What is intuition definition. Is there a scientific basis for intuition? So what is intuition

Intuition is a judgment that leads to the solution of the task, through a subconscious analysis of the situation in the absence of logical explanations. Intuition is built on increased empathy, rich experience in the necessary area, imagination. The meaning of the word "intuition" is based on the Latin language, and literally means "gaze". The mechanism of intuitive processes consists in combining different modal features into a single necessary solution. This process is constantly in dynamics and has an individual character of manifestation, depending on the characteristics of the individual, the emotional sphere, the independence and impartiality of a person's thinking, as well as a combination of factors from the perspective of which the problem is considered.

Intuitive answers usually come to a person instantly, possibly with a lack of information and without a conscious process of moving towards obtaining the required answer. These processes are not opposite to the logical, they are rather different sides, which in their totality, form one whole - intellectual creative activity. An important role in the formation of intuitive guesses is played by the generalization of all information received by a person and a high level of knowledge and experience regarding the field of solving the assigned tasks.

Intuition is closely related to inspiration or the state of uplifting psychic, spiritual and physical energy. Against this background, the sensitivity of all organs increases, the level of attention increases, etc. As a result of such changes, it is possible to reach a new level, to expand the framework of perception, behind which there are intuitive discoveries. The conditions for the emergence of such an expansion can be called: concentration on the task at hand, reasonable distraction from it (to enable the manifestation of the unconscious), avoidance of stereotyping and prejudice, periodic switching to the opposite type of activity, taking care of one's own health and comfort.

What is intuition

The meaning of the word intuition acquires a different semantic connotation depending on the angle of use and the field of use of the concept. Implies intuition, sensation or feeling of certain patterns, logical chains; the ability to analyze without the presence of specific conditions or information; the possibility of an instant correct solution determined by the existing experience. All of these aspects are components of intuition, and represent a special characteristic of a certain side of this concept.

What is intuition? This is a certain superpower, which makes it possible to obtain information inaccessible to most people without solving the assigned tasks, but following the inner feeling of how to act. In the course of unconscious work, the brain processes information and gives out an immediately ready-made answer, which can act not only as a direct solution, but also manifest itself in the format of feelings and sensations.

If a person is able to listen subtly enough to sensations and their slightest change, then we can say that intuition skills are quite well developed. This manifests itself in such a way that the sensation, anxiety, discomfort that suddenly arises in the body, is a signal that events are taking negative character... On the contrary, when the brain senses that everything is going well, dopamine is released and the person feels peace, joy. This method of testing reality and intuitive feeling is applicable in familiar situations that may relate to professional activity, communication with well-known people, typical situations - in these areas this mechanism is brought to automatism, but it will turn out to be completely ineffective in a new life situation.

For intuitive analysis, it is equally important to get all (both positive and negative) information, so that later on from the full volume, select the most significant points. In the course of this analytical process, a person does not consciously participate and cannot track either the course or the methods of the process, it remains only to rely on the inner feeling of the correctness of what is happening.

As mentioned earlier, intuition, ways of its implementation and manifestation depend on personal characteristics and characteristics of thinking. In accordance with these aspects, three types of intuition are distinguished: emotional (a person receives answers in the form of images), physical (the body signals a necessary choice or an event that occurs - with certain changes in sensations) and mental ( various information that gets to a person). When intuition begins to manifest itself and become more active, in reality this is reflected in the fact that a person's life is filled with fulfilled desires and the relevance of everything that happens, the ability to choose the most optimal option.

Intuition in philosophy

In philosophical science initially there was no one accepted concept of intuition. Plato understood an intuitive process as intellectual knowledge that comes suddenly. Feuerbach interpreted intuition as sensual contemplation, and Bergson defined it as. Views were also divided on the divine and materialistic substantiation of the emergence of the phenomenon of intuition. From the point of view of divine theory, intuition is a blessing and a message that descends on a person from higher powers. In materialistic perception, it is believed that this is a special intuitive type of thinking, in the process of which all the details and processes are not realized, but only the result of the necessary analysis. This is knowledge that does not need proof.

Attempts were made to identify the signs of intuitive knowledge, which boiled down to the lack of initial analysis and inferences, the independence of the conclusion from the proposed evidence, and the presence of undeniable belief in the correctness of ideas. The intuitive method of cognition has not only completely different functioning mechanisms, but also a qualitatively different resulting product, having the following features:

- going beyond the standard framework of ideas and expanding the vision of the situation;

- the object of cognition is perceived as a whole, while its individual constituent parts are also noticed;

- it is possible to perceive the dynamics of changes, and not a static frozen definition;

- lack of confirmation of the results, reasons and connecting elements in the explanation of the intuitive decision.

On the basis of interest in the problems of intuitive knowledge of the world, a new trend in philosophy has developed - intuitionism. It was founded in the nineteenth century by Henri Bergson, and the main point was the opposition of intuition and intelligence. On this basis, the mathematical and natural areas of scientific knowledge are separated, art is especially taken out separately, as a part of the activity of the human mind that is completely detached from reality.

This concept of opposition has received many critical reviews, and psychological science is most in demand for the opposite point of view on the unity of the intuitive and the intellectual, as two constituent elements of one process.

Intuition in psychology

In psychology, intuition is defined as going beyond the boundaries of habitual stereotypes, such as logical and sequential search for solutions to problems.

The pioneer of psychological explanations of intuition was C.G. Jung, who created the theory of the collective unconscious, which reflects almost all the many ideas that find their way out in the form of intuition. Despite the fact that intuition has a connection with emotions and feelings, it is a logical act, a kind of vector of the thought process. The most important condition for opening the door of intuition is the rejection of stereotypes of thinking, attempts to logically predict the outcome and excessive intellectualization.

There are several grounds on which intuition relies: stereotypes of thinking (this includes all stereotypes that have been tested by time and at the time of perception, a person issues a ready-made conclusion, without criticism) and unconscious understanding (reading and analysis of a large amount of information by the unconscious, in which ready-made answers: dreams, sudden forebodings are included here).

In various psychological concepts, the concept of intuition has its own aspects of definition and use. In the psychoanalytic space, intuition is represented by that knowledge, that inexplicable truth that gives mental relief, heals mental wounds.

Archetypal intuition represents a whole baggage internal knowledge collective unconscious and archetypal programs. In his life, a person constantly compares what is happening in reality with these bases, and when external events resonate with this built-in inner picture, recognition and discovery of intuitive knowledge occurs.

Dialectical-materialistic intuition assumes that any small separate part contains information about the whole. Thus, with constant contact with the world, a person is imbued with knowledge about this reality and all its characteristic manifestations, but this knowledge is accumulated in the unconscious part of memory. From this point of view, the result of intuition and its unpredictability are completely determined by the external world and its mutability. The task of the psyche is only to bring all the information about the external world recorded by the unconscious to the conscious level at the necessary moment.

The postmodern approach to intuition is based on the interaction of various realities, models, sciences, and fields of knowledge. The process of finding an answer in an intuitive way is launched when two different worlds collide in the mental space of a person (as the most significant discoveries were made at the junction of two sciences). This context of consideration of intuition does not imply a search for a new truth or its discovery, it presupposes that there is no final truth, there is only a difference in meanings that it can acquire depending on the field of application.

Empirical intuition is a constant process of finding a solution based on interaction with various phenomena and objects of the external world. In the process of sequentially sorting through them and comparing them, the necessary find occurs.

And the most interesting type is spiritual and semantic intuition, which reveals truths that are true only for one person and represent a unique combination of meanings. It is not possible to convey these ideas and feelings to anyone or make them fully available. So they open up to the person himself in special moments of crisis and are suitable only for his picture of the world.

It is impossible to clearly adhere to only one of the above definitions, since a truly intuitive process includes elements of each type, in a different percentage ratio.

The intuitive act involves intellectual thinking (formulation of a problem, its assessment), divergent (transformation of information, highlighting details) and unconscious (imaginative and complete perception of the situation).

How to develop intuition

It is believed that the development of intuition and supersensible perception becomes relevant for the most part in adulthood, since the child initially has intuitive skills, it is simply that later on the dominance of a logical approach to the solution, intuitive skills atrophy.

How to develop intuition and latent abilities? The initial condition for development is the presence of faith and the search for the necessary, confirming. At the moment of recollection, it is important to reproduce in memory not only the events of intuitive experience, but also the accompanying sensations of the bodily and emotional spectrum, in order to reproduce the necessary state in the future. At the next stage, turning off the logic as much as possible and entering the necessary state, which was indicated by memories, one should begin to ask questions of interest and listen to the changes that occur with the state. The closer it is to the original one, which was present in previous intuitive experiments, the more likely it is that the intuitive choice is correct at the moment.

There are a number of specific exercises that help develop observation, sensitivity, and, therefore, intuition and latent abilities. You can guess the suit of the card, turned face down, or instead take several identical sheets, painted only on one side in two colors. Try to say the name of the caller or who sent the message, even before you see it on the screen. At the beginning of such training, the number of mistakes will be quite high, but over time they will disappear. Special attention should be paid to the signs with which space can talk to you, manifesting unconscious knowledge (these can be signs, casual conversations, phrases, met people) - you should not neglect such sources, considering them inappropriate, because intuition manifests itself suddenly.

Developed intuition is reflected in bodily responses that can be learned to read. So, having found the most comfortable place where you will not be disturbed, you need to ask yourself simple questions, the answers to which are obvious (is it daytime outside? - yes; am I sitting on the couch? - yes) - and track all bodily reactions that occur. On the next ten questions, you will be able to single out something in common from a variety of reactions (tingling of a finger, warmth in the chest, twitching eyes, relaxing back, etc.). The second part of the training is to find a reaction to a negative answer, in a similar way. After you have found your individual physical reactions, you can start training with questions, the answers to which are not so obvious to you.

Developed intuition can be manifested through sounds, tactile sensations, changes in the emotional background, visual images and olfactory manifestations.

The development of intuition and supersensible perception is impossible without intrapersonal work on raising the level, the ability to clearly formulate questions and determine the true personal significance of the problem posed. Always try to get in touch with reality as much as possible to get the maximum life experience, read books, articles, watch films and programs. It is not even necessary to memorize all this, the necessary information itself is stored in the unconscious and will be extracted at the right time.

And the most important thing is to listen to the prompts of your own intuition and carry out the actions suggested by it in order to consolidate this mechanism. Indeed, like any activity, without training and the presence of significance, the intuitive mechanism gradually atrophies and stops working.

Intuition(late lat. contemplation, from lat. intueor - I look intently), the ability to make the right decisions, bypassing intermediate results. An intuitive solution can arise as a result of intense reflection on the solution of the issue, or without it.

Intuition- the ability of direct, immediate comprehension of the truth without preliminary logical reasoning and without proof.

In some currents of philosophy, Intuition is interpreted as divine revelation, as a completely unconscious process incompatible with logic and life practice (intuitionism). Different interpretations of Intuition have something in common - emphasizing the moment of immediacy in the process of cognition, in contrast (or in contrast) to the mediated, discursive nature of logical thinking.

Materialistic dialectics sees the rational kernel of the concept of Intuition in the characterization of the moment of immediacy in cognition, which is the unity of the sensible and the rational.

The process of scientific cognition, as well as various forms of artistic development of the world, are not always carried out in an expanded, logical and factual form of evidence. He often grasps a difficult situation in his mind, for example, during a military battle, determining the diagnosis, guilt or innocence of the accused, etc. The role of Intuition is especially great where it is necessary to go beyond the limits of existing methods of cognition to penetrate into the unknown. But Intuition is not something unreasonable or superintelligent. In the process of intuitive cognition, all the signs by which the conclusion is made, and the methods by which it is done, are not realized. Intuition does not constitute a special path of cognition that bypasses sensations, ideas and thinking. It represents a peculiar type of thinking, when individual links of the thinking process sweep through the mind more or less unconsciously, and it is the result of thought, the truth, that is very clearly realized.

Intuition) is a mental function that informs us about the possibilities that the present carries; the implementation of the intuitive process is achieved through the action of the unconscious, penetrating into consciousness in the form of illumination or insight (cf. sensation].

"Intuition (from intucri - to contemplate) is, in my understanding, one of the main psychological functions. Intuition is that psychological function that transfers perception to the subject unconsciously. The subject of such perception can be everything: both external and internal objects or their combinations. consists in the fact that it is neither a sensory sensation, nor a feeling, nor an intellectual conclusion, although it can manifest itself in these forms. or to reveal how this content was created.Intuition is a kind of instinctive grasping of all the same contents.Like sensation, it is an irrational function of perception.Its contents have, like the contents of sensation, the character of a given, as opposed to the character of "derivation", "production" inherent in feelings and thoughts.Intuitive cognition is of the nature of and confidence, which gave Spinoza the opportunity to regard scientia intuitiva as the highest form of knowledge. This property is equally inherent in intuition and sensation, the physical basis of which is precisely the basis and reason for its reliability. Likewise, the validity of intuition rests on certain psychic data, the realization and existence of which, however, remained unconscious. Intuition manifests itself in a subjective or objective form: the first is the perception of unconscious mental data, which are essentially subjective in origin; the latter is the perception of factual data, based on subliminal perceptions received from the object, and on the subliminal feelings and thoughts caused by these perceptions. It is also necessary to distinguish between concrete and abstract forms of intuition, depending on the degree of participation of sensation. Concrete intuition conveys perceptions related to the factual side of things; abstract intuition conveys the perception of ideal connections. Concrete intuition is a reactive process, because it arises without further, directly from factual data. On the contrary, abstract intuition needs - just like abstract sensation - some guiding element - will or intention.

Intuition, along with sensation, is characteristic of infantile and primitive psychology. In contrast to sensory impressions, vivid and imposing, it gives the child and primitive man the perception of mythological images that constitute the preliminary stage of ideas. Intuition relates to sensation in a compensatory way: like sensation, it is that motherly soil from which thinking and feeling as rational functions grow. Intuition is an irrational function, although many intuitions can later be decomposed into their components, so that their emergence can be consistent with the laws of reason. A person who orientates his general attitude on the principle of intuition, that is, on perception through the unconscious, belongs to the intuitive type. Depending on how a person uses intuition - whether he turns it inward, into cognition or inner contemplation, or outward, into action and execution - one can distinguish between introverted and extraverted intuitive people. In abnormal cases, there is a strong fusion with the contents of the collective unconscious and an equally strong dependence on these contents, as a result of which the intuitive type may seem highly irrational and incomprehensible (PT, 733-734).

INTUITION

lat. intueri - intently, carefully look) - the ability to quickly find the right solution to a problem and navigate difficult life situations, as well as anticipate the course of events.

INTUITION

finding, often almost instantaneously, a solution to a problem in the absence of logical grounds; knowledge that arises without awareness of the ways and conditions of its acquisition - as a result of "immediate discernment". It is interpreted both as a specific ability (for example, artistic or scientific intuition), and as a holistic grasp of the conditions of a problematic situation (sensory and intellectual intuition), and as a mechanism of creative activity (creative intuition) (=> creativity; imagination). The concepts of intuitionism (A. Bergson, N.O. Lossky, Z. Freud, etc.) are characterized by the interpretation of intuition as the root cause of the creative act hidden in the depths of the unconscious. Scientific psychology considers intuition as a necessary, internally determined by the nature of creativity, the moment of going beyond the boundaries of the prevailing stereotypes of behavior - in particular, logical programs for finding a solution to a problem.

INTUITION

from lat. intueri - to look intently, carefully) - knowledge that arises without understanding the ways and conditions of its receipt, by virtue of which the subject has it as a result of "immediate discretion"; the ability to find the right solution to a problem without logical thought.

INTUITION

lat. intueri - intently, carefully look). The ability to comprehend the truth directly, as if "suddenly", without resorting to an expanded logical inference; inner "enlightenment", enlightenment of thought. In reality, I. is such a leap on the path to knowledge of reality, which is based on already accumulated knowledge, previous experience. I. arises only on the basis of previous sensory experience. An intuitive thought that appears requires logical verification by comparing it with other thoughts about the phenomenon being studied and can be transmitted if it is formulated, that is, built according to the rules of logic [Kondakov NI, 1975].

INTUITION

English intuition from lat. intueri - intently, carefully look) - a thought process consisting in finding a solution to a problem based on search guidelines that are not logically connected or insufficient to obtain a logical conclusion. I. is characterized by rapidity (sometimes instantaneousness) in formulating hypotheses and decision-making, as well as insufficient awareness of its logical foundations (cf. Insight).

I. manifests itself in the conditions of subjectively and / or objectively incomplete information and organically enters into the ability of extrapolation inherent in human thinking (replenishment of available and anticipation of still unknown information). Therefore, the role of I. in creative activity is so great, where a person discovers new knowledge and opportunities for transforming reality. With high reliability of intuitively formulated hypotheses, I. is a valuable quality of intelligence, called "good I."

The term "I." different mental phenomena can be designated, in which certain signs of intuitive decisions come to the fore: their visual, objective regulation and insufficient rationality (especially in the child's thinking); immediacy of the discretion of the decision before performing logical operations, characteristic, in particular, for visual forms of activity, as opposed to verbal reasoning; a well-known element of involuntary, random occurrence of an intuitive decision, typical of scientific discoveries, and others. All these signs characterize not the mechanisms of I., not its essence, but only certain aspects of its manifestation. I. is based on special forms of information processing by a person, which can be used. both figurative and verbal and carried out voluntarily or involuntarily, depending on the nature of the activity. It is incorrect to oppose I. to logic: in the process of solving problems, these aspects of the intellect form a single whole.

I. mechanisms consist in the simultaneous combination of several informative features of different modalities into complex landmarks that guide the search for a solution. This simultaneous consideration of information of different quality is the difference between intuitive and discursive processes, in which only one modification of the task attributes that are linked together can be taken into account in one act of thought (logical "step") (see Discursive Thinking). The structure of an intuitive act is individual and dynamic, it contains a sufficient number of degrees of freedom in using the initial data of the problem. The success of an intuitive solution does not depend on the selection of any one informative feature, but on the mosaic of features that has developed during the search, in which this necessary feature can occupy different places. The possibility of being aware of it as the basis for a decision also depends on this.

Search landmarks in intuitive and discursive processes do not have a fundamental difference in the composition of the information included in them. Logical features, including formal ones, are included in an intuitively formed informative complex and, being in themselves insufficient to obtain a solution, in combination with other information links determine the direction of the search. Semantic generalizations related to a given field of problems play the main role in information science. Such is the I. of a doctor or scientist, comprehensively oriented in the field of their tasks, or geometric I., also based on the presence of experience associated with orientation in geometric space. The individual structure of an intuitive act makes it especially sensitive to such personal phenomena as intellectual attitudes, emotional attitudes, the ability to make unbiased decisions, etc. Undoubtedly, participation in intuitive decisions of aesthetic information, the perception of which is very different for different people. Therefore, the development of I. is associated not only with the acquisition of specific experience, but also with general level personality development.

INTUITION

The ability to quickly understand or discern. Intuition assumes the ability to silently and effortlessly (that is, preconsciously) organize and integrate a multitude of time-spaced observations. The process of intuitive understanding is achieved without any awareness of intermediate steps; acquired knowledge seems sudden, unexpected and therefore surprising. Intuitively acquired knowledge requires purposeful validation on the basis of objective knowledge.

Intuition is associated with empathy, and the distinction between the two is not always true. Empathy usually involves general emotional experiences, while intuition refers to individual thoughts and ideas that may not be communicated to anyone at the moment they arise. Empathic responses are information, but intuitive understanding often arises from it. Finally, empathy appears as a function of the experiencing self, and intuition is a function of the observing self.

Intuition

from lat. intueri - to contemplate) is, in my understanding, one of the main psychological functions (see). Intuition is that psychological function that transfers perception to the subject in an unconscious way. Anything can be the subject of such perception - both external and internal objects or their combinations. The peculiarity of intuition is that it is neither a sensory sensation, nor a feeling, nor an intellectual conclusion, although it can manifest itself in these forms. Intuitively, some content is presented to us as a ready-made whole, without first being able to indicate or reveal how this content was created. Intuition is a kind of instinctive grasping of any content. Like sensation (see), it is an irrational (see) function of perception. Its contents have, like the contents of sensation, the character of a given, in contrast to the character of "derivation," "production," inherent in the contents of feeling and thought. Intuitive cognition has the character of certainty and certainty, which gave Spinoza (like Bergson) the opportunity to regard "scientia intuitiva" as the highest form of cognition. This property is equally inherent in intuition and sensation, the physical basis of which is precisely the basis and reason for its reliability. Likewise, the reliability of intuition rests on certain psychic data, the realization and existence of which, however, remained unconscious.

Intuition manifests itself in a subjective or objective form: the former is the perception of unconscious mental data, which, in essence, is of subjective origin, the latter is the perception of factual data resting on subliminal perceptions received from the object, and on subliminal feelings and thoughts caused by these perceptions. It is also necessary to distinguish between concrete and abstract forms of intuition, depending on the degree of participation of sensation. Concrete intuition conveys perceptions related to the factual side of things; abstract intuition conveys the perception of ideal connections. Concrete intuition is a reactive process, because it arises without further, directly from factual data. On the contrary, abstract intuition needs, like abstract sensation, some guiding element - will or intention.

Intuition, along with sensation, is characteristic of infantile and primitive psychology. In contrast to sensory impressions, bright and imposing, it gives the child and primitive man the perception of mythological images that make up the preliminary stage of ideas (see). Intuition refers to sensation in a compensatory way; like sensation, it is that maternal soil from which thinking and feeling as rational functions grow. Intuition is an irrational function, although many intuitions can later be decomposed into their components, so that their emergence can be consistent with the laws of reason.

A person who orientates his general attitude (see) on the principle of intuition, that is, on perception through the unconscious, belongs to the intuitive type. Depending on how a person uses intuition - whether he turns it inward, into cognition or inner contemplation, or outward, into action and execution - one can distinguish between introverted and extraverted intuitive people. In abnormal cases, there is a strong fusion with the contents of the collective unconscious and an equally strong dependence on these contents, as a result of which the intuitive type may seem highly irrational and incomprehensible.

Intuition

intuition) The term "I." was applied in relation to many different phenomena and processes, some of which occur explicitly, while others are far from obvious manifestation. The concept of I. in philosophy varies from understanding it as the simplest psyche. functions until the elevation of I. to the rank of the highest function, and the role assigned to it ranges from the usual awareness of existence to grasping the final truths. However, Mario Bunge rejects all so sp. on I. According to him, the phenomenon under consideration is just a quick conclusion. Thus, in philosophical circles there is no unanimity regarding the nature of I. or the legality of the process or phenomenon, which are called so. Psychological concepts of intuition In psychology, this term is used quite widely, which reflects the philosophical debate around this concept. When discussing I. self-evident truths, Hermann Helmholtz argued that I. is a quick unconscious inference, formulated on the basis of everyday experience. The idea of ​​grasping events as wholes by means of I., defended by Gestaltists, was opposed to the position of associates, who argued that wholes are built by inference from separate sensory data. At the dawn of these disputes, the positions of the opposing sides were quite clear: intuitionists focused on comprehending, understanding and grasping the phenomenon in its entirety, while psychometrists strove for successful predictions. The first position was a scientist, an aesthetic understanding of individuality, while the second was different in practice. orientation and was based on the movement of psychol. testing and studying individual differences. In principle, there is reason to believe that these two positions have nothing in common and therefore their opposition is meaningless. But their obvious differences have faded over time, and clinical (intuitive) methods were opposed to statistical (psychometric) methods in the problem of forecasting. In almost all circumstances, the statistical method was found to be equal or superior to the clinical one for this task. However, no assessment has been made (and may not be possible) of a global understanding or grasping of personality in its entirety. If the goals of these two methods remained as different as they were originally, then perhaps no controversy would have arisen. Basic theories K. Jung represented I. as one of the four psychic. functions - sensation, thinking, and feeling were others, - edges are more or less developed in all people. I. is focused on discerning possibilities, effects, and principles at the expense of details. I. can exist in an introverted or extroverted form, helping intuitive introverts to be in especially close contact with archetypes, and intuitive extroverts are especially good at understanding external events, such as politics, business or social. relationship. The most recent work in this area is comprehensive in scope. Bastik reviewed a large number of definitions and descriptions of I. in various fields and derived 20 various properties such as emotional engagement, transience, empathy, and subjective credibility, indicating that they are characteristics of the process. He assumes that in these properties I. contrasts with logic, which requires a conscious step-by-step analysis, independent of the emotions and past experience of the thinker. But Bastik proves that thinking, a cut is usually called. logical or analytical, intertwined with intuitive processes and cannot exist independently of them. Apparently, among psychologists, two broad views of I. are widespread. First, I. is understood as solving problems or making judgments based on data and / or processes that are informal, indistinct or unclear. A criterion for accuracy, likelihood, or value is usually implied and sometimes explicitly stated; the assumption made at random is not accepted to be regarded as a manifestation of I. Secondly, I. is understood as a cognitive / emotional step that takes the subject beyond judgment, decision-making or learning in order to achieve a complete understanding and assessment of the individuality, situation or essence of the subject, sometimes with an aesthetic component, and often significantly alters its phenomenal field. Empirical studies of intuition Most of the empirical works, in which the concept of I. is used, was aimed at studying the results of decision-making or assessments, rather than at issled. the most intuitive process. Nevertheless, there are works in which this process or its sides or correlates are chosen as the basis. subject is investigated. One of the research directions, which emerged more than 50 years ago, is studying "good judge of personality" and is focused on identifying the characteristics of people who showed particular accuracy in assessing others. These issled. social estimates culminated in Nisbett and Ross's work on the successes and failures of intuitive social. assessments in a wide range of situations. Nisbett and Ross argue that most people tend to act as intuitive scientists, using knowledge structures and evaluative heuristics brought to them by past experience, expectations, informal theories and ideas to apply them to a specific situation and reduce complex logic problems to several ... valuation operations. Estimates of situation parameters, probabilities, causal efficacy, relevance, etc. may be accurate or imprecise. Nisbett and Ross compare the estimates given by subjects who act like intuitive scientists with those made by scientists using explicit methods. In general, the assessments of intuitive scientists are less accurate than those of professional scientists. Generally, this lack of accuracy is of little consequence, although it can be disastrous at times. In addition, by making predictions in the social. situations, people tend to act in such a way as to make them come true, confirming so. their grades. Nisbett and Ross analyzed in detail the foundations of intuitive value judgments that are expressed by every person throughout life, and proposed methods that allow people to become more qualified and more accurate in their inferential behavior. Then, according to these authors, it is obvious that I. or intuitive behavior is a natural human being. tendency to draw conclusions based on incomplete information. and incomplete operations. Unfortunately, there is no data on individual differences, that is, it is not clear whether certain people are consistently more successful than others, or even more successful than a professional scientist. Unlike the works of Nisbett and Ross, issled. Malcolm Westcott focuses on individual differences, while proceeding from the definition of intuitive thinking as "obtaining from the missing data conclusions, which usually require a significant amount of information." This definition clarifies the minimum explicit data base as well as the accuracy of inferences as evidenced by consensus. A large number of samples of subjects with higher education provided convincing evidence that to different people required different volumes of information. before they were ready to propose solutions, and that people varied steadily in terms of success rate in solving problems. Most importantly, these two behaviors were not correlated. That. people, to-rye corresponded to the definition of "intuitive", with great constancy solved problems accurately and demanded values. less inform. for this than others. In addition, it turned out to be possible to identify three other groups of subjects: those who used a small amount of information. and constantly made mistakes in his decisions; those who demanded significantly more information than others and were consistently successful in their decisions; and those who demanded excessive information, but, nevertheless, were often mistaken. Finally, the empirical phenomenological description of I. as an experiment was undertaken by Margaret Denis. She used the concept of I. as "integrative and holistic cognition beyond reason" ("ap integrative and holistic cognition beyond reason"). In interviews with adult learners, Denis identified an incomplete set of 18 characteristics of intuitive learning that can interact with each other in the learning process and create experiences that go beyond more traditional thinking about learning. The experience of I., achieving this holistic knowledge, was described by various interviewees in cognitive terms, a physiologist. terms, as focused on awareness of oneself, as including the expression of the unconscious, etc. Summary The term I. has many meanings and a very long history of research, both in philosophy and in psychology. The parameters given below outline the space within which the concepts of I. 1. I. lie as a non-sensory process of cognition of non-empirical truth, as in the intuitive cognition of God (Spinoza). 2. I. as a non-sensory process of cognition of empirical truth, as in the perception of possibilities (Jung). 3. I. as a conclusion or assessment, DOS. on partial or unclear information. or processes (Nisbett and Ross, Westcott). 4. I. as a step beyond reason and logical conclusion to full understanding or comprehension (Allport, Bastik, Denis). 5. I. as the disclosure of truth, by definition (Spinoza). 6. And as a fallible process (Nisbett and Ross). It should be noted that the unification of all the abovementioned concepts of I. is a task of a different scale. There are concepts of I., to-rye see the gap between I. and reason and place them in relation to each other as complementary, antagonistic, or alien. Dr. concepts of I. see the continuity of the transition from reason to I., based on the measurement of "implicitness-explicitness of signs (prompts) and data", or on the measurement of "informal-formal use of inference strategies". See also Abstract Intelligence, The Contextual Association by M.R. Westcott

We say “the muse kissed” when it “dawns” on us: an idea arises, inspiration embraces, ideas come to mind. So what is intuition? The definition can be expressed in various formulations:

Intuition is an unexpected clue when we follow "something in the air" or see a certain picture with the "spiritual gaze", but not like in a movie, but rather, like in a flash - abruptly and unexpectedly. This is a "burst of thought", "an idea caught on the fly." Some can boast of "good instinct", that is, they have a good intuition "gut feeling."

The Latin word intueri - to look, to observe - in the Middle Ages gave rise to intuicio - inspiration, ahead of perception. In the dictionaries, this is explained as direct inner perception or inspirational vision.

Therefore, intuition is not comprehension based on experience or rational reasoning, but a direct experience of reality.

Goethe called intuition the revelation of the inner man.

The psychoanalyst C.G. Jung regarded it as a kind of instinctive understanding, that is, comprehension without explaining cause and effect.

Developed intuition: when rational thinking is powerless

In trying to define intuition, we talk about sensitivity, the gift of insight, foresight or unconscious perception, but we also mention creative ideas and abilities. This is an understanding of the processes taking place outside of our consciousness, perceived by the spirit, turned to itself.

In most cases, intuition works unexpectedly, but at the right time. We supply intuition and consume it at the same time. Generation of the inner world, intuition, sometimes, needs an external impetus. This is the evidence. But whether intuition guided us - it will become clear after a while and can only be confirmed when comparing with reality.

Intuition is a natural human ability. This is a spark that causes a fire of thought, a prophetic gift, creative power, creative energy, an inner guardian, a fortuneteller, a key to discoveries and correct decisions, an advisor all days of life.

Intuition affects life much more strongly than we think. She is an essential part of our creativity. The most important criterion of intuition: in most cases it manifests itself when we lose heart, the search for a solution to a problem, an answer to a difficult question, and ways to change the situation stop.

In short, when we abandon persistent attempts at rational decisions, intuition comes into play. However, not every spontaneous idea, not every lightning-fast insight can be called intuitive. The more developed your intuition, the easier it is for you to distinguish between intuitive insight and an idea that arose under external influence. When you apply your ability to intuitive perception, then at the decisive moment you will definitely determine what you are dealing with. As Einstein said, really all calculations are made by intuition.

Development of intuition, mechanisms of its use

And yet there are people who deny intuition. Others, although they believe in its existence, believe that not everyone has intuition. There are those who are willing to defend the intuitive approach, because it ensures their success.

It is possible to change life for the better, improve its quality, and advance in a number of directions only by activating intuitive abilities. Therefore, in order to learn how to develop and use intuition, it would be appropriate to consider its essence.

It is necessary to do everything possible to connect to the “universal information field”. If this succeeds, our life will become much easier and more beautiful. There will be no need to “look for solutions”, they will come by themselves. We don't need painstaking analysis, careful planning, since intuition will tell us the right way, "Will lead" us to the correct decision.

It is not just about our personal happiness or our professional success, but about all areas of life and about all of humanity. In the future, managing life will become even more difficult. The need to make decisions instantly in conditions of incomplete information will arise more and more often.

Technological advances will devalue available knowledge even faster. And it will be more and more difficult to make decisions both in private life and in business. We see that factual knowledge does not ensure the reality of plans for any period. Analysts agree: relying only on reason, we will breed mistakes, and wrong decisions will have disastrous consequences.

Intuition in modern life

Civilization has brought us more than just benefits. Over the centuries, we have lost or left without exercise many abilities that do not meet the needs of a particular era (and they are just what are needed today). Let us take, for example, the sensory faculty of perception, which nowadays only serves the intellectual comprehension of the situation. If we could perceive the world with all our senses, how much richer our existence would become!

Intuition is the property of everyone, this ability can weaken over time, but not be lost. Of course, intuition is not an accidental gift of nature, which is beyond our control, not an exception, not a privilege of a few lucky people. Everyone has intuition and can use it along with thinking.

Like other abilities, it is necessary to develop intuition, awaken, train and maintain it. Anyone who does this can "connect" to the world of intuition as well as to the rational world. Having gained patience and training, everyone is able to revive hitherto unclaimed abilities. At the same time, the sphere of consciousness will expand and the abilities of perception will be refined. Intuition will actively influence your life.

The main prerequisite for the development of intuition is the realization that the logical method of understanding is only one of the possibilities of perceiving reality. This possibility is limited because the rational perception is "linear" and is not adapted to the simultaneous processing of several messages. Therefore, you comprehend only part of the message if you are guided only by reason. But after all, each of us has a more effective tool at his disposal - intuition. This is the ability of a holistic (holistic) comprehension of everything in all dimensions at the same time!

Another decisive advantage of intuition is that it is inherently error-free. Intuitive perception is absolute. Errors can only arise in its interpretation.

Intuition is trust

The child trusts his perception and is guided by his feelings. He is spontaneous, open and honest. But, as a rule, this does not last long, until the parents inspire the baby that it is commendable to satisfy the wishes of the parents.

Little Anna is promised a chocolate bar if she doesn't cry at the dentist, whom she is very afraid of. She is punished if she refuses spinach that she doesn't like. This is how a person learns from childhood to adapt and suppress his feelings, and the longer this continues, the weaker his contact with his own "I" becomes, with himself.

As we fall under the dictates of parents, teachers and educators, we move away from our essence. Our perceptual capacity diminishes as we reorient ourselves to predetermined patterns, use conventional approaches, and allow ourselves to be squeezed into ready-made shapes.

Only in rare cases do the surrounding people strengthen the child's confidence in himself and encourage his desire to follow his intuition, inner truth, just to be what he is. Therefore, unfortunately, there are too few people who risk being themselves, to really live their own lives.

What can you say about yourself? Since childhood, we have been excommunicated from the intuitive knowledge inherent in every person, and they strive to eradicate it. By preventing us from being guided by inner truth, we are guided by the so-called facts, regardless of whether it is necessary or desirable. We do not doubt either the "facts" themselves or their usefulness to us.

Therefore, the idea of ​​the possibility of an intuitive change and transformation of reality does not occur to us, and thereby about getting rid of the role of a victim of circumstances and mastering the role of their creator. For this, first of all, it is necessary, having taken a step back, to learn again what we have been weaned from.

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The development of human knowledge occurs as a result experimental activities, inferences, the formation of concepts. However, logic alone is not enough for the progress of civilization. Of great importance in the emergence of new knowledge are guesses, sudden, inexplicable common sense insights.

Intuition gives a new impulse and direction to the movement of thought. This is a phenomenon based on the ability to make the right decisions, bypassing the intermediate stages of reasoning.

Since ancient times, intuition has been a subject of discussion for philosophers, psychologists, inventors and just curious citizens. Let's try to understand what intuition is and what role it plays in science and everyday life.

Definition

Intuition is (in philosophy) a way of knowing the truth through its direct perception without proof. Intuitive decisions arise as a result of long deliberation over the solution of the issue.

Psychologists explain intuition by the activity of the subconscious. A person thinks for a long time, ponders a problem, despairs to find a solution, but it comes as if by itself, and unexpectedly. Psychology explains this by the continuation of mental activity at the subconscious level and the subsequent transfer of the result of intellectual work to the sphere of consciousness. So intuition is (in psychology) knowledge that arises without realizing the ways and conditions for obtaining it.

The intuitive does not include inferences, the premises of which are not formulated explicitly. Also, intuition is not behavioral reactions, which are based on instincts and physiological manifestations.

Historical development of the concept

People were interested in the problem of intuition even in Antiquity. So, Plato argued that intuition is the contemplation of ideas. A person has absolute knowledge, but entering the material world, he forgets everything. Learning, the discovery of something new is a recollection of what was known before. Intuition helps to do this. This is not about passive perception, but about the suddenly revealed truth after a long preparation of the mind.

Recognizing the phenomenon of intuition, Aristotle considered it insufficient for obtaining reliable scientific knowledge. According to the scientist, true ideas about objects and phenomena of the surrounding world are formed as a result of sensory experience and deduction.

In the Middle Ages, attempts to scientifically explain intuition were undertaken by Thomas Aquinas and William of Ockham. F. Aquinas saw the role of intuition in the organization of human thinking. W. Ockham singled out simple and complex knowledge. To the first he attributed the knowledge gained through the direct perception of objects and phenomena, to the second - the formation of concepts. Intuition manifests itself at the level of uncomplicated cognition, when the obvious is accepted without proof.

The interpretation of the concept of "intuition" has changed in modern times. The rapid development of the natural sciences necessitated a revision of the theory of knowledge, the development of new methods for substantiating concepts and laws. Intuitive cognition began to be viewed as an outlet to a higher level of intellectual activity. This point of view was expressed by R. Descartes, B. Spinoza, G. Leibniz, I. Kant and others. Intuition is (in philosophy) the path to truth.

A. Bergson, O. Lossky, S. Frank created a new philosophical doctrine - intuitionism. The essence of the theory lies in the fact that a person is open to knowledge of the world around him. An objectively existing cognizable object is reflected in the consciousness of the individual. The initial ideas about the subject, formed by direct perception, are intuitive. This is not yet true knowledge, but the basis for rationalization, reasoning.

S. Frank singled out contemplative intuition and intuitive knowledge. In the latter case, we mean a holistic, systemic perception of the world in the unity of knowledge and relations of things. Intuition is the continuation of mental activity where logic is powerless.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the concept of "intuition" was excluded from scientific use. At that time it was believed that knowledge about the world can only be obtained with the help of logic. Later, intuition began to be viewed as an insight, guess, "leap into the unknown" (S. Submaev, S. Mikhoels, etc.). The study of intuition has become relevant due to the development of the psychology of creativity. The famous psychologist Ya. A. Ponomarev created the doctrine of a by-product - an unexpected, but original and important result of creative activity, obtained as a result of the intense work of the subconscious. Intuition is the ability to find a non-standard solution to a problem.

Today, interpretations of intuition range from "semi-conscious foreboding" to "higher forms of creative thinking." The complexity of the study of the phenomenon is due to the problematic nature of the description and logical analysis of what is illogical in nature.

Sensual and rational cognition

A person learns the world through the senses (sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste) and through thinking. Sensory cognition makes it possible to get ideas about objects through their direct perception. Generalization, transfer of perceived signs and properties to other homogeneous objects does not occur. So, for a child of 1-2 years old, a cup is only the cup from which he drinks. The kid can name an object, but the word does not yet perform a generalizing function.

Rational cognition is carried out using concepts, judgments and inferences: “a triangle is geometric figure, consisting of three segments, connected by three points that do not lie on one straight line "," friction is a source of heat "," all predators eat meat, the tiger is a predator, therefore, it eats meat ", etc.

Sensual and rational cognition are closely related. One or another type of cognitive activity becomes dominant, depending on the specifics of the problem being solved. The form of conjugation of the sensual and the rational is intuition. It makes sense to talk about intuition when moving from the sensual to the rational, and vice versa. Unique images appear in the mind of a person, and new concepts are formed without preliminary conclusions. An example is the discovery of the benzene formula by F. Kekule (tail biting snake).

Can it be argued that intuition is sensory cognition? Yes, if we mean sensations and perceptions opposed to reason, but not devoid of it. Research results show that even elementary forms of sensory reflection of reality are mediated.

Types of intuition

Intuition can be intellectual, sensual, emotional, mystical (inexplicable premonitions) and professional (technical, medical, artistic, etc.).

By the nature of the activity, intuition is standardized and heuristic. For example, the doctor makes the correct diagnosis without first examining the patient. This is a standardized intuition, as the doctor does not invent anything new. It is appropriate to speak about heuristic intuition when there is an interaction of sensory images and abstract concepts, as a result of which new images and concepts are formed.

Intuition and Science

Most scientific discoveries were made "on a whim." Thus, the idea of ​​an AC electric motor came to Nikolai Tesla's mind while admiring the sunset. The idea of ​​the relativity of the speed of processes occurring in the world visited A. Einstein after waking up in the morning. D. A. Mendeleev saw the periodic table of elements in a dream. Psychologists and physiologists explain these phenomena as follows.

Long-term memory works well in people with developed intuition. Elements of past experience are linked into a system that exists both in consciousness and at a subconscious level.

The mechanism of intuition also includes an emotional component. The emotion that arises in the process of solving a problem affects the area of ​​the brain that is responsible for long-term memory. Associations formed in this way contribute to the appearance of images, including original ones.

Thinking is closely related to speech. But there is also non-verbalized thinking. The speed of its course is much higher, therefore, the processing of information with the participation of this cognitive process is much faster.

Making an intuitive decision is impossible without considering ethical, aesthetic and value factors. The success of scientific activity depends not only on intellectual and creative abilities, but also on the personality of the scientist.

The truth is not in doubt from the one to whom it was revealed, but for the acceptance of a new idea by the public, proof is required.

Conditions for the manifestation of intuition

Premonitions do not just happen. Illuminates, as a rule, those who are well-versed in the profession, have deep scientific knowledge or relevant life experience.

The next condition is that there is a problem. The subconscious begins to work where the available knowledge is not enough. Intuition is a step towards discovery. The subject is very eager to resolve the issue, therefore is in a state of contemplation. Strenuous mental activity continues until a clue is found.

People have long known that a dog salivates at the sight of meat, but only I.P. Pavlov was able to use this fact for scientific purposes. Apples fell on the heads of passers-by before, but only I. Newton succeeded in discovering the law of universal gravitation. The success of the work of intuition depends on how much a person manages to get carried away with the problem, get rid of stereotypes and not lose hope of success.

Intuition and everyday life

Subconscious decision making is common in most people. Relying on intuition, we choose which university to enter, whether to trust a new acquaintance, we learn about the person's condition by the voice from the telephone receiver. Intuition is a feeling that defies rational explanation.

Do not confuse intuition with desire. Desire is related to need, and intuition is related to experience. So, the cyclist understands how to turn the wheel on a certain section of the road in order to maintain balance. This is due to the previous fall. An experienced mother determines what the baby needs by the intonations of his cry. The desire to buy a new bag or boots is based not on a premonition, but on the need to be beautiful and not freeze in winter.

Women's intuition: myth or reality?

It is generally accepted that intuition at the ordinary level is more manifested in women. They are able to predict events, to judge a person by appearance, understand your children and loved ones. In the Ancient World and the Middle Ages, it was believed that the fair sex has magical powers and can work miracles.

With the development of science, ideas about women changed, and appropriate research was carried out. Thus, the American psychologist W. Argor discovered that female intuition is not a myth. The ability to anticipate is shaped by experience. Women have a wider social circle, participate in conflict resolution, social activities... Success in dealing with people is impossible without sufficient flexibility and sensitivity.

Ladies better understand facial expressions and gestures, body language. This allows you to notice the discrepancy between the statements and non-verbal reactions of the interlocutor, to understand the true intentions of the person.

Intuition development

While working on intuition, it is necessary to pay attention to the development of observation and improvement of the senses. Look closely at objects, pay attention to things that went unnoticed before, analyze the sensations of delicious coffee, touching a tree bark, a new velvet dress, etc. Try to imagine a yellow sound or an adventurous chest of drawers. What feelings arise with such associations?

Good results are given by auto-training, rest from everyday worries, attempts to predict the events of the current day, the text of an unread letter, to determine who is calling on the phone before picking up the receiver. The ministers of Eastern cults use meditation to free their minds.

Intuition is the ability to grasp the truth, but you should not overly trust the sixth sense. Sometimes it fails, and the person pays for the mistakes. Both in science and in life, intuitive decisions should be tested by logic or experience.