Changes in the placement of forces in the international arena. New alignment of forces in the international arena after World War II. Foreign policy of the USSR in the era of the "Cold War arrange forces on the international

60-80s. This is the period of "confrontational stability".

"Long World" - up to the 80s and from the 80s - "New Yeal": so the amer write. Historians. But without one period, do not understand another.

I continued, but in a softened version. Classical Cold War - Refusal of negotiations. Softened option - both parties go to negotiations:

1. It was possible to achieve important agreements between 2 systems at this time. The 1970s is the period of "discharge." This is the limitation of strategic arms, and issues of European security. Even agreed on the development of economic ties between East and West. After the Caribbean crisis there were no front collisions of 2 powers, and there were regional collisions.

2. But the Cold War continued. First, the ideological war continued, there were discharge in relationships periodically. Here Reagan called in 1983 the USSR "Empire Evil". The ideological conflict remained. Secondly, the arms race lasted and continued. The peak of spending on weapons was 1987. Thirdly. There were no front collisions, and the political and military struggle switched to the third world. Regional conflicts continued to be considered in the conflict between capitalism and socialism.

And the last example of confrontation is a limited role of the UN. Veto. The USSR imposed it when, in his opinion, the outcome is possible in favor of the West. And vice versa.

From 1946 to 1990, only 2 states were called violators of the world - aggressors. This is the DPRK (Resolution No. 82) and Argentina (Falkland Crisis of 1982). Only twice applied non-military sanctions: against Southern Rhodesia and South Africa, and that's it! Although over these 45 years, there are 80 wars and more than 300 military conflicts.

Alignment of forces.

The ratio of forces between 2 systems - on 1 place here.

This refers to the relationship ratios in the sphere 1) of the economy, 2) social, 3) military, 4) political.

1) Economy.

It is impossible to definitely characterize. The major advantages of socialism at the beginning of the period and a serious lag from the West at the end of this period.

3 periods. 2 of them are short - the period of stagnation, reflected on the ratio of forces. For the first time in competition 2 systems in the growth rate, capitalism began to overtake socialism.

1951-1980 1981-85 1986-90

GDP growth rates and OECD countries

7 4 2.5 (Social)

4 3 3.5 (OECD)

Share socialist in global GDP.

Loss of 2% in the 80s is very serious - this is stagnation.

The level of labor productivity in promubs in the Sottarns.

1938 - did not exceed 10%

The West not only leveled the indicators, but also began to exceed socialism.

Agriculture.

Labor productivity in agriculture in the USSR was 20% of the US indicator. The procurement of grain began: in 1965 - by 2.3 billion rubles, in 1985 - by 23 billion.

The USSR in 1980 had 4 times more tractors than the United States. And the production of grain - 200 (USSR) and 300 (USA) million tons.

To econ The field of the main point is high-quality growth. The West entered the era of post-industrial society. The USSR continued to evolve at the stage of industrial society. I could not answer the quality growth of the USSR. Wrong econ. Strategy since Khrushchev. Gorbachev tried to align. "Acceleration" and "Perestroika", for which it is loved in the West. These 2 things are contrary to each other. "Acceleration" - due to severe promo, and "Perestroika" - due to intensification.

The most serious challenge of the West was in the sphere of high-tech products, in the field of using HTR results. And there was not just a lag.

1980s. Growth of high-tech industries.

Zap. Europe - 5% per year, USA - 7% per year, Japan - 14%. USSR - 0.4%

Computer Engineering.

USA per year - 28-30%

USSR - 1.3%.

Software.

USA per year - 35%

USSR - 1.8%

The transition to the post-industrial society is not paid attention to the amount, but on the quality of products.

Marriage percentage in the late 80s.

England - 8%

Japan - 1.2%

The USSR is one witty economist suggested: 16% of the product received a quality mark. The rest - in the West would be married.

Here is the main sphere where the backlog manifested.

Socialism and capitalism were in the 80s at different stages of development. Socialism was in the stage of industrial, and capitalism entered the post-industrial stage. Socialism argued its advantages in an era of extensive development, and capitalism - in the era of intensive development.

Who is to blame - the social system itself, which turned out to be flawed, or polit. Course, incorrectly selected strategy?

Both, but more - second. Indirect proves: 1) in a number of new technologies (military sphere and space) not the USSR lagged behind. Every year, the USSR ran up on hundreds of satellites and rockets, and the United States - about 20. 2) There were attempts since the 60s to modernize socialism (Kosygin reforms, were minimized). The political elite of the USSR understood that the USSR needs to be modernized, but failed to more and more due to political. Manuals.

2) Social sphere.

Socialism has always been proud of this sphere and advanced capitalism. Socialism was proud to be issued legally concern for man. The most democratic was the Stalinist constitution - for the first time in history, an eco. Human rights, free. Medical service free. education. In the USSR, there was no unemployment since 30 years.

In the 70-80s, the West began to catch up and even distinguish socialism. And it is extremely important because it is an example force. The well-being of a person is a slogan, and in that, and in another country. It was at this time that the concept of "quality of life" was developed in the UN, which was a hundred indicators.

Social structure by the 80s.

The social structure of society was as it was in the 50s in the West. The main productive force is the same - factory proletariat. In the West, the crucial force is the middle class. It was not in the USSR. Blue collars - factory proletariat - such in the West were less than 20%, in the USA - less than 15%. Main role in social. The development was played by white collars - persons employed in the service sector. And their social. The position was much higher than that of factory workers.

Social spending.

In the 1950s, the USSR was proud that they were 2-3 times higher than that of the West. And then the proportion of state. Social spending Needs remained unchanged - 15-16%. In the 80s in the West - about 30%.

National income.

In the USSR, during these years, the salary was in ND - 37%. That is, 37% of the country's national income went on salary. In the West - 65% - salary, and 35% - profits. Who will rise to a revolution for 35%. But for the sake of 63% - still think.

In 1987-88, the average salary in the United States was $ 1,700, in the USSR - the average salary was 201 rubles, with benefits - 287 p. And the dollar was approximately equal to the ruble.

Average life expectancy.

USSR - 69 years old, Japan - 78. According to this indicator, the USSR occupied 51 place, now even worse. Russia - 65, Japan - 62.5.

Medical service.

In the USSR, free was better than paid now.

1987 - the Soviet press of the pipe for the whole world that 122 heart surgery was made. In the USA in that year - 140,000.

Education.

In the 80s, 1 student in Soviet universities had the latest equipment at 1200 rubles., In Moscow State University - 12,000. If you take all Western universities, then they have an average of $ 80,000.

According to the number of students and graduate students, in the 50-60s, the USSR held 3rd place in the world, in the 80s - 50th

3) military sphere.

It was in this field that the USSR achieved the biggest success. All R. 80s he reached parity. This means that the lag in the alone classes was compensated by the fact that in other classes of weapons there was an advantage.

27 times the ratio of forces was changed, in the 23 cases of the USSR had to catch up, in 1 it was equality, and in the 3rd - the USSR initially had an advantage.

3 cases - 1. The first tolerant bomb. 2. The first ICBM. 3. The first system of pro.

Eisenhuer recognized the ratio of nuclear forces 1 to 12. Kennedy recognized 1 to 5. And Nixon - 1 to 1.

In some, non-nuclear spheres we had an advantage.

By the beginning of the 80s, the USSR had 301 gas-turbine ships, and in the West - only 2 (1 in England, 1 from Japan). When the reply formed in 1971. Bangladesh, 7 American fleet was sent to the shores of India (always a little, he was directed). The path of 7 fleet was 1.5 times shorter, but the admiral of Sysoev with a squadron sailed there earlier. The Americans were forced to sign up "I am glad to welcome the Soviet fleet." Sysoev replied: "I am glad to welcome the American fleet away from the shores of free India."

4 categories of nuclear weapons: tactical (560 km), operational-tactical (560-1000 km), medium range (1000-5000), strategic (from 5500 - distance from Moscow to Washington).

The United States distilled the USSR by the class of medium and less distance, wrote for a long time. In 1987, an agreement on RSMD was signed. All rockets reduced on it: USA - 859, USSR - 1852.

Strategic. Triad carriers - ICBM, BALP (ball. Rocket on submarines), TB (heavy bombers). By the end of the 80s 2494, the USSR, 2260 - in the United States.

On nuclear charges. US - 16,000 and USSR - 10,000 (by the end of the 80s). During this period, the United States distilled the USSR on RBCh (rocket with combat part): USA - 1351, USSR - 1272.

Navy. The United States boasted this particularly. Aircraft carriers - 15 K 2, Mortgies and cruisers with nuclear weapons 110 for 80, pl with Yao 75 - USA, 265 - USSR.

The ratio of WD and NATO forces. Battle divisions 107 and 101, 52,000 tanks for 22,000, artillery 46,500 to 13,700.

Parity results.

1) The USSR in the 70-80s demonstrated a huge military potential.

2) Achievement of parity contributed to the strengthening of international stability.

3) It is indisputable that the achievement of parity has become the material basis of the discharge policy.

4) The value of the achievement of parity is the exhaustion of the USSR forces, undermining foreign policy resources. Kennan was right at one time when the arms race had in mind, first of all, the exhaustion of the USSR. He was still alive, lived 102 years.

Funds for parity were made from the civil economy, social sphere, education. In addition, non-equivance trading with Sottari + Support Cocration countries + War in Afghanistan.

In 2/2 of the 80s, the US costs of 300 billion, and the entire ND - 550-600 billion rubles. It was necessary to spend the same, and what remained on other areas.

In this sense, the achievement of parity led to the weakening of the position of the socialist.

4) political sphere.

It covered the development of all other spheres.

Total Har-ka. In the West, the policy turned out to be wiser - it corresponded to objective conditions.

1. Development of foreign policy concepts.

Team John Kennedy in the 60s - the concept of "flexible response". For the first time, equal vulnerability of the USSR and the United States was recognized.

What is the discarding doctrine? This is the doctrine of unlimited escalation, active use even Yao.

Instead of an unlimited escalation, then began to talk about controlled escalation. Those. This is the use of various methods of impact on socialism. About any love cooperation, even within the framework of the doctrine of a flexible response, speech was not going on, the fight against socialism continued.

Robert McNamara, Minister of Defense of Kennedy, proposed the maintenance of partisan wars.

Lyndon Johnson has already spoke about the tactics of bridges. This is ideological penetration into the east. Through cultural organizations, radio programs of the type of Air Force and Voice of America. Listened? Listened. The USSR and the Sottar are lagging behind here. There is nothing wrong with jazz. If Medvedev communicates with Pink Floyd, then it is clear what he did earlier.

But here we are talking about the wise change of US policy - a differentiated approach to the Socials. The United States provided serious financial assistance on the eve of 1956 - Hungary, 1968 - Czechoslovakia, the 70s - Poland. And reached the goal - erosion ideological foundations.

A little later, since the 1970s, the Democracy Support Fund was created in Eastern Europe, and then in the USSR. He spent $ 30 billion a year, providing assistance, incl. and personnel, opposition of Eastern European countries.

But at the same time confrontation continued. It has been translated into another plane, the plane of the competition of economic and technical, in the field ideology and economics. Here the United States could win.

On the other hand - active eco. Pressure on the USSR. Jackson-Venning Amendment (1974): not to provide "the regime of the greatest favorable" to those countries that violate human rights, primarily - the right to travel abroad (for example, the rights of Jews). This "failure to provide" very much. It is sometimes suspected now, but for Russia is not canceled. Although they have long been canceled for Ukraine, Georgia, but not for the Russian Federation.

Suddenly for polit. The elites of the USSR USA moved to tightening policies in rel. THE USSR. "Neoglobalism Doctrine (Reagan Doctrine)": "The United States refuses self-restrictions in foreign policy and will give an immediate disgrace to disseminate communism anywhere in the world." In our lit-rep, this concept was depicted as a return to the times of classic KH: direct military pressure, arms race. Phraseology - Yes, but this new challenge from the United States was thrown by the USSR in the new conditions: Reagan was calculated on 1) the weakness of the Civilian Ekki of the USSR 2) on the erosion of the ideological foundations of Eastern European countries. The Americans felt that you could again go to the pressure levers.

The Americans are right: the USSR at that time switched to a defensive strategy. The border of the 70s and 1980s: the USSR refused the concept of self-destruction of capitalism: 1) In fact, capitalism became another, it was a mixed society. Therefore, Stalin-Leninist formulations did not work 2) Capitalism began to distinguish socialism 3) the leaders of a number of Western compatines became on the position of "Eurosocialism" and disagree with the course of the USSR. "New thinking" (1986, 27 Party Congress), and the world announced this in 1988 at the UN Creed. And he wrote a book with the indiscreet name "New political thinking for our country and for the whole world":

1 Thesis, for this it was praised in the West and we have "priority of universal interests and values \u200b\u200bover class." There is nothing terrible here, Gorbachev has written off from the West. From the point of view, it was the transition to defensive tactics - this is the thesis of "deideologicalization" (to this in the West since the 60s sought). At the XX Congress there were 3 principles: Polit. Dialogue, Econ. Cooperation and uncompromising ideological struggle. And Gorbachev for peaceful coexistence was left only the first 2 theses. In the West, this theory was called "ideological disarmament of the USSR."

From here and other theses as a practical direction in external. Pol-Ke of the USSR - 2. Normalization of relations with the United States, 3. Concessions on the German issue, 4. "Restructuring of relations with Sotthanes, provided that Gorbachev's reforms hold there." 5. Recognition of human rights.

The meaning of these reforms: 1) new polit. Thinking really contributed to the discharge of MO. 2) It really contributed to the collapse of the social system, and then the collapse of the USSR. Indirect dock - in 1999 in Turkey in American University he said: "The main goal of all his life was the destruction of communism." It's amazing. This is an obvious proof in favor of changing the balance of power in favor of capitalism.

2. Intrasystem relations - centrifugal or centripetal trends.

It is extremely important, the indicator of the collapse of socialism is also.

The West is the same trends, but intensified: 1) the predominance of centripetal forces over centrifugal, both in economic and political relations. Development of transnational corporations, European integration. The predominance was reflected on the history of NATO.

During this period, he faced serious difficulties, but this union was not only survived, but also strengthened his position.

1) In 1962, a very acute discussion in the West on the creation of multilateral nuclear forces (KIM SOLOV, Gossec. USA, outlined at the NATO Council meeting): In practice, it could mean that Germany received access to the nuclear button; England and France transferred their nuclear power to the Americans. It was a crisis. For de Gaulle, it was completely unacceptable (in 1960 they blew up a bomb). Macmillan met with Kennedy (agree with the proposal, but the United Kingdom's nuclear forces can flow under the control of parliament when he deems it necessary). In the same 1966, de Gaulle declared the exit from NATO. But this was not the end of NATO, as our literature wrote - France, coming out of the military organization, did not come out of political. De Gaulle supported Kennedy during the Caribbean crisis, and for a number of issues.

2) without adopting a proposal for multilateral nuclear forces, all other proposals took. NCh 80s - about placing in Western Europe 572 Winged Rockets Perching-2. There was a "problem of 6 minutes" - a rocket, fleeting from the USSR in the US, flies half an hour. And these rockets are 6 minutes. Those. It was not easy to prepare for their destruction, despite the pro.

NATO expands. By the time the collapse of the USSR - 19 countries; 5th NATO expansion (2009) - 28 countries.

1966 - Education of the World Anti-Communist League. And there was no corresponding socialist organization. And this was a serious league, 98 countries of the world participated, published newspapers, radio.

1967 - Establishment of OECD (Organization Econ. Sot. And Development). All developed countries have entered - 24 (19 Western European, USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand). They do not write about it, but annually held meetings and sessions: a single policy in the field of Ekki was discussed, 10-year-old plans were taken. After oil shock 1973, a single energy program was adopted: to limit the consumption of oil and gas and develop the development of new energy sources.

1973 - a three-sided commission for the money of Rockefeller and the owner of Fiat Anueli is established: 3 Power Center (USA, Japan, Western Europe): First Director - Zbigniew Brzezinsky. This is an unofficial body for the preparation of senior managers. They recruited and taught young people, many politicians came out from there. The scheme worked fine. Shirac, for example, passed through the Commission. People listened to lectures, although the Shirac did not work out. Conducted seminar classes. Of course, the Institute of Marxism-Leninism, but the same religious organization. There was no targeted authority for the preparation of managers.

From 1975, 7-ki meetings are held annually - leading Western powers and Japan. The population is 12%, the share in global GDP - 52%.

1989 - Adoption at the Meeting of the Political Declaration: On the need to support reforms in Eastern European Sottarsa; about the help of Hungary and Poland; On the write-off debts to countries 3 in the world, about strengthening the dollar.

The brightest indicator of centripetal forces is Western European integration. Multiple stages.

Stage 1 (1951-1957) - preparatory. Prologue - 1951 - the creation according to the Foreign Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Seemaan European Union of Coal and Steel. Since 1953, the EOOS is functioning, this is the basis of a common market.

Stage 2 (1957-1968). March 25, 1957 - Roman Treaty, 6 countries. In fact, this year and the formation of the European Economic Community (UES) is dating. Soviet political scientists and press laughed. Objectives of the organization: a) Creating a common market - a single trading space, a single trading area of \u200b\u200b6 countries. For this purpose - reduction and minimize to 0 customs duties for 12 years. It envisaged a unified economic policy of 12 countries. In fact, the decision was revolutionary, there was never such associations in the world.

3 Stage (since the end of 60s): Association of UES, EUUS, EUROATOMA. EU appeared (without "e") and one body. Announced that a single trading area was introduced, the total tariff. The main thing - for 12 years planned to create and created.

Further, the EU began to expand. In the 60s, I really wanted to join the United Kingdom. De Gaulle did not let (England enters, but when maintaining special relations in the British Commonwealth of Nations +, it was categorically against the creation of a single political. Union with the leader - France). Very asked for England of the United States. It annoyed de Gaulle, so he called England in the EU "Trojan Kone." In 1973, de Gaulle resigned - England accepted, along with her - Denmark, Ireland, Norway (but referendum refused).

In the 1970s, there were disputes, how should the community should be a political authority? There were 2 points of view. And this conflict was bright and visible in the 1970s. There were supporters of the federation, i.e. Allocations of supranational bodies that would rule the entire community regardless of the national authorities. France and small countries were particularly active for it, because within the Federation, small countries would play a more active role.

Two other powerful powers - Germany and the United Kingdom - performed for the confederation, for the association of independent states. The main governments would be national.
Spores walked around 10 years, even more. But it is important that the workers were created in the 1970s - Council of Ministers (min ekki and midway); Commission of European Communities (expert assessments, control over contracts, for the Council of Ministers); European Parliament.

A further serious role is played by the Conference of the European Community, which exists and is now. There were representatives of each country on the principle of competence. Well, there was no such thing in the socialist. But no more than 2 people from each country. These people controlled the execution of solutions.

European Parliament. Until 1979 there were no direct party elections there, simply each country delegated a certain number of deputies.

1972 - the Paris Meeting of the Leaders of the European Community of Georges Pompidu, President of France, proposed measures to transform the EEC in the Political Union.

1974 At the initiative of France, the European Council was created. He replaced regular or irregular meetings in the top, becoming a regular authority, where the heads of state and governments included. In fact, he did not depend on the decisions of the national governments, was as if on the EU, but at the same time, and the key tool in determining his policies.

1976 - Discussion of the report of the Prime Minister Belgian Tindemans (1966 was instructed to develop ideas for further development). He supported the idea of \u200b\u200btransforming the European Union into the European Community. Suggested to form 4 components (3 organs) of the Union - European political cooperation - i.e., not only economic, but also to develop a common foreign policy. What would be the first step towards political association in the EU.

At this very time, integration processes continued. 1970s - 1/2 of the 1980s - actually created not just a single market, but a single economic space.

4 Integration Stage (1985-1992)

1985 - adopted in Luxembourg a single European act. The main results of the economic development of the European Community were summed up.

1) was legalized by "4 component" - European political cooperation: legalized by the European Council, which was not previously constant organ. 2) strengthened the powers of all central, supranational bodies - Council of Ministers, Commissions of European Communities and the European Parliament. There elected on party lists. 3) The following steps were outlined - the education of the European Union (scheduled for 1992), coordination in the currency sphere.

1990 In Schengen (Castle in Luxembourg), an agreement was signed. Opened the border for each other (6 countries initially). It was an important ideological and psychological moment.

1992 In Maastricht (Netherlands), the Education of the European Union was announced. Those. All plans and programs were performed, and were performed on time. It was revised after 10 years to create a new European currency (2002 - created).

This is all evidence of the predominance of centripetal forces.

By the end of the 80s, world capitalism came as something uniform. It strengthened the position of the West in its competition / fighting eastern.

Socialism.

Centrifugal over centripetal countries prevailed. Despite fraternal assistance, planned economy and planned solution of all issues.

General reasons:

1) Obliving the Soviet elite of the fact that the same type ("People's Democracy" countries included the social value), but not the same. There were various nat. Interests, traditions.

2) In the unification of these countries, the main method was the method of planting a model from the USSR (Stalinist, Neostalist, Gorbachevskaya).

3) inconsistency of politics. Gorbachev offered what he first denied: reforms, decentralization, capitalist elements. And especially when he declared the unprofitability of preserving the zone of influence in Eastern Europe.

4) the influence of the West.

but. Direct: Differentiation of Relationships, Economic Assistance. Not just a power pressure on the entire camp, and work with each individual country. The Americans in the 1960s began to maintain the demand of Albania, the communist hermit, create ethnically pure Kosovo. The United States supported Enver Khoja, without even dospances with Albania.

b. Indirect: The force of the example - in the 1950s, the USSR had a positive force of an example, from the 60s - became largely negative due to the backlog from the West, except military power).

The processes were gradual.

Economy.

There were advocates in the development of centripetal forces.

For the first time, such a form of economic cooperation as coordination of national economic plans began to prevail. Earlier, everyone took five-year plates, but did not coordinate them, and all of the example of the USSR tried to develop industries for which there were no conditions, and no need. And then they began to listen to each other. The center of gravity of economic cooperation was moved from the sphere of trade in the sphere of production. Another indicator is the creation of joint ventures. Energy System "Peace", the "Friendship" oil pipeline, "Union" gas pipeline. The main goal is to econ. Relations - the creation of socialist economic integration. The goal is correct, but this did not happen. And this is evidence of the prevalence of centrifugal forces over the centripetal:

1) ECON. Integration was based on extensive development. The program on scientific and technological progress was adopted only in 1985, on the eve of the collapse of the social system (in Europe - from 1957 \u003d\u003e it was too late).

2) ECON. Cooperation was based primarily on an eco. assistance to the USSR. In Europe, 600 enterprises were built in Europe, in Asia and Cuba - 800. In addition, there are actually free energy. What did this lead to? Well, the USSR loved relatively, but his strength was depleted.

By the end of the 1980s, it became apparent, although it was theoretically it could not be that socialist integration lags behind the capitalist. Within the framework of the CEV, it was not possible to achieve elementary things - a single trading zone, duty-free space. And in the West it was more difficult to achieve, because Private property and interests. So it was not possible to implement a program of scientific and technological progress. From the division of labor, which was offered by the CMEA bodies, the Stool began to refuse. Ceausescu offered to supply potatoes and vegetables, he replied that he was not going to turn the camp with Romania to the garden.

Political sphere.

Successes in the development of centripetal forces were reduced to strengthening the positions of the Political Advisory Committee of the ATS. A number of changes in the organizational structure of the PAC - in 1969 the Committee of Defense Ministers was established, in 1972 the Committee of Foreign Ministers. Large initiatives, for example, the creation of a European security system - their initiator was the PAC.

But here is centrifugal forces.

Soviet-Chinese relations are the most vivid example.

They aggrave into 2/2 50s - beginning. 60s. And at this stage, it is possible to distinguish 3 periods: 1960, 1970, 1980s.

2 main directions contradictions:

1) the region of ideology and theory.

Several controversial problems. The main ways to build socialism, attitude to the cult of personality, the problem of exporting revolution.

Ways of building socialism.

In the USSR, in the SND - reform. China called it all revisionism and a departure from Marxism-Leninism. And the ECON has also changed in China. course. Before that was "big racing". In the 60s: "The final victory of socialism is possible after 5-10 generations or another longer period." They switched to an evolutionary path, but administrative and economic methods.

Attitude to the cult of personality.

In the 60s in all socialist. countries - the cult of personality.

From 1956 (XX Congress): Exposing a cult. In Eastern European countries, it was welcomed.

In China, after the death of Mao, they came up with the formula "3 and 7". 3 Mao errors, 7 correct solutions. Those. They were very wise approached and carefully.

In China, the XXII Congress called the revisionist, and at the XXIII Congress did not first be sent a delegation.

2) Sphere Intergos. Relationship.

Different were foreign policy concepts.

In the USSR spoke loud and often about peaceful coexistence. And there really was a series of initiatives.

In China: the creation of a single anti-imperialist. Front. Received Theory of 3 worlds. 1 - Two superpowers with hegemonic politics, 2 - medium and low-depleted countries. 3 - "Third World" - the main revolutionary force that China should lead, i.e. To combat the establishment of socialism with the help of national liberation movements (NOD).

"Theory of 3rd a": Asia, Africa, America Latin - she was supposed to head China.

There was a different approach to a possible nuclear war. In China, it was called "Paper Tiger". Therefore, all the initiatives of the USSR is the fight against paper tiger. In China, it was proved that in the cuts of nuclear war did not die by human, but reducing capitalism.

Those. There was a significant difference in foreign resistant. Concepts.

In 1959, Khrushchev proposed to create a "nuclear-free zone" in the Far East. I did not want to compete with China, because I was afraid that China is drawn into a nuclear war. The Chinese called it betrayal.

During the Caribbean crisis, the Chinese criticized the USSR. The placement of missiles was called adventurism, and the removal of missiles was called capitula.

In the same 1962, Chinese troops switched to McMagon's border with India, they invaded 100 km. The USSR offered a peaceful settlement. China called it a retreat from the principles of internationalism. Formally, they were right, because 1950 - Agreement on friendship and mutual assistance.

In the 60s, China began to actively apply for Soviet terrii. Moreover, now it was made high officials. They said that the Tsarist Russia and the USSR grabbed 1.7 million square meters from China. km. The most controversial territies were on the Ussuri and Amur rivers. Motivation - the border, if it passes through the rivers, according to international law, should be held in the middle of the main fairway. Ussuri-Amur was held from the royal time on the Chinese shore. Formally, China was right, but this is a seizure of 600 islands!

It came to military collisions 1969 - about. Damansky (31 border guards), oh. Gordinsky.

The greatest acuteness of relations with China has reached the period of the "cultural revolution". The headlines of the newspapers - "Soviet Union are our deadly enemy."

In the 70s, relationships changed. You can call them confrontational stability.

In China, 2 most important eg. externally Gender: 1) Normalization of relations with West and 2) The struggle for the "third world" (heading Nod). Both directions were conducted with the subtext "Fighting Hegemonicism"

1) achieved success. By the end of the 70s somewhere 78% of the turnover - the West, and not the Cottranes. In 1971, China ranked his place in the UN Security Council. From this time, the main collisions in the coat were held between the SSSR and China.

In 1978 - China concluded a contract and peace and friendship with Japan. Specialist. Article - "Joint struggle with hegemonicism."

Jan 1, 1979 - The United States established relations with the PRC. In the same year, China revoked the 1950 agreement with the USSR.

2) The struggle for the "Third World" led to a collision with Vietnam, about Cambodia. China supported "Red Khmer". 1979 - "First Intercalist War." In the PRC, Vietnam was called regional hegemon in the service of global hegemon. Only 1 month war was walking, Vietnam won the victory, broke 3 Chinese regiments (70 thousand people).

Changes are associated with internal changes in the PRC.

December 1978. - The III Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPC 11 convocation took place. On it, the Chinese Communists refused the policies of the "cultural revolution" and made reforms. Reforms Dan Xiaopin: development of the plan commodityeconomic, the use of market regulators, decentralization of the EC-KI, Open Externity. politics. "One country is two systems." Unprecedented reforms. Created 4 special eco. Zones, 14 ports opened. The results are unique. The 80s Annual GDP increase - 10.5%, in special. GDP zones increased 45 times! In the USSR, these reforms called revision, to Gorbachev so they were called. Gorbachev began to pursue a similar course, but late for 10 years and big mistakes.

China was ready to normalize relations from the USSR, but "there are 3 obstacles": 1. Termination of assistance to Vietnam. 2. Reducing or withdrawal of Soviet troops with terrhei, which adjoined to the borders of China (primarily Mongolia). 3. Output owls. Forces from Afghanistan.

The United States has solidized with these 3 obstacles.

Only in 1989-1990 managed to normalize relations. The reasons:

1. Two countries tried to conduct more or less similar courses.

2. By 1989, the USSR actually performed those "3 obstacles": they brought out from Afghan, the majority of O-Great Patriotic War on Ussuri and Amur Kitai were signed by the Treaty of Normalization of Relations.

Soviet press and historians then write about "tremendous success." But the concessions were one-sided from the USSR + normalization occurred when the socialism was broken and on the eve of the collapse of the USSR itself.

Relationship between Eastern European Socials.

Albania occupied a special position.

Enver Khoja began to oppose Albania in all social value: 1) criticism of the cult of personality in the USSR, 2) normalization of the relations of the USSR with Yugoslavia.

Albania had a slogan: "Ethnically pure Kosovo" (fact. Albanian Kosovo) + the idea of \u200b\u200b"Great Albania".

1961 - Breaking of relations of Albania from the USSR, 1969 - exit from the ATS. After the death of Mao Albania ruined relations with the PRC. Khoja writes the book "Reflections on China." In it, he divides all countries by 3 camps: imperialism, social imperialism, national imperialism. 4 camp, truly socialist occupied Albania.

A special position at the turn of 60-70 began to occupy Romania.

In 1972, Ceausescu unexpectedly for Moscow declared Romania "Developing Country". She was immediately included in the IMF, the IBRD, the investment went. Romania The only one of Socratran did not break the relationship with Israel during the next Arab-Israeli war 1973.

Czechoslovakia 1968.

One of the most vivid availability of centrifugal forces have become events in Czechoslovakia, Prague Spring 1968. Prehistory, short, such. In the mid-1960s and in the USSR, and Eastern Europe began to be carried out on changing the appearance of socialism. They were most actively walking in Hungary, Poland and Czechoslovakia. In Czechoslovakia, they went further than Moscow required. The newly left from the post of the first secretary of the CCC, representatives of the "young generation" led by Alexander Dubchek came to power. He was 47 years old, though. Socialism renewal slogans have turned into a slogan of changes in the state system. In August 1968, the ATS troops were introduced in Czechosha, mainly the USSR. Another GDR also participated and some other.
In the USSR, it was called proletarian internationalism. In the West, the concept of the doctrine of Brezhnev - the doctrines of limited sovereignty appeared. Small Socils of Europe had to show independence only limited. Our propagandists - what would the United States do if one of the Western European countries oppose their politics?

In short, 1968 played a special role in the development of socialism.

First, conservative forces defeated the forces of "liberal". Then liberals could upgrade socialism.

Economic reforms were called the source of all troubles. And it was a terrible historical miscalculation. The source of fermentation, which began in Czechoslovakia, economic reforms were named, and this is a foreign policy reason that they were minimized. As historical practice has shown, it was then that it was necessary to carry out reforms so that socialism stood, and they were minimized. Thirdly, the events shook the world of socialism, because the contradictions were not removed, they went deep into. The desire to modernize socialism remained, to a lesser extent in the USSR, to a greater extent in small European countries.

And finally, Poland began the 1980s, centrifugal forces. In Poland, reforms were also carried out, actively at the end of 1960 - 1/1 of the 1970s. Poles, on the meters and Poles, unlike Czech Republic and Hungary began to take a lot of loans, not only from the USSR, but also from international Western organizations. When the recession began in the middle of the 1970s, then in Poland began a debt crisis and food problems. The center became Kos-Ko - "Committee of Social Protection and the Election Committee ("? ")". Change wanted social system. In 1980, a meeting of participants in the strike movement and the Polish government took place in Gdansk. It was unique: the government recognized the right to strike and free trade unions, named the strike movement of opposition socialism. The strikers recognized the leadership role of PORPP and international obligations of Poland, incl. within the framework of the ATS. After that, "Solidarity" moved, and somewhere for the year its number exceeded 8 million people - most of the economically active population of Poland. This is seven times more than members in the Polish United Workers' Party. Among the leaders, Lech Valens had been put forward. Man simple, electromechanics, 7 children. In his fate, it was reflected, what help the West provided opposition movements, what kind of wise was his policy. For 2 years I received 52 honored ranks, doctor of science Harvard. Although he read only one book in his life. He received the Nobel Prize of the World, it is not clear for what. Financial assistance from the United States and their friends.

In 1981, Gdansk "Solidarity" adopted a "program". There were interesting points, I didn't know how to react to them, shock.

The first point is the creation of a new socio-economic order, which would include a planned economy, self-government and market mechanism.

The second point is to provide freedom to enterprises in their activities in the domestic and foreign market.

The third item is complete freedom of the private sector, small and medium businesses.

The fourth point is a multi-party system, political pluralism. But it scared Moscow. Who was engaged in this period, the Soviet press raged that this is a complete revisionism, return to capitalism. 6 years have passed, and the slogans of restructuring were practically the same. The fact that "solidarity" sought to destroy the social activity, in 1981-83 its leaders were discovered. Lech Valens said that "we are quite aware that we destroy the system." His right hand, Yateck Kura, said that our main goal is to accelerate the agony of the empire. Of course, not the USA, not China. In 1981, the new president of Poland, General Yarazelsky in 1983 introduced a martial law, a certain compromise was to this introduction, he prevented another introduction - OVD troops.

On the example of Poland, it is clear what role there are off-economic factors.

A religious factor was played a major role in Poland. In 1978, Roman's new dad under the name of John Paul II was elected Karol Putyla. He inflicted his first visit to Poland. The second time he arrived in 1983. The Western and our press wrote about what Dad spoke. On the occasion of the 600th anniversary of the Czestochov icon of the Mother of God, the miraculous, etc., Pope stated on the Polish radio about the need political pluralism, On the tapping of three Poles, two of whom participated in the uprising of 1863 against Russia. Poland - between West and East, dad said. He graduated with words - no need to be afraid of Siberia. In Poland, it had a huge impact. So indirectly, hecra and wisely he influenced the internal policy. In Poland - 98% of the adult population - Catholics.

By the mid-1980s, the situation inside the Socialist Camp was extremely unstable. By the beginning of the 1990s, centrifugal forces, indeed, prevailed over the centripetal.

There are subjective factors: "New Thinking" Gorbachev.

In 1986, he wrote a memorable note to the Politburo on some issues of cooperation with socialist countries. She was printed by Soviet printing, and then Western newspapers. Gorbachev straightly told about the shortcomings, about the lag of integration, the presence of centrifugal forces. The leadership of the USSR recognized unprofitable the preservation of the influence zone in Eastern Europe and maintaining communist regimes there. It was a serious mistake. "Or you are doing reforms, or we do not cooperate with you."

In the West, his attitude towards Sottranam called the doctrine of non-interference.

In Helsinki Gorbachev asked that the population hates the Board of Honneker. Gorbachev said that we would not interfere in the internal affairs of socialist countries.
Still, Reagan would refuse Latin America as a special influence of the United States.

Gorbachev said in American University in Turkey, that the purpose of his life was the destruction of communism. This is a unique hypocrisy, in essence. M.S. He was the Secretary General of the CPSU Central Committee. Modern guide handed him on the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the highest order of the Russian Federation.
Now the media is called the great leaders of Yeltsin, Chernomyrdin and Gaidar, and Chubais soon after the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP awarded .... No, not an iron cross with oak leaves, and the Order "For Merit to Fatherland". At the turn of 1989-90 after the velvet revolutions, it became obvious that the Won won the cold war. Then the collapse of the USSR came.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

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The arrangement of forces in the international arena after the First World War. Peaceful Settlement Plans: 14 Wilson Points

wilson Program Trade Principle

To the outcome of the war, a new alignment of forces in the world was determined, which reflected significant changes. The power of world rank was defeated - Germany, its political status has changed, the question of the peace treaty did not tolerate the depreciation. As a result of the October coup in Russia, 1/6 of the territory of the Earth disappeared in Russia from the overall world system. Western powers sought to return it to the global system by military intervention.

The United States reached the international arena as an active applicant for world domination. The war unheardly enriched the United States of America, turning into one of the most important lenders of the world: they were led by the European countries about $ 10 billion, of which about $ 6.5 billion amounted to private American investments. The position of the World Lender and its military power of the US ruling circles sought to use, dictating their will at the upcoming peace conference in Paris. Therefore, the interests of the United States came across the aspirations of England and France.

One of the first controversial issues on the eve of the conference was the question of how to link the debts of the Honor of the Entente by the United States of America with those reparations that were supposed to be recovered from Germany, as well as with a general settlement of international debts.

The attitude of allies to the proclaimed United States is the principle of "Freedom of the Seas" and the question of the superiority of fleets. The United Kingdom sought to preserve the maritime dominion and expanding the colonial empire. She retained after the war the status of a great power, although it was pushed into the second plan of the United States, becoming their debtor. England suffered considerable losses in the war, which was reflected in industrial production. In the Middle East, England controlled a significant part of the "legacy" of the Turkish Empire, she got the German colonies in Africa and Oceania. English diplomacy at a peaceful conference sought to consolidate the position of the winner in the war, counteract the growing claims of France in Europe, also, based on the Union with Japan, prevent the US hegemony in the world.

The position of France remained strong. Despite the fact that she suffered significant material damage and human losses, in militarily, its position was strengthened. The French two millionth land army was the largest in Europe. France sought to the maximum economic and military weakening of Germany in order to approve their hegemony on the continent.

New states that have arisen on the political map of post-war European - Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians (later Yugoslavia), as well as Romania, were to compile the chain of the Allies of France on the eastern borders of Germany, to replace the former ally - Russia, to become a "sanitary cordon" between Germany and Russia.

Italy extended to increase its territory by increasing a number of Lands of Austria-Hungary, as well as colonies in Africa, and Japan - to strengthen its economic and military potential at the expense of German Island colonies in the Pacific Ocean.

Settlement of interstate relations based on peaceful agreements 1919-1922. Created conditions for political and economic stabilization in the world. In Europe, the Versailles system legalized the process of forming independent national states. Their number increased by the collapse of Austria-Hungary and Turkey, the reduction of the territory of Germany. Among them - Czechoslovakia, Austria, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians (since 1929, Yugoslavia), Poland, also the Romanian kingdom, which has expanded its territory (its composition entered North Bukovina, Bessarabia and South Dobrudzha), significantly reduced in the size of Bulgaria and Hungary. In the northeast of Europe, Finland and the Baltic Republic - Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia appeared.

Significant expansion of the circle of new active participants in European policies was one of its important factors. But the new state-political map of Europe is not everywhere coincided with the ethnonational card: the German people were divided by the boundaries of several states; In multinational Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, the National Question was used for political purposes, became the basis for the growth of separatism and territorial claims and aggravated interstate relations.

Two weakened, but potentially influential powers - Soviet Russia and Germany were actually raised by the harsh conditions of the winners - the leading countries of the Entente outside the Versailles international system. In the interwar period there were two main questions - Russian and German, who demanded a joint decision by the international community.

"14 points" V. Wilson.

Soviet Russia after the October coup in 1917 led negotiations with Germany and its allies about the conclusion of the Separate World. Entente countries, striving to prevent the conclusion of the separation world, developed their end plan.

The program of US President V. Wilson had a significant importance. On January 8, 1918, in the Message of Congress, he outlined the program with the conditions of the world and the principles of the post-war device of the world, which included in the history called "14 points". V. Wilson's program went on the basis of peace treaties, the essence of which was the democratic reorganization of the world.

This program provided for the following principles:

1) open peace negotiations and agreements, thereby non-recognition of all secret treaties and agreements;

2) the principle of freedom of the seas;

3) the principle of trade freedom - elimination of customs barriers;

4) the establishment of warranties that reduce armaments;

5) an impartial settlement of colonial issues;

6) the liberation of Germany all the Russian territories occupied by it, providing Russia to determine their national policies and join the Community of Free Nations;

7) liberation and restoration of Belgium;

8) the return of France occupied by Germany territories, including Alsace and Lorraine;

9) Correction of Italy's borders;

10) provision of autonomy to the peoples of Austria-Hungary;

11) the liberation of Germany of the occupied territories of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro; Providing Serbia to the sea;

12) the independent existence of the Turkish and autonomy of the national parts of the Ottoman Empire, and the opening of the Black Sea Straits;

13) the creation of independent Poland;

14) the creation of the "Universal Union of Nations (League of Nations) in order to provide mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity is equally large and small states."

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1. New alignment of forces in the international arena. Fighting the USSR for the fair post-war device of the world

1. New alignment of forces in the international arena. Fighting the USSR for the fair post-war device of the world

The most destructive of all wars experienced by humanity - the Second World War, which covered more than four fifths of the world's population, had a huge impact on the fate of dozens of countries and hundreds of millions of people of different states. That is why the victorious completion of this war and the liberation of mankind from the threat of fascist enslavement, in which the Soviet Union played a decisive role, caused a sense of deep gratitude to the Soviet people for their great liberation mission, unprecedented heroism and dedication.

In the defeat of the German fascism and the Japanese militarism, the peoples of other countries contributed. With the heroic struggle of the Soviet people, partisan actions and folk uprisings were merged in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Romania, the liberation struggle of the peoples of Yugoslavia and Albania, the resistance movement in France, Italy and other countries. The countries of the Anti-Hitler Coalition - the United States and England - also contributed to the defeat of fascism and militarism. However, the heroism and courage of Soviet people played a decisive role in the victorious conclusion of the war. Of 13 million 600 thousand killed, wounded and captured Nazis 10 million Wehrmacht lost to the Soviet - German front.

With its unparalleled heroism, Soviet people saved world civilization and many countries from the catastrophe.

In this regard, it is impossible not to recall that in the days of the victorious completion of the Second World War, no one could deny the decisive role of the USSR in this war. Even the English Prime Minister Winston Churchill, who had never had sympathies to the Soviet Union, was forced to recognize in February 1945 that the victories of the Red Army "won the limitless admiration for its allies and decided the fate of German militarism. Future generations will consider themselves indebted to the Red Army as unconditionally, as we have witnessed to be witnesses of these magnificent feats. " The recognitions of other heads of the anti-Hitler coalition states were similar.

The victory surrounded by the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War was the second, after the Great October, an epochable event of the World History, which had a huge revolutionary impact on all further world development. In mortal fighting with imperialism, socialism as a social system has shown high vitality and proved its indisputable superiority over capitalism.

Meeting with Soviet people - warriors and workers, feeling their humanism, deep internationalism and unlimited devotion to the ideas of peace and socialism, the working people of other countries penetrated with sympathies to the country of socialism and to socialism as a social system. It was this moral victory of the Soviet Union that was the main result of the Second World War, who made an irrevocable process of increasing its international authority. If the USSR has had diplomatic relations with 26 states to the Great Patriotic War, then at the end of the war - with 52 countries. None of any significant event in world history could continue to be resolved without the participation of the Soviet Union.

The most important political consequences of World War II. The victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War, the liberation mission of the Red Army, the full defeat of fascist Germany and Militarist Japan was irrevocably undermined by the forces of the global imperialist reaction. In such conditions, the revolutionary situation began in the countries of Central and Southeastern Europe. The ruling bourgeois tip of these countries betrayed the national interests of peoples, becoming a servant of fascist aggressors, and among the broad masses there was a sharp field. Communist and working parties managed to correctly appreciate and take into account the favorable domestic and external factors, led the struggle of the workers and all workers to the masses for social and national liberation and led them along the path of people's democratic and socialist revolutions. As a result of these revolutions from the capitalism system in Europe, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia disappeared in Europe in the mid-40s. The defeat of German fascism allowed the German Communists to lead the workers of the eastern part of the country, liberated by the Red Army, on a democratic development path and in 1949 to form the German Democratic Republic. Communist Parties As the most devoted and consecutive defenders of the national and social interests of the masses managed to rally workers and all the progressive forces of their countries into uniform folk fronts and, relying on them, already in the first post-war years spent deep revolutionary - democratic transformations. During these transformations, the old state apparatus was broken and replaced by a new, people's democratic, the financial and industrial monopolies belonging to the Nazis and their accomplices were organized by large enterprises, banks, transport, agricultural reforms were carried out.

Depending on the specific alignment of class and political forces, historical traditions and other factors, all these revolutionary transformations in each of the countries had their own specific features and features, but their main and main content confirmed the general patterns of transition from capitalism to socialism.

The revolutionary - democratic reorganization was held in a fierce struggle with the overthrown forces of the old building supported by international imperialism. The faithful to its international debt, the Soviet Union provided all-possible fraternal assistance and support for young people's democratic states, strictly adhering to the principles of non-interference in their internal affairs. By the end of the 40s, a number of European countries - Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and the German Democratic Republic were on the path of construction of socialism.

In the course of the defeat of the Japanese militarism and the expulsion of the Japanese invaders, people unfolded, democratic revolutions in Vietnam and Korea. In the Asian continent, along with the Mongolian People's Republic, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the Korean People's Democratic Republic were formed, and soon ended, however, of imperialist aggression. The defeat of the Red Army together with the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Army of the Quantong Army and the liberation of Manchuria from the Japanese invaders created favorable conditions for the deployment of the revolutionary struggle in China, which ended in the formation in 1949 by the People's Republic of China.

Thus, by the end of the 40s, along with the USSR and the MNR, in Europe and Asia, another 11 new people's democratic states have formed, which have been on the path of construction of socialism. A group of states with a population of more than 700 million disappeared from the capitalist system. Socialism has become a global system that has become the most influential power of world development. Capitalism turned out to be powerless to prevent this process.

The education of the global system of socialism was the main political investigation of World War II.

Another important consequence of the victory of the Soviet Union was huge positive shifts that occurred in the global communist and working movement. During the war, the communist parties of capitalist countries headed the struggle against fascism, for freedom and national independence, for democracy and social progress, which immeasurably raised their authority in the masses, strengthened communication with them. Despite the huge sacrifices incurred in the fight against fascism, the number of communists on the entire planet in 1945 compared with 1939 increased 5 times and amounted to 20 million people. Only in Western European countries in 1946 compared with pre-war times the number of communists increased from 1.7 million to 5 million people.

They achieved the exit from the underground and launched the legal activities of the Communist Party, Italy, France, Belgium, Denmark, Norway, Iran, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Japan, Cuba, Colombia and other countries.

Parliamentary elections 1945-1946. Showed the increased authority of the Communists in many countries. More than 5 million votes received in the elections to the Constituent Assembly of the Communists of France, the fifth of the voters gave votes for the Communists in Italy.

In 13 capitalist countries (France, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Austria, Finland, Norway, Irania, Luxembourg, Chile, Cuba, Iran, Indonesia) in the first postwar years the Communists became part of coalition governments.

In some of them, they managed to hold a number of democratic transformations. The workers of a number of capitalist countries by the active political struggle under the leadership of the Communists achieved important social reforms, the nationalization of some industries. The masses occurred as a whole, political activity, the role and organization of the working class in national and international scales increased.

In September - October 1945, representatives of 67 million workers organized in trade unions from 56 countries created the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFP) - the progressive organization of the world trade union movement, which was an important organizing force in the struggle for the democratic rights of workers, their urgent vital interests. A number of other international democratic organizations are being created: the World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDM) (October - November 1945, London), International Democratic Foundation for Women (MDFG) (December 1945, Paris), united the efforts of young men, girls, women in the struggle For democratic rights and freedoms.

An important act in the cohesion of the Communist and Workers' Parties of Europe in the total anti-imperialist and democratic platform was to create in September 1947 in Warsaw at a meeting of representatives of the Communist Party of Nine countries (USSR, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Italy and France) The information bureau of communist parties with its printed organ - newspaper "For a durable world, for folk democracy." The creation of these and other international organizations and bodies contributed to the intensification of the struggle for the work of peace and socialism, the exchange of experience of the Communist and the collective development of the strategy and tactics of the world communist movement, the establishment of the unity of the working class and all democratic forces in international and national scales.

The third important political consequence of World War II was the intensification of the national liberation movement, which led to the decay of the colonial system of imperialism. Turning into the first post-war years primarily in the countries of Southeast Asia, the Middle and Middle East, the national liberation movement soon covered other regions. Already in the 40s, except for China, Vietnam and North Korea, national independence won the peoples of Syria, Lebanon, India, Burma, Ceylon, Indonesia and other countries. The prophetic words of V. I. Lenin about the inevitable awakening of the colonial peoples of the East, followed by the "period of the participation of all the peoples of the East in solving the fate of the whole world so as not to be only an object of enrichment."

National - the liberation movement merged with the revolutionary struggle of the working class and became an increasingly important part of the global revolutionary process. Young independent states have been actively involved in world politics, playing a progressive role in international life. Of particular importance in this respect was the proclaimed by the Government of India, headed by Javaharlal Nehru, the non-almedulation policy, which had an anti-imperialist orientation. The second prophetic foresight of V. I. Lenin that "in the coming decisive battles of the world revolution, the movement of the majority of the world's population, originally aimed at national liberation, will turn against capitalism and imperialism and, maybe a much greater revolutionary role will play than we expect". These Leninist thoughts have fully confirmed the further development of the world revolutionary process.

Cardinal changes occurred in the very camp of imperialism. Until World War II, six imperialist powers - the United States, England, France, Germany, Japan, Italy - occupied the dominant position in the world and represented the main power of global imperialism. During the war, the last three were defeated and relegated to rank secondary states. England and France were also weakened in military, economic and politically and were dependent on the United States. So, the public debt of England during the war years increased by more than 3 times, and the volume of goods exported it decreased by more than 3 times. The role of French capital in the world market was reduced to a minimum. The share of France in the export of capitalist countries in 1945 was less than 1%.

Of the six main imperialist powers, only the United States came out of the war rapidly. No bomb fell into the territory of this state, and the net profit of American monopolies in the military industry for 5 years amounted to 117 billion dollars.

The American military monopolies in the war of war martial monopolis during the war of war and in peacetime did not want to reduce their production, pushed the country on the path of arms racing, aggressive military adventur. With a temporary monopoly on atomic weapons, the United States was put into the course of the so-called atomic diplomacy, designed to blackmail and intimidating other countries and peoples, fell on the way to create military bases along the borders of the USSR and the countries of the People's Democracy, the pinning of aggressive blocks and the unrestrained desire for world domination.

At the end of the war, the ruling imperialist circles of the United States took a course for a deliberate and conscious breakdown of general agreements from the USSR and the unleashing of American and Soviet conflicts. According to one of the US military leaders, General A. Arnold, expressed in the spring of 1945, the United States began to consider Russia with their main enemy and therefore believed that they needed bases around the world, located so that any object of the USSR could be attacked. The Government of Truman, who came to replace the government of Roosevelt, began to conduct these ideas into life and occupied a frankly anti-Soviet course. On August 6 and 9, 1945, without any military necessity, a nuclear bombardment of Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was committed, the main goal of which, on recognizing the Secretary of State Burns, was to "make Russia more agreed in Europe." Proclaimed by the English Prime Minister of Churchill on March 5, 1946 in Fulton in the presence of Truman, a speech made by open attacks against the Soviet Union, served essentially the beginning of a pinning of the Anglo-American Military Political Block, directed against the USSR in other forces of the world, democracy and Socialism, the beginning of the policy of the Cold War against them.

Under these conditions, the Soviet Union, based on the friendship and support of the countries of the People's Democracy and other young independent states, conducted a policy of a fair post-war device of the world, the elimination of new foci of war, peaceful coexistence and mutually beneficial international cooperation with all countries.

Fighting the USSR for the fair post-war device of the world. Back in World War II, the Soviet Union took concrete measures to prevent wars by creating an effective international organization for this purpose. In the very active participation of the USSR, in October 1943 at the Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers of the USSR, the United States and England, the first practical steps to create such an organization were carried out. The declaration jointly adopted at this conference not only emphasized the importance of cooperation between these powers to ensure the defeat of fascist aggressors, but also recognized "the need for institution in a short term of the Universal International Organization to maintain international peace and security, whose members can be all such states - large and Small. " Thus, the principle of sovereign equality of states was proclaimed regardless of their social system in defending and preserving peace.

The Tehran Conference of the leaders of the three powers, held at the end of November - early December 1943, confirmed the intentions of these states to "work together both during the war and in the subsequent peacetime" and thus approved the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating an international organization to maintain post-war peace and security Peoples. At the conference in Dumbarton - Ox (near Washington) in August - October 1944 and the Yalta Conference of the leaders of the Three Allied Powers in February 1945, thanks to the persistent position of the USSR representatives, the basic fundamental questions on the creation of an international organization called United Nations were positively resolved. In particular, the achievement of the principal agreement of the leaders of the three Allied powers - the USSR, USA and England - at the Conference in the Crimea on the inclusion of the Ukrainian and Belarusian SSR among the founders of the UN as a sign of recognition of the outstanding contribution of the Ukrainian and Belarusian peoples in victory over common The enemy is the German fascism.

Opened on April 25, 1945, the Conference in San Francisco adopted the UN Charter, signed by the 51 state - the founder of this organization, including the USSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the BSSR, as well as Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland, China, and others. Relying on supporting these and Other Democratic States, using the UN and other diplomatic pathways, the Soviet Union strongly sought the establishment of a truly fair post-war device of the world. Strictly following the previously accepted agreed solutions on the Yalta, Potsdam and other conferences, the USSR attached the primary importance to the fair placement of political forces in Europe, where the first and second world wars were unleashed over three decades. In this, as in other matters, the Soviet Union had to overcome the fierce resistance of the imperialist forces and their desire for all means to prevent the democratic development of a number of European countries.

D. Z. Manuilsky on behalf of the Ukrainian SSR signs the UN Charter, June 1945

The acute struggle of the two opposite political courses: the USSR and the People's Democratic States - on the one hand, the Western states on the other hand, turned around the conclusion of peace treaties with the former allies of fascist Germany - Italy, Romania, Hungary, Finland and Bulgaria. In accordance with the decision of the Potsdam Conference of the Three Powers, the preparation of peace treaties was entrusted by a body specially created for this purpose - the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs (Smid) of States that signed the conditions for the capitulation with these countries.

For those held from September 1945 until the end of 1946 in London, Moscow, Paris and New York, the sessions of the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs, as well as at the Paris Peace Conference (July - October 1946), the Soviet Union decidedly and persistently defended the interests of people - Democratic states of Europe, defended them from the attempts of Western states to interfere with their internal affairs, has steadily carried out a course to ensure lasting peace in Europe, seeking to maintain cooperation based on the principles of peaceful coexistence with States participating in the anti-Hitler coalition. This struggle made a worthy contribution and Ukrainian SSR as one of the founders of the UN. "

Members of the delegation of the Ukrainian SSR in the meeting room of the Paris Peace Conference 1946: the first row (from left to right) N. N. Petrovsky, V. A. Tarasenko, A. K. Kasimenko

At numerous meetings of the Smid, held with the aim of developing projects of peace treaties with the former allies of Germany, was clearly discovered by the desire of representatives of the United States and England to use the preparation of peace treaties for interference in the internal affairs of Bulgaria, Romania and other countries that were on the democratic path of development to restore them Former capitalist regimes. At the first meetings, the US delegation made slanderous attacks on the democratic governments of Bulgaria and Romania and refused to discuss civil contracts with these countries, until governments were created in them, "which can be recognized as". Having met the decisive rebuff of the USSR and other democratic forces, representatives of the United States and England in the future tried to impose the requirements if not replacement, the reorganization of governments in these countries, insisted on the creation of some "inspection commissions" or "European International Court", allegedly for Observing the implementation of the conditions of peace treaties, put forward other insolvent requirements and claims.

The main struggle of two opposing courses flashed on July 29, 1946 of the Parisian peace conference, convened for consideration and adoption of peace treaties with Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Italy and Finland, that is, solutions on the merits related to the fate of the world in Europe. Along with the delegations of the USSR and the BSSR, the delegation of the Ukrainian SSR led by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, a prominent state and politician D. Z. Manuel, actively participated in this conference. These delegations persistently achieved that the conclusion of peace treaties with Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Italy and Finland contributed to the democratic development of these countries in accordance with the will of their peoples, would forever eradicate the possibility of reviving Nazi ideology and orders and solved all the controversial territorial issues such The long-term and durable world in Europe strengthened. They strongly condemned the desire of Western states to impose such territorial decisions to the Eastern European states that would revive the atmosphere of conflicts and tensions in the area.

In a number of speeches at the conference, D. Z. Manuilsky and other members of the Ukrainian delegation, based on historical facts, revealed all the inconsistency of claims of the then reactionary Greek government to a significant part of the Bulgarian and Albanian territories. "According to what right, D. Z. Manuelsky said," the Greek delegation places claims to the original Bulgarian land, where the 300 thousand population accounts for only 150-200 people of Greek nationality. " If we talk about the change in Bulgarian - the Greek border, the only true, stressed the head of the Delegation of the Ukrainian SSR, would be the return of Bulgaria Western Thrace with access to the Aegean Sea, who was illegally rejected from her in 1919 on the next peace treaty. Thanks to the firm position of Soviet delegations and representatives of a number of other democratic states, territorial claims of Greece to Bulgaria and Albania were rejected. In the telegram in the name of D. Z. Manuel on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the Soviet Ukraine, the Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the NRB Tov. V. Kolarov handed the heart greetings to the Ukrainian people and expressed a hot desire to continue to be strengthened by the fraternal friendship of the peoples of both countries, so brightly manifested in the Parisian peace conference, "where, - as he stressed, - representatives of Ukraine so decisively and brilliantly defended the Fair Bulgarian case People. "

The acute struggle at the Parisian peace conference broke out and by definition of Italo - Yugoslav border. The Soviet Union defended the requirement of Yugoslavia to correct the injustice admitted after the First World War and return the entire Yuliyansky Cartoon, with the city of Trieste, freed from the fascist invaders of the Yugoslav People's Liberation Army. Western states insisted in the section of this territory between Italy and Yugoslavia. The Ukrainian delegation firmly defended the interests of Yugoslavia. At this time, numerous telegrams and letters from the population of various settlements and regions of the Yulia Extreme (Montphalcoma, Panzanor, Arisa, etc.) came to the NamsR government and other (Monfalcomm, Panzanor, Arisa, etc.) with requests to support their homeland - Yugoslavia to unite their homeland. "Such heroic people, like Ukrainian, who in the struggle against fascism stood so much," they wrote, "not to understand the struggle that our people lead today, who wants to recognize our right to belong to Yugoslavia."

Performing the will of his people, the delegates of the Ukrainian SSR strongly defended the legitimate requirements of the Slavic population of the Yulia Eltitory. Speaking at the conference on this issue, D. Z. Manuilsky angrily condemned the position of Western states who had sought the dismemberment of the Yulia extreme, and supported the compromise proposal of the Yugoslav delegation to establish a free port of Trieste with a small territory.

Equally strongly defended the Delegation of the Ukrainian SSR together with other Soviet and People's Democratic delegations. Fair provisions of peace treaties on reparations and other economic issues. Thanks to this joint activity of democratic forces, headed by the Soviet Union, it was possible to conclude in general fair peace agreements with the former allies of Germany. For the first time in history, the situation arose when the Great Country - the winner persistently sought fair decisions towards defeated countries, guided by humane feelings and concern about the peaceful future of Europe.

All participants in the Paris Peace Conference, including the USSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the BSSR, on February 10, 1947, concluded peace treaties in Paris with Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria and Finland, which became valid from September 15, 1947, after ratifying them on August 29 1947 by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, which spread the effect of this act to the Ukrainian SSR and the BSSR. In signed peace treaties with these countries, separate unfair territorial decisions of the Versailles system were corrected, in particular the new borders of the USSR, taking into account the national interests of the respective states. These treaties did not infer the political and economic independence and the national dignity of the defeated states, did not interfere with their peaceful development. The important political regulations contained in them on the complete and final elimination of fascism in these countries, to ensure human rights and major democratic freedoms for all their citizens, etc. discovered new opportunities for further progressive development and strengthening the international positions of these countries.

Together with the Delegation of the USSR and other Sudenay countries, the delegation of the Ukrainian SSR conducted considerable work at the Danube Conference of 1948, where the issue of nursing rights on the river was considered. The fair decision of the Danube problem was important political and economic importance for all the invented countries.

Imperialistic forces led by the United States by all means to preserve the unfair regime of shipping regulations established by the Tunaway, according to which the United States, England and France, without the present countries, would carry out control over the river and used it for interference in internal affairs Surchase countries. Still at the Parisian peace conference when discussing the Hungarian issue D. Z. Manuilsky, resolutely exposing these plans for the United States and England, said that for small in-school countries, such a regime would be equivalent to suicide, for he would mean that "the hosts on the Danube would not Sudenay countries, and those who live on the Hudson and Thames. "

The head of the Ukrainian delegation at the Danube Conference A. M. Baranovsky together with the Delegates of the USSR and other Dongsky countries firmly stated that their states would not allow any dictatorship and interference from the outside in addressing the issues of navigation on the river. Speaking by a single front, the Dongyan countries dropped the outdated convention of 1921, which allowed the imperialist countries - the United States, England and France - to actually control the shipping on the Danube, and adopted a new, renewed by the sovereign rights of the countries adjacent to him on the river shipping regime. This convention, together with other Divano countries, signed the Delegation of the USSR and the Ukrainian SSR.

One of the central in the postwar years was also the question of the fair democratic solution to the German problem. Performing the will of peace-loving peoples, recorded in the decisions of the Potsdam Conference, the Soviet Union strongly sought the eradication of fascism in Germany and creating conditions for the country's development as a single democratic peace-loving state. The entire public of Ukraine is hotly supported this policy of the Soviet Union, requiring full destruction of fascism and all conditions for his revival. "The fascist plague will threaten humanity as long as the flame writer is warningly in the days of the Nuremberg process - the internationalist Yaroslav Galan," the focus of fascism is not eliminated, all to the latter. "

At the same time, Soviet people have never been guided by a sense of revenge. They sought conclusions with Germany a fair peace treaty, turning it into a single peace-loving state. However, the Western powers refused their allied obligations and took the course to split Germany and the revival of militarism in it, creating a separate state in September 1949 by the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). In such conditions, the democratic forces of East Germany on October 7, 1949 were proclaimed the creation of the German Democratic Republic, which became the path of construction of socialism. The family of socialist states grew and fastened.

The formation of new, socialist international relations and participation in the Ukrainian SSR. The defeat of fascism and militarism in the Second World War and the implementation of the Great Liberation Mission of the Red Army, which created favorable conditions for the victory of people's democratic and socialist revolutions in a number of Europe and Asia, also discovered ample opportunities for establishing and developing completely new international relations of countries and peoples, based on the Lenin Principles of Socialist Internationalism.

Already from the first days of the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution, the young Soviet state in the mouth of his leader V. I. Lenin proclaimed the basic principles of its foreign policy aspiration for peace and friendship with all nations and achieving the voluntary and honest union of nations based on their complete mutual confidence. This course of the Soviet government conducted consistently and steadily at all stages of development of our state. But the conditions of the capitalist environment and the policy of imperialist ruling circles slowed down and limited the possibilities of its implementation. The victory of people's democratic revolutions in a number of countries in Europe and Asia created new, favorable conditions for implementing the Lenin principles of relations between countries and peoples.

The establishment and development of qualitatively new international relations between countries that have become on the path of construction of socialism is the most important component and one of the patterns of forming a global socialist community as a new social phenomenon of world history.

During the Great Patriotic War and in the first post-war years, the CPSU and the Soviet government took a number of steps to lay a solid foundation for new relationships with young people's democratic states. Considering that from the first days of their most important life task was to overcome foreign policy isolation, as well as strengthening sovereignty and international positions, the Soviet Union was the first of the great powers without any prerequisites established diplomatic relations with new democratic governments of Poland (January 4, 1945), Yugoslavia (April 11, 1945), Romania (August 6, 1945), Bulgaria (August 14, 1945), Hungary (September 25, 1945), Albania (November 10, 1945). This act was an important political support for young people's democratic states. He also discovered new opportunities for the expansion of trade and economic relations and was accompanied by the provision of the necessary economic, technical and other assistance. In 1945, the USSR concluded the first trade agreements with Bulgaria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and other countries, which launched a new foreign economic relations with them.

The signing of contracts for friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance between the USSR and other people's democratic countries, as well as between them, was particularly important. The first contracts for friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance were concluded by the Soviet Union during the war: with Czechoslovakia December 12, 1943, Yugoslavia on April 11, 1945 and Poland on April 21, 1945

A number of trade agreements have been signed with other states, and later - contracts for friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance: with Romania -4 February 1948, Hungary - February 18, 1948, Bulgaria - March 18, 1948, as well as an agreement with Albania April 10, 1949 in 1947-1949. And between the European countries of the People's Democracy themselves, contracts for friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance were signed. By the end of the 40s, they concluded 35 different bilateral allied agreements among themselves. Thus, a whole system of contractual relations between the USSR and these countries legally entrusted with the new relationships of socialism countries and played an important role in the protection of the conquests of socialism and in its successful development were created. The most important feature of these treaties was to conclude them on a fundamentally different basis than existing agreements between capitalist countries. Characteristic features of new agreements were full equality of the parties, mutual respect for independence and sovereignty, fraternal mutual assistance and cooperation. They envisaged close military - political cooperation and mutual assistance in the protection of the conquests of socialism, the joint struggle against the repetition of aggression from Germany and Japan or states united with them. The main goal of contracts is a fraternal mutual assistance in the construction of socialism through the development of comprehensive cooperation in the economic, political, cultural and other fields.

The Ukrainian SSR, directly bordering a number of European People's Democratic States, has taken the most active part in the establishment and development of friendly relations with them, and in particular in solving on a good-known basis of all border and other issues.

So, in the spirit of complete mutual understanding and sincere friendship, questions were resolved about the mutual exchange of the population between Soviet Ukraine and Poland. After the liberation of Poland from the fascist occupation, many Ukrainians, Belarusians and Lithuanians living in its territory, and Poles living in the USSR began to express the desire to relocate to their homeland. In accordance with imprisoned on September 9, 1944, in Lublin by agreement between the governments of the Ukrainian SSR and Poland, granted the right of voluntary mutual relocation of citizens, from October 1944 to August 1946, 482,880 people left the territory of Poland, and from the territory of Ukraine Poland - 810415 people.

Thus, about 1 million 300 thousand people of Ukrainian and Polish nationalities were able to take advantage of the right to return to their homeland and join the creative work of their people for the construction of a new life. Such a fair solution to the issue was only possible after the establishment of national power in Poland and on the basis of new relations between two neighboring countries.

A similar solution was made by the Ukrainian SSR and Czechoslovakia. After the liberation in October 1944, the Transcarpathian Ukraine in the villages and the cities of Transcarpathia launched a nationwide movement for reuniting with Soviet Ukraine. In accordance with the will of the Transcarpathian population, on June 29, 1945, the Soviet - Czechoslovak Agreement on the exit of the Transcarpathian Ukraine from Czechoslovakia and the reunification of it from his homeland - the Ukrainian SSR. This act completed the reunification of all Ukrainian lands in the Unified Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Going towards the request of the Government of Czechoslovakia, on July 10, 1946. The Soviet government signed an agreement on which the option was given to the option of Czechoslovak citizenship and relocation to Czechoslovakia to the Soviet citizens of the Czech and Slovak nationalities living on the territory of the former Volyn province and the right of the option of Soviet citizenship and relocation in the USSR Czechoslovak citizens of Ukrainian, Russian and Belarusian nationalities.

In accordance with this agreement, 33,077 people moved to Czechoslovakia to Czechoslovakia, and 8556 people from Czechoslovakia in the USSR. Both sides did everything necessary for this humane action to be organized, with strict compliance with the principles of voluntariness and in the spirit of sincere friendship and good neighborliness. Similarly, on a voluntary basis and, in accordance with the principles of new fraternal relations, other issues related to the mutual refund of various material and cultural values \u200b\u200bof Soviet Ukraine and their neighboring people and democratic states - Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Romania were resolved.

The workers of the Ukrainian SSR followed all the processes of revolutionary transformations in fraternal neighboring countries, generously shared their experience in the construction of a new life, provided them with all-time help and support. Mutual exchanges of parliamentary and government delegations were particularly important, as well as delegations of industrialists, cultural and public figures, etc.

Already in 1946-1947 In Ukraine, deputies of the National Assembly of the Czechoslovak Republic and the People's Assembly of Bulgaria, who acquainted with the experience of the highest state bodies of the Ukrainian SSR. The strengthening of fraternal friendship and cooperation was also promoted by staying during these years in Ukraine by the heads of Poland and Czechoslovakia, as well as a visit to Ukraine in 1948 by the Governmental delegation of Hungary.

In order to study the experience of collective farm construction, Polish, Czechoslovak, Bulgarian, Romanian peasants and specialists of agriculture came repeatedly arrived in the Ukrainian SSR. Only during February - July 1949, three delegations of Polish peasants were visited in the republic with a total number of about 600 people. They visited a large number of collective farms, state farms, MTS, industrial enterprises and scientific institutions of Kiev, Cherkasy, Kharkiv, Poltava, Sumy, Dnepropetrovsk, Vinnitsa, Zhytira, Chernihiv and other areas, where they acquainted in detail with the organization of production, life and life of agricultural workers. In June - July of the same year, in Kiev, Kharkov, Poltava and Kirovograd regions, he was acquainted with the experience of agricultural production by the delegation of peasants of the Romanian People's Republic, and in November - in five regions of Ukraine studied the experience of workers of the fields delegation of the peasants of Czechoslovakia. In turn, Ukrainian masters of agricultural production F. I. Dubkovetsky, E. S. Khobta, M. X. Savchenko et al. Leated into fraternal countries, where they shared their experiences and innovative achievements.

Despite the great difficulties and deprivations associated with huge losses and destruction during the war, the Soviet Union, faithful to its international politics, provided very substantial assistance to young people's democratic states in the restoration and development of the economy and in implementing all processes to create a new society. The Ukrainian SSR also added a decent contribution to this fraternal assistance.

So, in January 1945, immediately after the liberation of the capital of Poland, the government of the Ukrainian SSR transferred a significant amount of products to the starving residents of Warsaw, sent specialists and techniques to revive the destroyed city.

The authoritative commission of Soviet experts arrived in the capital of Poland. The USSR sent 500 national residential buildings to the fraternal country, 500 cars, a large number of various building materials and equipment, factories and factories. From the ruins and ash rose a new Warsaw. And in her revival, many sons of Ukraine took part. "The history of mankind does not know this fact of heartily responsiveness and disinterested friendship," said the mayor of Warsaw, which is manifested by the Soviet people against the fraternal Polish people. Pasha Brothers - Ukrainians, Belarusians, Lithuanians who themselves suffered so much from Hitler's barbarians, the first to give us a hand to us to heal the wounds applied to us by Hitler's executions as soon as possible. "

Similar fraternal assistance to the working people of Ukraine provided the peoples of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and other countries. Converacted in 1945, the first trade agreements with Bulgaria and Hungary, the Soviet Union immediately began to supply the necessary goods, materials, fuel, raw materials, machinery and equipment. Only for seven months of this year, 30 thousand tons of ferrous and non-ferrous metals were imported into Bulgaria, about 10 thousand tons of petroleum products, about 10 thousand tons of cotton, more than 20 thousand agricultural machines and many other equipment and materials. As the newspaper "Worker" wrote then, it was "crucial to rescue our national economy from a catastrophe threatening." The special role was played for Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary, the supply of Soviet goods, raw materials and materials into arid 1946-1947, when the population of these countries experienced serious difficulties associated with crumbling. Since 1948, the USSR began to import cars and equipment there, which contributed to successful construction in these countries of the material and technical base of socialism.

The systematic assistance of the USSR was important for young people's democratic countries in the training of specialist personnel, which began to be carried out since 1946, as well as other forms of scientific and scientific and technical cooperation, the exchange of experience in cultural construction, in which Ukraine was actively involved .

Thus, in the second half of the 40s, thanks to the wise internationalist policy of the CPSU and the Soviet state, new, socialist international relations are developing, in which not only government agencies are actively involved, but also broad masses of workers. The formation of new, socialist international relations is the inegenial and most important component of the process of the formation and development of the global socialist system. The comprehensive cooperation of the USSR with people's democratic states grew and developed as socialist transformations, restoration and further development of the national economy, the emergence of new industries and new processes in public life.

The achieved successes in the development of national economy of the People's Democratic States in the 40s and the accumulated experience of bilateral relations and cooperation dictated them the need and expediency of the transition to multilateral cooperation. In January 1949, the economic meeting of representatives of Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the USSR and Czechoslovakia was held in Moscow, which discussed the issue of organizing wider economic cooperation on a multilateral basis between them. The meeting decided to establish a common economic body - the Council of Economic Communication - on the principles of the equal representation of the countries participating in it. The main objectives of the CMEV proclaimed the exchange of economic experience, providing each other technical assistance, mutual assistance with raw materials, materials, machines, equipment, etc.

At the same time, the SEA was declared an open organization in which other countries that share its principles and those who want to cooperate with the states belonging to it can also come.

At the country's own experience, which became the path of construction of socialism, was convinced that cohesion, unity of actions, cooperation and mutual assistance multiplies their forces, increase the effectiveness of foreign policy shares of each of them and contribute to the growth of their economic and political power, their joint impact on the global revolutionary process.

In the struggle for international cooperation and social progress of peoples. As the international authority of the USSR and the strengthening of the national authorities in a number of Europe and Asia are growing in the post-war years, on the one hand, and the weakening of the positions of imperialism in the world as a whole - on the other, the US imperialist circles and other Western states have increasing the course of the so-called " Cold War "against the USSR and young people's democratic states. This course is most clearly manifested itself in the notorious "doctrine Truman" and "Marshall Plan", proclaimed by the official circles of the United States in 1947.

The "Doctrine Truman", set forth in the President of the US President Congress on March 12, 1947, provided for the provision of "assistance" of $ 400 million and Turkey allegedly to protect them from "aggression", declared the struggle against communism as a line of state policy of the United States. A frank goal was put forward - to oppose revolutionary changes in the world, maintain reactionary regimes, military dictatorships as bastions of anti-communism, to narrow military blocks around the USSR and young people's democratic states.

The second program of "dollar diplomacy", outlined on June 5, 1947. US Secretary

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Section I.

Versailles-Washington system of international relations: formation. Character ELEMENTARY PERIOD Development

The results of the First World War. The alignment of the forces on international agent in the first adolescent years

On November 11, 1918, in the French city of Compiègne in the headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-chief of the Allied Marshal Ferdinand Fota, the representatives of the Entente and defeated Germany, an armistice agreement was signed. The conclusion of the compision truce meant the completion of the first and history of the human civilization of the world warrior, which lasted four years for three months and eleven days. 101 gun volley announced the occurrence of peacetime

The development of international relations in the post-war period is the most direct and directly related to the outcome of the First World War. What were these results, what was their impact on world politics, on the formation of a qualitatively new system of international relations?

The most important military-political outcome of the world conflict has become triumphal victory of the states of the Entente and the crushing defeat of the countries of the Quartary Union , Where Germany included. Austria-Hungary. Turkey and Bulgaria,

This main result of the war has been legally executed in the Compi Enforcement Agreement - essentially, with the exception of several minor concessions to the German side. It can be equated to the act of unconditional surrender of Germany. The negotiations on the conditions of the truce were eloquent proof. When the head of the German delegation Reichsminster M. Erzberger asked Marshal Fosha, what conditions will be offered allied powers for their subsequent discussion, that with the directness of the Military man inherent in the directness: "There is no condition. But there is one requirement - Germany should be on your knees." On this discussion ended.

The requirement to "stand on the knees" was specified in the 34th articles of the compision truce, the entry and strength at 11 am II NEGOGO 191). The text of the agreement dictated by German by the winners with the winners includes the following main provisions: the cessation of hostilities from the moment of signing a truce: transfers; "France Alsace and Lorraine; withdrawal in the 15-day term of the German armed forces with the territories of the countries of the Entente, and Also from Austro-Hungary, Romania and Turkey; Germany pledged to clear from his military presence to the left bank of the Rhine, which was occupied by the allies' troops, in the demilitarization of the 50-kilometer strip on its right bank; the return of the trophies captured by Germany (including Russian, Belgian and Romanian gold was envisaged; ) And the immediate release of all prisoners of all prisoners of all prisoners of war; the Hermann arms and vehicles were transferred to the Maundas, which actually deprived Germany of its military and military-technical potential: German troops in East Africa disarmed and evacuated; Germany has been forcibly refused to extremely The Brest-Lithuanian and Bucharest Contracts with Soviet Russia and Romania, concluded on March 3 and May 7, 1918, for her. The above-mentioned conditions of the compa agreement have already talked about that. What civilian contracts will be dictated to the countries of the Quartary Union

Thus, the victory of the Entente in the First World War, legally enshrined in the complex of truce, had its most important international consequences of a fundamental change in the ratio of power in favor of the winning powers and to the damagepowers defeated.

The most tragic result of the war of steel unprecedented human losses, huge material damage and destruction. itthere were four years of unprecedented voltage of forces, human victims and suffering. That is why the contemporaries of the First World War rightly called her "the greatest crime against humanity."

In war 1914-1918 32 States of five continents took part. Military actions took place in the territory of 14 countries. About 74 million people were mobilized to the Armed Forces. During the war, extensive areas of Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, the North of France and Belgium were devastated. Damage from military destruction was estimated at $ 33 billion, which corresponded to the 10th part of the pre-war national income all European countries. General irrevocable losses should in any Comparison with past. As historic shows Statistics in wars XVII in. Killed 3,3. million .. in the XVIII V- -5.2 million .. in the XIX century - s, ^ million people. For four goals First World War the number of dead military personnel and civic persons amounted to 9 million 442thousand at the same time losses winners(5.4 million) exceeded the losses of the defeated (4 million) for the same period of time in the rear of warring states from hunger and diseasesabout 10 million died, it was injured and crippled 21 million soldiersand officers, the captivity turned out to be 6.5 million people.

The direct result of the war has become negative processes in the economic and especially socio-political sphere. The mobilization of the industry for weapons and military materials led to the disorder of the economy of all warring countries. The production of civil species of products has sharply decreased. On the first place of widespread items. It gave rise to trade hunger, price increase, speculation. Agriculture came into decline. The livestock population decreased, the collection of bread in European countries dropped by 30-60%. Prices rose two to four times while reducing real wages by 15-20%. World economic crisis 1920-1921 Esha more worsened the situation.

All of the above allows the following conclusion: the warmest of war is the most bloody and destructive in the history of mankind, the people of the world, social movements and the political elite to awareness of the need to prevent such world conflicts, a creative, more fair and secure system of international relations.

On the development of post-war international relations could notnot to have a serious impact and another principal importance of the first world war - a sharp aggravation of social tensions ^ the rest of the role of social-s-democratic and communist parties and organizations, a powerful rise of the revatal movement.

The revolutionary rise of 191U-1923. manifested itself in the most common forms: from workers' strikes and peasant unrest beforearmed uprisings and social revolutions,

Stacked peak The movements came in 1919. This year inmore than 15 million have used developed capitalist countries. pA-Eyuchih - compared with the usual pre-war "norm" in 2-3 millionhuman. It should be noted two high-quality features of the worker The movements of this time, affecting the urgent issues of international life. First, workers organizations in addition tograceful Requirements Improving Labor Conditions all the cup put forward slogans to combat reaction policies as inside countries and international arena. Secondly, on their rallies and demonstrations "the proletarians of all countries * expressed class support to the Soviet state. The requirement of "hands away from Soviet Russia!" Meets everywhere and became the slogan of the day.

It is these features that came closer to the working movement with the movement of the commocratic, anti-war and pacifist, which had a wide social base: from workers and small bourgeoisie to well-known political figures and capitalist magnates. And although the pacifism in the period under review nor and one country did not accept clear organizational outlines, more and more massive performances against war and aggression became an effective factor in world politics. The most impressive example is the manifestation of solidarity of the democratic community of the West with the struggle of Soviet Russia against a foreign intervention: from collecting funds and providing material assistance to the parcel of volunteers in the Red Army.

With the results of the war and the revolutionary lift, the emergence of a new phenomenon in public life was connected - international communist movement. In March 1919 in Moscowthe constituent congress took place III communist INTERNATIONAL. In the first postwar years, the number communist Parties grew up with a threatening speed for Western democracies. If no 1 Congress Comintern attended representatives of 35 communist parties and organizations, 11 Congress in 1920g. - 67, then III Congress estimated1921, collected Plenipotentiary representatives of 103 Communities. In 1922 There were 1 million 700 thousand communists in the world - 7 times more, than in 1917

During this period, the influence of the international communist movement on the global policy in accordance with its guideline of "Democratic Centralism" was built according to the scheme: Soviet Russia - Comintern - National Communist Party. At the same time, the general foreign policy line III of the International formulated is extremely simple and clear: all-time assistance to the global proletarian revolution and comprehensive support for the world's first socialist state.

Other influential factor in international life It became the revival and development of the social democratic movement. On theconference of Social Democratic Party in Bern in February 1919. Was restored II. International. As a result his Association S. II. "/ g International in 1923. Socialistic worker arose. To that time in the world numbered

to About 60 Social Democratic and socialist parties,

we united more than 8 million members.

The special role of social democracy in solving large international problems was determined not only by the revolving number of movement, but also the main provisions of its foreign policy program: solid commitment to the ideology of pacifism and extremely negative attitude towards the idea of \u200b\u200bthe world revolution and principles of proletarian internationalism. advanced communists.

Social crisis that swept at the end of the war all Europepowered by a number of revolutionary shocks. February and October 1917. Revolutions in Russia. November 1918 Revolution in Germany, revolutionary events in Finland. Austria. Czechoslovakia, Baltic countries, education in 1919. The Bavarian and Hungarian Soviet republics are not a complete list of sharp revolutionary conflicts. In the context of the problems under consideration, it is important to note that the leaders of the European revolutions K. Libknecht, R. Luxemburg. O. Levin. B. Kun, T. Samueli and others, along with the requirements of the radical reorganization of the Company, the slogans of revolutionary-democratic transformation of international relations, the struggle against imperialist wars and aggression, freedom and equality of all countries and peoples, all-friendly support for communist Russia.

Great social storm. Around the First World War, became the most important component of the formation of the world order and the new international system of insecluding farming reasons: as a powerful factor of democratization of international relations and as a serious barrier on a pathugressive, imperialist foreign policy in the Siluating Circles of Internal Social and Political Problems, the fight against revolutionary and intercourse *.

The epicenter of the revolutionary shocks and the result of the war of historical significance was the victory of the October Revolution in Russia ^ coming to power of the Bolsheviks and the formation of the Soviet state.

Modern Symphetians and Critics October, exactly Kik His fierce opponents in the past are trying to reduce the Russian revolution to the level of the Bolshevik coup, the historical chance caused by the "cloud of popular consciousness." This approach seems to be excessively ideologized and. What is more important, low-professional - enough to understand the terminology. The revolution in contrast to the coup is a historic phenomenon of a much more fundamental and global nature. First, it not only leads to the replacement of power structures, but also contributes radical changes to the political and socio-economic system toycountries where occurred. Secondly, it has a huge impact on the entire course of the global process, including the development of international terms. In accordance with these criteria, October events 1917. in Russia represented ourselves ne. "Local" coup and Laja is not just a revolution. And the Great Revolution.

What was the international value of October?

First of all, the victory of the Russian revolution meant whatthe world is Rasco.y. "1 for two opposing socio-political systems. IN AND. Lenin said in this regard: "Now two camps in complete consciousness stand against a friend on a worldwide." A new era began - the era of struggle, confrontation of two systems. Or. In other words, in international relations there was a qualitatively new contradiction - a contradiction class. "Interface", ideological

It should be noted that split mira occurred in all spheres of public life: economic (nationalization by foreign ownership by foreign loans and cancellation of foreign loans; Economic blockade of Western powers Soviet Russia), diplomatic (non-recognition by the West of Soviet power), military (preparation and organization of armed intervention in the "Country of Soviets"), ideological ("incompatibility", the mutual rejection of two ideologies, deployment on both sides of the agitational propaganda war).

A direct impact on the theory and practice of international relations was rendered by the Bolshevik leadership new principles of foreign policy activities which can be divided into two main groups.

One of them was the principles of general-democratic, declared in the first foreign policy acts of Soviet power (decree on the world adopted by the II Congress of the Council on October 26, 1917; Declaration of the rights of the peoples of Russia from November 15, 1917;

Appeal to all workers to Muslims of Russia and East of December 3, 1917): "A fair democratic world without annexations and contracting", publicity and openness of diplomacy, the right of nation "for free self-determination to the separation and education of an independent state", "equality and confidence" Large and small nations, "Cancel all and all sorts of national and national-religious privileges and restrictions." Development of economic relations on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, etc.

These principles later transformed into the concept of peaceful coexistence, could not but cause a response from government circles of Western powers, which was reflected in the post-war peaceful settlement plans (for example, in the "fourteenth points" of US President V. Wilson). Moreover, the Soviet government already at the end of 1917 was (or rather, it was forced to implement his foreign policy program. Recognizing the independence of Finland, Poland, the Baltic countries, previously essential components.

Russian Empire.

The second group included harsh class plants associated with the doctrine of the world revolution and called the principles of proletarian internationalism. They assumed unconditional support for the struggle against "world capital": from the moral incentive and material assistance to revolutionaries. From the organization "Red Intervention", because, according to the leader of the Left Communists, N.I. Bukharin, "the spread of the Red Army is the spread of socialism, proletarian power, revolution."

These revolutionary installations and attempts to implement them also caused a response from Western leaders, but already, for obvious reasons, extremely negative and militant. It is not randomly careful in its estimates I. Lloyd George declared; "The Bolsheviks are fanatical revolutionaries that dream of the conquest of the whole world of weapons."

The inconsistency of the principles of peaceful coexistence and proletarian internationalism determined their dual role in the formation of a post-war system of international relations: if the first could contribute to its democratization and fastening, the second were a destabilizing factor.

October Revolution and approval of Soviet power in Russia influenced the development of international relations and indirectly Being a really embodied goal of a worker, communist and revolutionary movement, which, in its

the queue, as mentioned above, has become the most important component of world politics and international life talking about the strength of World War. It is necessary to highlight unprecedented scope of the national and national liberation movement.

The last years of the warriors were marked by the crash of the four once powerful empires: Russian. Hermann. Austria-Hungarian and Ottomanskaya - in Europe, without waiting for international legal design, Austria, Hungary proclaimed their independence. Poland, Finland. Czechoslovakia. Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians. Lithuania. Latvia. Estonia.

Such a radical breaking of the international structure required the deposits of substantial adjustments to their approach to the problems of a peaceful settlement, taking into account the new political realities, the national interests of newly formed European states.

The national liberation struggle was covered by almost the entire colonial world. This was due to both the growth of national self-consciousness and the weakening of the Metropolis in World War. In 1918-1921. Large anti-colonial and anti-pulseristic performances - from mass demonstrations to armed uprisings and liberation wars - passed in India. China, Mongolia, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Libya. Morocco, Afghanistan and other colonial and dependent countries.

The first significant successes on the way to national liberation were achieved. In November 1918, leaders of the Libyan tribes proclaimed the creation of the Tripolitan Republic, which in the fierce struggle with Italian colonizers defended its independence until the 1930s. As a result of the third Anglo-Afghan warriors in August 1919, the Ravalpind Peace Treaty was signed, according to which England recognized the independence of Afghanistan, in 1921, the Moroccan mountain tribes headed by His leader Abd Al Kerim established the Republic of Reef, the France France-Spanish Natio Forces in 1926 In February 1922 The Government of Great Britain has published a declaration on the abolition of the English Protectorate and the recognition of Egypt by an independent state.

The national liberation movement in the first postwar years has put forward the largest political and statesmen from their ranks, such as Sun Yatsen in China, Mo Handas Karamchand Gandhi B. India Mustafa Kalaliatutyurk in Turkey, Amanulla Khan in Afghanistan. Their software requirements, despite the discrepancy on the issue of achievement goal wore a pronounced anti-imperialist and democratic nature; independence and sovereignty; cancel foreign political and financial control, regimecapitulation; recognition of ethnic borders; freedom and equal: yours all Peoples. Many leaders of the countries East emphasizeddetailed approach with Soviet Russia, what was sought and onpractice.

Evaluating the role and importance of national liberation in the colonial world during this period of time, cancome to the following conclusion.

First, the most important consequence of the liberation dawn in this political region was the changes in the tactics of the colonial powers: from the conduct of transformations in the management of colonies when expanding the rights of the local population (one of the examples - Montague-Chelmsford reform, which the Ang-School government spent in 1919 in India) before the recognition of political independence while maintaining the economic and financial domination over the freeding country (one of the examples is the provision of independence by Egypt while maintaining full control over the Suez Canal, the rights to "protect the interests of foreigners" and other conditions that have made proclaimed independence in Much fictitious). In essence, these were the first attempts to transition from classical colonial policy to neocolonial methods. At the same time, new methods have yet been an exception to the general rule: the leading Metropolis powers built their relations with the subject t.yerriti on the basis of direct political and military domination. In general, colonial and semi-colonial countries (even the ge. Who proclaimed their independence) continued to remain the object of the great powers, to be in the subordinate and dependent position.

Secondly, as the revolutionary rise in Europe, the national liberation movement in the colonial world contributed to the democratization of international relations - it is significant that it is at this time that for this reason manyrepresentatives of the political elite smelled seriously talking about the "right of nations to self-determination" and on solving a colonial issue "taking into account the interests of the local population."

Such were the main results of the First World War and the associated fundamental changes in the post-war international setting

It follows but, note that character new system international relations and its legal registration in solvingneck degrees depended on the arrangements and the ratio of forces between the great powers are the main subjects of the world politician. "For obvious reasons, it is primarily about the powers

the winners who rightfully had to determine the principles and conditions for the peaceful settlement and post-war organization of the world. What changes occurred in the international situation these States after graduation Firstworld War?

To the greatest extent from her won the connected States of America: The war turned this country into a first-class world power. It has created favorable conditions for the rapid economic growth and significant improvement in the financial statement of the United States.

As known. The United States has entered the war only in April 1917, and to active military actions have begun in July 1918 .. i.e. Shortly before it is completed. Losses USA There were relatively small: 50 thousand people killed (0.5% of general losses in the war) and 230 thousand wounded. Of Alone officers were killed one colonel: being drunk, fell from the horse and crashed to death. The territory of the United States themselves, due to their remoteness from Europe, was not affected by military actions and, therefore, in contrast to European countries, the United States managed to avoid any material damage and destruction.

Another and much more significant condition for strengthening the US economic positions was their "participation of the supplier" of military materials, food and raw materials for the warring countries in Europe. As a result, the net profit of American corporations that made these deliveries amounted to $ 33.5 billion - a figure that exceeded the estimated value of all material destruction on the European continent. New major capital investments significantly increased the production capacity of the American economy, provided her rapid rise. In 1920 The share of the United States in global industrial production exceeded Zya%. According to a separate decisive economic power, it is fluctuated from 50 (coal mining) to 60 (production of cast iron and steel) and even u5% (car release). The cost of American exports from 1914 to 1919. Increased in Zraza: from 2.4 to 7.9 billion dollars. Thus, the most important consequences of the war was a sharp strengthening of the position of the United States in the global economy, fixing per They are the role of the most powerful economic powers of the world.

Each of one substantial metamorphosis is a fundamental change in international financial status. Payment of military orders to allies and related overflow of securities from European banks to American reduced European capital investments for 4 years and 2 to 3 billion dollars.

On the other hand, for the same period, American investments perrubeze increased 6 times; From 3 to $ 18 billion. If the United States should have been $ 3.7 billion before the war .. then after the warrior, Europe was already owed US $ 11 billion. which was 55% of the mutual debt of the Allied states, which was assessed by p 20 billion. Dol. This meant that the United States turned from the debtor's country in the largest international cre-ditor-in the early 1920s. The United States owned half a world golden stock (4.5 out of $ 9 billion .: 1.5 billion accounted for in the share of England and France, the remaining 3 - on 40 states). Along with London, New York became generally recognized! * The financial capital of the world.

The strengthening of the United States of the United States in combination with economic leadership created the material basis for the transformation of the country from the regional to the Great World Power. In a broader international aspect, this meant the movement of the industrial and financial center of the capitalist world from Europe to North America.

Such were the reasons that caused the activation of US foreign policy activities. Becoming the leading power of the world in economic and financial indicators. The United States is beginning to claim a leadership role in world politics. And if earlier the ideas of "Atepsipra". The slogans of the establishment of the "world leadership" of the United States, which nominated by American politicians was only an illusion, after the end of the war they seemed to have acquired real meaning. Already in April 1917. President Woodrow Wilson publicly proclaimed:

"We are faced with the task of financing the whole world. but that Who gives money, must learn how to manage the world. "

However, as an example of the United States shows, a sharp increase in economic and financial mosses is not always adequate samea sharp strengthening of political positions in the international arena. The change in the balance of forces between the great powers in favor of the United States during this period did not lead to their transformation into a global leader of the global scale, and were their reasons that limit the influence of the United States on the development of post-war international relations.

Firstly. American business was not yet enough Prepared for the role of legislator mod in the global economy. Partlythis was explained by the fact that the development of an extensive domestic market was not yet completed. In the early 1920s 85-90% produced-sh is in the USA industrial products consumed within the country. As for excess capital, then. With the exception of an emergency situation during the war years, he was exported to limited number Western Hemisphere countries. In the remaining sectors of the global market, where the dominant situation retained European capital. USA Completed with the most severe competition.

In-Iitor. Each more substantial barrier on the way to * Mi-Rovel Leadership was the ideology and practice of American isolationism. The main meaning of this foreign policy, taking demolition began with< Про шального послания» первою президента США Джорджа Вашингтон;!, сводился к отказу от каких-or commitments and contracts with states of old light, which Could pull the United States to European military-political conflicts and, thus, to undermine their independence as n posses inner and in the field of foreign policy. "Internationalists", seeking to overcome this century tradition, without which active participation in world politics and,moreover, the achievement of political leadership in the world remained would be Good wishes, lost the battle of insolationists. Serious advantages of insulating player explained first of all topics. that they enjoyed the support of the population, among which were wide The ideas of the so-called democratic isolationism are common - the ideas of the struggle for the guidance and maintenance of a fair social order within the country with full failure to external military adventure and colonial seizures. As for the isolationist cussed political actors, they never challenged the right USA on economic expansion and the role of the international arbitrator, but strongly opposed the participation of the United States in any unions and agreements with European states. Paradoxics of the situation was concluded therein, that attempts of government circles USA to pursue a policy corresponding to the economic and financial power of the Great North American Power, could be blocked (as happened in practice) inside the United States.

Thirdly. Foreign policy any Power in solving global world problems should rely not only On powerful economic potential, but also for no less significant military potential. In this area are connected States Significantly lagging behind the European powered army USAhe was, as ironally noted in Europe, "-Velachin uncertain." Large-scale programs for the construction of the modern navy in those goals were only an application for the future. In general, military power USA with interest was compensated by the naval superiority of England, the power of the land forces of France, and after a while and high level organization of military car Germany and Japan.

Fourth. Another factor limiting the US foreign policy opportunities. lying in the field of practical diplomacy. Already the first attempts of the American administration to play the leading role in international affairs, they met a decisive confusion from the parties sophisticated in the diplomatic player of the Government and France, and in this area the advantage was not on the side of the United States.

Such were the real contours of international positions of the USA In the first post-war period. Them Influence at developmentinternational relations, oddly contradictory sounds.it became more and more pronounced and at the same time remained very limited.

International Regulations UK after endwars is extremely difficult to characterize definitely.

On the one hand, you can state the known weakening Her positions in the world, which was caused by the following reasons, the victory went to England dear Iena. Her Human lossesamounted to 744 thousand killed and about 1.700 thousand wounded Suchmilitary losses The history of this country did not know. War inflicted verytangible damage to the English economy. Connected The kingdom has lost About 20% of national wealth. how In the years wars. So and in The first postwar years continued shrink Industrial production. As a result of the pre-war level wascovered only in 1929. (The worst indicator among all Western powers). Significantly inferior USA. England finally lost of its former industrial leadership in the world. Her The share in global industrial production has been progressively decreased. Activities in 1920. 9% (in comparison from 13.6% in 1913) hugemilitary spending sharply worsened financial great Britain For the first time in long goals of financial prosperity she isturned from the most influential international Lender B.debtor's country. Her Post-war external debt estimated at 5. billion dollars, of which 3.7 billion accounted for uS share -the time of war was undermined and foreign trade positions EnglandThe country lost 40% of his trading front Traditionalforeign economic relations were interrupted. Eventually englishforeign trade decreased almost 2 times. but her foreigninvestments - by 25%. Mosted ascent national liberation movements became another "blow of fate *, from which B.england suffered the greatest extent, constived Master place In a number of colonial powers.

Together with topics noted above negative for United Kingdom effects First World War I am impossible absolutize. There were other factors that allowed this country not only preserve your position of the Great World Power, buton some sections l; 1st increase them. -.

First, despite the first signs of the crisis of the British Empire, England as a result of the war was able to defend hiscolonial monopoly. Moreover. Her colonial possessions were. They have been expanded by the account of the mandate on themanagement of territories previously owned by Germany and Turkey. If, before the war, no share of England accounted for 44.9% of the colonial possessions of the world, then after the war - 5th%,

Secondly, in the first postwar years, the priority remained the strongest in the world of the English naval fleet. Government circles of England sought strictly adhere to imi The developed formula: the British fleet must be more than the combined fleet of two other powers.

Thirdly, the deterioration of the financial situation of England could be considered temporary and relative. Her Debt connected States largely compensated by the debt of England by the continental European states, which exceeded $ 4.3 billion.

Fourthly, and the asset of England, of course, should be attributed to the defeat of the main pre-war competitor of Germany and the change in the European balance forces B. The benefit of the United Kingdom, the high international prestige of the winner in the war, traditionally a major role in world diplomacy and tremendous experience in solving complex international problems, Realistic and sufficiently far-sighted foreign policy of the British government.

World War introduced significant changes in international status French Republic.

Victory Triumph could only challenge the extremely severe consequences of the war, primarily a huge material damage and numerous human sacrifices. On Military Losses, France was inferior only to Germany and Russia: 1327 thousand killed and 2800 thousand wounded. The Northeastern Departments of France was almost completely devastated, more than 10 thousand industrial enterprises were destroyed and about 1 million residential buildings. The total volume of material losses was estimated at $ 15 billion, which was 31% of the pre-war national wealth. The deplorable state of the French economy was explained not only to the material damage and destruction caused by the war, but also a deep crisis associated with post-war reconvertement, i.e. translating industry to the production of peaceful products. The crisis has continued from 1918 to 1921. Industrial production index dropped to a mark of 55% of 1913. Even more serious losses were expected to be expected in the financial field. The war was deprived of her role of the World Roshchist. Puting in one row with other debtor states. French duty USA I.England has exceeded 7 billion. Lolle, a powerful blow to the financial positions of France inflicted the October Revolution: 71 * ^ all debts of the royal and temporary rules. annulled by the Soviet authorities, accounted for the French Republic. Not Could not have their negative impact on the international situation of France and the consequences of the war, as a sharp reduction in foreign trade turnover (almost 2 times) and foreign investments (by 30%), as well as the aggravation of the national liberation struggle in French colonies.

However, as in the case of England, positive for France, the results of the war prevalted over negative, which allowed her not only to preserve, but also to strengthen their positions of the Great Morning Power.

First, due to the acquisition of the so-called submanent territories of France, it was possible to significantly increase its colonial empire, its share in the colonial possessions of the world increased from 15.1% in 1913. up to 29% after the end of the war. Following the UK, France remained the most powerful metropolis country.

Secondly, in the first post-war period, the French Republic had the most severe ground army in the world.

Thirdly, the socio-economic instability caused by huge material losses in the war was a temporary factor. Transformation of France ofthe agrarian-industrial country in an industrial-agrarian power in the future should significantly improve the economic situation of the republic. What concerned financial damage, it was supposed to compensate for its reparations charged with Germany.

In-chtietty. Military defeat German empire I. Post-war polygica of the French government aimed on the Maximum weakening of traditional and the Grozny himselfenemies created favorable conditions for approvalthe leading role of France on the European continent.

Another winner country - Italy - before the war bythe right was considered one of the weak links among the great European powers.

World War did not contribute to this is position or serious Positive changes. Rather, on the contrary, she demonstrated Economic I. military failure of Italy, becoming For her, unbearable burden. During the war years, Italy lost 5yotes. soldiers and officers. After a crushing lesion in the first large battle for Italians with a quorption then B. October 1917, the Italian troops were completely demoralized and in this state were predicted until the end of the war. Record number of deserters and voluntarily surrendered captivity (more than 1 Million people) allowed military experts to call the Italian army "the most captive army of the world. Italy did not stand the military voltage. All major industries have declined. 1 Estimated debts exceeded the national domain of the country by 70%. Economic recession. Social tension and Financial chaos was accompanied by a deep political crisis, manifested by the extreme instability of the power structures. All this testified that

Together At the beginning of the 1920s. In the economic and political development of Italy, new trends have emerged, which were to strengthen the influence of this country to global politics.

First, the process of revival of the Italian industry began immediately after the war led to that. What already in 1920 According to the production of industrial products, Italy reached a pre-war level. Thus, the basis was laid for a fairly fast rates of economic growth in Italy in the following years.

Secondly, Eshe more important They had political processes. As a result of the sadly famous "campaign on Rome"in 1922 Fascism came to power in Italy. The leader of the Italian fascists of Benito Mussolini in their program statements was openly preached by the idea of \u200b\u200ba sharp increase in the foreign policy of Italy. Expansion slogans, new colonial captures. "Recreation of the Great Roman Empire", as well as practical preparations for their implementation, could not but affect the foreign policy Italy I. At the international situation as a whole.

Japan, Enters the war on the side of the Entente back in August 1914, did not take active participation in it. Her hostilities mostly drove to the hunt for the German cruisers in the quiet and Indian Oceans. The contribution of Japan with a common victory over the enemy can be indirectly appreciated by its military losses that make up about 300 people. But the results of the war were for Japan more The favorable.

First, lightning up already in The very beginning wargerman possessions in the Far East and Quiet Ocean. Japan. significantly strengthened its position in that Region world.She took possession of strategically and economically important. districts:

Marshalloe. Caroline and Mariani Islands, rented by Germany, Guangzhou territory in China, as well as the Chinese province of Shalun with a population of 36 million people.

Secondly, using the absorption of European powers of war, Japan took the first attempt to establish control over all China. In January 1915 She presented to the temporary president of the Republic of China, Yuan Shikayu Ultimatum, who was in history under the name * 21 demand. " This document actually turned China to the Japanese semi-colony (recognition of the occupation regime in Shandong. Japan's "control rights" in South Manchuria and inner Mongolia, prevent any other powers to the management of Chinese territories, the appointment of Japanese advisers to the Armed Forces and state bodies of China. " It is no coincidence on May 9, 1915 - the day of the signing of this agreement by the Democratic Publicism of China was declared the "National Shame Day". However, Japan was not fully satisfied with the achieved and achieved more: she managed in 1915-1917. To conclude with the Allies ~ England, France and Russia - Secret treaties for which the latter recognized it specialrights and interests "in China.

Thirdly, another exclusively beneficial to Japan's result of the war was to displace from the Asian markets of Western powers engaged in the war in Europe. This largely explained the extremely rapid growth rates of the Japanese economy. In 1920, the volume of industrial production exceeded a pre-war level by 70% (annual increase - 10%). For the same period, the export of Japanese goods increased by 330%.

So folded the material basis for the new exteriorjapan's policies that began practical implementation of the developed concept of "Asia for Asians" (read:

"Asia for Japan"). Everything The foregoing testified about,that during the war years and in the first post-war period Japan quickly turned from the leading regional in the Great worldpower.

Of The winning States of the quadruple union before wars status "Great Power" had Germany and Austria-Hungary. Ottoman Empire Formally called "Great" only by The sizes of the territories included in it, in fact, was a semi-colonial and dependent country. As for Bulgaria, she could have considered "Great" Only among small Balkan peoples.

Home Impact force Four Union German empire As mentioned above. Fascinated defeat in war.

Germany primacy by number Irrevocable military losses - 2 million 37 thousand German soldiers and officers died. The direct result of the war was the catastrophic state of the economy. Release of industrial products in 1920. Compared to the presenter level amounted to 58%. The production of agricultural products has decreased by 3 times the acute social and political crisis resulted in the November revolution. The overthrow of the Gogenpoller monarchy and the proclamation of the Weimar Republic. Already at the Commistant truce, Germany lost its navy, a significant part of the weapons and all colonial possessions.

Evaluating post-war international position of the countrythe unequivocal conclusion that seemed indisputable was then indisputable: Germany lost her great-container status, she descended from the international Arena as a great world power for decades ahead.

In a sense, an even more crushing blow to World War inflicted on international positions. Austria-Hungary.

By Analogs with Germany Austro-Hungary as a winning state experienced all the destructive consequences of the war:

large material waste and human losses (1 million 100 thousand people);

collapse economic and financial; Revolutionary crisis, Kre * Success of the Habsburg Monarchy and the establishment of the Austrian Republic. However, in the context of the development of international relations yet more A significant result of the war was the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The wave of the national liberation movement is in the fall of 1918. Unscrew the "patchwork monarchy", on the site of which four independent states were formed.

Thus, in contrast to Germany, Austro-Hungary did not simply and did not temporarily lost its great-container status, she lost it forever, in the recent past the powerful empire ceased to exist not only as a great power, but also as a state.

Especially should be dwelling on the characteristics of the international situation. Soviet Russia.

Despite the essential territorial losses in the European part of the former Russian Empire - Finland, Poland. Estonia. Latvia and Lithuania became sovereign states. Western parts of Ukraine and Belarus moved to Poland. And Bessarabia was annexed Romania - Russia in the new His Ipostasi continued to remain an important factor in international life. The main thing - she kept the status of the Great Power with all its obvious signs.

First of all, it is an extensive area and huge internal potential. "Socialism within the framework of one country * held 17% of the territory and amounted to 8% of the world's population. Another indicator of the "great-maintenance" was the complete autonomy of the political course of Soviet Russia, about what dependence on the West and could not talk about the Foreign Policy of the RSFSR (waiting and encouraging the world revolution) or in the internal policy (experiment on the construction of the new chance). "Class solidarity" was played a major role in strengthening the international situation of the country and assistance from worker, communist and national liberation movements. The Soviet-Bolshevik regime has demonstrated its viability and legal capacity in the Civil War and in the fight against a foreign intervention. He looked on thesupport for the absolute majority of the population, and this. According to V.I. Lenin, and there is a basic and irrefutable "proof of the true strength of the state."

However, the victory of the Oktyabrskaya revolution and preservationSoviet Russia Great Status at all not meanstrengthening its international positions. On the contrary, you can talk about their extreme weakening by compared to pre-war position Tsarist Russia.

Reasons are well known; Unprecedented material damage and multi-million dollar sacrifices caused by imperialist and civil wars, foreign intervention, white and red terror, Russia lost 1 million in World War II! 1 thousand people (the second one by the number of irrevocable loss indicator after Germany). In civilian war 800 thousand thousand people died on both sides. Hunger of 1921 buried 3 million. Human life-victims of terror, the exact count of which is impossible, hundreds of thousands of people became hundreds of thousands of people. In general, the population of Russia decreased from 1918 on 1922. by 15.1 million people. The general material damage caused to the Russian economy during two wars was evaluated in 76.5 billiongolden rub .. What was 51% of the pre-war national wealth. The volume of industrial production by 1921 decreased 7 times (15% of 1913), foreign trade turnover - 33 times (3% of the pre-war level). Already these figures and facts testified to the catastrophic deterioration in the international economic positions of Russia. Its share in the global gross product fell from 6% H 1913 to 2% in 1921. National income is inflated by the population, making up 120 dollars by the end of the Civil War .. was 20 times less than in the United States and $ 10 less than in the US In semi-colonial China.

In addition to the critical state of the economy and the exacerbation of the domestic political struggle, its complete international isolation was becoming another very unfavorable for Soviet Russia. Diplomatic non-recognition, economic blockade, direct military-political pressure- all allowed V.I. Leninwhen characterizing the international situation of Soviet Russia, compare it with the "precipitated fortress", "a socialist island in the ocean of raging imperialist elements",

Thus, in the first postwar years, the international positions of the Soviet state were extremely fragile and unstable. Her material opportunities did not go n. What comparison with the economic and military swaths of the great Western powers. The ratio of forces in the confrontation of two socio-political systems was certainly in favor of the capitalist plane. Therefore, the main directions of development of international relations were determined by the policies and contradictions of the Western powers, and not The struggle and relationship between "Capitalism-Socialism".

Such was the overall picture of the alignment of the forces and the international positions of the great powers after the end of the First World War. It is this new alignment of the forces that became the basis of the post-war system of international relations. Its main contours were outlined in plans to powered winning.

Plans for the great powers on the peaceful settlement and post-war organization of the world

In the plans of the post-war device of the world with which the Winner's powers came to a peaceful conference, three starting points were reflected: 1) The main results of the World War; 2) the new alignment of the forces between the great powers; 3) the country's international situation and her National-government goals and interests.

The most pretentious was the plan U.S.A.He was set forth by President Woodrow Wilson in the message of the US Congress January 8, 191 I am in the form of fourteen items, or "Basic principles. " Contents "Programs world »Wilson It was reduced to the following provisions.

Point 1 declared a refusal of secret diplomacy, glasnost In the world negotiations. "Open peace treaties." ParagraphThe 2nd solemnly declared the freedom of navigation in a peaceful and wartime, or "freedom of the seas". In paragraph 3, it was referred to about another freedom - freedom of trade, eliminating all customs barriers, i.e. On international recognition of the principles of "open doors" and "equal opportunities". Item 4th required the establishment of solid guarantees to reduce national armament to the limit minimum. In paragraph 5, the "fully independent, impartial decision of the colonial issue" was proclaimed with equal accounting of interests not only by metropolis, but also the population of the colonies (despite the foggy wording, it was about the recognition of the right of colonial peoples on self-determination and independence). Clause 6th, dedicated to Russia, argued its right to "free definition" of his national policy and the path of political development (however, in the comments to this item stored in the "archive" of the Chief Advisor of Wilson Colonel E. M- Hause, the need for support was emphasized "Democratic forces" of Russia, to which the United States administration of the Bolsheviks did not attribute:

moreover, as one of the variants of the decision of the Russian question, it was proposed to dismember the former Russian empire on a number of independent states and controlled by Western powers of the territories). In paragraphs from the 7th to the 13th, there were American proposals to resolve the most important territorial and state problems: restoration of sovereignty and borders of Belgium; Return of France Alsace and Lorraine: the establishment of the borders of Italy "according to the pronounced national signs"; Providing the peoples of Austro-Hungary Authority and Independent Development: Restoration of the sovereignty of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, preservation of the Serbia of entering the sea: the independent existence of the Turkish nation, the autonomy and independence of other nationalities that are part of the Ottoman Empire, international guarantees of free passage through the Black Sea Straits for ships of all countries; The creation of independent Poland, which includes indisputable Polish territories and has access to the sea. Point 14th and the latter, provided for the establishment of an international, supramitic organization for the conservation and maintenance of the world - in order to "provide mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity equals large and small countries." The US President called the Designed Organization of Liga Nations.

Thus, in the Wilson program, unusual democratic and cracks of radical slogans were put forward. In the American and European press, a wide advertising campaign on the praise of "fourteen items" was launched, which were translated into many languages \u200b\u200band distributed over 6 million copies around the world. Propaganda accent was made on the allegedly completely disinterested aspiration of Wilson to establish a new international order based on the principles of freedom, democracy and justice. The admiring Americans called Wilson "Great Peacemaker" and the "Apostle of the World". Enthusiast Europeans have met by the US President who arrived at the Peace Conference by Transparencies: "Glory Wilson Fair" - *. His names were named streets and planes in the cities of Italy. France and other European countries. Noisy delights and alignments on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean as it were moved to the second Plan Real content of program proposals United States to create a new world order.

How can I characterize the "program of the world" Wilson - at that time, the American foreign policy initiative is really the largest in the entire history of the United States? What goals were hiding behind a lush democratic and pacifist phraseology?

This question is far from idle, since in historical literature already long goals are going on disputes about the meaning and meaning of the "World Program" of the United States: from panegonic estimates in Western, primarily in American historiography to the derogatory criticism in the historiography of the Soviet.

An unforeseen analysis of the document rejects these extreme points of view. "Fourteen items" is a complex and controversial foreign policy act, taking into account both the features of the post-war international situation of the United States themselves and new trends in world development, therefore, it contained the requirements of both imperialist and democratic nature.

First. The program nominated by Wilson was the first official declaration of the US government on the US claims to the role of the global political leader, the "Higher Arbitrator" in international affairs. It was an application for the leadership of the post-war world.

The material basis of globalistic aspirations USA There was their transformation into the leading industrial and financial power of the Mira - the ideological justification was developed in detail by American expansionists at the end of the XIX century. Not surprisingly, after the end of the First World War wars in the USA

the ideas and slogans of the "predetermination of fate" and "Divine Prealtance", "Democratic Expansion" * and the establishment of the "American world" were widely obtained. Wilsononly gave these ideas the international legal sound-indirect confirmation of new trends in American foreign policy was the solemnity and pompous, which was accompanied by the first in the history of America, the departure of the current president in Europe (the number of the American delegation exceeded 1300 people). Wilson, who went to the old light on a ship "George Washington", violated a long tradition, since the solution to such important tasks and the implementation of such great goals required his personal presence at the conference.

That the main thing in the program Wilson were complaints about a leadership role in the world, testifies content itself"Fourteen items" and comments to them from side President and his advisers.

It is significant that the central idea american plan has become an idea creating leagues Nations wherein US was "booked" The place of the world "supererbit". In other words. LeagueNations considered government circles United States as the main tool of political leadership.the tool "Distribution of the monroment doctrine for the whole peace". INEurope to attack this Wilson Initiative well understood.calling the designed organization firm "Yankees and K °." Clarifying To its compatriots the meaning of the Nations, president of the U.S.A. Showing himself a worthy Son of Presbyterian pastor, preached; "America has become the first world power ... We need Solve the only question: Do we have the right refusemoral guide that suggests us. Institute will weor reject the trust of the world ... Us leads God. we not we can retreat- We can only follow the forward growing, aspiring To the heavens, and the worship of the Spirit. " Demonstrating enoughhigh level of oratorical art. Wilson showed asyou can connect the "heavenly forces" and "Divine providence"with a more obvious Earth purpose establishing american hegemony in the world.

In this context, other democratic pacifist points, nominated in the President of the President of the US President, also acquire more real meaning.

Excreed public opinion slogan opennessnegotiation and refusal to the secret diplomacy in specific conditions post-war time meant cancellation of secret contracts Entente countries in the field of spheres of influence and the new redistribution of the world. Without participating in their compilation. The United States feasured fairly that in these agreements the American interests were not taken into account. The conclusion suggested himself: it was necessary to cancel all the former secret contracts to create a new contractual system, which would have found their reflection of the US Nalist-Spectacilities

The very pacifirski sounded a point on the reduction and restriction of weapons was due not only to the military lag behind the United States from European powers and a very inhuman desire for universal disarmament. The main thing consisted in another: the principle of "maximum reduction of armaments" provided the United States the most favorable conditions in the struggle for the political prevalence in the world, since the determining factor of rivalry became not military, but economic power, i.e. The area where the United States is undoubtedly leading.

Thus, the "fourteen items" of Wilson were a kind of manifesto, in which, under the cover of pacifist slogans, the desire of the American administration was traced to bring the United States to the advancement of world politics, to consolidate the position of the leading power not only in the economic, but also in the political sphere.

Second. The "World Program" of the United States not only proclaimed a fundamentally new goal of American foreign policy, it launched qualitatively new methods to achieve this goal.

During the war years, government circles of all the great European powers were considered the post-war structure of the world in traditional categories. The foundation of the post-war world order was to be the changed balance of forces, fixed by the large-scale annexations of the winners due to the defeated, i.e. It was assumed to implement a new redistribution of the world. United States already with Conpa XIX century They opposed the classical methods of colonial seizures and military political expansion. they opposed them the doctrine of "open doors" and "equal opportunities" (proclaimed.! In 1899, US Secretary of State J. HEM in relation to China), Wilson's "Fourteen points" contained the requirement of international recognition of this doctrine, but not as Regional, but as a fundamental principle of world politics.

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Changes in the placement of forces in the international arena. New alignment of forces in the international arena after World War II. Foreign policy of the USSR in the era of the "Cold War arrange forces on the international

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