Why are international organizations needed? International political and economic organizations What are the names of international organizations with their purpose

Various criteria can be applied to classify international organizations.

· By the nature of membership they are divided into interstate and non-governmental.

· In a circle of participantsintergovernmental organizations are subdivided into universal, open to the participation of all states of the world (UN, its specialized agencies), and regional, whose members can be states of one region (Organization of African Unity. Organization of American States).

Interstate organizations are also subdivided into organizations general and special competence... The activities of organizations of general competence affect all areas of relations between member states: political, economic, social, cultural, etc. (for example, UN, OAU, OAS). Organizations of special competence are limited to cooperation in one special area (for example. Universal Postal Union. International Labor Organization, etc.) and can be subdivided into political, economic, social, cultural, scientific, religious, etc.

Classification by nature of authority allows you to distinguish between interstate and supranational or, more precisely, supranational organizations. The first group includes the overwhelming majority of international organizations whose purpose is to organize interstate cooperation and whose decisions are addressed to the member states. The aim of supranational organizations is integration. Their decisions apply directly to citizens and legal entities of the Member States. Some elements of supranationalism in this understanding are inherent in the European Union (EU).

· From point of view order of entry in them, organizations are divided into open (any state can become a member at its discretion) and closed (admission to membership is carried out at the invitation of the original founders). NATO is an example of a closed organization.

Contemporary international organizations.

An international organization is considered a permanent association, which is created on the basis of an agreement of an international nature. The purpose of the association is to facilitate the solution of those problems that are stipulated in the agreement. International organizations are of an interstate nature - acting at the level of governments of states, and of a non-governmental nature. Also distinguish between international organizations of a global and regional nature. There are also classifications by the type of activity, by the nature of powers, by the circle of participants, international clubs, etc.

World Trade Organization (WTO). It is an organization of global importance. Founded in 1995. The aim is to streamline international trade rules. In 2008, the WTO had 153 member countries. The headquarters is located in Geneva (Switzerland). The WTO was created on the basis of the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade). According to the charter, the WTO can only regulate trade and economic issues.

World Wildlife Fund... Public international organization. Founded in 1961. Works in all areas that relate to the conservation, research and restoration of the environment. The headquarters are located in Gland (Switzerland).

Greenpeace. The organization was founded in 1971. It is an independent public organization. The goal is to preserve the environment, to solve global environmental problems. Greenpeace principles do not allow accepting financial assistance at the state and political level. The organization is funded by donations from supporters. Headquarters in Vancouver (Canada).

European Union (EU). The Organization of European States, created in 1993 on the basis of three organizations, two of which are still part of it - the EEC (European Economic Community - now the European Community), ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community - ceased to exist in 2002), Euratom ( European Atomic Energy Community). This is a unique organization that is a cross between an international organization and a state. It has a common market, a common monetary system, etc. The field of activity concerns many areas - economy, politics, currency, labor market, etc. As of 2007, the EU included 27 states.

League of Arab States (LAS). The organization was founded in 1945. The goal is to unite Arab and friendly states for cooperation in various fields, including those related to defense. The headquarters is located in Cairo (Egypt). It includes more than 20 states, including the state of Palestine, which is not recognized by the entire world community.

International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (International Red Cross). Non-governmental organization. It is a humanitarian movement of over 100 million employees and volunteers around the world. The main goal of the movement is literally "To help all those who suffer without any unfavorable distinction, thereby contributing to the establishment of peace on Earth." Consists of the International Committee of the Red Cross (headquarters in Geneva), the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. The organization was created on the basis of the Red Cross Society, known since 1863 and later renamed the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).

International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol).The current charter was adopted in 1956. Interpol was established on the basis of the International Center for Registration of Criminals (1923). The organization's activities are carried out in the field of combating ordinary crime (search for missing valuables, criminals, missing people, etc.), it does not in any way concern other areas (politics, economics, defense, etc.), although for the investigation of crimes the organization can take advantage of information about these areas. In terms of the number of member countries, Interpol is in second place after the UN - at the beginning of 2009 there were 186 states. The headquarters is located in Lyon (France).

Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC). International Islamic Organization. Created in 1969. The goal is cooperation between Muslim states in various fields, joint participation in activities in the international arena, achievement of stable development of the participating countries. The headquarters is located in Jeddah (Saudi Arabia). At the beginning of 2009, it included 57 states.

United Nations Organization (UN). An interstate organization created in 1945 by the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition. The purpose of the organization is to maintain peace between states, consolidate peace, develop and secure international relations, and develop international cooperation in various fields. The UN consists of six main bodies (General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Secretariat, International Court of Justice and Trusteeship Council). There are many different structural divisions of the UN and various organizations working under the auspices of the UN in various fields of international activity. Most of the main UN offices are headquartered in New York (USA), but there are also branches in different parts of the world. In 2007, the UN had 192 member states. It is the largest international organization.

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). It has existed since 1975. It is the largest regional organization in the world that deals with security issues. The goal is to prevent and resolve conflicts in the region, eliminate the consequences of conflicts. In 2008, the OSCE united 56 states, which are located not only in Europe, but also in Central Asia and North America.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). It is an international military-political alliance. Created in 1949 at the initiative of the United States. The main goal is the security and freedom of all member states in accordance with the principles of the UN, both in North America and in Europe. To achieve its goals, NATO uses military capabilities and political influence. The headquarters is located in Brussels (Belgium). In 2009, NATO included 28 states.

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). An intergovernmental organization established in 1960 at the initiative of Venezuela. The goal is to control world oil policy and stabilize oil prices. OPEC sets limits on oil production. The headquarters is located in Vienna (Austria). In 2009, there were 12 countries in the OPEC.

Council of Europe (CoE). Regional European political organization. Created in 1949. The goal is to build a united Europe. At the beginning of 2009, there were 48 countries. The headquarters is located in Strasbourg (France, on the border with Germany).

Commonwealth of Nations (British Commonwealth of Nations). Officially established in 1931. The structure includes Great Britain and almost all of its former colonies and dominions. Some of the member states recognize the Queen of Great Britain as the head of state. The headquarters are located in London. The goal is voluntary cooperation in many areas, the main of which is economic.

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The organization was founded in 1991 by the former republics of the USSR. The main goals are cooperation in political, economic, environmental, humanitarian, cultural and other areas, including the creation of a common economic space. The permanent body of the CIS - the Executive Committee of the CIS is located in Minsk (Belarus). The CIS Interparliamentary Assembly is located in St. Petersburg (Russia). At the moment, Mongolia and Afghanistan, which have observer status, are showing keen interest in the activities of the CIS.

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, APEC - the world's largest economic association, whose members account for about 60% of world GDP and about half of the volume of world trade. The goals of the organization are to strengthen cooperation between the countries of the Pacific region and ensure conditions for free open trade in it. APEC was formed in 1989 in Canberra at the initiative of the Prime Ministers of Australia and New Zealand. Initially, the supreme body of the Cooperation was ministerial meetings, but later meetings of leaders of states began to be held. Since the organization includes not only countries, but also territories (Hong Kong and Taiwan), its members are usually called "APEC economies".

The Big Eight call the 8 most industrialized countries in the world (they account for about 60% of world GDP). The G8 is not an official international organization, its decisions have no legal force, but, nevertheless, the annual summit of the leaders of the G8 countries is one of the most important political events. The term "Big Seven" itself appeared in Russian due to the incorrect interpretation of the abbreviation "G7": instead of "Group of Seven" ("Group of Seven"), journalists decoded it as "Great Seven" ("Big Seven").

The first meeting of the leaders of industrial countries was held in 1975 (without the participation of Canada) and subsequently such meetings became regular. In 1992, Russia joined the participating countries, after which the Seven became the Eight.

Questions and tasks:

1. Give a definition to the concept of "international organization".

2. When and why the first international organizations appeared.

3. Write down the classification of international organizations in a notebook.

4. Fill in the table "Contemporary international organizations"

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

An intergovernmental organization created to regulate monetary and credit relations between states. The IMF was established at the UN International Monetary and Financial Conference in Bretton Woods (USA) in 1944. The Conference adopted an Agreement that acts as a Charter. The agreement entered into force in 1945, the practical activities of the Foundation began in 1947. The IMF is a specialized agency of the United Nations, headquartered in Washington. In accordance with the Agreement, the UN has no right to make recommendations to the Fund regarding its policy.

The articles of the agreement were changed in 1969, 1978, 1992. Currently, the IMF includes more than 180 countries. Russia joined the IMF on June 1, 1992.

The fund is structured like a joint stock company. The capital of the IMF is formed from the contributions of member countries in accordance with quotas, reflecting the share of each in the world economy and trade. The voting system is determined by the size of the country's contribution to the Fund.

IMF objectives:

Promotion of international cooperation in the currency area;

Promoting the expansion and balanced growth of international trade and, accordingly, the growth of employment and the improvement of the economic conditions of the participating countries;

Providing assistance to the participating countries by providing loans and credits in foreign currency to regulate balances of payments and stabilize exchange rates;

Providing consulting assistance on financial and currency issues to the participating countries;

Monitoring compliance by member countries of the code of conduct in international monetary relations.

The IMF only works with official government agencies. Financial assets are issued in shares (tranches), the receipt of each of which is linked to the fulfillment of the obligations by the borrowing country. In fact, the IMF is the institutional backbone of the international monetary system.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

WTO - multilateral intergovernmental organization, which includes the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT, signed in Geneva in 1947); General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and other arrangements.

The WTO is a specialized agency of the United Nations, established on January 1, 1995, with its headquarters in Geneva. Currently, the WTO includes about 130 states. The budget is formed from the contributions of the participating countries, decisions are made by consensus.

The main objectives of the WTO:

Liberalization of international trade, thus ensuring economic growth and development of the participating countries;

Control over trade policy;

Priority of the multilateral trading system over regional trade agreements.

At present, negotiations are underway on Russia's accession to the WTO.

Council of Europe (CoE)

International Consultative Organization of European Countries. CE was founded in 1949 by Western European states. Currently, the CE includes more than 40 states. Observer status was granted to the USA, Canada, Japan. Russia joined the Council of Europe in 1996.

The main activities of the Council of Europe: human rights problems, the development of humanitarian, legal, socio-economic cooperation between the participating countries. At present, the main task of the Council of Europe is to assist the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in carrying out political, legislative and constitutional reforms.

The main bodies of the CE:

The Committee of Ministers (CM) consists of the ministers of foreign affairs of the participating countries;

The Parliamentary Assembly (PACE);

Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe (CLRAE).

The activity of the Council of Europe is based on the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The control body is the European Court of Human Rights. The headquarters is in Strasbourg (France).

Organization of American States (OAS)

Created in 1948 in Bogota (Colombia); participants - 35 states of the Western Hemisphere, including the USA, Canada, Cuba. Permanent observers in the OAS: Japan, Germany, France, Russia (since 1992), Israel, Spain, Italy and other countries.

OAS objectives:

Maintaining peace and security on the continent;

Promotion of social, cultural and economic cooperation between states.

Principles written in the OAS Statutes:

Sovereign equality of states;

Solving controversial issues exclusively by peaceful means;

Refusal to use force;

Refusal from direct or indirect interference in the affairs of neighboring countries.

In 1994, the Action Plan for America was adopted, which provides for:

Strengthening the American Community of Democracies;

Promoting wealth growth through economic integration and free trade;

Eradicating poverty and discrimination in the Western Hemisphere;

Ensuring sustainable development and preserving the environment for future generations.

The supreme body of the OAS - the General Assembly, consists of representatives of the participating countries, is convened annually, alternately in their capitals. The executive body - the Permanent Council of the OAS is located in Washington.

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

It was established in 1989 to support the economic growth and development of the participating countries, to enhance the positive impact of the growing economic interdependence of the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.

At present, APEC includes 21 states of the region: Australia, Brunei, Hong Kong, Canada, China, Kiribati, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, South Korea, Singapore, USA, Thailand. Taiwan, Philippines, Chile, Vietnam, Peru, Russia (since 1997)

The main areas of APEC activities:

Exchange of information and consultations on policy and economic development in order to achieve sustainable growth and narrow the gap in economic development;

Development of strategies to reduce obstacles to the movement of goods, services, investments;

Cooperation in such areas as energy, fisheries, transport, telecommunications, tourism, environmental protection;

Promoting the development of regional trade, investment, movement of financial resources, technology transfer, industrial cooperation, infrastructure development, labor supply.

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Organization of the main oil producing countries of Asia. Africa and Latin America, which account for more than 1/3 of world oil production. Created in 1960 at a conference in Baghdad (Iraq). OPEC includes: Venezuela. Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Qatar, Nigeria, United Arab Emirates.

OPEC objectives:

Coordination and unification of the oil policy of the participating countries;

Determination of effective collective and individual means of protecting their interests;

Use of the necessary means and methods to ensure price stability in the world oil market;

Protecting the interests of oil producing countries by ensuring their sustainable income;

Ensuring an efficient, regular supply of oil to consumer countries;

Ensuring that investors receive fair returns from investments in the oil industry;

Ensuring environmental protection;

Cooperation with non-OPEC countries to implement initiatives to stabilize the global oil market.

The supreme body of OPEC is the Conference, which includes representatives of the participating countries, meetings are held twice a year at the OPEC headquarters in Vienna (Austria).

League of Arab States (LAS)

Organization of Arab Countries. The LAS was founded in March 1945 at a conference in Cairo. Currently it includes: Asian countries - Jordan, Iraq, Yemen, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, UAE, Palestine; African countries - Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritania, Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros.

LAS goals:

Coordination of political, military, economic activities of the participating countries;

Prohibition on the use of force in the settlement of interstate disputes;

Respect for the political regimes of the participating countries.

The governing body is the LAS Council, it includes the heads of state or government or persons authorized by them. Headquarters - Tunis.

Organization of African Unity (OAU)

Intergovernmental Organization of African States. It was created in 1963 in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) at a conference of African heads of state and government. It includes more than 50 African states.

OAU objectives:

Strengthening unity;

Development of political and economic cooperation;

Protection of sovereignty, territorial integrity;

Coordination of actions in the field of foreign policy, economy, defense, culture.

The highest executive body is the Council of Foreign Ministers (sessions - 2 times a year). The permanent administrative body is the General Secretariat. The headquarters is in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia).

African Union (AU)

Intergovernmental Organization of African States. The African Union was established in July 2002 (Durban, South Africa), and is the successor to the Organization of African Unity (OAU), which existed for 39 years (since 1963). The AU includes 52 countries - members of the OAU.

Strengthening unity and solidarity among African countries and peoples;

Protection of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of the participating countries;

Promoting the rooting of political and socio-economic integration;

Defending the common positions of African countries on issues of interest to the contingent and its peoples;

Promoting the expansion of international cooperation, taking into account the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights;

Ensuring peace, security and stability on the continent;

Ensuring democratic principles and the functioning of democratic institutions, participation of the general population in public life and effective governance of countries;

Ensuring and protecting human and peoples 'rights in accordance with the "African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights" and other documents on this issue;

Creation of the necessary conditions for strengthening the role of Africa in the global economy and in international negotiations;

Ensuring progressive development in the economic, social and cultural fields, integration of the economies of African countries;

Promoting cooperation in all areas to improve the living standards of the peoples of Africa;

Coordination of policies between regional economic communities to gradually achieve the goals of the union;

Promoting the development of the continent, expanding research in various fields, especially in science and technology;

Collaboration with international partners to eliminate various diseases and improve the health care system;

The AU has endorsed the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) socio-economic development program. The program envisages a plan for modernizing the continent, overcoming poverty, fighting AIDS and other infectious diseases, raising the living standards of the population, etc.

The Charter of the African Union is based on the Charter of the OAU and the Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community. The creation of an African Central Bank, African Monetary Fund, African Court and Pan-African Parliament is envisaged.

The program of the course "International relations in the global world" ... ... .... 3

Literature …………………………………………………………………… ..… 5

Topic 1. World politics and international relations.… .. …………… .... 6

Topic 2. The problem of East-West, North-South relations …………… .24

Topic 3. Ethnopolitical processes in the modern world ... ……………… .37

Topic 4. Development of the globalization process .. ………………………………… ... 47

Topic 5. EU and Russia: opportunities for cooperation .. ……………………… .58

Topic 6. Geopolitical interests of Russia in the development of the global energy market .. ……………………………………………………… .70

Topic 7. The nature of international conflicts and ways to resolve them ... ……… 79

Application. International political and economic organizations ……………………………………………… ...… .. …………… .89

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UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION (UNO)

The United Nations was established on October 24, 1945. At present, proposals for reforming the United Nations are being discussed, including increasing the number of permanent members of the Security Council.

The United Nations system includes the United Nations with its principal and subsidiary organs. 17 specialized UN agencies were established, as well as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The World Tourism Organization (WTO) is also classified as an intergovernmental UN system.

Specialized UN events are carried out with the aim of strengthening international cooperation and general understanding.

Member States: Currently, over 180 countries of the world are members of the UN. Observers to the UN - Palestine, Organization of African Unity, European Union, Organization of the Islamic Conference, International Committee of the Red Cross, etc.

Support for peace and international security.

Development of relations between nations based on respect for the principles of equality and self-determination.

International cooperation in resolving world problems of a political, economic, social, cultural nature.

Promoting respect for human rights.

The transformation of the UN into a center for coordinating the efforts of nations and peoples to achieve common goals.

Structure:

General Assembly.
Security Council.
Economic and Social Council.
Trusteeship Council.
International Court.
Secretariat.

The General Assembly (GA) is the main body of the UN, uniting all its members (on the principle of "one state - one vote"). It is empowered to consider issues and make recommendations on issues that are in the political and material spheres within the scope of the Charter. Although GA resolutions are advisory in nature and are not legally binding on all UN members, they are backed by the authority of the United Nations. The General Assembly determines the policy and program of action of the organization. GA sessions are held annually, but extraordinary sessions can be called.

The Security Council (SC) is the only UN body that can make decisions that are binding on the 148 UN members. Using a number of measures for the peaceful settlement of international conflicts, in the event that the warring parties are not ready to participate in the peace process of negotiations, the Security Council can take enforcement measures.

Decisions to impose military sanctions are made only when non-military sanctions are insufficient. Groups of observers and the UN Peacekeeping Force ("blue helmets") are sent to conflict areas.

The Security Council consists of 15 members: five permanent maples (France) with veto power and ten non-permanent members elected for a two-year term in accordance with regional quotas (five seats for Asian states and one for Eastern European states , two for states and two places for Western European countries).

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is responsible for the activities of the United Nations in the economic and social spheres and carries out the tasks assigned to it in connection with the implementation of the recommendations of the General Assembly (studies, reports, etc.). He coordinates the activities of the UN specialized agencies.

The International Court of Justice is the main legal organ of the United Nations. The court is open to all states of the world and individuals (even not members of the UN).

The Secretariat operates under the authority of the Secretary General and is responsible for the day-to-day work of the UN. The Secretary General - the chief UN official - is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. The High Commissioner for Human Rights, appointed by the Secretary-General, is responsible for the UN's human rights activities.

The official languages \u200b\u200bof the United Nations are English, Spanish, Chinese, Russian, French.

The headquarters is in New York.

WORLD BANK GROUP

The World Bank Group comprises four institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD); International Finance Corporation (IFC); International Development Association (MAP); Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA).

INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION

AND DEVELOPMENT (IBRD) - INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT (IBRD) The idea of \u200b\u200bthe IBRD was formulated at the UN Conference on Monetary and Financial Issues in 1944. The IBRD as a specialized agency is part of the UN system.

Objectives: to promote the reconstruction and development of the territories of the Member States by encouraging capital investments for production purposes; encouraging private and foreign investment through the provision of guarantees or participation in loans and other investments by private lenders; promoting economic and social progress in developing countries through long-term financing of development projects and programs with a view to ensuring production growth; stimulating the growth of international trade and development of production resources of the IBRD member states.

Currently, the IBRD includes about 180 states (including Russia). Membership is also open to members of the World Monetary Fund (IMF) on terms determined by the IBRD.

Sources of financing: IBRD, whose capital is subscribed to by all member states, finances its lending operations mainly from this capital, borrowed funds from financial markets, and also through payments to repay previously issued loans.

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)

The International Monetary Fund began operating in 1946. As a specialized agency, it is part of the UN system. The IMF has about 180 member states.

Objectives: to encourage international cooperation in the field of monetary policy; promoting the growth of world trade; maintaining the stability of currencies and streamlining currency relations between the member states; provision of credit assistance to Member States, if necessary.

Membership is open to other states on conditions determined by the IMF (the amount of the authorized capital-quotas-voting rights, special drawing rights, etc.).

Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) are the IMF's tool to create foreign exchange reserves based on international agreement in order to prevent the danger of a permanent shortage of foreign exchange reserves.

Funding sources: Member contributions (quotas), supplemented by IMF loans from its members. 150

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO)

It was created in 1949 on the basis of the signing and ratification of the North Atlantic Treaty ("Washington Treaty"). The process of political changes in (the collapse of the USSR, the termination of the activities of the Warsaw Pact Organization, etc.) in recent years has become the reason for a number of NATO statements, including: London Declaration "The North Atlantic Alliance in the Process of Change" (1990), "Rome Declaration on Peace and cooperation "(1991); "New Strategic Concept of the Alliance" (1991); NATO Council statement inviting them to join the Partnership for Peace program (1994), etc.

Member States (16): Belgium, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Canada, Luxembourg, Netherlands, USA, France. (Iceland, which has no armed forces of its own, is not part of an integrated military structure; Spain does not participate in an integrated command structure; France withdrew from an integrated military structure in 1966).

Objectives: ensuring freedom and security of all members by political and military means in accordance with the principles of the UN Charter; joint actions and comprehensive cooperation with the aim of strengthening the security of the member states, ensuring a just and lasting peace in Europe based on common values, democracy, human rights and the rule of law.

The headquarters of the governing bodies is in Brussels.

ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE (OSCE)

The Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe was signed in 1975 in Helsinki () by the heads of state and government of 33 Western European countries, as well as the United States and. It became a long-term program for the development of the process of detente and cooperation in Europe.

A new period in the OSCE's activities began with the Charter of Paris for a New Europe, signed in 1990.

The OSCE's relations with the United Nations are based on a framework agreement concluded with the UN Secretariat and observer status at the UN General Assembly.

Objectives: promoting the improvement of mutual relations, creating conditions for ensuring lasting peace; support for the relaxation of international tension; recognition of the close interdependence of peace and security in Europe and throughout the world.

EUROPEAN UNION (EU)

The Treaty on the European Union (EU), signed in 1992 in Maastricht (Netherlands) by the heads of state and government of 12 member states of the European Economic Community, entered into force on November 1, 1993. The Treaty introduces EU citizenship in addition to national citizenship.

The predecessor of the EU was the European Economic Community (EEC), formed by Luxembourg, Germany, and in 1958 with the aim of creating a common market for goods, capital and labor by eliminating customs duties and other restrictions on trade, and pursuing a coordinated trade policy.

Later Great Britain, Denmark, Ireland (1973), Spain, Portugal (1981) and Greece (1986) were admitted to the Community.

Since 1995, Austria, Finland and Sweden have become EU members.

Cyprus, Malta, Turkey and the countries of Eastern Europe have also submitted official applications to join the EU.

The European Union (EU) is founded on three pillars:

The European Communities (European Coal and Steel Community - ECSC; European Economic Community - EEC; European Atomic Energy Community - EURATOM) with the forms of cooperation provided for by the Treaty on the European Union.
Joint foreign and international security policy.

3. Cooperation in domestic and legal policy. Member States (15): Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Finland, France, Sweden.

Formation of a close union of the peoples of Europe.

Promoting balanced and lasting progress, through: creating a space without internal borders, strengthening economic and social interaction, forming an economic and monetary union and creating a single currency in the future.

Carrying out a joint foreign policy, and in the future, a joint defense policy.

Development of cooperation in the field of justice and internal affairs.

Organs. EU: European Council; European Parliament; The Council of the European Union; European Commission; European Court of Justice.

NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (NAFTA)

The NAFTA Agreement was signed on December 17, 1992 in Washington and entered into force on January 1, 1994.

Member States: Canada, Mexico, USA. Objectives: The agreement provides for the creation of a free trade zone within 15 years; measures are envisaged to liberalize the movement of goods, services, capital across borders with the gradual elimination of customs and investment barriers. Unlike the EU, the NAFTA countries do not envisage the creation of a unified monetary system and the coordination of foreign policy.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) - ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD)

The organization was created in 1961. It became the successor of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, formed in 1948 to make optimal use of American economic and financial assistance to the reconstruction of Europe (Marshall Plan) in cooperation with the European countries that receive this assistance.

Currently, applications for membership in the OECD of Hungary, the Republic of Korea, etc. are being considered. Russia cooperates with the OECD, having signed in 1994 the Agreement on Privileges and Immunities.

Objectives: to contribute to the development of the world economy by ensuring optimal economic development, employment growth and improving living standards while maintaining the financial stability of the member states; promoting economic and social well-being by coordinating the policies of the member states; harmonization of assistance from OECD countries to developing countries.

COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS - COMMONWEALTH

The Commonwealth of Nations is a "voluntary association of independent states", symbolized by the British monarch, recognized as the head of the Commonwealth.

Sovereign states pursue independent policies and cooperate on the basis of common interests and in order to promote international understanding. The relationship of the member states is defined in the Westminster status of 1931 as independent and equal in domestic and foreign policy.

The Commonwealth consists of 30 republics, 5 monarchies with their own kings, and 16 states, which recognize as head of state the British monarch, represented in these countries by the governor-general.

Member States (about 50): Australia, Antigua and Barbuda, Great Britain, Grenada, Greece, Dominica, Indonesia, Canada, Cyprus, Malaysia, Malta, Nigeria, New Zealand, Saint Kitts and Nevis,,. Objectives: promoting the well-being of peoples.

At the meetings of the heads of state and government of the member states of the Commonwealth, the international situation, issues of regional development, socio-economic situation, cultural issues, as well as special programs of the Commonwealth are discussed.

ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY (OAU)

It was created in 1963 at the conference of heads of state and government.

Objectives: to promote the strengthening of Muslim solidarity; protection of holy places; support for the struggle of all Muslims to ensure independence and national rights; supporting the struggle of the Palestinian people; cooperation in the economic, social, cultural, scientific and other important areas of life, etc.

The headquarters of the General Secretariat is in Jeddah.

LEAGUE OF ARAB STATES (LAS)

The Arab League Pact formed the basis for the League of Arab States formed in 1945. It was signed by seven Arab states (Egypt, Iraq, Yemen, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Transjordan).

Member States. (22): Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Yemen, Qatar, Comoros, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, UAE, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia.

Objectives: to strengthen ties between member states in various sectors (economy, finance, transport, culture, health); coordination of actions of member states to protect national security and ensure their independence and sovereignty; prohibiting the use of force to settle disputes; respect for existing regimes in other countries and refusal to try to change them.

The headquarters is in Cairo.

ORGANIZATION OF THE PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC)

It was organized in 1960 at a conference in Baghdad. The charter was adopted in 1965, later it was amended many times.

Member States (12): Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Qatar, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, UAE, Saudi Arabia.

Objectives: coordination and unification of the oil policy of the member states; determination of the most effective means of protecting the interests of the participating states; finding ways to ensure price stability in the world oil markets; environmental protection, etc.

UNION OF ARAB MAGRIB (UAM)

Established in 1989. Member States (5): Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia.

Objectives: to contribute to the successful solution of issues of economic development, to ensure greater competitiveness of goods of the countries of the region in the markets of the world.

ASSOCIATION OF REGIONAL COOPERATION - SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION OF THE REGIONAL COOPERATION (SAARC)

Established in 1985. Member States (7): Bangladesh, India, Republic of Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka.

Objectives: acceleration of economic development, social progress and cultural development of the member countries and the establishment of peace and stability in the region.

ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)

Objectives: to promote regional cooperation in the economic, social and cultural spheres in order to consolidate peace in the region; accelerating economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region through joint action in a spirit of equality and partnership; cooperation in agriculture, industry, trade, transport and communications in order to improve the living standards of the population; strengthening peace and stability, etc.

ASIAN-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC) - ASIAN PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC)

The organization was created on the initiative in 1989.

Member States (18): Australia, Brunei, Hong Kong, Canada, China, Kiribati, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Republic of Korea, Singapore, USA, Thailand, Philippines, Chile.

Objectives: creation of the Asia-Pacific Economic Community; mitigation of mutual trade barriers; exchange of services and investments; the extension of cooperation to areas such as trade, environment, etc. A group of eminent persons from APEC countries is charged with putting forward ideas about the future of the organization and discussing ways of their implementation.

Formed on the basis of the Montevideo Treaty II, signed by the LAST member countries and entered into force in 1981.

Objectives: creating a common market for the countries and Mexico. Unlike LAST, the LAI integration process provides for differential progress towards the creation of a common market, taking into account the level of economic development of the participating countries.

Within the framework of the LAI, sub-regional groups are preserved: the Treaty of the La Plata River Basin, 1969 (members - Argentina, Bo-158 Libya, Brazil, Paraguay,), Cartagena Agreement, 1969 (members - Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Chile, Ecuador), Agreement on cooperation between the countries of the Amazon zone, 1978 (members - Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador).

SYSTEM OF ANDIN INTEGRATION (AIS) - SISTEMA DE INTEGRACION ANDINA (SIA)

Formed on the basis of the Andean Pact. Includes two independent blocks of institutions: for political cooperation and for economic integration.

As a follow-up to the 1969 Cartagena Agreement on the establishment of the Andean Subregional Integration Group, a document was adopted called the Andean Strategy, which declared the development of the Andean economic space, deepening international relations, and a contribution to the unity of Latin America. At the same time, the "Peace Act" was adopted, which provided for the deepening of the integration process, the creation of the Andean common market (free trade zone, customs union) by 1995.

ANDSKY PACT (AP) - ACUERDO DE INTEGRACION SUBREGIONAL ANDINA (AISA)

Created on the basis of an agreement that entered into force in 1969.

Member States (5): Bolivia, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador. In 1976 Chile withdrew. Since 1969 he is an associate member.

Objectives: liberalization of regional trade and introduction of uniform external tariffs; creation of a common market by 1985; coordination of economic policy in relation to foreign capital; development of industry, agriculture and infrastructure through joint programs; mobilization of internal and external financial resources.

LA PLATTA GROUP - ORGANIZACION DE LA CUENCA DE LA PLATA

It was formed on the basis of the Treaty on Economic Integration and Joint Development of the La Plata River Basin in 1969.

Member States (5): Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay.

Objectives: Optimal use and protection of the natural resources of the La Plata Basin.

In 1986, Argentina and Brazil signed a long-term program of economic cooperation - the "Integration Act", which was joined by Uruguay, and in 1991 by Paraguay.

TOTAL MARKET OF SOUTH CONE COUNTRIES - EL MERCADO COMUN DEL SUR (MERCOSUR)

It was formed as a follow-up to the Integration Act of 1986 on the basis of the Agreement on the Common Market of the Southern Cone Countries in 1991.

Member States (4): Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay. For economically less developed Bolivia, instead of direct participation in integration, the preservation of existing benefits is envisaged.

Objectives: Creation of a common market of the participating countries within 10 years on the basis of projects and enterprises carried out within the framework of the La Plata Organization.

AMAZON PACT - EL RASTO AMAZONICO

Formed on the basis of the Cooperation Agreement in the Amazon and entered into force in 1980.

Member States (8): Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, Colombia, Peru, Suriname, Ecuador.

Objectives: accelerated joint development and rational use of natural resources of the basin, their protection from foreign exploitation, cooperation in the creation of infrastructure.

ORGANIZATION OF CENTRAL AMERICAN STATES (OCAC) - ORGANIZACION DE LOS ESTADOS CENTROAMERICANOS (OECA)

Formed in 1951 at the conference of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of El Salvador and Costa Rica.

Objectives: Economic and political integration of Central American states, cultural cooperation of the participating countries, prevention and settlement of emerging conflicts.

CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY (CARICOM)

Political and economic organization for cooperation in the field of trade, credit, currency relations, coordination of economic and foreign policy, the creation of joint facilities.

The community was formed in 1973 on the basis of the Treaty in Chagua Ramas (Trinidad and Tobago).

Member States (13): Bahamas (member of the Community only, not the Common Market), Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Guyana, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago , Jamaica. Associate Members: British and Virgin Islands, Turke and Caicos.

Objectives: Political and economic cooperation; coordination of foreign policy; economic convergence through the liberalization of mutual trade and the establishment of a common customs regime; policy coordination in the areas of currency and credit, infrastructure and tourism, agriculture, industry and trade; cooperation in the field of education and health.

CARIBBEAN COMMON MARKET (CCM, CARICOM)

Formed in 1974 in accordance with the annex to the Chaguaramas Treaty, it includes all members of the CC, with the exception of the Bahamas.

Governing bodies: Conference of Heads of Government and Common Market Council. In 1976, the participating countries introduced uniform customs tariffs. In 1982, at the Conference of Heads of Government, a proposal was put forward to create an Association of Caribbean States. In 1994, the Conference considered the prospects of the KS-KOR membership in NAFTA.

ASSOCIATION OF CARIBBEAN STATES (ACS) - ASOCIACION DE LOS ESTADOS CARIBES (AEC)

The agreement establishing the ACG was signed by representatives of 25 countries and 12 territories at a conference in Cartagena in 1994.

Member States: Anguilla, Antigua, Barbados, Belize, Venezuela, Guyana, Guatemala, Honduras, Grenada, Dominica, Colombia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Montserrat, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia and Trinidad Tobago, Jamaica.

Objectives: To promote the economic integration of the Caribbean.

ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS) - ORGANIZACION DE LOS ESTADOS AMERICANOS (OEA) - ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS)

The predecessor of the OAS was the Pan American System, a collection of bodies and organizations that operated under US control in the first half of the 20th century.

The OAS was formed in 1948 at the 9th Inter-American Conference in Bogota, which adopted the OAS Charter. All 35 independent American states are currently members of the OAS. In 1962 Cuba was removed from participation in the work of the OAS organs.

Objectives: maintaining peace and security in America; prevention and peaceful settlement of conflicts between member states; organization of joint actions to repel aggression; coordination of efforts to solve political, economic, legal problems; assistance to the economic, social, scientific, technical and cultural progress of the participating countries.

International Organization is an association of states, created in accordance with international law and on the basis of an international treaty, for the implementation of cooperation in the political, economic, cultural, scientific, technical, legal and other fields, which has the necessary system of bodies, rights and obligations derived from the rights and responsibilities of states, and autonomous will, the extent of which is determined by the will of the member states.

Comment

contradicts the foundations of international law, since over the states - the primary subjects of this law - there is no and cannot be supreme power;
endowing a number of organizations with management functions does not mean transferring to them a part of the sovereignty of states or their sovereign rights. International organizations do not and cannot have sovereignty;
the obligation of direct execution by the member states of decisions of international organizations is based on the provisions of the constituent acts and no more;
not a single international organization has the right to interfere in the internal affairs of a state without the consent of the latter, for otherwise would mean a gross violation of the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of a state with the ensuing negative consequences for such an organization;
the possession of a "supranational" organization with the authority to create effective mechanisms of control and enforcement to comply with mandatory rules is just one of the qualities of the legal personality of an organization.

Signs of an international organization:

Any international organization must have at least the following six characteristics:

Creation in accordance with international law

1) Creation in accordance with international law

This feature is essentially decisive. Any international organization must be established on a legal basis. In particular, the establishment of any organization should not prejudice the recognized interests of an individual state and the international community as a whole. The constituent document of the organization must comply with the generally recognized principles and norms of international law. According to Art. 53 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations, a peremptory norm of general international law is a norm that is accepted and recognized by the international community of states as a whole as a norm, from which deviations are inadmissible and which can only be changed by a subsequent norm of general international law bearing the same character.

If an international organization was created unlawfully or its activity contradicts international law, then the constituent act of such an organization must be declared null and void and its effect terminated as soon as possible. An international treaty or any of its provisions shall be invalid if their execution is associated with any action that is illegal under international law.

Institution on the basis of an international treaty

2) Establishment on the basis of an international treaty

As a rule, international organizations are created on the basis of an international treaty (convention, agreement, treatise, protocol, etc.).

The object of such an agreement is the behavior of the subjects (parties to the agreement) and the international organization itself. The parties to the constituent act are sovereign states. However, in recent years, intergovernmental organizations have also been full-fledged participants in international organizations. For example, the European Union is a full member of many international fishing organizations.

International organizations can be created in accordance with the resolutions of other organizations with more general competence.

Cooperation in specific areas of activity

3) Implementation of cooperation in specific areas of activity

International organizations are created to coordinate the efforts of states in one area or another; they are called upon to unite the efforts of states in political (OSCE), military (NATO), scientific and technical (European Organization for Nuclear Research), economic (EU), monetary and financial (IBRD, IMF), social (ILO) and many other areas. At the same time, a number of organizations are authorized to coordinate the activities of states in almost all areas (UN, CIS, etc.).

International organizations become intermediaries between member states. States often delegate to organizations to discuss and resolve the most complex issues of international relations. International organizations, as it were, pull off a significant number of issues on which, before that, relations between states had a direct bilateral or multilateral nature. However, not every organization can claim an equal position with states in the relevant areas of international relations. Any powers of such organizations are derived from the rights of the states themselves. Along with other forms of international communication (multilateral consultations, conferences, meetings, seminars, etc.), international organizations act as a body for cooperation on specific problems of international relations.

Adequate organizational structure

4) Availability of an appropriate organizational structure

This feature is one of the important features of the existence of an international organization. It confirms the permanent nature of the organization and thus distinguishes it from numerous other forms of international cooperation.

Intergovernmental organizations have:

headquarters;
members represented by sovereign states;
the necessary system of main and subsidiary organs.

The supreme body is a session convened once a year (sometimes once every two years). The executive bodies are councils. The administrative apparatus is headed by an executive secretary (general director). All organizations have permanent or temporary executive bodies with different legal status and competencies.

Organization's rights and obligations

5) The presence of the rights and obligations of the organization

It has been emphasized above that the rights and obligations of an organization are derived from those of the member states. It depends on the parties and only on the parties that this organization has just such (and not another) set of rights that it is entrusted with the performance of these duties. No organization, without the consent of the member states, can take action that affects the interests of its members. The rights and obligations of any organization in a general form are enshrined in its constituent act, resolutions of supreme and executive bodies, in agreements between organizations. These documents enshrine the intentions of the member states, which must then be implemented by the relevant international organization. States have the right to prohibit organizations from taking certain actions, and the organization cannot exceed its powers. For example, Art. 3 (5 "C") of the IAEA Statute prohibits the agency in performing its functions related to the provision of assistance to its members, be guided by political, economic, military or other requirements incompatible with the provisions of the Statute of this organization.

Independent international rights and obligations of the organization

6) Independent international rights and obligations of the organization

It is about the possession of an international organization with an autonomous will, distinct from the will of the member states. This sign means that, within the limits of its competence, any organization has the right to independently choose the means and methods of fulfilling the rights and obligations assigned to it by the member states. The latter, in a sense, does not matter how the organization implements the activities assigned to it or the statutory obligations as a whole. It is the organization itself, as a subject of international public and private law, that has the right to choose the most rational means and methods of activity. In this case, the member states exercise control over whether the organization lawfully uses its autonomous will.

Thus, international intergovernmental organization is a voluntary association of sovereign states or international organizations, created on the basis of an interstate treaty or resolution of an international organization of general competence to coordinate the activities of states in a specific area of \u200b\u200bcooperation, having an appropriate system of main and subsidiary bodies, having an autonomous will that is different from the will of its members.

Classification of international organizations

It is customary to distinguish among international organizations:

by the nature of membership:
- intergovernmental;
- non-governmental;
in a circle of participants:
- universal - open for the participation of all states (UN, IAEA) or for the participation of public associations and individuals of all states (World Peace Council, International Association of Democratic Lawyers);
- regional - members of which may be states or public associations and individuals of a certain geographic region (Organization of African Unity, Organization of American States, Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf);
- interregional - organizations whose membership is limited by a certain criterion that takes them outside the framework of a regional organization, but does not allow them to become universal. In particular, participation in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is open only to states exporting oil. Only Muslim states can be members of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC);
by competence:
- general competence - activity affects all areas of relations between member states: political, economic, social, cultural and others (UN);
- special competence - cooperation is limited to one special area (WHO, ILO), subdivided into political, economic, social, cultural, scientific, religious;
by the nature of the powers:
- interstate - regulate the cooperation of states, their decisions are advisory or binding on the participating states;
- supranational - endowed with the right to make decisions that directly bind individuals and legal entities of the Member States and operate on the territory of the states along with national laws;
depending on the procedure for admission to international organizations:
- open - any state can become a member at its discretion;
- closed - admission to membership is carried out at the invitation of the original founders (NATO);
by structure:
- with a simplified structure;
- with a developed structure;
by the way of creation:
- international organizations created in the classical way - on the basis of an international treaty with subsequent ratification;
- international organizations created on a different basis - declarations, joint statements.

Legal basis of international organizations

The basis for the functioning of international organizations is the sovereign expression of the will of the states that found them and their members. Such an expression of will is embodied in an international treaty concluded by these states, which simultaneously becomes both a regulator of the rights and obligations of states, and a constituent act of an international organization. The contractual nature of the constituent acts of international organizations is enshrined in the 1986 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations.

The statutes of international organizations and related conventions usually clearly express the idea of \u200b\u200btheir constituent nature. Thus, the preamble to the UN Charter proclaims that the governments represented at the conference in San Francisco "have agreed to accept this Charter of the United Nations and hereby approve an international organization called the United Nations ...".

The constituent acts serve as the legal basis of international organizations, they proclaim their goals and principles, and serve as a criterion for the legality of their decisions and activities. In the constituent act, the states decide on the international legal personality of the organization.

In addition to the constituent act, international treaties affecting various aspects of the organization's activities, for example, those treaties that develop and specify the functions of the organization and the powers of its bodies, are essential for determining the legal status, competence and procedure for the functioning of an international organization.

The constituent acts and other international treaties that serve as the legal basis for the creation and operation of international organizations also characterize such an aspect of the organization's status as the exercise of the functions of a subject of national law as a legal entity. As a rule, these issues are regulated by special international legal acts.

The creation of an international organization is an international problem that can be solved only through the coordination of actions of states. States, by coordinating their positions and interests, determine the totality of the rights and obligations of the organization itself. The coordination of actions of states in the creation of an organization is carried out by themselves.

In the process of the functioning of an international organization, the coordination of the activities of states acquires a different character, since it uses a special, permanently operating mechanism adapted for consideration and coordinated solution of problems.

The functioning of an international organization is reduced not only to relations between states, but also between the organization and states. These relations, due to the fact that states voluntarily agreed to certain restrictions, agreed to obey the decisions of an international organization, may have a subordinate nature. The specificity of such subordinate relations lies in the fact that:

they depend on coordination relations, that is, if the coordination of the activities of states within the framework of an international organization does not lead to a certain result, then subordinate relations do not arise;
they arise in connection with the achievement through the functioning of an international organization of a certain result. States agree to submit to the will of the organization out of awareness of the need to reckon with the interests of other states and the international community as a whole, in order to preserve such order in international relations in which they themselves are interested.

Sovereign equality should be understood as legal equality. In the 1970 Declaration. on the principles of international law concerning friendly relations and cooperation between states in accordance with the UN Charter, it is said that all states enjoy sovereign equality, they have the same rights and obligations, regardless of differences of economic and social, political or other nature. With regard to international organizations, this principle is enshrined in the constituent acts.

This principle means:

all states have equal rights to participate in the creation of an international organization;
every state, if it is not a member of an international organization, has the right to join it;
all member states have the same rights to raise questions and discuss them within the organization;
each member state has an equal right to represent and defend its interests in the organs of the organization;
when making decisions, each state has one vote, there are few organizations that work on the principle of the so-called balanced voting;
the decision of an international organization applies to all members, unless otherwise specified.

Legal personality of international organizations

Legal personality is a property of a person, in the presence of which it acquires the qualities of a subject of law.

An international organization cannot be viewed as a mere sum of member states, or even as their collective plenipotentiary, acting on behalf of all. In order to fulfill its active role, an organization must have a special legal personality, different from a simple summation of the legal personality of its members. Only under such a premise does the problem of the influence of an international organization on its sphere have any meaning.

Legal personality of an international organization includes the following four elements:

legal capacity, that is, the ability to have rights and obligations;
legal capacity, that is, the ability of an organization to exercise its rights and obligations by its actions;
the ability to participate in the international lawmaking process;
the ability to be legally responsible for their actions.

One of the main attributes of the legal personality of international organizations is their own will, which allows them to directly participate in international relations and successfully carry out their functions. Most Russian lawyers point out that intergovernmental organizations have autonomous will. Without its own will, without a certain set of rights and obligations, an international organization could not function normally and carry out the tasks assigned to it. The independence of will is manifested in the fact that after the organization is created by states, it (will) is already a new quality in comparison with the individual wills of the members of the organization. The will of an international organization is not the sum of the wills of the member states, just as it is not a fusion of their wills. This will is "isolated" from the wills of other subjects of international law. The source of the will of an international organization is the constituent act as a product of the agreement of the will of the founding states.

The most important features of the legal personality of international organizations are the following qualities:

1) Recognition of the quality of an international personality by subjects of international law.

The essence of this criterion lies in the fact that member states and relevant international organizations recognize and undertake to respect the rights and obligations of the relevant intergovernmental organization, their competence, terms of reference, to grant the organization and its employees privileges and immunities, etc. According to the constituent acts, all intergovernmental organizations are legal entities. Member States shall provide them with legal capacity to the extent necessary for the performance of their functions.

2) The presence of separate rights and obligations.

The presence of separate rights and obligations. This criterion of the legal personality of intergovernmental organizations means that organizations have rights and obligations that are different from those of states and that can be exercised at the international level. For example, UNESCO's Constitution lists the following responsibilities of an organization:

promoting rapprochement and mutual understanding of peoples through the use of all available media;
encouraging the development of public education and the dissemination of culture; c) assistance in the preservation, increase and dissemination of knowledge.

3) The right to freely perform their functions.

The right to freely perform their functions. Each intergovernmental organization has its own constituent act (in the form of conventions, statutes or resolutions of an organization with more general powers), rules of procedure, financial rules and other documents that form the internal law of the organization. Most often, in the performance of their functions, intergovernmental organizations proceed from implied competence. In performing their functions, they enter into certain legal relations with non-member states. For example, the UN ensures that non-member states act in accordance with the principles set out in Art. 2 of the Charter, as it may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security.

The independence of intergovernmental organizations is expressed in the implementation of the prescription of the norms that constitute the internal law of these organizations. They have the right to create any subsidiary bodies that are necessary to carry out the functions of such organizations. Intergovernmental organizations can adopt rules of procedure and other administrative rules. Organizations have the right to withdraw votes from any member in arrears. Finally, intergovernmental organizations may ask their member for an explanation if they fail to follow up on recommendations regarding problems in their activities.

4) The right to conclude contracts.

Contractual legal capacity of international organizations can be attributed to the main criteria of international legal personality, since one of the characteristic features of the subject of international law is its ability to develop the norms of international law.

In order to exercise their powers, agreements of intergovernmental organizations have a public law, private law or mixed character. In principle, each organization can conclude international treaties, which follows from the content of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations of 1986. In particular, the preamble of this Convention states that an international organization has such legal capacity to conclude treaties that necessary for the performance of its functions and the achievement of its goals. According to Art. 6 of this Convention, the legal capacity of an international organization to conclude treaties is governed by the rules of that organization.

5) Participation in the creation of international law.

The lawmaking process of an international organization includes activities aimed at creating legal norms, as well as their further improvement, amendment or abolition. It should be emphasized that no international organization, including a universal one (for example, the UN, its specialized agencies), has “legislative” powers. This, in particular, means that any norm contained in recommendations, rules and draft treaties adopted by an international organization must be recognized by the state, firstly, as an international legal norm, and secondly, as a norm obligatory for this state.

The law-making of an international organization is not unlimited. The scope and type of lawmaking of the organization are strictly defined in its founding agreement. Since the charter of each organization is individual, the scope, types and directions of lawmaking activities of international organizations differ from each other. The specific scope of powers granted to an international organization in the field of lawmaking can be ascertained only on the basis of an analysis of its constituent act.

In the process of creating norms governing relations between states, an international organization can act in various roles. In particular, in the initial phases of the law-making process, an international organization can:

to be an initiator making a proposal to conclude a certain interstate agreement;
act as the author of the draft text of such an agreement;
to convene in the future a diplomatic conference of states in order to agree on the text of the treaty;
itself to play the role of such a conference, coordinating the text of the treaty and its approval in its intergovernmental body;
after the conclusion of the agreement, perform the functions of a depositary;
exercise certain powers in the field of interpretation or revision of a contract concluded with her participation.

International organizations play a significant role in shaping the customary rules of international law. The decisions of these organizations contribute to the emergence, formation and termination of the norms of custom.

6) The right to enjoy privileges and immunities.

Normal practice of any international organization is impossible without privileges and immunities. In some cases, the scope of privileges and immunities is determined by a special agreement, and in others - by national legislation. However, in general terms, the right to privileges and immunities is enshrined in the founding act of each organization. Thus, the UN enjoys on the territory of each of its members such privileges and immunities that are necessary to achieve its goals (Article 105 of the Charter). The property and assets of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), wherever they are located and whoever holds them, are immune from search, confiscation, expropriation or any other form of seizure or alienation by executive or legislative action (Article 47 of the Agreement on institution of the EBRD).

Any organization cannot invoke immunity in all cases when it, on its own initiative, enters into civil legal relations in the host country.

7) The right to enforce the norms of international law.

The empowerment of international organizations to enforce the norms of international law testifies to the independence of organizations in relation to the member states and is one of the important signs of legal personality.

In this case, the main means are the institutions of international control and responsibility, including the application of sanctions. Control functions are performed in two ways:

by submitting reports by Member States;
observation and examination of the controlled object or situation on the spot.

International legal sanctions that can be applied by international organizations can be divided into two groups:

1) sanctions, the implementation of which is permissible by all international organizations:

suspension of membership in the organization;
expulsion from the organization;
denial of membership;
exclusion from international communication on certain issues of cooperation.

2) sanctions, the authority for the implementation of which have strictly defined organizations.

The application of sanctions classified in the second group depends on the objectives of the organization. For example, the UN Security Council, in order to maintain or restore international peace and security, has the right to use coercive actions by air, sea or land forces. Such actions may include demonstrations, blockades and other operations by air, sea or ground forces of UN members (Article 42 of the UN Charter)

In the event of a gross violation of the rules for the operation of nuclear facilities, the IAEA has the right to apply so-called corrective measures, up to the issuance of an order to suspend the operation of such a facility.
Intergovernmental organizations have been granted the right to directly participate in the settlement of disputes arising between them with international organizations and states. When resolving disputes, they have the right to resort to the same peaceful means of resolving disputes that are usually used by the primary subjects of international law - sovereign states.

8) International legal responsibility.

Acting as independent entities, international organizations are subjects of international legal responsibility. For example, they should be held accountable for the illegal actions of their officials. Organizations may become liable if they abuse their privileges and immunities. It should be assumed that political responsibility may arise in the event of a violation by an organization of its functions, failure to comply with agreements concluded with other organizations and states, for interference in the internal affairs of subjects of international law.

Material liability of organizations can arise in the event of violation of the legal rights of their employees, experts, excessive amounts of money, etc. They are also obliged to bear responsibility to the governments where they are located, their headquarters, for illegal actions, for example, for unjustified alienation of land, non-payment utilities, violation of sanitary standards, etc.