When Saturday has become a day off day. The legacy of the USSR is two weekends. In all of the countries, Sunday is a day off

What would have changed if the working week became three-day?

Retrospective of labor relations

The five-day working week is the result of the industrial revolution of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Then there was a transition from the agrarian economy to the industrial production, and many factories and manufactory appeared, the work of which was necessary to regulate. First, their workers worked during a light day, 12 hours a day. However, with the advent of electricity, the volume of working time has increased; It resulted in protests and led to the formation of the first labor associations - for example, the National Union of Labor in the United States, which responded to the reduction of the working day.

Saxon Engineering Factory 1868 © Wikipedia

In agrarian society, a traditional weekend was only Sunday - on this day it was customary to go to church. The industrial world also first adhered to a well-established six-day system, but then the Western society began to gradually move away from it under pressure from public protests and authors of the first scientific research confirmed: a ten-hour working day without a lunch break brings to exhaustion that he badly affects the results of labor. Already in 1926, the founder of Ford Motor Company Henry Ford began to close its factories on Saturday and Sunday. By this time, the number of working hours a week in the United States has already decreased from 80 to 50. Ford came to the conclusion that this volume is easier to divide by 5, and not for 6 days, freeing more time for leisure - and the growth of consumer demand.

Henry Ford © Wikipedia

In Russia, the picture was different. At the end of the XIX century, the duration of working time here still did not regulate and was 14-16 hours a day. Only in 1897, under pressure from the labor movement, especially Morozovskaya manufactory in Ivanovo, the working day was first limited to 11 and a half hours from Monday to Friday and up to 10 hours on Saturday for men, and up to 10 hours every day for women and Children. Nevertheless, the law did not regulate overtime, so in practice, working hours remained unlimited.

Changes occurred only after the October Revolution of 1917. Then the decree of the Council of People's Commissars came out, which determined the routine of the enterprises. It said that the working time should not exceed 8 hours a day and 48 per week, including the time required for caring for machines and the work premises. Nevertheless, the work week in the USSR after this moment remained six-day 49 more years.

From 1929 to 1960, the Soviet working day survived several serious changes. In 1929, it was reduced to 7 hours (and the working week - up to 42 hours), but at the same time began the transition to a new tabl calendar - in connection with the introduction of a continuous production system. The calendar week, because of this, cut up to 5 days: four workers, 7 hours each, and the 5th - day off. The country even began to leave pocket calendars, on the same side of which the Grigorian week was printed, and on the other - the table. At the same time, for drug addicts and other institutions since 1931, the schedule was special: here the calendar week was six-day, and at its framework 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of each month, as well as 1 March was broken.

Calendar of the Five Day © Wikipedia

The Grigorian calendar returned to the Soviet Union only in 1940. Week again became seven-day: 6 working days, one (Sunday) - day off. The duration of working time at the same time has risen up to 48 hours. The Great Patriotic War added obligatory overtime from 1 to 3 hours a day by this time, and the vacation was canceled. Since 1945, wartime measures have ceased to act, but only by 1960 the work week returned to itself for the same volumes: 7 hours a day, 42 hours. Only in 1966, at the XXIII Congress of the CPSU, it was decided to transition to a five-day with an eight-hour working day and two days off: Saturday and Sunday. In educational institutions, the six day has been preserved.

1968 Rudkovich A. Do not lick working minutes! © Wikipedia.

"The idea of \u200b\u200bthe introduction of the 40-hour working week in the world took up approximately 1956 and in the early 60s was implemented in most European countries," says Nikolai Bai, Professor of the Civil Law Department of the Law Institute RUDN. - Initially, this idea was offered the international organization of labor, after which the leading and developing economies began to apply it in practice. In different countries, however, the volume of working time still remains different: for example, in France a week is 36-hour. The main reason is that the degree of economic development differs from the country to the country. Within the framework of the developed economy, it does not make sense to drive people, and there is a short-term working week, so that people can devote more time to their health and family. By the way, in the near past in Russia, Mikhail Prokhorov proposed to introduce a 60-hour working week in Russia. In response to this government asked the question: "Do you want another revolution in our country?"

Ecology of knowledge: five-day working week - the result of the industrial revolution of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Then there was a transition from the agrarian economy to the industrial production, and appeared

Saxon Engineering Factory 1868 © Wikipedia

Henry Ford © Wikipedia

Calendar of the Five Day © Wikipedia

1968 Rudkovich A. Do not lick working minutes! © Wikipedia.

From the Bible it is known that God, having created the whole world for 6 days, the seventh rested.

"And God committed to the seventh day of the affairs of his business, which he did, and soiling on the day seventh from all the cases who did"

(Genesis 2: 2)

Although it does not apply to the topic of our article, however I wonder how the world looked like when God rested? Does he stop the rest of God's stay like a stop frame? Or maybe moving "on the machine"? After all, all the details are created and all connections are installed. Water will flow from the sources to the mouth all day on the seventh, and to overturn on the waterfall, and the water dust will rise to the sky, and the rainbow is confused in the drops, and the thunder of falling water will fly away to the shortest mountains and come back from there an amazing echo. In general, as the voice of the artist of Kophelin said in the cult Soviet film, information on reflection.

But God not only rested on the seventh day, but also commanded a man created by his image and likeness, every seventh day to make a rest day

"And God blessed the seventh day, and consecrated him, because he was so much from all the cases of his who created God and created"

(Genesis 2: 3)

Now believing in God has become fashionable, and many of this fashion succumbed. Such people are confident that a person is resting every seventh day at the order of God. Those who are indifferent to the change in ideological fashion, and in the existence of God-Creator the Universe doubts, more inclined to explain the existence of a day of rest in human society with the causes of natural. In addition to the daytime cycle of changes in the working capacity of the body from a minimum to the maximum and back, there is also a weekly cycle, at the end of which the performance decreases and more intense rest is required than on other days of the week. It is possible that this weekly cycle is associated with the movement of the moon in the sky, because the lunar month is 4 weeks. Physiologists also argue that there is a monthly cycle, and not only women are subject to this cycle, but also men too. In general, space for research.

The first code in which the seventh day of the week was defined as a day of rest, is the Bible. Compliance with the day of Saturday is the fourth of the Ten Commandments, Data Moses on Sinai Mountain. At the same time, due to the importance of this commandment, it is repeated in the Bible three times in three different places.

"Remember the day of Sabbath to sink it; Six days work and do all sorts of your deeds, and the day of the seventh Saturday to the Lord, your God: do not do anything to you, nor your son nor your daughter, nor your slave, nor your slave, no cattle, nor which is in your dwellings; For in six days, the Lord of the sky and the Earth, the sea and everything in them, and on the day of the seventh soil; Therefore blessed the Lord Saturday's day and consecrated him. "

(Exodus 20: 8-11)

"Watch the day Saturday to keep him holy, as the Lord commanded you, your God; Six days are working and do any things about yours, and the day of the seventh is Saturday to Lord, your God. Don't do anything in this, neither you nor your son nor your daughter nor your slave, nor a slave yours nor your own, nor your donkey, not your cattle, nor the new one who you have to rest yours and your slave, like you; And remember that you were a slave in the Egyptian land, but the Lord, God, brought you away from there with a mouth and muscle high, because the Lord commanded you, your God, keep your Sabbath's Day "

(Deuteronomy 5: 12-15)

"Six days you can do business, and in the seventh day Saturday People, the Sacred Assembly; do not do anything; It is Saturday of the Lord in all housing of yours. "

(Levit 23: 3)

The ban on work in the seventh day of the week was absolute. It was impossible to do anything that, one way or another, is associated with the creation of something new, the fire could not be lit. The transfer of objects was allowed only within a limited territory. Reading, singing unaccompanied tools or conversation on Saturday was permitted, but the letter is considered to be the work. After all, a new text appears during the letter.

The ban on the work concerned not only free members of the community, but also slaves, and even animals.

In ancient Greece and in ancient Rome, it was not customary once a week. And they themselves strained, and slaves were exploited. True, the Jews knew about the stupid custom. They also knew that neither a weave, nor a bich, nor the threat of death to retreat them from the covenant of her own God. Therefore, Jewish slaves at slavery markets were not valued. Moreover, their compatriots bought them from slavery. It was another stupid Jewish custom.

However, in 72, N.E., after the suppression of an uprising in Judea, 100 thousand Jewish slaves appeared in Rome. They were sent to an important imperial construction site, a huge circus, which we now call the sizes now (from the Latin word "Colosseus" - "huge, colossal"). It would seem, there was a braid on a stone. All Jewish slaves refused to work on Saturday! And this is at the construction site of state importance! Which the emperor Vespasian himself controls! And after all, you will not execute everyone, do not replace others! Where to find another 100 thousand slaves!?

I had to listen to the opinion of Jewish priests. It seemed reasonable - if all weekly work would be done in 6 days, then in the seventh day, let the slaves pray to their wonderful invisible God. It turned out that after the day of recreation, work was more productive. In fact, the week lesson could be performed in 6 days. So the Roman life entered the day off.

Quite soon in Rome, another eastern teaching came, and also from Judea, which was already safely renamed Palestine, so that there was no memory about the Jewish uprising. Christians from the point of view of the Romans did not differ from the Jews. Is that a prayed to some kind of god. They talked about this god to something unreleased. Like, he was both God, and a man at the same time, and was crucified like a robber, on the cross, although it was not a robber, and a doctor, a sage and a wonderworker. And that day after the execution, he was resurrected and ascended to heaven. But he will return and become the king of the world.

The Romans were positive people, do not believe in fairy tales and tale not telling. For this they had smart Greeks, who were entrusted with the education of children and because they called in Greek, "teachers."

Many Christians, as well as Jews, respected Saturday. Some of them, the day of rest is also strictly observed, but for some reason they moved it the next day. Skinny clarification why they did it, none of them gave. Oh, Jupiter, this east is so strange! No year, a new god is born there!

Years passed. Christians first chased and destroyed. Then they allowed to confess their strange religion. Then many Romans appreciated the sad story of the Christian God, which Christians called the "good news", which in Greek sounded, as the "Gospel", and which they told that so, then.

Two50 years later, the entire Roman Empire, which then the rules Emperor Konstantin I became the Christian Empire. The cults of pagan gods, early flourishing, were canceled. BUT March 7, 321 By order of the same Constantine I, Sunday was officially announced for the first time.

When another monotheistic teaching arose in Arabia after 300 years, Islam, it was inherited from Judaism a custom of the seventh day of the week not to work, but to devote to God. But Friday was chosen as a weekend, the day preceding the Jewish Saturday. Why? Because it was on Fridays in Mecca was a market day. There have been a lot of people. Therefore, on this day, with a large crowd of the people, the Prophet Muhammad preached his teaching.

Russia, although it was positioning himself an Orthodox country, but Sunday weekends here very recognized very soon. Only from the 17th century, official prohibitions of work on Sundays begin to introduce. It was forbidden on Sundays to force serfs to work on the barbecine. However, sometimes work on the Barin took so many days a week that the peasant had to work on Sunday on his field - otherwise it was not to survive. Such a case - at the time, it was already ugly - A.N. Kradishchev was described in "Traveling from St. Petersburg to Moscow." Finally, Sunday was declared a universal day off in the afternoon, it was quite late - July 14, 1897.

In the 1930s, the USSR did not come to cancellation days. However, the so-called "continuing" was introduced. The continuous working week consisted of five days. The sixth was a weekend. All working days were divided into five groups. Each group was celebrated by its color: yellow, pink, red, purple, green. Each group had its own day off. It became more non-working days, but it was inconvenient. Husband with his wife (or worse, the guy with a girl) could work in different five days. And when to meet?

True, the industry "spinning" continuously. True, happiness did not bring it. And even elementary wealth did not add.

In general, on June 26, 1940, the former week was returned by workers. Workers sighed hardly. Who stood the transition to winter time and back, will understand this relief.

Today, the working week in Russia and many other countries is governed by the labor law, which establishes its duration. In most civilized countries, it is about 40 hours a week.

But it was not always so. On the territory of Russia, the familiar five-day working week with two days off appeared only 50 years ago.

On March 7, 1967, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Professional Unions adopted a resolution "On the transfer of workers and employees of enterprises, institutions and organizations for a five-day working week with two days off."

A week later, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR issued a corresponding decree.

After the cancellation of serfdom, which posted the beginning of the capitalist formation in the country, the peasants were employed, engaged in a row, from weaving the lapes and exploring to the pottery and flax processing. No questions about the standards of working time did not go. In winter, the peasants almost did not work, in the summer they also got up at the dawn itself and worked until the sun sits. The peasant population was mostly occupied in the fields, went to the work day in the field and on Sundays - wheat could turn from the heat of the heat. Usually, Sunday was a weekend day when the peasants visited the church, and then dispelled - who are at home, who in the Tractors.

In the city, the situation was not much better. Workers were often engaged in factories for 14-16 hours a day. Only by 1897 adopted the law "On the duration and distribution of working time in the institutions of the factory industry", setting 11.5-hour working days for men and 10-hour for women. Sunday was a day off. But according to a special contract, overtime works could be introduced, so in practice the work time has not changed.

Serious changes occurred after the October Revolution of 1917.

Then the Council of People's Commissars published a decree, which said that working time should not exceed 8 hours a day and 48 hours a week.

The work week itself remained six-day.

Further, the Soviet government began to experiment with working hours. At first in 1929, the working week was reduced to 42 hours - 7 working hours per day. Then the working week became five-day - four working days and one day off. Because of this, it was even necessary to produce special calendars so that the people would not get confused: on the one hand, the days went, as was customary in the Gregorian calendar, on the other, they were divided into five days. All workers were divided into five groups whose weekend in the calendar were highlighted in a separate color. This allowed the authorities to organize continuous production, but it was uncomfortable for the workers themselves - the weekends of family members and acquaintances did not coincide, which complicated personal and social life. People's Commissariat and some other institutions from 1931 worked on the six days and rested the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of each month, as well as March 1.

When the Great Patriotic War began, then all weekends and holidays, of course, were canceled. People worked seven days a week, and only on March 5, 1944, a decree on granting adolescents under 16 years of the weekly day of recreation and vacations was published.

The working week again returned to Semichas six days only by 1960.

And seven for seven years it took to decide to give citizens another day off.

By the 1960s, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe 40-hour working week was also implemented in most European countries. This process was largely helped by the development of the economy and technology, an increase in the share of women receiving salaries, and not only domestic labor, a decline in fertility, which has reduced the costs of children and, of course, the struggle of trade unions and workers' parties for improving the working conditions - what only Morozovskaya The strike in 1885, in which about 8 thousand workers took part.

In 1930, the English economist predicted that in the future working time would be 15 hours a week.

Unfortunately, his forecasts have not yet justified - the shortest working week is now in the Netherlands, where citizens work on average 29 hours in four working days, and the remaining three rest. And the most hardworking is the Japanese and Koreans, conducted at work up to 55 hours a week.

The latest transformations in the Labor Regulations were made in 1991, when the Law of the RSFSR "On Enhancing Social Guarantees for Workers" was released. According to him, the duration of working time can not exceed 40 hours a week.

In 2010, the billionaire proposed to introduce the 60-hour working week, but this caused a sharply negative reaction from the trade unions, and the Deputy Chairman of the Work Committee and Social Policy called such amendments to anti-constitutional. Later, however, Prokhorov explained that he had in mind only the possibility of a person to work extra 20 hours part-time. But such a proposal, in essence, would not allow entrepreneurs to not pay overtime, did not cause much interest.

When Saturday has become a day off day. The legacy of the USSR is two weekends. In all of the countries, Sunday is a day off

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