Space dust is a special substance. Space dust Education of cosmic dust
By weight, solid dust particles are negligible to the universe, however, it was thanks to the interstellar dust that stars, planets and people studying space and just loving stars appear and continue to appear. What is this substance such - cosmic dust? What makes people equip into space expedition costs in the annual budget of a small state in the hope of only, and not in solid confidence to get and bring to earth at least a tiny handful of interstellar dust?
Between stars and planets
Dust in astronomy is called small, size in the fraction of the micron, solid particles flying in outer space. Often, the cosmic dust is conditionally divided into interplanetary and interstellar, although, obviously, the interstellar entrance to the interplanetary space is not prohibited. Just find it there, among the "local" dust, is not easy, the likelihood of low, and the properties of it near the Sun can change significantly. Now, if you fly away, to the borders of the solar system, there is probability of catching real interstellar dust very large. The ideal option is to go beyond the solar system.
Interplanetary dust, in any case, in comparative proximity to the Earth - Matter is quite studied. Filling the entire space of the solar system and concentrated in the plane of its equator, it was born mostly as a result of random collisions of asteroids and the destruction of comets approaching the Sun. The composition of dust, in fact, does not differ from the composition of the meteorites falling on Earth: it is very interesting to explore it, and there are still a lot of discoveries in this area, but there is no special intrigue here, it seems. But thanks to this, this dust in good weather in the West immediately after sunset or in the east before sunrise, you can admire the pale cone of the light above the horizon. This is the so-called zodiacal - sunlight, dissipated by small cosmic dusting.
Much more interesting dust interstellar. The distinctive feature is the presence of a solid core and shell. The core consists, apparently, mainly from carbon, silicon and metals. And the shell is preferably from the nucleus of gaseous elements that are stagnant to the surface of the "deep frost" of the interstellar space, and these are about 10 kelvins, hydrogen and oxygen. However, there are impurities in it molecules and more complicated. These are ammonia, methane and even polyatomic organic molecules that stick to the dust or are formed on its surface during walkers. Some of these substances, of course, flies from its surface, for example, under the action of ultraviolet, but this reversible process is somewhat fly away, others are mercy or synthesized.
Now in the space between the stars or near them, of course, of course, not chemical, but physical, i.e. spectroscopic, methods: water, carbon oxides, nitrogen, sulfur and silicon, hydrogen chloride, ammonia, acetylene, organic acids, such as ant and acetic, ethyl and methyl alcohols, benzene, naphthalene. They even found amino acid - glycine!
It would be interesting to catch and explore the interstellar dust, penetrating into the solar system and surely falling on the ground. The problem on her "catch" is not easy, because to preserve his ice "fur coat" in the sunshine, especially in the atmosphere of the Earth, there is little interstellar dust. Large is too hot - their cosmic speed cannot be quickly reset, and the dust "burn out". Small, however, plan in the atmosphere for years, keeping part of the shell, but there is already a problem to find them and identify.
There is another, very intriguing item. It concerns that dust whose kernels consist of carbon. Carbon, synthesized in the stars nuclei and existing in space, for example, from the atmosphere of aging (type of red giants) stars, flying into the interstellar space, is cooled and condensed - it is about the same way as a fog from the cooled water vapor is assembled after a hot day. Depending on the crystallization conditions, layered graphite structures, diamond crystals (only imagine - whole clouds of tiny diamonds!) And even hollow balls from carbon atoms (fullerenes). And in them, it is possible both in a safe or container, the stars of the star atmosphere are stored very ancient. Finding such dusts would be a huge luck.
Where is the cosmic dust?
It must be said that the very concept of cosmic vacuum as something completely empty has long remained only poetic metaphor. In fact, the entire space of the universe, and between the stars, and between the galaxies, is filled with substance, the flows of elementary particles, radiation and fields - magnetic, electrical and gravitational. All that can be relatively speaking, touch, is gas, dust and plasma, whose contribution to the total mass of the universe, according to different estimates, is only about 1-2% at an average density of about 10-24 g / cm 3. Gas in space Most, almost 99%. These are mainly hydrogen (up to 77.4%) and helium (21%), the remaining of the rest accounts for less than two percent of the mass. And there is dust - by weight it is almost a hundred times less than gas.
Although sometimes the emptiness in the interstellar and intergalactic spaces is almost perfect: sometimes one atom there is 1 liter of spaces there! There is no such vacuum in either earthly laboratories or within the solar system. For comparison, it is possible to bring such an example: 1 cm 3 of air, which we breathe is about 30,000,000,000,000,000 molecules.
This matter distributed in the interstellar space is very uneven. Most of the interstellar gas and dust forms a gaspile layer near the plane of the galaxy disk symmetry. Its thickness in our galaxy is several hundred light years. Most of all gas and dust in its spiral branches (sleeves) and the kernel focuses mainly in gigantic molecular clouds with dimensions from 5 to 50 parses (16-160 light years) and weighing tens of thousands and even millions of the mass of the Sun. But inside these clouds, the substance is also distributed in heterogeneously. Basically, the volume of the cloud, the so-called fur coat, mainly of molecular hydrogen, the density of the particles is about 100 pieces in 1 cm 3. In seals, inside the cloud, it reaches tens of thousands of particles in 1 cm 3, and in the nuclei of these seals - generally millions of particles in 1 cm 3. This neurality in the distribution of the substance in the universe is obliged to existence of a star, planets and ultimately we ourselves. Because it is in molecular clouds, dense and relatively cold, and stars are born.
What is interesting: the higher the density of the cloud, the more diverse it is in composition. In this case, there is a correspondence between the density and temperature of the cloud (or individual parts) and those substances whose molecules are found there. On the one hand, it is convenient for studying the clouds: observing the individual components in different spectral ranges according to the characteristic spectrum lines, such as CO, it or NH 3, can be "peek" in one or another part. And on the other, the data on the composition of the clouds allow a lot to learn about the processes in it occurring.
In addition, in the interstellar space, judging by the spectra, there are also such substances that are simply impossible on earthly conditions. These are ions and radicals. Their chemical activity is so high that they immediately come into reaction on earth. And in the rarefied cold space of space, they live long and quite freely.
In general, gas in interstellar space is not only atomic. Where it is cold, no more than 50 kelvins, atoms manage to keep together, forming a molecule. However, the large mass of interstellar gas is still in atomic state. It is mainly hydrogen, its neutral form was discovered relatively recently - in 1951. As is known, it radiates a radio wave with a length of 21 cm (frequency of 1 420 MHz), in the intensity of which they installed how much it in the galaxy. By the way, he and in space between stars is distributed heterogeneously. In the clouds of atomic hydrogen, its concentration reaches several atoms in 1 cm 3, but it is about less on the clouds.
Finally, near hot gas, gas exists in the form of ions. Powerful ultraviolet radiation heats up and ionizes gas, and it starts glowing. That is why areas with a high concentration of hot gas, with a temperature of about 10,000 K look like glowing clouds. They are called light gas nebula.
And in any nebula, in a larger or less quantity, there is interstellar dust. Despite the fact that conditionally nebula is divided into dust and gas, the dust is in those and in others. And in any case, precisely dust, which helps, helps the stars to form in the depths of the nebulae.
Misty objects
Among all the cosmic objects of the nebula may be the most beautiful. True, the dark nebula in the visible range looks just like black blots in the sky - it is best to observe them against the background of the Milky Way. But in other ranges of electromagnetic waves, such as infrared, they are visible very well - and pictures are obtained very unusual.
Nebalances are called separable in space, bound by gravity or external pressure of the accumulation of gas and dust. Their mass can be from 0.1 to 10,000 masses of the Sun, and the size is from 1 to 10 parses.
First, the nebula of astronomers irritated. Up to the middle of the XIX century, the detected nebulae was considered as an annoying interference that prevented the stars and look for new comets. In 1714, the Englishman Edmond Galley, whose name is the famous comet, even amounted to the "black list" of six nebulae, so that they were misleading "COMET Covers", and French Charles Messier expanded this list to 103 objects. Fortunately, the nebulae was interested in love in Astronomy Musician Sir William Herschel, his sister and son. Watching the sky with the help of the telescopes built with their own hands, they left behind the catalog of nebulae and star clusters, numbering information about 5,079 space objects!
Herscheli practically exhausted the possibilities of optical telescopes of those years. However, the invention of photographs and high exposure time made it possible to find and very slightly luminous objects. A little later, spectral analysis methods, observations in various ranges of electromagnetic waves provided the opportunity in the future not only to detect many new nebulae, but also to determine their structure and properties.
The interstellar nebula looks light in two cases: either it is so hot that its gas itself is glowing, such nebulae is called emission; Or the nebula is cold, but its dust dispels the light of a bright star nearby - this is a reflective nebula.
Dark nebula is also interstellar accumulations of gas and dust. But unlike light gas nebulae, sometimes visible even in a strong binoculars or a telescope, such as the Orion Nebula, dark nebulae light is not emitted, but absorb. When the star light passes through such nebula, dust can completely absorb it, converting into IR radiation, an invisible eye. Therefore, such nebulaes look like a silent failure in the sky. V. Herschel called them "holes in the sky." Perhaps the most spectacular of them is the nebula of the horse head.
However, the dust can not completely absorb the light of the stars, but only partially dispel it, while selectively. The fact is that the size of the interstellar dust particles is close to the wavelength of blue light, so it dissipates more and absorbed, and the "red" part of the light of stars is better reaching us. By the way, this is a good way to estimate the size of the dust in how they weaken the light of various wavelengths.
Star from the cloud
The reasons for which stars arise are not defined - there are only models, more or less reliably explaining the experimental data. In addition, the ways of education, properties and the further fate of stars are very diverse and depend on very many factors. However, there is a well-established concept, or rather, the most worked hypothesis, the essence of which, in the most common features, is that stars are formed from interstellar gas in areas with an increased density of matter, that is, in the depths of interstellar clouds. Dust as a material could not be taken into account, but its role in the formation of stars is enormous.
This happens (in the most primitive version, for a single star), apparently, so. First, the protosal cloud is condensed from the interstellar medium, which may occur due to gravitational instability, but the reasons may be different and to the end are not yet clear. One way or another, it shrinks and attracts a substance from the surrounding space. The temperature and pressure in its center are growing until the molecules in the center of this compressive gas ball begin to disintegrate atoms and then on the ions. Such a process cools gas, and the pressure inside the core drops sharply. The kernel is compressed, and the shock wave is spreading inside the clouds, discarding its external layers. The protocol is formed, which continues to shrink under the influence of the forces until the reaction of the thermonuclear synthesis begin in the center - the conversion of hydrogen in helium. Compression continues for some time until the gravitational compression forces are equalized by gas and radiant pressure.
It is clear that the mass of the stars formed is always less than the mass of the "thorough" of its nebula. A part of the substance that did not have time to fall on the core, during this process "sweeping" with a shock wave, radiation and particle streams simply into the surrounding space.
Many factors are affected by the process of forming stars and star systems, including a magnetic field, which often contributes to the "rupture" of the protosal clouds into two, less often three fragments, each of which under the action of gravity is compressed into its own protozing. So arise, for example, many double star systems - two stars, which turn around the common center of mass and move in space as a whole.
As the "aging", nuclear fuel in the depths of stars gradually flashes, and the faster, the more star. In this case, the hydrogen cycle of reactions is replaced by helium, then as a result of reactions of nuclear synthesis, more severe chemical elements are formed, up to iron. In the end, the core that does not receive more energy from thermonuclear reactions, sharply decreases in the amount, loses its stability, and its substance as it should fall on itself. There is a powerful explosion, during which the substance may heat up to billion degrees, and the interactions between the nuclei lead to the formation of new chemical elements, up to the most severe. The explosion is accompanied by a sharp release of energy and the emission of a substance. The star explodes - this process is called the outbreak of supernova. In the end, the star, depending on the mass, will turn into a neutron star or a black hole.
Probably, everything really happens. In any case, there is no doubt that young, that is, hot, stars and their clusters are most just in the nebulae, that is, in areas with increased gas density and dust. It is clearly visible in the photos obtained by telescopes in different wavelength ranges.
Of course, this is nothing more than the cooled outline of the sequence of events. For us, two points are also important. First - What is the role of dust in the process of the formation of stars? And the second - where, in fact, is she taken?
Ecumenical refrigerant
In the total mass of the cosmic substance, the dust actually, that is, combined into solid particles of carbon atoms, silicon and some other elements, so little that they are, in any case, as construction material for stars, it would seem, can not be taken into account. However, in fact, their role is great - it is they cooled by a hot interstellar gas, turning it into the coldest dense cloud from which the stars are then obtained.
The fact is that the interstellar gas itself can not cool. The electronic structure of the hydrogen atom is such that excess energy, if there is, it can give, radiating light in visible and ultraviolet areas of the spectrum, but not in the infrared range. Figuratively speaking, hydrogen does not know how to emit heat. To cool, he needs a refrigerator, whose role is just played by particles of interstellar dust.
During a collision with dust at high speed - in contrast to the heavier and slow dust, the gas molecule flies quickly - they lose the speed and their kinetic energy is transmitted to the dust. It also heats up and gives it excessive heat into the surrounding space, including in the form of infrared radiation, and it cools itself. So, taking on the heat of interstellar molecules, dust acts as a kind of radiator, cooling the gas cloud. By weight it is not much - about 1% of the mass of the entire substance of the cloud, but this is enough to take an excess heat for millions of years.
When the temperature of the cloud drops, the pressure drops and the cloud is condensed and the stars can already be born from it. The remains of the material from which the star was born are, in turn, the initial planets for education. Here in their composition, the dust is already included, and in more quantities. Because, born, the star heats up and accelerates all the gas around him, and the dust remains to fly nearby. After all, it is capable of cooling and attracts to a new star is much stronger than individual gas molecules. In the end, a dust cloud is a dust cloud next to the newborn star, and on the periphery, the gas saturated with dust.
Gas planets are born there, such as Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Well, near the star, solid planets appear. We have Mars, Earth, Venus and Mercury. It turns out a fairly clear separation into two zones: gas planets and solid. So the land was largely made precisely from interstellar dust. Metallic dust joined the core of the planet, and now the Earth has a huge iron core.
The mystery of the young universe
If the galaxy was formed, then where dust comes from it - in principle, scientists are clear. The most significant sources are new and supernovae, which lose part of their masses, "throwing out" the shell into the surrounding space. In addition, dust is born in the expanding atmosphere of red giants, from where it is literally surgested by radiation pressure. In their cool, according to the standards of stars, atmosphere (about 2.5 - 3 thousand Kelvinov), quite a lot of relatively complex molecules.
But here's a riddle, not solidified so far. It has always been believed that dust is the product of the evolution of stars. In other words, the stars should be born, to exist for a while, to make up and, say, in the last outbreak supernovae to produce dust. Only that's what appeared before - an egg or chicken? The first dust required for the birth of a star, or the first star, which for some reason was born without the help of dust, struggled, exploded, forming the very first dust.
What was at the beginning? After all, when $ 14 billion years ago, there was a big explosion, in the universe there were only hydrogen and helium, no other elements! This was then the first galaxies, huge clouds began to emerge, and in them the first stars who had to go a long lifestyle. Thermonuclear reactions in stars kernels were to "weld" more complex chemical elements, turn hydrogen and helium into carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and so on, and after that, the star had to throw it into space, exploding or gradually dropping the shell. Then this mass was needed to cool, cool and finally turn into dust. But after 2 billion years after a large explosion, in the earliest galaxies, dust was! With the help of telescopes, it was discovered in galaxies, which are 12 billion years old. At the same time, 2 billion years is too small for a complete star life cycle: during this time, most stars do not have time to make up. Where in the young galaxy, dust took, if there should be nothing but hydrogen and helium, - mystery.
Dust - reactor
Not only is the interstellar dust acts as a kind of universal refrigerant, it is possible, precisely thanks to dust in space, complex molecules appear.
The fact is that the surface of the dust can serve simultaneously and the reactor in which the molecule atoms and the catalyst of the reactions of their synthesis are formed. After all, the likelihood that at once many atoms of various elements will encounter at one point, and even in effect with each other at a temperature of slightly above the absolute zero, unimaginably small. It is the likelihood that the dusting will consistently collide in flight with various atoms or molecules, especially inside the cold dense cloud, is quite large. Actually, this happens - the membrane of interstellar dusting is formed, from those who are allegedly encountered atoms and molecules.
On the solid surface, atoms are near. Migrating on the surface of the dust in search of the most energetically advantageous position, atoms are found and, in close proximity, get the opportunity to react with each other. Of course, very slowly - in accordance with the temperature of the dust. The surface of the particles, especially containing metal containing in the kernel, can manifest the properties of the catalyst. Chemists on Earth know well that the most effective catalysts are just particles in the size of the micron shares, on which the molecule is assembled, and then enter into the reaction of the molecule, under normal conditions to each other are completely "indifferent". Apparently, molecular hydrogen is also formed: its atoms "stick" to the dust, and then fly away from it - but already in pairs, in the form of molecules.
It may very much that small interstellar dust, retaining a few organic molecules in their shells, including the simplest amino acids, and brought to Earth the first "seeds of life" about 4 billion years ago. This, of course, is nothing more than a beautiful hypothesis. But in her favor, it is said that the amino acid - glycine was found as part of cold gas-dye clouds. Maybe there are others, just until the capabilities of telescopes do not allow them to detect.
Hunting for dust
Investigate the properties of interstellar dust can, of course, at a distance - with the help of telescopes and other devices located on Earth or on its satellites. But where are tempting interstellar dusting to catch, and then study to study, figure out - it is not theoretically, but from what they consist of how they are arranged. Options here are two. You can get to the cosmic depths, to gain interstellar dust there, bring to the ground and analyze all possible ways. And you can try to fly beyond the limits of the solar system and on the way to analyze dust directly on board the spacecraft, sending the data to the land.
The first attempt to bring samples of interstellar dust, and in general the substance of the interstellar medium, NASA took several years ago. The spacecraft was equipped with special traps - collectors for collecting interstellar dust and satellum particles. To catch dust, without losing their shell, the traps filled with a special substance - the so-called aerogel. This very light foam substance (the composition of which is a commercial secret) resembles jelly. Having hitting it, dust stuck, and then, as in any trap, the cover slams to be open on Earth.
This project was called STARDUST - star dust. His grand program. After starting in February 1999, the equipment on its board ultimately should collect samples of interstellar dust and separately - dust in the immediate vicinity of the Wild-2 comet, which flown near the Earth in February last year. Now with containers filled with this most valuable cargo, the ship flies home to land on January 15, 2006 in Utah, not far from Salt Lake City (USA). Then the astronomers will finally see with their own eyes (with the help of a microscope, of course) the most dust, the composition of the composition and structure of which they have already predicted.
And in August 2001, the samples of the substance from the deep cosmos flew Genesis. This NASA project was aimed mainly on the capture of solar wind particles. After spending 1,127 days in outer space, for which he flew about 32 million km, the ship returned and dropped a capsule to the ground with the obtained samples - traps with ions, solar particles. Alas, the misfortune happened - the parachute did not reveal, and the capsule from all over Makha slapped about the Earth. And crashed. Of course, the debris collected and carefully studied. However, in March 2005, at a conference in Houston, the Don Barnetti program said that four collectors with solar particles were not injured, and their contents, 0.4 mg of caught solar wind, scientists are actively studied in Houston.
However, now NASA is preparing a third project, even more ambitious. This will be an interstellar probe space mission. This time the spacecraft will remove the distance 200 a. e. from the Earth (a. e. - the distance from the ground to the Sun). This ship will never return, but all will be "stuffing" the most diverse equipment, including - and to analyze the samples of interstellar dust. If everything succeeds, interstellar dusting from deep cosmos will be finally caught, photographed and analyzed - automatically, right on board the spacecraft.
Formation of young stars
1. A giant galactic molecular cloud of 100 parses, weighing 100,000 suns, a temperature of 50 K, a density of 10 2 particles / cm 3. Inside this clouds there are large-scale condensation - diffuse gas-penetrating nebulae (1-10 PCs, 10,000 suns, 20 K, 10 3 particles / cm 3) and small condensation - gas-pepped nebulae (up to 1PK, 100-1 000 Suns, 20 K, 10 4 particles / cm 3). Inside the latter, there are a bustygoglobules with a size of 0.1 pc, weighing 1-10 suns and a density of 10 -10 6 particles / cm 3, where new stars are formed
2. Birth of a star inside a gas-pepped cloud
3. New star with its emission and star wind accelerates the surrounding gas
4. A young star goes into clean and free from gas and dust space, moving his nebula's thoroughly
Stages of the "embryonic" star development, by mass equal to the Sun
5. The origin of the gravitational-unstable cloud of 2,000,000 suns, with a temperature of about 15 to and the initial density of 10 -19 g / cm 3
6. In a few hundred thousand years, this cloud is formed a kernel with a temperature of about 200 k and size of 100 suns, its mass is still equal only to 0.05 from solar
7. At this stage, the kernel with a temperature of up to 2,000 K is sharply compressed due to hydrogen ionization and at the same time heats up to 20,000 K, the rate of falling the substance on a growing star reaches 100 km / s.
8. The protocol with the size of two suns with a temperature in the center 2x10 5 K, and on the surface - 3x10 3 to
9. The last stage of the star pre-evolution is slow compression, in the process of which lithium and beryllium isotopes burn out. Only after the temperature rise to 6x10 6 to the depths of the star, thermonuclear helia synthesis reactions from hydrogen are launched. The total duration of the star type of origin of our Sun is 50 million years old, after which such a star can calmly burn billions of years
Olga Maksimenko, Candidate of Chemical Sciences
Space study (meteorry) dust on the surface of the earth: Overview of the problem
BUT.P. Boyarkina, L..M.. Gindilis
Space dust as an astronomical factor
Under the cosmic dust understands particles of solid size from the fraction of micron to several microns. Dust Matter is one of the important components of the outer space. It fills the interstellar, interplanetary and near-earth space, permeates the upper layers of the earth's atmosphere and falls on the surface of the Earth in the form of so-called meteorous dust, being one of the forms of material (real and energy) exchange in the Space - Earth system. At the same time, it affects a number of processes occurring on Earth.
Dust Matter in interstellar space
The interstellar medium consists of gas and dust mixed in relation to 100: 1 (by mass), i.e. The dust mass is 1% of the mass of the gas. The average gas density is 1 hydrogen atom on a cubic centimeter or 10 -24 g / cm 3. Dust density is 100 times less respectively. Despite such an insignificant density, dusty matter has a significant impact on the processes occurring in space. First of all, interstellar dust absorbs light, due to this remote objects located near the plane of the galaxy (where the dust concentration is the greatest), are not visible in the optical region. For example, the center of our Galaxy is observed only in the infrared region, radio view and x-ray. And other galaxies can be observed in the optical range, if they are located away from the galactic plane, at high galactic latitudes. The absorption of light dust leads to distortion of distances to stars determined by the photometric method. The absorption accounting is one of the most important tasks of observational astronomy. When interacting with dust, the spectral composition and polarization of light changes.
Gas and dust in a galactic disk are unevenly distributed, forming separate gas-pepped clouds, the concentration of dust in them is approximately 100 times higher than in the intercessory medium. Dense gas-pepped clouds do not miss the light of stars located behind them. Therefore, they look like dark areas in the sky, which were called dark nebula. An example is the area of \u200b\u200bthe "coal bag" in the Milky Way or the Nebula "Konskaya Head" in the Constellation of Orion. If bright stars are near a gas-pepped cloud, then thanks to the scattering of light on dust particles, such clouds are glowing, they got the name of reflective nebulae. An example is the reflective nebula in the accumulation of the Pleiads. The most dense are the clouds of molecular hydrogen H 2, their density of 10,4 -10 is 5 times higher than in clouds of atomic hydrogen. Accordingly, the density of dust is as much higher. In addition to hydrogen, molecular clouds contain dozens of other molecules. Dust particles are molecules condensation cores, chemical reactions occur on their surface with the formation of new, more complex molecules. Molecular clouds - an area of \u200b\u200bintense star formation.
In the composition of the interstellar particles consist of a refractory nucleus (silicates, graphite, silicon carbide, iron) and the shell of volatile elements (H, H 2, O, OH, H 2 O). There are also very small silicate and graphite particles (without a shell) of the size of the order of cellular shares of the micron. According to the hypothesis, F.Hyla and Ch. Vikramaming a significant proportion of interstellar dust, up to 80%, consists of bacteria.
The interstellar medium is continuously replenished due to the inflow of the substance when resetting the stars in the later stages of their evolution (especially with supernova outbreaks). On the other hand, it itself is the source of the formation of stars and planetary systems.
Dust Matter in the interplanetary and near-earth space
Interplanetary dust is mainly formed in the process of decay of periodic comets, as well as when crushing asteroids. The formation of dust occurs continuously, and also continuously flows the flow of dust in the sun under the action of radiation braking. As a result, a constantly updating dust medium is formed, filling the interplanetary space and in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Its density is though higher than in the interstellar space, but still very small: 10 -23 -10 -21 g / cm 3. Nevertheless, it is noticeably dissipating sunlight. With its scattering on particles of interplanetary dust, such optical phenomena appear as zodiacal light, the phraungofer was the component of the solar crown, the zodiac strip, anti-beam. Scattering on dusting is also due to the zodiac component of the glow of the night sky.
Dust mathery in the solar system is strongly concentrated to the ecliptic. In the plane of the ecliptic, its density decreases approximately proportional to the distance from the sun. Near the Earth, as well as near other large planets, the concentration of dust under the action of their attraction increases. Particles of interplanetary dust move around the Sun along the shrinking (due to radiation braking) with elliptical orbits. The speed of their movement is several tens of kilometers per second. When a collision with solid bodies, including spacecraft, they cause noticeable surface erosion.
Faced with the Earth and burning in its atmosphere at an altitude of about 100 km, the cosmic particles cause a well-known phenomenon of meteors (or "incident stars"). On this basis, they obtained the name of meteor particles, and the entire complex of interplanetary dust is often referred to as meteorous matter or meteoric dust. Most meteoric particles are loose bodies of cometicular origin. Among them are two groups of particles: porous particles with a density of 0.1 to 1 g / cm 3 and so-called dust lumps or fluffy flakes that resemble snowflakes with a density of less than 0.1 g / cm 3. In addition, more closely there are more dense particles of asteroidal type with a density of more than 1 g / cm 3. At high altitudes, loose meteors predominate, at a height below 70 km - asteroidal particles with an average density of 3.5 g / cm 3.
As a result of crushing of loose meteor bodies of cometic origin at altitudes 100-400 km from the surface of the Earth, a sufficiently dense dust sheath is formed, the dust concentration in which is ten thousand times higher than in the interplanetary space. Scattering of sunlight in this shell determines the twilight glow of the sky when the sun is immersed under the horizon below 100 º.
The largest and most minor meteoric bodies of asteroidal type reach the surface of the earth. The first (meteorites) reaches the surface due to the fact that they do not have time to completely collapse and burn when flying through the atmosphere; The second is due to the fact that their interaction with the atmosphere, due to the insignificant mass (at a sufficiently large density), occurs without noticeable destruction.
Space dust falling on the surface of the Earth
If meteorites have long been in the field of view of science, then the cosmic dust has not attracted the attention of scientists for a long time.
The concept of cosmic (meteor) dust was introduced into science in the second half of the XIX century, when the well-known Dutch polar researcher Nordencheld (A.E. Nordenskjöld) found dust on the surface of presumably cosmic origin. Approximately at the same time, in the mid-1970s of the XIX century, Murray (I. Murray) described the rounded magnetite particles found in the deposits of deep-water precipitation of the Pacific Ocean, the origin of which also binds to cosmic dust. However, these assumptions for a long time did not find confirmation, remaining within the framework of the hypothesis. At the same time, the scientific study of cosmic dust moved extremely slowly, as stated by Academician V.I. Vernadsky in 1941.
He first drew attention to the problem of cosmic dust in 1908 and then returned to it in 1932 and 1941. In the work of "On the study of cosmic dust" V.I. Vernadsky wrote: "... The land is associated with cosmic bodies and with outer space not only the exchange of different forms of energy. It is closely connected with them materially ... Among the material bodies that falling on our planet from outer space are available to our direct study of predominantly meteorites and usually counted space dust ... Meteorites - and at least in some of its part associated with them, are For us, we are always unexpected in your manifestation ... Any business - Space dust: Everything indicates that it falls continuously, and perhaps this continuity of falling exists at each point of the biosphere, it is evenly distributed to the entire planet. It is surprising that this phenomenon can be said at all studied and completely disappears from scientific accounting» .
Considering the famous most large meteorites, V.I. Vernadsky pays special attention to the Tungusian meteorite, the search for which under his direct leadership did L.A. Sandpiper. Large fragments of the meteorite were not found, and in connection with this V.I. Vernadsky makes the assumption that he "... it is a new phenomenon in the chronicles of science - the penetration into the region of earthly attraction is not a meteorite, but a huge cloud or clouds of cosmic dust sitting with space speed» .
To the same topic V.I. Vernadsky returns in February 1941 in his report "On the need to organize scientific work on space dust" at a meeting of the Committee on Meteorites of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In this document, along with theoretical reflections on the origin and role of cosmic dust in geology and especially in the geochemistry of the Earth, it substantiates in detail the search program and collecting a substance of cosmic dust, which fell to the surface of the Earth, with which it believes, can be solved by a number of tasks Scientific cosmogony about the qualitative composition and "dominant meaning of cosmic dust in the structure of the Universe." It is necessary to study the cosmic dust and take it into account as a source of cosmic energy that is continuously introduced to us from the surrounding space. The mass of cosmic dust, V.I. Vernadsky, possesses an atomic and other nuclear energy, which is not indifferent in his existence in space and in its manifestation on our planet. To understand the role of cosmic dust, he emphasized, it is necessary to have sufficient material for its research. The organization of the collection of cosmic dust and scientific research of the assembled material is the first task facing scientists. Promising for this purpose V.I. Vernadsky considers snow and glacial natural plates of high-mountain and arctic areas remote from human industrial activity.
Great Patriotic War and Death V.I. Vernadsky, prevented the implementation of this program. However, it became relevant in the second half of the twentieth century and contributed to the intensification of research of meteoric dust in our country.
In 1946, at the initiative of Academician V.G. FESENKOVA was organized by an expedition to the Mountains of the Zaeliy Ala-Tau (Northern Tien Shan), whose task was to study solid particles with magnetic properties in snow sediments. The snow selection site was chosen on the left side moraine of the Tuyuk-Su glacier (height 3500 m), most of the ridges surrounded by Morane were covered with snow, which reduced the possibility of pollution with earth dust. It was removed from dust sources associated with human activity, and is surrounded by the mountains.
The method of collecting cosmic dust in the snow cover was as follows. From a strip of 0.5 m wide to a depth of 0.75 m, the snow was collected by a wooden blade, was transferred and dragged in aluminum dishes, merged into the glass dishes, where a solid fraction was precipitated within 5 hours. Then the upper part of the water merged, a new batch of tales snow was added, etc. As a result, 85 buckets of snow were mutated with a total area of \u200b\u200b1.5 m 2, 1.1 m 3. The resulting precipitate was transferred to the laboratory of the Institute of Astronomy and the Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, where the water was evaporated and subjected to further analysis. However, since these studies did not give a certain result, NB Diviro came to the conclusion that it is better to use either very old blind firs or open glaciers in this case.
Significant progress in the study of cosmic meteor dust has arrived in the middle of the twentieth century, when, in connection with the launch of the artificial satellites of the Earth, direct methods of studying meteor particles were developed - directly registering them in terms of collisions with a spacecraft or various types of traps (installed on the UES and geophysical rockets, Launched to height several hundred kilometers). Analysis of the materials obtained allowed, in particular, to detect the presence of a dust shell around the ground at altitudes from 100 to 300 km above the surface (as mentioned above).
Along with the study of dust with the help of spacecraft, the particles were studying in the lower atmosphere and various natural drives: in highland snow, in the Ice Cover of Antarctica, in the Polar Ice of the Arctic, in peat sediments and deep-sea flashers. The latter are observed mainly in the form of so-called "magnetic balls", that is, dense ball particles with magnetic properties. The size of these particles from 1 to 300 microns, mass from 10 -11 to 10 -6 g.
Another referral is associated with the study of astrophysical and geophysical phenomena associated with cosmic dust; This includes various optical phenomena: the glow of the night sky, silver clouds, zodiac light, anti-law, etc. Their study also allows you to get important data on cosmic dust. Meteor studies were included in the program of the International Geophysical Year 1957-1959 and 1964-1965.
As a result of these works, estimates of the general influx of cosmic dust on the surface of the Earth were refined. According to the estimates of the so-called. Nazarova, I.S. Astapovich and V.V. Fedynsky, the total influx of cosmic dust on earth reaches up to 10 7 tons / year. According to A.N. Simonenko and B.Yu. Levin (according to the data for 1972) the influx of space dust on the surface of the Earth is 10 2 -10 9 t / year, according to other, later studies - 10 7 -10 8 t / year.
Studies continued to collect meteor dust. At the suggestion of Academician A.P. Vinogradov During the 14th Antarctic Expedition (1968-1969), work was carried out in order to identify the patterns of spatial-time distributions of the deposition of an extraterrestrial substance in the Ice Cover of Antarctica. The surface layer of snow cover was studied in the stations of youth, peace, east and at a stretch with a length of about 1400 km between the stations, peaceful and east. Sleep sampling was carried out from Shurfs with a depth of 2-5 m at points remote from the polar stations. Samples were packaged in polyethylene bags or special plastic containers. In stationary conditions, the samples were melted in glass or aluminum dishes. The resulting water was filtered using a collapsible funnel through membrane filters (pore size of 0.7 microns). The filters were wetted by glycerin and in the transmitted light with an increase in 350x, the number of microparticles were determined.
Polar ice, bottom sediments of the Pacific, sedimentary breeds, salt deposits were also studied. At the same time, the prospective direction was the search for melted microscopic spherical particles, quite easily identifiable among the other dust fractions.
In 1962, a commission on meteorites and cosmic dust, headed by Academician V.S., was created in the Siberian Department of the USSR Sobolev, which existed until 1990 and the creation of which was initiated by the problem of the Tungusian meteorite. Work on the study of space dust was conducted under the leadership of Academician Ramn N.V. Vasilyeva.
When evaluating the fallouts of cosmic dust, along with other natural plates, peat was used, composed of moss sphagnum brown according to the method of Tomsk scientist Yu.A. Lviv. This moss is widely widespread in the middle strip of the globe, mineral nutrition receives only from the atmosphere and has the ability to preserve it in a layer, formerly superficial during dust hitting it. The layered stratification and dating of peat makes it possible to give a retrospective assessment of its falling out. It was studied both spherical particles of 7-100 μm sizes and a microelement composition of a peat substrate - the function contained in it dust.
The method of excretion of cosmic dust from peat is as follows. At the site of the riding sphagnous swamp, the playground is selected with a flat surface and peat deposits, folded by moss sphagnum klingr (Sphagnum Fuscum Klingr). From its surface at the level of moss turf, shrubs are cut. A shurf is laid at a depth of up to 60 cm, the field of the desired size is placed in its board (for example, 10x10 cm), then a peat column is exposed from two or three sides, it is cut into layers of 3 cm each, which are packaged in polyethylene packages. The upper 6 layers (food) are considered jointly and can serve to determine the age characteristics according to the E.Yoya technique. Multirairov and E.D. Lapshin. Each layer in the laboratory is washed through a sieve with a diameter of a 250 MK diameter for at least 5 minutes. The humus passed through the sieve with mineral particles is defended to completely falling out the sediment, then the precipitate merges into the Petri dish, where he dried. Packed in a tracker, a dry sample is convenient for transportation and for further study. In appropriate conditions, the sample is sprayed in a crucible and a muffle furnace for an hour at a temperature of 500-600 degrees. The urinary residue is weighed and subjected to an inspection under the binocular microscope with an increase of 56 times for the detection of spherical particles of 7-100 and more microns, or is subjected to other types of analysis. Because Mineral power This moss receives only from the atmosphere, its ash component can be a function of cosmic dust included in its composition.
So research in the area of \u200b\u200bthe fall of the Tungusian meteorite, remote from sources of technogenic pollution for many hundreds of kilometers, made it possible to estimate the inflow on the surface of the earth of spherical particles of 7-100 μm and more. Top layers of the peat made it possible to estimate the loss of the global aerosol during the study; layers belonging to 1908 - substances of the Tungusian meteorite; Lower (pre-industrial) layers - cosmic dust. The influx of cosmic microspheric on the surface of the Earth is estimated by the value (2-4) · 10 3 t / year, and in general, cosmic dust - 1.5 · 10 9 t / year. Analytical analysis methods were used, in particular neutron-activated, to determine the microelement composition of cosmic dust. According to this data, annually on the surface of the Earth falls from outer space (T / year): iron (2 · 10 6), cobalt (150), scandium (250).
Great interest in the plan of the above studies represent the works of EM. Kolesnikov et al.
The most complete overview of the problem of the Tungus meteorite, including its substances, in 2000 should be recognized by the monograph V.A. Bronshtan. The latest data on the substance of the Tungus meteorite has been reported and discussed at the International Conference "100 Years Tungusky Phenomenon", Moscow, June 26-28, 2008. Despite the progress achieved in the study of cosmic dust, a number of problems still remain not solved.
Sources of metabolic knowledge about space dust
Along with the data, which are obtained by modern research methods, the information contained in the extractural sources: "Letters by Mahatm," the teaching of living ethics, letters and works of EI Roerich (in particular, in her work "Studying the properties of a person", where the extensive program of scientific research is given for many years ahead).
So in the letter of Kut Humi 1882, the editor of the influential English-language newspaper "Pioneer" A.P. Sinnetu (the original letter is stored in the British Museum) The following data on cosmic dust are given:
- "The air is highly over our earth's surface and the space is filled with magnetic and meteorous dust, which does not even belong to our solar system.
"Snow, especially in our northern regions, full of meteoric iron and magnetic particles, the latter deposits are even at the bottom of the oceans." "Millions of similar meteors and the finest particles reach us annually and daily";
- "Each atmospheric change on Earth and all perturbations occur from the United Magnetism" two large "masses" - land and meteor dust;
There is a "terrestrial magnetic attraction of meteor dust and direct impact of the latter for sudden changes in temperature, especially in relation to heat and cold";
Because "Our land with all other planets rushes in space, it gets most of the cosmic dust to its northern hemisphere than southern"; "... This explains the quantitative predominance of continents in the northern hemisphere and greater abundance of snow and dampness";
- "The heat that land receives from the rays of the sun is, in the greatest degree, only the third, if not less, the number of meteors obtained directly from meteors";
- "Powerful accumulations of a meteoric substance" in the interstellar space lead to distortion of the observed intensity of the starlight and, consequently, to distortion of distances to stars obtained by photometric means.
A number of these provisions were ahead of the science of that time and were confirmed by subsequent studies. So, the study of the twilight of the atmosphere, made in the 30-50s. The XX century, showed that if at altitudes less than 100 km, the glow is determined by the scattering of sunlight in the gas (air) medium, then at the heights of more than 100 km, the prevailing role plays scattering on dusting. The first observations made using artificial satellites led to the detection of the dust shell of the Earth at altitudes a few hundred kilometers, which is indicated in the letter of Kut Humi mentioned. Of particular interest are data on distortions of distances to stars obtained by photometric path. Essentially, it was an indication for the presence of interstellar absorption opened in 1930 by Tremepler, which is considered to be one of the most important astronomical discoveries of the 20th century. Accounting for interstellar absorption led to the revaluation of the scale of astronomical distances and, as a result, to change the scale of the visible universe.
Some provisions of this letter - about the effect of cosmic dust on the processes in the atmosphere, in particular on the weather, are not yet found scientific confirmation. Here it is necessary to further study.
Let us turn another source of metasious knowledge - the teachings of living ethics created by E.I. Roerich and N.K. Roerich in collaboration with Himalayan teachers - Mahatmami in the 20-30 years of the twentieth century. Originally published in Russian books of living ethics are currently translated and published in many languages \u200b\u200bof the world. They pay great attention to scientific issues. In this case, we will be interested in everything related to cosmic dust.
The problem of cosmic dust, in particular its influx on the surface of the Earth, a lot of attention is paid to the teaching of living ethics.
"Pay attention to high places subject to winds from snow vertices. At the level of twenty-four thousand feet, we can observe special deposits of meteor dust "(1927-1929). "Aerolites are not sufficiently studied, paying attention to the cosmic dust on eternal snow and glytchers. Meanwhile, the Space Ocean draws his rhythm on the vertices "(1930-1931). "Meteor dust is not available to the eye, but gives very significant precipitation" (1932-1933). "At the very pure spot, the cleanest snow is saturated with dust of earth and cosmic," the space is so filled even with coarse observation "(1936).
Space dust issues are paid great attention to both "cosmological records" E.I. Roerich (1940). It should be borne in mind that E.I. Rérich carefully followed the development of astronomy and was aware of its recent achievements; It critically evaluated some theories of that time (20-30 years of the last century), for example in the field of cosmology, and its ideas were confirmed in our time. The teaching of living ethics and cosmological records E.I. Roerich contain a number of provisions on the processes that are conjugate with the loss of cosmic dust on the surface of the Earth and which can be generalized as follows:
The material particles of cosmic dust are constantly falling to the Earth, which bring the cosmic substance that has information about the distant worlds of outer space;
Space dust changes the composition of soils, snow, natural waters and plants;
This is especially true of the locations of natural ores, which are not only peculiar magnets that attract the cosmic dust, but should also be expected to be some differentiation of it depending on the type of ore: "So iron and other metals attract meteors, especially when ores are in a natural state and Not devoid of space magnetism ";
Much attention in the teaching of living ethics is paid to mountain vertices, which, according to E.I. Roerich "... are the greatest magnetic stations." "... The Space Ocean draws its rhythm on the vertices";
The study of cosmic dust can lead to the opening of new, not yet detected by modern science of minerals, in particular - metal with properties that helps keep vibrations with long-distance worlds in outer space;
When studying cosmic dust, new types of microbes and bacteria may be detected;
But what is especially important, the teaching of living ethics opens up a new page of scientific knowledge - the effects of cosmic dust on living organisms, including on a person and its energy. It can provide a variety of influence on the human body and some processes on physical and, especially, fine plans.
This information begins to find confirmation in modern scientific research. So in recent years, complex organic compounds were discovered on cosmic dusting and some scientists started talking about space microbes. In this regard, work on bacterial paleontology, performed at the Institute of Paleontology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, are of particular interest. In these works, in addition to earthly breeds, meteorites were studied. It is shown that microfamelism found in meteorites are traces of the life of microorganisms, some of which are similar to cyanobacteriums. In a number of studies, it was possible to experimentally show the positive effect of the outer substance on the growth of plants and justify the possibility of influencing it on the human body.
The authors of the exercise of living ethics strongly recommend organizing continuous monitoring of the loss of cosmic dust. And as its natural drive, use glacial and snow sediments in the mountains at an altitude of over 7 thousand m. Roerichi, living for many years in Himalayas, dream of creating a scientific station there. In a letter dated October 13, 1930 E.I. Roerich writes: "The station should develop to the city of Knowledge. We wish in this city to give synthesis of achievements, because all the areas of science should be subsequently subsequently presented in it ... The study of new cosmic rays giving humanity new most valuable energies, possible only at altitudesFor all the most subtle and most valuable and powerful lies in the cleaner layers of the atmosphere. Also do not deserve all the meteoric precipitations, besieged on snow vertices and brought to the valley mountain streams? " .
Conclusion
The study of cosmic dust has now turned into an independent area of \u200b\u200bmodern astrophysics and geophysics. This problem is particularly relevant, since meteoric dust is a source of outer substance and energy that are continuously introduced to Earth from outer space and actively affecting geochemical and geophysical processes, as well as providing a peculiar impact on biological objects, including a person. These processes have not yet been studied. In the study of space dust, a number of provisions contained in the sources of methane knowledge were not found properly. Meteoric dust manifests itself on earthly conditions not only as the phenomenon of the physical world, but also as matter, carrying the energy of outer space, including the worlds of other measurements and other states of matter. Accounting for these provisions requires the development of a completely new methodology for studying meteoric dust. But the most important task remains the collection and analysis of cosmic dust in various natural drives.
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The interstellar dust is a product of a variety of processes in its intensity flowing in all parts of the universe, and its invisible particles reach even the surface of the earth, flying in the atmosphere around us.
A multiple confirmed fact - nature does not like emptiness. The interstellar space space, which appears to us by vacuum, is actually filled with gas and microscopic, size of 0.01-0.2 μm, dust particles. The connection of these invisible elements gives rise to objects of a huge size, a kind of clouds of the universe, capable of absorbing some types of spectral radiation of stars, sometimes completely hiding them from earthly researchers.
What is the interstellar dust?
These microscopic particles have a kernel, which is formed in the gas shell of stars and completely depends on its composition. For example, graphite dust is formed from carbon dust, and silicate from oxygen - silicate. This is an interesting process lasting for whole decades: when the star is cooled, they lose their molecules that are flying out into space are connected in groups and become the basis of the dust kernel. Next, a shell is formed from hydrogen atoms and more complex molecules. In low temperatures, interstellar dust is in the form of ice crystals. Wearing the galaxy, small travelers lose part of the gas when heated, but the place of the flying molecules occupy new ones.
Location and properties
The bulk of dust, which falls on our galaxy, is concentrated in the Milky Way. It stands out on the background of stars in the form of black stripes and spots. Despite the fact that the weight of the dust is negligible in comparison with the weight of the gas and is only 1%, it can hide celestial bodies from us. Although the particles from each other and separate dozens of meters, but even in such quantities, the most dense areas absorb up to 95% of the light emitted by the stars. The dimensions of gas-pepped clouds in our system are really huge, they are measured by hundreds of light years.
Impact on observation
Techkeea globules make an invisible sky area located behind them
The interstellar dust absorbs most of the radiation of stars, especially in the blue spectrum, it distorts their light and polarity. The greatest distortion receive short waves of distant sources. Microparticles mixed with gas are noticeable in the form of dark spots on the Milky Way.
In connection with this factor, the core of our galaxy is completely hidden and accessible to observation only in infrared rays. The clouds with a high concentration of dust become practically opaque, so the particles inside do not lose their ice shell. Modern researchers and scientists believe that they, sticking together, form the nucleus of the newcom.
Science has proven the effect of dust granules on the processes of stars. These particles contain various substances, including metals that act as catalysts of numerous chemical processes.
Our planet increases its mass every year due to the incident interstellar dust. Of course, these microscopic particles are invisible, and to find them and explore the bottom of the ocean and meteorites. The collection and delivery of interstellar dust became one of the functions of spacecraft and missions.
If you get into the atmosphere of the Earth, large particles lose their shell, and small invisibly circle around us. Space dust is omnipresent and similar in all galaxies, astronomers regularly observe dark dashes on the face of distant worlds.
Cosmic dust particles of substance in the interstellar and interplanetary space. Absorbing the light of thickening K. p. Visible as dark spots in the photos of the Milky Way. Weakening of light due to the influence of K. p. - t. N. Interior absorption, or extinction, - unequal for electromagnetic waves of different lengths λ
As a result, it is observed redness of the stars. In the visible area, extinction is approximately proportional λ -1In the close ultraviolet region, it almost does not depend on the wavelength, but about 1400 Å has an additional maximum absorption. Most of the extinction is explained by the scattering of light, and not its absorption. This follows from observations of K. P. reflective nebula, visible around the stars of the spectral class B and some other stars, bright enough to illuminate dust. Comparison of the brightness of the nebulae and the stars illuminating their stars shows that albedo dust is large. The observed extinction and albedo lead to the conclusion that K. p. Consists of dielectric particles with an admixture of metals at a bit less than 1 μm. The ultraviolet extinction maximum can be explained by the fact that there are graphite scales in the dust in the dusty, about 0.05 × 0.05 × 0.01 μm. Due to the diffraction of light on a particle, the dimensions of which are comparable to a wavelength, light dissipates mostly forward. Inter-storage absorption often leads to the polarization of light, which is explained by the anisotropy of the properties of the dust (elongated the form in dielectric particles or the anisotropy of graphite conductivity) and their ordered orientation in space. The latter is explained by the action of a weak interstellar field, which orients dust with their long axis perpendicular to the power line. T. about., Observing the polarized light of distant celestial luminaries, one can judge the orientation of the field in the interior space. The relative amount of dust is determined from the value of the average absorption of light in the plane of the galaxy - from 0.5 to several stars of 1 kiloparsk in the visual region of the spectrum. The dust mass is about 1% of the mass of the nebula. Dust, like gas, is distributed in heterogeneously, forming clouds and more dense education - globules. In globules, dust is a cooling factor, shielding lights of stars and radiating energy in the infrared range obtained by dust from inelastic collisions with gas atoms. On the surface of the dust, the compound of atoms in the molecule occurs: dust is a catalyst. S. B. Picelner.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
Watch what is "cosmic dust" in other dictionaries:
Particles of condensed substance in interstellar and interplanetary space. According to modern ideas, cosmic dust consists of particles size approx. 1 μm with graphite or silicate core. In the galaxy, cosmic dust forms ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Space dust, very small particles of solids that are in any part of the universe, including meteorite dust and interstellar substance capable of absorbing star light and forming dark nebulae in galaxies. Spherical ... ... Scientific and Technical Encyclopedic Dictionary
COSMIC DUST - Meteoric dust, as well as the smallest particles of substances that form dust and other nebula in the nebula ... Large polytechnic encyclopedia
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Particles condensed in va in the interstellar and interplanetary space. By Sovr. Representations, K. n. consists of particles size approx. 1 μm with graphite or silicate core. In the Galaxy K. P. Forms cloud and globule thickening. Causes ... ... Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary
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- 99 Astronomy secrets, Serntseva N .. In this book, 99 secrets of astronomy are hidden. Open it and find out how the universe is arranged, which consists of space dust and where black holes come from. . Funny and simple texts ...
In the universe there are billions of stars and planets. And if the star is a burning gas sphere, then planets, such as land, are composed of solid elements. The planets are formed in the clouds of dust, which circulate around the newly formed star. In turn, the grains of this dust are made up of elements such as carbon, silicon, oxygen, iron and magnesium. But where did the space dust particles come from? In a new study conducted at the Institute of Niels Bora in Copenhagen, it was shown that the grains of dust can not only be formed in the giant supernova explosions, they can also experience the subsequent shock waves of various explosions that affect dust.
A computer image of how cosmic dust is formed during explosions of supernovae. Source: ESO / M. Kornmesser.
The way cosmic dust was formed, for a long time there was a secret for astronomers. Elements of dust themselves are formed in the flaming hydrogen gas in the stars. Hydrogen atoms are connected to each other in all more and cheaper items. As a result, the star begins to emit radiation in the form of light. When all the hydrogen is exhausted and will not work out more to extract energy, the star dies, and her shell flies into the outer space that forms various nebulae, in which young stars can be born again. Heavy elements are formed, first of all, in supernovae, whose progenitors are massive stars perishing in a giant explosion. But as single elements stick together together to form cosmic dust - remained a mystery.
"The problem was that even if the dust was formed with the elements in the explosions of supernovae, in itself this event is such a strong that these minor grains simply should not have survived. But cosmic dust exists, and its particles can be completely different sizes. Our study sheds light on this problem, "Professor Jens Hyort, Head of the Center for Dark Cosmology at the Institute of Niels Bora.
A shot of a telescope Hubble Unusual Dwarf Galaxy, in which the bright supernova SN 2010JL arose. The snapshot was obtained before it appears, so the arrow shows its Star-progenitor. The exploded star was very massive, approximately 40 solar masses. Source: ESO.
In the studies of cosmic dust, scientists are observed for supernovae using an astronomical X-Shooter tool installed on a very large telescope (VLT) complex in Chile. It has amazing sensitivity, and three spectrographs included in its composition. May observe the entire light range immediately, from ultraviolet and visible to infrared. Hyorth explains that at first they expected the appearance of the "right" explosion of a supernovae. And so, when it happened, a campaign began to observe. The observed star was unusually bright, 10 times brighter usually medium supernova, and its mass was 40 times more solar. Total observation of the star took two and a half years from researchers.
"Dust absorbs light, and using our data we were able to calculate the function that could tell us about the amount of dust, its composition and grain size. In the results we found really something exciting, "- Crysta goal.
The first step towards the formation of cosmic dust is a mini explosion, in which the star throws out a material containing hydrogen, helium and carbon into space. This gas cloud becomes a kind of sink around the star. Some more similar flashes and sink becomes more dense. Finally, the star explodes, and the dense gas cloud completely envelops its core.
"When a star explodes, the shock explosive wave faces a dense gas cloud as a brick, having flown on the concrete wall. All this happens in the gas phase at incredible temperatures. But the place where the explosion hit, becomes dense and cools up to 2000 degrees Celsius. At such a temperature and density, elements can form a kernel and form solid particles. We found the grains of dust with dimensions in one micron, which is a very big value for these elements. With such dimensions, they will be able to survive their future travel through the galaxy. "
Thus, scientists believe that they found the answer to the question of how the cosmic dust is formed and lives.