It consists of air. What is air: natural science for adults. Where is the air and why do we need it

We all know that there is no living creature without air on earth. Air will be vital for all of us. Everyone from children to adults know that without air it is impossible to survive, but not everyone knows what air is, and from what it consists. So, the air is a mixture of gases that cannot be not seen and do not touch, but we all know well that he is around us, although we practically notice it. To conduct studies of various nature, including, in our laboratory.

We can feel the air only when we feel a strong wind or we are located near the fan. Of which air consists, but it consists of nitrogen and oxygen, and only a small part of argon, water, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. If you consider the composition of air in percent, then nitrogen is 78.08 percent, oxygen 20.94%, argon 0.93 percent, carbon dioxide 0.04 percent, neon 1.82 * 10-3 percent, helium 4.6 * 10-4 percent, methane 1.7 * 10-4 percent, Crypton 1.14 * 10-4 percent, hydrogen 5 * 10-5 percent, xenon 8.7 * 10-6 percent, nitrogen nitrogen 5 * 10-5 percent.

The oxygen content in the air is very large because it is precisely oxygen desired for the vital activity of the human body. Oxygen, which is observed in air when breathing enters the cells of the human body, and participates in the process of oxidation, as a result of which the energy is released, which is needed for life. Also, oxygen, which is obligatory to be in the air and for burning fuel, which produces heat, as well as when producing mechanical energy in internal combustion engines.

Also, inert gases are mined from air during the liquefaction. How much oxygen in the air, if you look in percentage ratio, then oxygen and nitrogen in the air of 98 percent. Knowing the answer to this question arises another, which gaseous substances are included in the air.

So, in 1754, the scientist named Joseph Black was confirmed that the air consists of a mixture of gases, and not a homogeneous substance as it was thought before. The air on Earth includes methane, argon, carbon dioxide, helium, crypton, hydrogen, neon, xenon. It is worth noting that the percentage of air may vary slightly depending on where people live.

Unfortunately, in large cities, the proportion of carbon dioxide in the percentage will be higher than for example, in villages or forests. The question arises how many oxygen percent in the air in the mountains. The answer is simple, oxygen is much heavier than nitrogen, so it will be much smaller in the air in the mountains, this is because the oxygen density decreases.

Oxygen rate

So, with regard to the oxygen ratio in the air there are certain norms, for example, for the working area. In order for a person to fully work, the oxygen rate in the air is from 19 to 23 percent. When operating equipment, enterprises must necessarily follow the tightness of the devices, as well as various machines. If, when testing air in the room where people work, the oxygen indicator will be below 19 percent, then it is necessary to leave the room and turn on emergency ventilation. Control the level of oxygen in the air in the workplace can invite the "EcotestExpress" laboratory and explore.

Let's now define what oxygen is

Oxygen is a chemical element of the periodic table of Mendeleev elements, oxygen does not have a smell, no taste, nor color. Oxygen in the air is extremely necessary for human respiration, as well as for burning, because it's no secret that if there is no air, then no materials will burn. The composition of oxygen includes a mixture of three stable nuclides, the mass numbers of which are 16. 17 and 18.

So, oxygen is the most common element on Earth, as for the percentage of oxygen, the greatest interest in silicates is about 47.4 percent of the mass of solid terrestrial crust. Also in the marine and fresh waters of the whole land there is a huge amount of oxygen, namely 88.8 percent, as for oxygen in the air, it is only 20.95 percent. It should be noted that oxygen is included in more than 1,500 compounds in the earth's crust.

As for the preparation of oxygen, it is obtained by separation of air at low temperatures. This process is happening in the beginning, the air is compressed using a compressor when compressing the air begins to heat up. Compressed air is allowed to cool to room temperature, and after cooling, it provides its free extension.

When the gas temperature is expanding sharply begins to decrease after the air cooled its temperature can be several dozen degrees below room temperature, such air is again compressed and selected the heat outlook. After several stages of compression and cooling air, another number of procedures are done in a consequence of which pure oxygen is separated without any impurities.

And here there is another question that heavier oxygen or carbon dioxide. The answer is just of course carbon dioxide will be harder than oxygen. The density of carbon dioxide is 1.97kg / m3, but the density of oxygen in turn is 1.43kg / m3. As for carbon dioxide, it turns out to play one of the main roles in the vital activity of all living on Earth, and also has an impact on carbon cycle in nature. It has been proven that carbon dioxide is involved in the regulation of respiration, as well as blood circulation.

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What is carbon dioxide?

Now it is more detailed to determine what carbon dioxide is, as well as we denote the composition of carbon dioxide. So, carbon dioxide in other words is carbon dioxide, it is a colorless gas with a slightly acidic smell, as well as taste. As for air, the concentration of carbon dioxide in it is 0.038 percent. The physical properties of carbon dioxide is the fact that it does not exist in a liquid state at normal atmospheric pressure, and it moves immediately from a solid state into a gaseous.

Carbon dioxide in solid state is also called dry ice. To date, carbon dioxide is a participant in global warming. Get carbon dioxide using combustion of various substances. It is worth noting that in the industrial production of carbon dioxide, it is pumped into cylinders. Carbon dioxide injected into cylinders is used as fire extinguishers, as well as in the production of carbonated water, and is still used in pneumatic weapons. As well as in the food industry as a preservative.

The composition of inhaled and exhaled air

Now we will analyze the composition of the inhaled and exhaled air. For began to determine what breathing is. Breathing is called a complex continuous process, with which the gas composition of the blood is constantly updated. The composition of the inhaled air is 20.94 percent of oxygen, 0.03 percent of carbon dioxide and 79.03 percent of nitrogen. But the composition of exhaled air is only 16.3 percent of oxygen, as well as 4 percent of carbon dioxide and 79.7 percent of nitrogen.

It can be noted that the inhaled air differs from the exhaled oxygen content, as well as the amount of carbon dioxide. These substances are part of the air that we breathe and that we exhale. Thus, our body is saturated with oxygen and gives all unnecessary carbon dioxide outwards.

Dry oxygen improves electric, as well as the protective properties of the films due to the absence of water, as well as their seals and reduce the volume charge. Also, dry oxygen under normal conditions can not react with gold with copper or silver. To conduct a chemical air analysis or another laboratory study, including, in our EcotestExpress laboratory.

The air is the atmosphere of the planet on which we live. And we always have an opportunity question what is part of the air, the answer is just a set of gases, as above, it has already been described what gases and in what proportion is in the air. As for the maintenance of gases in the air, everything is easily and simple here, the ratio of interest is almost for all locations of our planet.

The composition and properties of air

Air consists not only of a mixture of gases, but also various aerosols, and vapors. The percentage of air is the ratio of oxygen nitrogen and other gases in the air. So, how much oxygen is contained in the air, the answer is just 20 percent. Component gas composition, as for nitrogen, it contains a lion's share of all air, and it is worth noting that at elevated nitrogen pressure begins to have narcotic properties.

This is not a small value, because when working, they often have to work at a depth of tremendous pressure. No longer has been told and about oxygen, it is of great importance to human life on our planet. It is worth noting that inhalation of a person with increased oxygen in a non-long period does not affect the person himself.

But if a person is inhaling air with an elevated level of oxygen for a long time, this will lead to pathological changes in the body. Another major component of the air, about which there was already a lot to have carbon dioxide, as a person, without him, can also live, as without oxygen.

If there were no air on Earth, then not one living organism could not live on our planet, and even more so something to function. Unfortunately, in the modern world, a huge number of industrial facilities that pollute our air are in recent times more and more often call for the fact that you need to take care of the environment, as well as to monitor the purity of the air. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out frequent measurements of air and determine how clean it is. If it seems to you that the air in your room is not enough clean and this factor has external factors you can always contact the EcotestExpress laboratory, which will conduct all the necessary analyzes (, research) and will give conclusion about the purity of the air inhaling by you.

The air is the most mysterious of all elements. Water, fire, earth, we can see, feel, and the air is not. By itself, the air is absolutely transparent, tasteless, there is no smell and colors ...

Science of air

The appearance of the atmosphere

The age of the atmosphere is taken to equate to the age of the Planet itself Earth - approximately 5,000 million years. At the initial stage of its formation, the Earth warmed up to impressive temperatures. "If, as the majority of scientists consider, the fact that the land has just been extremely hot (there was a temperature of about 9000 ° C), most of the gases that make up the atmosphere should have left it. As the gradual cooling and hardening of the Earth, the gases dissolved in a liquid earth crust would have come out of it. " From these gases and there was a primary earthly atmosphere, thanks to which the birth of life was possible.

The atmosphere is a gas shell surrounding the land and rotating with it as a whole. The atmosphere consists mainly of gases and various impurities (dust, water drops, ice crystals, sea salts, combustion products). The concentration of gases that make up the atmosphere is practically constant, with the exception of water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2).

Primary composition

As soon as the Earth cooled, around it, from highlighted gases, an atmosphere was formed. The exact percentage of elements of the chemical composition of the primary atmosphere, unfortunately, is not possible, but it is possible to accurately assume that the gases included in its composition were similar to those that are now ejected by volcanoes - carbon dioxide, water vapor and nitrogen. "Volcanic gases in the form of superheated vapors of water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, ammonia, acidic smoke, noble gases and oxygen formed piatosphor. At this time, the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere did not occur because it was consumed to oxidation of acidic smoke (HCl, SiO2, H2S). "

There are two theory of origin of the most important chemical element - oxygen. As the earth is cooling, the temperature fell to about 100 ° C, most of the water vapor condensed and dropped onto the ground surface with the first rain, as a result, the rivers, seas and oceans were formed - hydrosphere. "The water shell on Earth provided the ability to accumulate endogenous oxygen, becoming its battery and (when saturated) by the supplier to the atmosphere, by this time already purified from water, carbon dioxide, acidic smoke, and other gases as a result of the rainstream."

Another theory argues that oxygen was formed during photosynthesis as a result of the vital activity of primitive cell organisms, when plant organisms were settled throughout the land, the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere began to increase rapidly. However, many scientists tend to consider both versions without a mutual exception.

So the modern composition of the atmosphere is significantly different from the primary, which occurred 5 billion years ago, when the bark was formed. According to the most common theory, the atmosphere of the Earth in time was in four different compositions.

It was originally it consisted of light gases (hydrogen and helium), captured from the interplanetary space. This is the so-called primary atmosphere (570-200 million l. BC).

At the next stage, active volcanic activities led to saturation of the atmosphere and other gases, besides hydrogen (hydrocarbons, ammonia, water vapor). This formed a secondary atmosphere (200 million L.N. - of our days). This atmosphere was restorative.

• a constant leakage of hydrogen into the interplanetary space;
• chemical reactions occurring in an atmosphere under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, thunderstorm discharges and some other factors.

Gradually, these factors led to the formation of a tertiary atmosphere, characterized by a much smaller content of hydrogen and much large - nitrogen and carbon dioxide (formed as a result of chemical reactions from ammonia and hydrocarbons).

With the advent of living organisms on Earth, as a result of photosynthesis, accompanied by the release of oxygen and the absorption of carbon dioxide, the composition of the atmosphere began to change. The original diffrode was spent on the oxidation of the reduced compounds - hydrocarbons, the acidic shape of the iron contained in the oceans, etc. At the end of this stage, the oxygen content in the atmosphere began to grow. Gradually, a modern atmosphere, which has oxidative properties ...

The structure of the atmosphere

Atmosphere It has a layered structure. Allocate the troposphere, stratosphere, the mesosphere and thermosphor. The fraction of the troposphere accounts for about 80% of the mass of the atmosphere, the stratosphere is about 20%; The mass of the mesosphere is no more than 0.3%, the thermospheres are less than 0.05% of the total mass of the atmosphere.

Troposphere - The lower, the most studied layer of the atmosphere, height in the polar regions of 8 - 10 km, in moderate latitudes up to 10 - 12 km, at the equator - 16 - 18 km. In the troposphere, approximately 80-90% of the entire mass of the atmosphere and almost all water vapors are concentrated. The troposphere proceeds physical processes that determine one or another weather. All transformation of water vapor is carried out in the troposphere. It forms clouds and precipitation, cyclones and anticyclones are formed, turbulent and convective mixing is very developed.

Above the troposphere is a stratosphere

Stratosphere It is characterized by constancy or increasing temperature with height and exceptional dry air, there is almost no water vapor. The processes in the stratosphere practically do not affect the weather. Stratosphere is located at an altitude of 11 to 50 km. A slight change in temperature in a layer of 11-25 km (lower layer of the stratosphere) and an increase in it in a layer of 25-40 km from -56.5 to 0.8 ° C (top layer of the stratosphere). Having achieved at an altitude of about 40 km of value about 0 ° C, the temperature remains constant to a height of about 55 km. This area of \u200b\u200bconstant temperature is called strato-eyed and is the boundary between the stratosphere and the mesosphere. It is in the stratosphere that the layer of ozoneosphere is located ("ozone layer") (at a height of 15-20 to 55-60 km), which determines the upper limit of life in the biosphere.

The next layer lying above the stratosphere is a mesosphere

Mesosphere It starts at an altitude of 50 km and extends to 80-90 km. The temperature of the air to the height of 75-85 km decreases to -88 ° C. The upper boundary of the mesosphere is mesopause, where there is a temperature minimum, above the temperature again begins to grow. Next begins a new layer, which is called a thermosphere. The temperature in it is growing rapidly, reaching 1000 - 2000 ° C at an altitude of 400 km. Above 400 km, the temperature almost does not change with a height. The temperature and density of air are very dependent on the time of day and year, as well as from solar activity. During the maximum of solar activity, the temperature and density of air in a thermosphere is significantly higher than during the minimum years.

Next is located exosphere. The gas in the exosphere is strongly resolved, and hence the leakage of its particles into the interplanetary space (dissipation). Further Expliche is gradually moving into the so-called near cosmic vacuum, which is filled with strongly sparse particles of interplanetary gas, mainly hydrogen atoms. But this gas is only part of the interplanetary substance. The other part is the dust particles of comet and meteoric origin. In addition to extremely rarefied dust particles, electromagnetic and corpuscular radiation of solar and galactic origin penetrates into this space.

Atmospheric value

The atmosphere supplies us necessary for breathing oxygen. Already at an altitude of 5 km above the sea level, an ingredient person appears oxygen fasting and no adaptation of human performance is significantly reduced. The physiological zone of the atmosphere ends here.

Dense layers of air - troposphere and stratosphere - protect us from the affecting radiation action. With sufficient air raving, at altitudes more than 36 km, an intensive effect on the body has an ionizing radiation - primary cosmic rays; At the heights of more than 40 km, the ultraviolet part of the solar spectrum is valid for humans.

What is the ozone layer and why is its destruction harmful?

Functions of the ozone layer

20 - 50 kilometers above the surface of the earth in the atmosphere is a layer of ozone. - This is a special form of oxygen. Mole of air oxygen molecules consists of two atoms. The ozone molecule consists of three oxygen atoms.Ozone is formed under the action of sunlight. In the collision of photons of ultraviolet light with oxygen molecules, an oxygen atom is cleaved from them, which, by connecting to another mole of Kule 02, forms oz (ozone). Ozone Snoatmosphere very thin. If the atmosphere is evenly covered by the ozone of the atmosphere to evenly cover a plot of 45 square kilometers, it turns out a layer of 0.3 centimeters thick. A little ozone penetrates with air flows into the lower layers of the atmosphere. When the rays of light react with substances contained in exhaust gases and industrial smokes, ozone also formed.

Scientists calculated that an increase in the ozone hole area by 1 percent causes an increase in the incidence of skin cancer by 3 - 6 percent.

Hot foggy day in a gas-free area The ozone level can achieve threatening values. Ozone's breathing is very dangerousSince this gas (trochatomic oxygen) destroys the lungs. But if the ozone is where it is supposed to be at high altitude, it is very useful for health. Ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays. These are the very rays from which the skin becomes tanned. But if an excess of ultraviolet radiation falls on the skin, then you can get a sunburn or get sick with skin cancer.

About ozone atmospheric layer Scientists have learned in the 70s . The discovery was made that the chlorine derivatives of the carbon fluorine (freons) - compounds used in refrigerators, air conditioners and aerosol cylinders - destroy ozone. Freons are released into the atmosphere with each use of a canister with a deodorant or hair varnish. Lifting into the upper layers of the atmosphere, freon molecules interact with ozone molecules. Under the action of solar radiation, the freons is isolated chlorine, which splits ozone to form conventional oxygen. In place of such interaction, the ozone layer disappears.

In 1985, English scientists made a striking discovery. They discovered over Antarctic a huge "hole" in the ozone layer. This hole with the United States appears in the spring annually. When the direction of the dominant winds changes, the ozone hole is filled with ozone molecules from nearby sites of the atmosphere, while the amount of ozone in neighboring sites is reduced. For example, in the winter of 1992, a layer of ozone over Europe and Canada was 20 percent thinner.

As scientists found out, in the sky above Antarctic, the concentration of chlorine acid anhydride is very high - the compounds generated at the time of the destruction of the ozone molecule chlorine . Scientists calculated that a decrease in ozone content in the upper layers of the atmosphere by 1 percent causes an increase in the incidence of skin cancer by 3-6 percent, since the permeability of the atmosphere for ultraviolet rays increases by 2 percent. Ultraviolet rays, in addition, have a damaging effect on the body's immune system, making us more susceptible to infectious diseases, such as malaria. Ultraviolet rays destroy and plant cells - from trees to cereals.

It is even more disturbing that the depletion of the ozone layer may unpredictably change the climate of the Earth. Ozone layer delays heat dissipating from the surface of the earth . As the amount of ozone decreases in the atmosphere, the air temperature decreases, the direction of dominant winds changes and the weather changes. The result can be drought, crumbs, food shortages and hunger. Some scientists calculated that even if measures were taken and all operations destroying the ozone layer will cease, then it will take 100 years to restore it in full.

Science of air

Air - a natural mixture of gases (mainly nitrogen and oxygen - 98-99% in the amount as well carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen, etc.) forming earthly atmosphere. Air is necessary for the normal existence of the overwhelming number of ground living organisms: Oxygen contained in the air in the process of respiration enters the cells of the body and is used in the process of oxidation, as a result of which it is selected by the necessary energy (metabolism, aerobes).

Under atmospheric air It is understood by the "vital component of the environment, which is a natural mixture of atmospheric gases outside residential, industrial and other premises.

Chemical composition of air

Scientists Experimentally proved that air is a mixture of gases, and not a homogeneous substance.

Air composition:
Substances	Designation	By volume,%	By weight,%
Nitrogen		78,084	75,50
Oxygen		20,9476	23,15
Argon		0,934	1,292
Carbon dioxide	CO 2.	0,0314	0,046
Neon		0,001818	0,0014
Methane	CH 4.	0,0002	0,000084
Helium		0,000524	0,000073
Krypton		0,000114	0,003
Hydrogen		0,00005	0,00008
Xenon		0,0000087	0,00004

The composition of the air may change: in large cities, carbon dioxide content will be higher than in forests; In the mountains, low oxygen content due to the fact that oxygen is heavier than nitrogen, and therefore its height density decreases faster. In various parts of the Earth, the air composition may vary in the range of 1-3% for each gas.

Air always contains water pairs. So, at a temperature of 0 ° C 1 m³ of air, the maximum 5 grams of water can accommodate, and at a temperature of +10 ° C - already 10 grams.

German thinker Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche He wrote about the air that this is the highest and the thinnest from the matter. From the air Washkan Freedom of man. Therefore, the symbol of air is primarily a symbol of freedom. This is a freedom for which there are no obstacles, because air can not be limited, you can not catch and give it a form.

This is a symbol not only physical, but also spiritual freedom, freedom of thought. Therefore, the presence of air symbols on any surface speaks of ease of thinking, freedom and unpredictability.

The air is the most ghostly of the elements of the universe, unlike the earth, water or fire it is impossible to see or touch, you can only feel it.

Air is characterized by the following parameters:

Air temperature at each point is continuously changing; In different places of land at the same time, it is different. The earth's surface temperature varies in fairly wide range: the extreme values \u200b\u200bobserved so far, +58 ˚С (near Tripoli, Libya) and about -89.2 ˚С (at the Antarctic Station East).

The air temperature, as well as soil and water in most countries, is expressed in the degrees of the international temperature scale, or Celsius scales (˚С), generally accepted in physical dimensions. The zero of this scale falls at a temperature at which the ice is melted, and +100 ˚С - on the boiling point of water.

However, in the United States and a number of other countries, still not only in everyday life, but also in meteorology, the Fahrenheit scale is used (F). In this scale, the interval between the points of melting points of the ice and the boiling of water is divided into 180˚, and the point of the melting point is attributed to +32 ˚F. Thus, the magnitude of one degree of Fahrenheit is 5/9 ° C, and the zero of Fahrenheit scale falls on -17.8 ˚С. Zero Celsius scale corresponds to +32 ˚F, and +100 ˚С \u003d +212 ˚F.

Air density - Mass of gas atmospheric gas per unit volume or specific air mass under natural conditions. The magnitude of the air density is a function from the height of the measurements produced, from its temperature and humidity. Usually, the standard value is considered to be 1.225 kg/m3, which corresponds to dry air density at 15 ° C at sea level.

Under moisture It is understood as the presence of a gaseous water vapor in the air, the partial pressure of which does not exceed the pressure of the saturated pair for these atmospheric conditions. The addition of water vapor into the air leads to a decrease in its density, which is explained by a lower molar mass of water (18 gr/mol) compared with the molar mass of dry air (29 gr/mol).

Absolute humidity - the amount of moisture contained in one cubic air meter. Because of the low size is usually measured in g / m³. But due to the fact that at a certain temperature of the air in it, only a certain amount of moisture can be maximally contained (with an increase in temperature, this maximum possible amount of moisture increases, with a decrease in air temperature, the maximum possible amount of moisture decreases), introduced the concept of relative humidity.

Relative humidity - An important environmental environmental indicator. With too low or too high humidity, processes are observed negatively affecting human health, fast fatigue, deterioration of perception and memory, drying the mucous membranes, where viruses, bacteria, microbes penetrate the microcracks.

Low relative humidity (up to 5-7%) in the premises of the apartment, the office is marked in the regions with the continuous standing of low negative outdoor temperatures. Usually duration up to 1-2 weeks at temperatures below minus 20 o C leads to drying room. A significant deteriorating factor in maintaining relative humidity is an air exchange at low negative temperatures. The larger the air exchange in the premises, the faster in these premises it creates a low (5-7%) relative humidity. The most comfortable person feels at air humidity: in summer - from 60 to 75%; In winter, from 55 to 70%. In rooms with parquet and furniture made of natural wood, relative humidity should be from 50 to 60%.

Atmospheric pressure The pressure caused by weight of the overlying layers of air and the blows of its chaotic molecules is called. A technical atmosphere has been adopted per unit of pressure (atm.) — pressure equal to one kilogram of force on one square centimeter (kgf / cm 2). The pressure is indicated by the letter R, at sea level - R O..

According to the international system S. Pressure is measured by B. Pascals, i.e. Newtons per square meter (N / m 2).

Barometric pressure - This is the pressure measured in millimeters of a mercury pillar (mmHg.). Denotes letter IN, at sea level - At 0..

Standard barometric pressure is called pressure above sea level in mm RT. Art. It varies depending on temperature and humidity. 700 to 800 mm Hg. Art. and on average equals 760 mm.RT. Art.

The air does not stand still on the spot, it is continuously moving, rising, it produces ascending movement, dropping, moves to the ground. The air movement in the horizontal direction is called the wind.

Depending on natural conditions, winds have different characteristics.

Varieties of winds

The cause of the wind is an uneven distribution of air pressure on the ground surface, which is caused by an uneven temperature distribution. In this case, the air flow moves from places with a large pressure to the side, where the pressure is less.
Under the wind, the air is moving not evenly, but impulses, gust, especially at the surface of the Earth.

The wind is characterized by speed, direction and force.
Wind speed is measured in meters per second (m / s), kilometers per hour (km / h), points (on the Bafort scale from 0 to 12, currently up to 13 points) ..
The wind direction is determined by that side of the horizon with which the wind blows. For its designation, eight main directions (Rumbs) are applied: C, SZ, Z, YUZ, YU, YUV, B, SV. The direction depends on the distribution of pressure and from the deflecting action of the rotation of the Earth.

Tornado or Tornado - The atmospheric vortex occurring in a puppy-rain (thunderstorm) cloud and propagating down, often until the surface of the Earth, as a cloud sleeve or trunkdiameter in tens and hundreds of meters. The development of a tornger from the cloud distinguishes it from some externally similar and also distinguished by nature phenomena, such as death-vortex and dusty (sandy) vortices. Typically, the transverse diameter of the tumor funnel in the lower section is 300-400 m, although if the tornado touches the surface of the water, this value can be only 20-30 m, and when the funnel passing over the land can reach 1.5-3 km.

TYPHOON - A variety of tropical cyclone, which is typical of the North-West part of the Pacific Ocean. In the central part of Typhins is observed

the greatest decrease in air pressure on the sea surface, reaching 650 mm Hg.

The area of \u200b\u200bthe activity of Typhins, which accounts for the third part of the total number of tropical cyclones on Earth, is concluded between the coast of East Asia in the West, the equator in the south and the line of change of dates in the east. Although most of the typhoons are formed from May to November, other months of them are also not free.

Typhoon considers the shores of the Russian Far East, as a rule, after their bulk strikes, Korea, Japan and Island Ryuku are taking on. The Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Kamchatka and Primorsky Territory are most susceptible to Typhnese.

Passat - constant winds of tropical latitudes. They are distributed in the zone from 30 ° C.Sh. up to 30 ° Yu.Sh., That is, the width of each zone is 2-2.5 thousand km. These are stable winds of moderate speed (5-8 m / s). In the earth's surface, they are due to friction and deflecting actions of the daily rotation of the Earth have the prevailing northeastern direction in the northern hemisphere and southeastern in South (Fig. Iv.2). They are formed because in the equatorial belt heated air rises upwards, and tropical air comes from the north and south. The trade winds had and are of great practical importance in navigation, especially earlier for the sailing fleet, when they were called "shop winds". These winds form stable surface flows in the ocean along the equator directed from the east to the west. They led to America Karavlah Columbus.

Mussons

MussonsSustainable seasonal winds. In the summer, in the monsoon season, these winds usually blow from the sea to land and bring rain, and in the winter there is a sharp change of direction to the opposite, and these winds blow from sushi, carrying dry weather. Some regions of monsoon are very wet, in Cherrypundy in India, for example, more than 11,000 mM precipitation falls per year. Others, on the contrary, can be very dry, such as the Tar desert between India and Pakistan, where the amount of precipitation is less than 250 mm per year. The main areas of monsoon are located in Asia, where seasonal winds of winds on the opposite are the most significant. This is because the biggest continent, Asia, borders with the largest ocean - quiet.

Breeze - Local winds that day blow from the sea to land, and at night with sushi at sea. In this regard, distinguished day and night breeze. The daily (marine) breeze is formed as a result of the fact that the day sushi is heated faster than the sea, and the lower pressure is installed above it. At this time over the sea (more cooled), the pressure above and the air begins to move from the sea to the land. Night (coastal) breeze blows from sushi at sea, since at this time the dryer is cooled faster than the sea, and reduced pressure is above the water surface - the air moves from the shore to the sea.

In antiquity in different cultures, people could not explain the origin of various natural phenomena: winds, tornado, hurricanes, etc. Therefore, everything that influenced the life of a person had a certain natural cycle and did not have an explanation, deified, and was ascended to the cult of the gods. In this regard, legends arose, which explained the essence of the nature of natural phenomena in specific life situations.

So there were legends about the gods of air element.

Legends about the gods of air element

The cult of winds was distributed among the villagers and sailors of Greece. The winds sacrificed the roosters, black rams, they were built most often on the seashore, small temples and drops. In art, and specifically in bas-reliefs and paintings, they portrayed either individual characters of the gods of the wind, or the plots of myths associated with them.

The most famous among monuments is an eight-star Tower of winds in Athens, asked by images of eight winds. There were water clocks in that house, which showed the exact time. From the Tower of the winds in modern Athens begins a lively and beautiful street Eol.

In ancient times, people believed that the wind of divine origin, but in different legends it is described in different ways about their pedigree and place of stay.

Borea, notes, marshmallows and EVR are the gods of the four main winds: Northern, South, Western and East, were considered the Sons of Astrey and the goddess of the morning Zori Eos. Grozny hurricanes who were portrayed in the form of Harpi, monsters with female heads and bodies of predatory birds, were children of Tawma and electricians, and the worst, destructive cyclones and tornadoes who threw ships to the sea and broke them about coastal rocks, is the descendants of Typhoon, which Zeus once won in a bloody battle. Most often, the land of the winds considered the edge of wild, snow-covered mountains. There, Borea had his own underground palace, and in the neighborhood with him in different caves there were other winds. Borea was the strongest and most terrible among them. Touching howling, he attacked the sea, raised the waves, whipped them into a white foam, brought a storm and frost, which shields the ice rivers.

From "Odyssey", Homer spread another legend of winds. There was a kind of fabulous country, the Eolia, which the older people searched for one of the Liapan Islands, in the north of Sicily. It turned out that Eolia is a floating island protected by bronze shafts. And on the island lived Eola, the favorite buddy of the gods, the king of the winds. He had twelve children: six daughters and six sons. Ela has overlap them among themselves so as not to be separated from them. They lived in "Pahuchi houses" in prosperity and in happiness. Zeus gave up all winds under the supervision of Elau, and he had to subsigh them, then appeal to action. Ela should have followed all the time, because, having broken into the will, they could turn the sky and the earth upside down.

Greek God of West Wind - Marshmallow

Marshmallow - the wind, according to the ancients, dominated in the eastern part of the Mediterranean, starting from spring, and the greatest intensity achieved to the summer solstice. Here he, albeit warm, but often brings rain and even storms with him, while in the western part of the Mediterranean Sea, the marshmallow is almost always a light, pleasant wind. Hence the difference in the views on the marshmallow of the Greeks, who considered him one of the strongest and rapid winds, and the Romans who joined him and now the idea caused by them - about caressing, easy wind.

Mythologically Zephyr is the son of Astorea and Eos. Mentioned in Iliad. In view of his speed, he was also considered the Bulletin of Gods. The difference in the properties of the marshmallows in the West and the East, apparently, had the concept of compilers of Homeric songs, which force the marshmallow blowing on the islands of the blessed, located in the extreme West and do not know either storms or rains or snow.

Altar in Attica. Veins on the Champs Elysees. His beloved - chloride. Marshmallow is also a rival Apollo in Love to Hyacinth.

The image of the marshmallow has several sense interpretations: depending on the origin of the myth, it can be depicted in various versions. So, if we are talking about the east of the Mediterranean, the image of God is combined with such characteristics as power and impermanence, since the Western wind in the area, despite heat, often brought heavy rains and storms. The western part of the Mediterranean, on the contrary, considered this wind soft, light and gentle. For these reasons, there are differences in the perception of the same divine hero of the Greeks and the Romans.

It is likely that it was this fact that it was reflected in Iliad when Homer writes that the marshmallow sends wind to the blissful lands, which lie in the extreme West and who do not know either storms or snow, no rain.

It was considered the Divine Messenger for his swiftness and speed.

Greek God Borea

In the myths of ancient Greece - a deity, which is subject to the northern wind. Archaic God, the image of which originates in the complementary era. The son of the very first divine creatures of Titan Astrey and the Titanides of the EOS (Starry Sky and Morning Dawn).

By virtue of its antiquity, it is clearly pronounced archaic features: has wings, snake tails instead of legs, long hair and beard. He dwells in Thrace on the grief of gemm - the Cold and Mraka.

Another feature, testifying to the archaic origin of this divine character, is the ability to turn around by other living beings: Borea could become a stallion.

So, according to one of the myths, having accepted the appearance of a stallion with a dark mane, the Greek god of the wind Borea feared the twelve mare Erichton, the son of Dardan, who grazed on the green meadows near the River Scheman, choosing the best of their three thousand mares. Subsequently, twelve foals appeared on the world, who miseled ride, without touching the earth and play on the crests of the waves.

From marriage with other archaic characters myths - Erinnia and Garpia - also appeared offspring in the form of horses.

In the mythology of Ellinov Borea, there is a story about the abduction of Orifia - the daughter of the king Athens Erehfhey. If you believe the legend - Borea fell in love with the daughter of the Athens Tsar and persistently asked her to marry her, but Under numerous pretexts, Erehfey left a positive response.

Borea and Orifia

Grozen Borea, the God of the Neurotic, Stormy North Wind. He is furiously worn over the lands and seas, causing flights to his disturbing storms. He saw once Borea, rushing over the attic, daughter Erechtea Orifia and loved her. I prayed to Orifi's Borea to become his wife and allow him to carry her into his kingdom to the distant north. Orifia did not agree, she was afraid of the Terrible, harsh God. Refused Borea and Father Orifia, Erehette. No requests did not help, no prayer Borea. The Terrible God was angry and exclaimed:

- I deserved so humiliation! I forgot about my Grozny, inener strength! Does it apply to me humbly begging someone? Only by force I must act! I chase thunderstorm clouds across the sky, I take up on the sea, like the mountains, waves, I pull out the root, like the dryness, century-old oaks, I have a scattering grade of the ground and in a hard one, like a stone, Ice turning the water - and I pray as if powerless mortal. When I carry in a frantic flight above the ground, the whole earth fluctuates and even the underground kingdom of Aida. And I pray for Erechtea, as if I was his servant. I must not pray to give me an orfoy my wife, but take it by force!

I swung Borea with its mighty wings. The storm forged across the earth. As a reed, the century-old forests are crying, wept to the sea covered with foam shafts, dark clouds drove all the sky. Above the mountains spread a dark borea raincoat, and had a chilling cold of the North from him. All the crucial on its way, rushed by Borea to Athens, grabbed the Orifia, swayed and flew to her to himself.

There was an orifia wife Borea. She gave birth to him two twins sons, Zeta and Calaid. Both were covered, like their father. The great heroes were the sons of Borea, both of them participated in the campaign of Argonauts for the golden rune in Collid and made a lot of great feats.

Greek God Evr.

Greek mythology uses this character quite rarely and almost always in minor episodes. The Greek God of Wind Evr in the myths of ancient Greece commands the eastern or southeast wind.

In Greek mythology, there is no definite indication of its origin (while all other winds appeared from EOS and Astrey.

In addition, this god is deprived of any anthropomorphic features. However, like notes and marshmallows, sometimes destroys the ships and causes a storm.

Greek God EOL.

EOL. - Little Prometheus and Pandora , father Sisifa , the god of storms and winds, rules with his troubled, plusing subjects. Nearpacific kingdom Somna and Mora But not underground, but on its surface and there were the Eolian Islands, where Elah lived.
Got a royal crown of lovely handsJunons And therefore he tried to please in every way to please her ladies.
Eaol, Tsar Winds, Delil withDedalom Honor of the invention of sails that quickly carried ships by sea.
Eola was married toAurora who gave birth to him six sons winds:Borea (North wind),Bark (North-West Wind)Akvona (West wind),Note , (Southwestern wind),Era (oriental wind) andZephira (Soft and pleasant southern wind).

Five older sons of Eol were noisy, plump, capricious and violent, they could not live quietly and quietly. So that they did not cause serious destruction, Eao ruled them with an iron hand, kept connected in a big cave and released only on it so that they could argue the cropped members and cut a little.

According to myths, tied all his sons, except for one, in a leather bag and gave itUlysses. , when he visited Eolia . Thanks to this gift, Ulysses reached the shores of Ithaca and calmly landed on the shore, if his people, at the sight of the port, did not unleasize the bag to see what was there, and did not release evil wind, because of which such a terrible storm broke out, because of which such a terrible storm What was not in any myth.

But, although the wind was uncontrollable, they always obeyed the Father and on his team reluctantly returned to their gloomy dungeon, where in the powerless anger they tried to destroy her strong walls.

At your own accord or by the willgods Eola sent a soft breeze to move flowers or released on the will of the most violent out of his sons, ordered them to raise foam waves on the sea, tear sails, break their masts, pull out trees with the root, dump the roofs from houses - in a word, destroy everything.

There were gods of the air elements of other nations:

Egyptian God Shu.

Shu ("empty"), in the Egyptian mythology, the god of air, separating the sky and the earth, the son of the sunny god of Ra-Atuma, the spouse and brother of the goddess moisture is Tefnut. It was most often depicted by a man standing on one knee with his arms raised, which he supported the sky above the ground.

God Shu is in the afterlife kingdom one of the judges over the dead. In the myth on returning from Nubia, the sunshine, Shu, along with Tom, taking the appearance of Pavian, singing and dances returned the goddess to Egypt, where the spring flowering of nature began after her marriage.

As the God of the Wind, Shu entered the Heliopol ennea of \u200b\u200bthe gods. According to Heliopol legends on the creation of the world, he was considered the father of Geba and Nut. Heliopol (Greek - "City of the Sun"; Egyptian name - Iun), an ancient city in the Nile Delta, north of modern Cairo. With V dynasty (XXVI-XXV century BC) to the Ptolemaev dynasty, Heliopol was the center of the cult of the RA god, identified with the local God by Atum, the father of God Shu. Heliopol himself is identified with the biblical city.

In Slavic culture there were their gods and among them - Bog Wind Striboga.

Striboga

Striboga - Vladyka airspace, Lord of winds and storms, born from the breath of the genus. Streeting - between the earth and heaven, between the inhabitants of people and the abode of the gods.
The name of the striboga dates back to the ancient root of "Streg", which means "senior", "Uncle on Father". A similar meaning is found in the "Word about the regiment of Igor", where the winds are called "stribing grandchildren." Born the fight from the breath of the genus.
It can cause and tame a storm and can turn around with his assistant, the mythical bird is stirred. In general, the wind was usually represented in the image of a gray-haired old man who lives on the edge of the world, in the deaf forest or on the island in the middle of the sea-opaire.

The idol of the stribling was installed in Kiev among the seven most important Slavic deities.
Stroboga also prayed for navigators so that he gave "wind into the sail." The wind has many grandchildren and sons, small winds:
Posters - the eldest wind, is considered to be a boring god;
Gogging is a hot, drowning wind, lives in the desert in the south.

Weather - warm, light breeze, God of pleasant weather;

The southern wind - has a hot, southern temper, brings with itself heat and smell of the south;
Western wind - a little dry, it happens to be angry, but mostly kind; Siverko (the North Wind) - carries the cold from the Ice Ocean, very harsh and only a little reliever;
East wind - as an Asian has an unexpected, mysterious and cunning character;
Halfing, together with the midnight, frolic in the afternoon and at night.

In different cultures, in addition to the gods, there were spirits of air elements, myths and legends of which reached the present time ..

Legends about Silphs

Sylves - spirits who command the elements of air. Volatile, elusive creatures disappearing with lightning speed. Sylves are dracosy wings; For some reason, they are most often confused with Faymi. They believed that they live on the tops of the mountains or on the clouds. Sylves are friendly to people, they have their own "temples" and "sacred groves". Unlike the total name "Sylves", female individuals called "Sylphides".

It is assumed that the muses of the ancient Greeks were actually sielves, since these spirits inspire the mind, develop a person's imagination. In the Middle Ages, people were convinced that outstanding spiritual qualities that distinguish between geniuses arise from cooperation with the Sylves. But the sulphists are inconsistent, changeable and eccentric.

Sylves ancient attributed the work of snowflake modeling and collecting clouds. The last they performed with the help of Undines who delivered moisture. The winds were their crews, and the ancient called them spirits. They are the highest among natural spirits, and their native elements vibrate with the highest frequency. They live hundreds of years, and some even a thousand years and never become staring. Sylves sometimes take a human appearance, but only for a short time. They change their sizes, but, as a rule, they are not more than a person, but often significantly less. It is said that the Sylves often took people into their society and allowed to live there a considerable time. Paracels wrote about such an incident, but, of course, this did not happen until the person was in his physical body.

Air in the life of a person

When we appear on the light, we make the first breath. Leaving life, we stop breathing. The human life is completely dependent on breathing, and from the quality of inhaled air.

Breath - The same function of our organism as blood circulation or digestion. This is what given to us from nature. No one ever taught us to breathe, we were born with this skill.

To be healthy and live a long life, a person needs fresh air saturated with oxygen.

Many people ask the question: What happens in the body when he lack oxygen?

And the oxygen modern man lacks constantly. But why ...

Initially, nature was provided for the skin of the human body to be open. The man had to breathe leather, every cell of his body. Instead, the man closed himself in clothes, closed himself in stuffed premises, where little fresh air, it feeds on artificially prepared food, devoid of natural oxygen, and therefore the energy of life. All this causes the cells of the human body to test oxygen starvation, and they lack light, air, oxygen.

The lack of oxygen is very often caused by poor blood circulation, due to damage and defective capillaries. In this case, the amount of oxygen incoming to the organism is not equal to the amount of carbon dioxide allocated from the body. And the body begins to poison poisons and carbon dioxide. This becomes the cause of many diseases. People who are small in the fresh air, expose their health serious danger.

With a lack of oxygen in the human body, an inorganic oxalic acid is formed - a very harmful substance. It forms salts that are practically not derived from the body, laid in the form of insoluble compounds in cells, tissues, vessels, forms stones, contribute to the occurrence of diseases of the joints, bones on the feet, atherosclerosis and other vessel lesions. In addition, the lack of oxygen leads to the formation of a large amount of carbon monoxide in the body, which is one of the main causes of many diseases, including cancer.

Oxygen plays an important role in metabolism, improves blood circulation, helps better absorb nutrients. It helps to clean the blood, not allowing it to poison and polluted by waste and harmful poisonous substances. A sufficient amount of oxygen provides the body to recover and strengthen its immune system, that is, to get more natural protection against diseases. In addition, it has a soothing and at the same time stimulating effect on the nervous system. The enrichment of the body with oxygen is the key to life.

Over 90 percent of the body's energy is generated by entering the oxygen intake. The more the person gets oxygen, the more vital energy it will be.

Our ability to think directly depends on the purity of the inhaled air, from the volume of oxygen. The lack of oxygen in the system of blood supply to our brain is most often manifested as fatigue, headaches and not the ability to clearly think.

If a person feels a shortage of energy, the reason may be lack of oxygen. When the oxygen is small, the body takes precautions: retains energy, reducing its use.

As a result, the body does not allow to take advantage of all its energy resources, and a person is not able to give himself an adequate physical activity. At the slightest tension, fatigue is felt.

Another serious problem occurs with the lack of oxygen - the conclusion from the body of malicious microorganisms is worsening. The enrichment of the body and blood oxygen helps to remove toxins from the body and keep the number of malicious microorganisms and causative agents of infections at a safe level.

But how do you need to breathe that blood, lymph and the whole organism are saturated with oxygen and cleaned from poisons? Of course, it is necessary to breathe fresh natural air enriched with oxygen. But that's not all. It is necessary to breathe correctly.

To do this, there are different types and methods of breathing: full yogh, reverse breathing, sunny, lunar, breathing with the entire surface of the body, etc. Methods of proper breathing can be found in the special literature or on the Internet, because Each type of breathing is intended for each specific case.

Prana

"The one who knows Prana knows Veda"- So affirm shruti(Scriptures). IN "Vedanta-Sutrachi"you can also find such words:

"Breathing is Brahman."

Prana- This is the total energy of the universe. This is the sum of all the forces hidden in man and surrounding it.

Heat, light, electricity, magnetism - all this manifestations prana.All physical forces, all energies and pranastem from a common source Atman.All physical and mental forces are pranay.This force acts on all the plans of being, from the lowest to the highest. Everything that moves, functions, lives - is an expression, or manifestation prana.
Pranaassociated with the mind, through the mind - with the will, through the will - with an individual soul, and through the soul - with the highest essence. If you know how to manage small waves pranapass through mind, you know the secret of control over universal pranay.Yogi, who mastered this art is not afraid of any strength, as it controls all the forces of this world.

What is called the power of personality is just the natural ability of a person to manage its pranay.Some people are more successful, influential and attractive than others.

In various traditions, Prana is equal to such concepts as q. .

Breath and Prana

Breathing is an external manifestation of prana, vitality. Having learned to drive breathing, you will be able to control the finest mats of Prana contained in it. Breathing resembles an important flywheel in a single organism. If you stop this flywheel, body bodies stop their work. If you can control the flywheel, you can easily control the rest of the gears.

Similarly, if you are able to control the external respiratory mechanism, you can control the inner life force, prana. And then you can fully control all the forces of the universe, mental and physical. Prana and consciousness are closely connected with each other. Consciousness cannot act without the help of Prana.

It is the vibrations of Prana that lead to the formation of thoughts in the brain. How water is part of milk, so Prana is conscious. Prana gives consciousness in motion. If you control Prana, your consciousness will also be controlled. If you control consciousness, Prana will automatically be under your control

Mental human body - planet's mental plan

The mental body of a person forms elements and an element of air.

The mental body of the planet is formed by the mental bodies of people, animals, elementals.

The activity of the mental body of a person is the process of thinking. And thinking is any change of mental images, regardless of how constructively it is aware of and managed by consciousness.

Also, mental images themselves are the perception of individual mental objects that exist independently of the person in the mental plan.

Our mental apparatus is able to compose from different thinking of the mental constructions chain, thickening mental energy, as well as disassemble complex thinking on the components. All this is done with the help of "left-hand" thinking.

In addition, the person is capable of associative "right-hand"thinking: When the mental form is involved in the mental vision field, something similar to the medal imaging, based on the similarity, the brain builds associative ranks of concepts.

The thinking process as a whole is a certain work, partially in the search in the mental plan of suitable thinking, blanks for building the necessary structures (concepts, theory), which at the moment a person is arranged.

For example, building in the mental plan (that is, in the outer world) a certain design, a person feels like in his thoughts on the site of the former chaos there is an extraordinary clarity, as if in the near-closed room, the order was called.

Often thinking goes unconsciously or half, and then a person is not aware of the nature of the internal changes of the mental body, nor the subject of his efforts in the mental plan.

It is this subconscious thinking and is the main one; Realizing the "reasoning" and associative series of no more than superficial products or, more precisely, traces of mental meditations occurring completely unknown modern science in ways.

Most of humanity do not follow the quality of their thinking, for the outside of low-fiber information coming to them, and for those monstrous mental construction, whose creators are themselves.

But the air is the carrier of the thought of man. Over big cities hanging gray clouds and suffocating from destructive thoughts, suffering, sadness and grief of humanity of the Earth, which, forming negative magnets, attract similar energy from the space, forming powerful energy funnels that are transformed into tornadoes and hurricanes.

Mountains (Mountain Breeze) play a huge role in the premium of energy purity in the foothill areas - Sea (sea breeze), in the steppes and deserts - Sukhov. The wind is powerful to help remove the concentration of thought in the air, in the atmosphere.

Air movement occurs for two reasons. The first one is known to people - this is the temperature difference. The second, the most powerful, but not yet recognized by science is the movement of energy inside the air masses.

If a large number of negative energy has accumulated, then the lowered vibrations of negative thoughts of people are reaction and in the air are neutralized by higher vibrations of energy air flows. And it causes the movement of air masses. Huge air flows can move in the form of a funnel or straight. The more negative thoughts, the stronger the perturbation of the air flow. Sometimes the wind, with especially strong pollution, turns into a hurricane and tornado. Recently, there is a large number of troops and hurricanes that demolish all the living on their way, destroying whole cities, thereby showing humanity - who is the owner's house. Humanity should think and urgently take measures to guide the order on its planet and help her to pass their stages of evolution.

Angi Yoga. Management of thought

"A person must be able to manage his thoughts" (Agni Yoga "Overhead", 647), "says the doctrine.

What is the art of the management of thought? What should be done in order to learn how to manage the thought? A generally accepted look - get a good education, train memory, upload it with various information. Develop intelligence, the ability to solve various theoretical and practical issues. However, as a result, a person develops, above all, the information constituent that settles in his instinctive mind, fills it with the deposits of the necessary and unnecessary information. A logical, verbal-logical mind develops. It is overlooked by the image of thinking, the highest type of thinking is overlooked. In addition, the level of self-control of man is very important.

If a person has no self-control, the mind often begins to follow our conscious and unconscious desires, begins to obey the chaotic desire of human desires, so the theosophical tradition calls the lowest mind - Kama Manas, or the mind of desires, the mind serving lower desires. From an esoteric point of view, it is unacceptable because such a chaotic mind becomes the source of the troubles for the person and the universe.

What is the control of the mind? What is the person who decided to learn how to manage his mind? As soon as we focus on the control of our mind, consciousness, we will see his chaoticism. Thoughts exist in the form of a chaotic stream of consciousness. The instinctive mind enters a combination with a logical mind, and they generate the so-called internal dialogue. These are words, phrases, scraps of memories, disputes that have passed the events that are spinning in a person in a person in a kaleidoscope. Consciousness is filled with pictures, images, scenes of events of today and days of long-lasting.

"The huge part of mankind does not think at all. It is impossible to consider the scraps of disorderly, vague doom. They arise from chaos and melt as fast as snow flakes in thaw "(Agni Yoga" Overhead ", 542).

If our mind at the moment purposefully does not solve any urgent task, problem, then the state of our mental sphere is similar to some random video clip. It revolves, diminishing, slows down, annoying and causes irritation. This is a dirty foam of our consciousness. This is chaos thinking in man. If the flow of thought, the flow of consciousness learn to control, then eliminating the chaos of thoughts, we will free a large amount of energy that you can use.

Periodically, the chaos of consciousness returns to some favorite topics, around which thoughts rotate. With attentive observation, you can see and call these main themes around which thoughts are spinning and see what these thoughts are behind these thoughts. It is desires that are a motivating beginning for thoughts. And if you look deep into these desires, you can better understand your essence. See your essential core. As a rule, the main thing in this nucleus - we ourselves, our personal ego, our egoistic "I".

But if a person is inclined to spiritual work, has a developed worldview, and in his thoughts asked for spiritual worlds, then there is light in the thoughts of such a person. The consciousness of such a person can be illuminated by ideas and images coming from the highest worlds.

The self-examination itself allows you to see a mental chaos, and stopping the work of the inner thought kaleidoscope gives a huge result on the preservation and accumulation of mental energy. We get the opportunity if you wish to stop the thoughts, if necessary, concentrate them in the right direction, cutting off all a foreign. We just need to want, it is from this that all inner work begins.

So, to control the thought you need to learn to do the following qualitatively:

Stop thoughts, mental chaos.

Concentrate on the desired thought, discarding all outsiders, not allowing any other thoughts and images for a long time.

Quickly switch consciousness with one thought to another.

Think brightly, figuratively. Thinking about something, one should try to represent a separate image, and the whole situation that will be based on the results of our thoughts and actions.

"Thought is creating. The attraction of thought in space is immeasurably. Many experiences can only partly expand the understanding of the power of thought. Thoughtful thoughts, thoughts of various build thin worlds that are clairvizing. Among the many reasons for evolution, thought is the main meaning. Therefore, so the ideas about the quality of thought "(Agni Yoga" World Fire "1, 613).

"What will be the refinement and elevation of thinking, burned on the sacred fire? Is it really in the heaps of artificial logic and in horrific syllogisms? Of course, thinking will rush to the assessment of the best and excellent and to find the greatest utility. You can foresee how the accumulation of the bowl will give the course of clear thoughts, comparing the past with the future "(signs of Yoga Agni, 550).

AIR POLLUTION

So, we understand that the purity of the planet's air atmosphere depends on the quality of our thinking.

In addition, there are two main physical sources of pollution of the atmosphere: natural and anthropogenic.

TO natural Source Painting Atmospheric Related Emissions of volcanoes, dust storms, weathered, forest fires, plants decomposition processes and animals.

To the mainstream anthropogenic sourcespollution of the atmosphere includes exhaust of fuel and energy complexes, engineering enterprises.

In addition to gaseous pollutants, a large amount of solid particles enters the atmosphere. This is dust, soot and soot. The pollution of the natural environment is tatting the pollution of natural medium with heavy metals. Lead, cadmium, mercury, copper, nickel, zinc, chrome, vanadium became almost constant components of the air of industrial centers.

The cause of a large part of chemical and physical contamination is the burning of hydrocarbon fuel in the production of electrical energy and during the operation of vehicle engines.

One of the most toxic gases entering the atmosphere as a result of human activity - ozone. Poaming and lead contained in car exhaust gases. Among other dangerous pollutants - carbon monoxide, nitrogen and sulfur oxides, as well as small dust. Every year, 170 million tons of dust comes to the atmosphere, 170 million tons of dust comes to the atmosphere of human activity (in the production of electricity, cement production.

Especially acute is the problem of air pollution lead.
Global air pollution affects the state of natural ecosystems, especially on the green cover of our planet. One of the most visual indicators of the state of the biosphere is the forests of their well-being.
Acid rains caused mainly by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides cause tremendous harm to forest biocenoses. It has been established that coniferous rocks suffer from acid rain to a greater extent than broadly.
The air environmental problem of the depletion of the ozone layer, including the appearance of ozone holes over Antarctic and the Arctic, is associated with the excessive use of freon in production and everyday life.

Human economic activity, acquiring increasingly global character, begins to have a very tangible effect on the processes occurring in the biosphere. But there is a limit when the biosphere is no longer able to maintain balance. The irreversible processes leading to environmental catastrophes begin. Humanity has already encountered them in a number of planet regions.

Environmental consequences of the pollution of the atmosphere

The most important environmental consequences of global pollution of the atmosphere include:
1) Possible climate warming ("greenhouse effect");
2) disruption of the ozone layer;
3) Loss of acid rain.
Most scientists in the world consider them as the largest environmental issues of modernity.

Greenhouse effect

The greenhouse effect is a phenomenon in which the atmospheric gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and ozone) hold the heat-rising heat in the troposphere, without letting it rise to higher layers of the atmosphere. At the same time, heating, both the atmosphere, and the earth's surface occurs.

The cause of the greenhouse effect is the property of atmospheric gases to absorb and emit thermal infrared radiation and in nature this phenomenon is always present. The alarm is that in the last centuries, the phenomenon of the greenhouse effect is enhanced, and the cause of the greenhouse effect is the increasing emissions into the atmosphere of gases arising from the vital activity of humanity.

Automobile exhausts, pipes of factories, CHP and even the burning of household waste pollute the atmosphere of greenhouse gases is no longer one decade, the greenhouse effect is enhanced and the consequence of it can become dangerous for human global warming of the land climate.

The teaching of the Golden Age. Element and air element

The radiant and beautiful spirits that evolve the element of the element and element of air will be represented in the space of the new world before the gaze of the representatives of the planetary race as creatures with a translucent body emitting the inner light, perfect and harmonious, superior to their growing representatives of other lives. The color of their translucent tel is bluish-silver, shining.

To the present evolutionary moment, they are all, with the exception of Divine rules, developed individually, without having needs to communicate with each other. The mutual proactation began missing. All contacts inside the life are due only to plans and will of higher hierarchs. The consequence of such a development model is manifested as a complete absence of a sensual sphere, which is the main obstacle to evolution in the new high-voltage octave of the manifested universe and being.

During the period of its evolution, the synthesis experience gained, the creation of conditions for the origin and the emergence of biological life, represented by a great multitude of various forms and states.

Levitation, teleportation - the experience of divine rules of air element (the sacrament of a coast of free flight, both in the spirit, thoughts and in the sphere of feelings that belongs to the soul.

The grain of such experience - the experience of manifestation of feelings - and consequently, the energy-informational sphere of the individual soul of the divine rules of the elements and the element are hoping to gain as a result of cooperation with beings representing the human flow of evolution, which they pose.

The director of the element is asked to transfer them to the stream of forgiveness, accumulated so far by the planetary race.

Prince of Element hopes to find the experience of unconditional and sacrifice for their stream, as well as the experience of thought, which allows you to create fantasies.

The appeal of Prince Ormando - Divine Element Governor of Air

Beloved coasters of reality so legendary and beautiful that there are no types and words that could reflect all the forms of the world, and with them and the dream of unconditional happiness for all life streams in infinite!

I appeal to you as the prince of air elements for the mother of a single terra and the obligation to open for all creatures, koi represents in the civilian life of the Great Father's Livest Father, the gates leading to the reality, where elementals are inhabited, the air sphere of the kingdom of my kingdom.

All the chickens of the enlightened planetary race are ready, I am ready to open a high free flight both in the spirit and in the sphere of feelings that belongs to the soul, and in a dense body, passing knowledge about how the essence of the original to visit in one of the bodies of the presence of worlds other, united spheres Saint Genesis. Levitation and teleportation - this is the gift of my element, which I am preparing to convey at the time of the transformation of the consciousness to all representatives of this race of the planetary to the great hour of outcome in the reality and in the new space, one of all the streams of life in the universe. Amen and Alliluia! Glory to you!

Elohim Ormando

Until now, the hierarchy of the providential forces used by the evolution of the previous planetary ram - Lemurian and Atlantic - indicated that elemental entities representing the lives of 4 lower elements: land, water, air and fire, do not have individual evolutionary immortality. It follows from this that the destruction of their manifested form is accompanied by the loss of the unique experience of the subjective gogorealization of these creatures. As a result, the spark of the highest light, reviving the form in which the elemental or poems manifested itself, is immersed in increasingly low-fiber layers of one being, and ultimately dies.

All this and was the cause of the disease and destruction of a dense (elemental) body of the planet in the reality of the 6th world order - the physical octave of the manifested universe. But now in the spiritual heart of infertility to all beings and all threads of life, the great unity - the merger of the hearts and the will of Alpha and Omega proclaimed in all the worlds: "Forgiveness and life are given to all children of light, and no one spark will go out in the space of Love Father and Mother Say Universe! "

Masters of Flame Magniciate, Semchenkov, Sergey and Galina (Osiris and Rhapsody)

A message about the air for children will tell what air, which properties of air and what is the role of air. The story about air for children can be complemented by interesting facts.

Report about air

Without air on earth there would be no life. The air is necessary for breathing all alive: and plants and animals and man. Air is a mixture of gases. The air includes nitrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen.

The air fills all the free places, and even the smallest gaps. Transparent glass only seems empty. Try, slowly tilting it, immerse in the water. As a glass fills with water, air will be out of it with large bubbles.

Air value in nature and human life

1) Air is necessary for a person for breathing
2) Air requires plants for photosynthesis
3) Air needed animals for breathing
4) Air is necessary for respiratory inhabitants of the aquatic environment
5) Air is used in industry for fuel combustion
6) Air is used in everyday life for fuel combustion
7) Under the action of air and bacteria, the talked organic substances are converted into mineral connections.
8) Air is necessary for weathering rocks and for soil formation

Also thanks to air, airplanes fly, helicopters, birds. The lifting force holding them in flight occurs due to the flow of the curved surfaces of their wings.

The air ocean surrounding our planet is held by the forces of earthly. If the earth had lost its air shell, it would turn into a lifeless, deprived of vegetation, the desert.

What is the air?

Air is a mixture of gases. Imagine that the circle is all the air of your planet. We divide it conventionally into 4 parts. Most of your air, ¾ (three quarters), is gas, which is called "nitrogen". But for breathing you need another gas - oxygen. Its in the composition of a little bit less than ¼ part. The rest of the air is other gases, including a considerable part of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide you allocate with breathing.

What are the properties of air?

• Air invisible and colorless.
• Clean air smell does not have.
• Air does not have taste
• Air does not have a form.
• Air elastic
• The air is lighter than water, that is, less dense than water.
• Air - does not spend heat.
• When heated, the air strikers, and the cooling is compressed.

Where is the cleanest and healthy air?
For our breathing, clean air is needed with sufficient oxygen content. But in cities where all the roads are clogged with cars, the air is contaminated with their exhaust gases. Pollution and emissions from plants and factories add.
But in the forests and parks breathing very easily, because our green helpers absorb harmful carbon dioxide, and oxygen isolated. Oxygen and sea algae produce, so the air on the sea coast is so kenal.
But now people try to reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere. Motor engines operating on electrical and even solar energy are created. Instead of smoking pipes, thermal are built atomic and solar power plants.

Already many billions of years our land, surrounded by a layer of air, makes his endless run around the sun.

This air layer is called an atmosphere. Its thickness reaches 300 km. The atmosphere as a transparent, invisible bedspread, envelops our land. And what is air, what are its properties and role in life on earth?

Where is the air and why do we need it

Air fills all free places And even the smallest gaps.

Transparent glass only seems empty. Try, slowly tilting it, immerse in the water. As a glass fills with water, air will be out of it with large bubbles.

What is the role of air in life on our planet:

• Without air life on Earth would be impossible. No food, a person can hold out a few weeks, without water - a few days, and without air only a few minutes. Try stop breathing for a while. After a few seconds, you will feel as needed in deep breath. Similarly, the air is needed and animals.
• And the air helps us to communicate. The sounds published lead to air fluctuations. Born sound waves are forced to fluctuate the drumpoint in the ears. The oscillations are transmitted to the brain that perceives them as a sound. There is no atmosphere on the moon, so absolute silence reigns there. And you can only communicate with special devices or gestures.
• In the huge air ocean, winds and clouds, thunderstorms and polar beams are born. It protects us From meteorites, dangerous ultraviolet and thermal radiation emanating from the sun. Thanks to this air "fur", earth and cosmic cold is not terrible.
• Thanks to air, airplanes are furious, helicopters, hung huge airships. In the blue sky, bird flocks make their flight, honey and hunters are filing motionless - hunters. Lifting force Holding them in flight, it occurs due to the flow of the curved surfaces of their wings.

• Fish, thanks to the gills, know how to breathe air contained in water.

The air ocean surrounding our planet, hold the forces of earthly. If the earth had lost its air shell, it would turn into a lifeless, deprived of vegetation, the desert.

What is the air

Only two centuries ago, scientists learned that the air is mix of several gases: Nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide. There are atmosphere and other planets: and huge giants planets. Mars and Venus are largely similar to Earth, but there is no life on them, since the other composition of the atmosphere.

The most important for breathing oxygen. Without it, we can not get energy necessary to live. In physical work and sports, we breathe deeply and more often to fill energy spent for this activity.

Easy simple experience that allows you to get oxygen Even at home. In the test tube, we embarked the usual manganese (approximately 1/4). Fix in a vertical position over the fire of the gas burner or alcohol. We withstand 1-2 minutes and bring to its open end smoldering Luchin. The mound flashes brightly. Estimated when heated gas supports burning it is called oxygen.

And in the next experience we we get carbon dioxide, Which does not support burning. Two candles of different heights are installed in a box with a solution of citric acid (vinegar). We light them. Then add soda to the solution gently. There is a rather stormy reaction. Candles alternately go out. First, small, then higher. The lower candle went out first, it means that carbon dioxide is heavier than oxygen and it accumulates below.

From the surface of all reservoirs, soil and vegetation occurs constant evaporation of water. Therefore in the air always contain water vapors. The humidity of the air masses depends on their quantity, the formation of clouds and rain clouds.

What are the properties of air?

The following arguments will be helped to answer this question:

• Does air have a color? No, the air is transparent. If he had a color, it would have stained the surrounding plants and objects.
• Why the sky is blue? The fact is that sunlight consists of 7 colors as in the rainbow. Passing through the atmosphere, the blue color is enhanced. His - then we see.
• If you take 2 rubber balls and inflate them (up to the same sizes), they will take a round shape. Hence, the pressure of the air intake passed in all directions equally.

• Now, put one of the inflated balls in the refrigerator, and the other in a bucket with warm water. After 10-15 minutes, the chilled ball will decrease in size, and the heated will increase. Therefore, air when heated expands, and when cooled is compressed.
• If you have a syringe at home without a needle, hold it with your nose with your finger, and try piston to compress air in the syringe. Air volume will significantly decrease. Release the piston - the air will be the same. Therefore, air elastic.

• In frosty weather, people wear fur coats and a warm coat, and birds embrace their feathers to detain the air between the villips and the rods. Because air - bad heat conductor. Therefore, plants, under a snow blanket, do not freeze even in severe cold.

All these wonderful properties of air people learned to use in everyday life. Recall the elastic tires of cars and bike, pumps and many other inventions of humanity. The air makes rush to the waves of light yachts and huge sailing ships, rotates the wings of windmills, and forces his bouncing the ball.

Where is the cleanest and healthy air

For our breathing you need clean air With sufficient oxygen content. But in cities where all the roads are clogged with cars, the air is contaminated with their exhaust gases. Add pollution and emissions from factory pipes. Sometimes they form a harmful able, which like clouds hangs over the city, preventing breathing.

But in the forests and parks breathing very easily, because our green helpers absorb harmful carbon dioxide, and oxygen isolated. Oxygen and sea algae produce, so the air on the sea coast is so kenal.

But now people try to reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere. Motor engines operating on electrical and even solar energy are created. Instead of smoking pipes, thermal are built atomic and solar power plants.

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Our planet is enveloped by an air shell - an atmosphere. Thanks to her, life was possible on the globe, because all living beings are people, plants, animals - need air. It includes not only oxygen, but also many other elements that are also of great importance.

What is air?

Air is a mixture of various gases: oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon and water vapor. However, the most important component of the air, without which life on the planet would be impossible, is oxygen.

The composition of the air is influenced by two main factor:

• Height above sea level. With ascent on the mountain, the amount of oxygen in the air will increasingly decrease.
• Particularities. In large cities, the amount of carbon dioxide is much higher than in a pure forest.

Fig. 1. Air in the forest is the cleanest.

Clean air has no color and smell.

One of the most serious environmental problems of the modern world is air pollution. A large number of cars, factories and plants are very much polluted by the atmosphere of poisonous substances. These poisoned gas are forced to breathe people living in cities. To solve this problem, it is necessary to introduce powerful cleaning facilities on the production.

Fig. 2. Pollution of the atmosphere.

Why do you need air?

The air ocean surrounds the Earth, filling the emptiness and the most tiny slits. It is even in water, only in dissolved form.

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Air performs very important functions:

• The air is needed for breathing all living organisms. Due to respiratory processes, the organism of people and animals is saturated with energy, nutrients, all vital processes are activated. Without air, the plants would not be able to breathe and form nutrients.

No food, a person can live a few weeks, without water - a few days, and without air - just a few minutes. If you try not to breathe for a while, then after a few seconds there is a sharp desire to take a deep breath. No air no live!

• The movement of air, which is associated with uneven heating, determines the climate in different regions. Removed from the seas and oceans, the sushi sections are drinking moisture, which the winds bring.

Fig. 3. Formation of clouds and clouds.

• Huge airspace is a reliable protection against hazardous solar radiation and cosmic cold.
• Thanks to the air, we can publish and hear sounds. Sound is a wave that can only be transmitted to the distance in the atmosphere. For example, there is no atmosphere on the moon, and absolute silence reigns there.

The air "bedspread" is held due to the action of the earth's forces. If for some reason, the globe was left without the atmosphere, he would very quickly turn into a lifeless desert.

What did we know?

When studying the topic "Air" under the program of 3 class of the surrounding world, we learned that it is air and what is included in its composition. We also found out what functions he performs, and what role plays for all living on Earth.

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