, V.V. Kuibyshev, G.K. Ordzhonikidze, N.I. Podvoisky, P.P. Postyshev, I. T. Smilga, N.I. Smirnov, I. V. Stalin and many others. etc. From the military. leaders of the White movement a prominent role in the G.V. played by generals M.V. Alekseev, P.N. Wrangel, A.I. Denikin, A.I. Dutov, L.G. Kornilov, P.N. Krasnov, E.K. Miller, G.M. Semyonov, N.N. Yudenich, adm. A.V. Kolchak and others G.V. adversely affected the position of the country, an already weakened world. war. The total amount of damage caused by G.v. and V.I., amounted to approx. 50 billion gold rubles. To the end. G.V. prom. production in Russia decreased to 4-20% of the 1913 level, and agricultural production. production - almost doubled. Irrecoverable losses Kr. armies amounted to 940 thousand people. (mainly from typhoid epidemics), and sanitary - approx. 6.8 million people Belogv. troops, according to incomplete data, lost only 125 thousand people in battles. The total losses of Russia in Georgia amounted to approx. 13 million people Uncompromising polit. goals of the parties participating in the Civil War, determined its extremely fierce nature, led to numerous human casualties, loss for a long time. time intelligence. potential of the country and the destruction of its bunkers. x-va. Seriously aggravated the consequences of G.V. and military. intervention. During the years of G.V. originated and got means. development of owls. military. claim.