Daily monitoring of water level in rivers. Water levels in the river, general concepts. Water levels in Altai rivers. Water observations

The composition of hydrological surveys includes a large complex of such field work as observations of water levels in rivers, lakes and artificial reservoirs, the definition of rivers, living spaces, flow rates, water costs, and learning river nansions and much more.

Observations for these elements of the water regime are conducted on specially suitable permanent or temporary water Posts and hydrological stations. Depending on the tasks, the terms of observation and the volume of information information and posts (in the GUGMS system) are divided into several discharges. Hydrological stations are divided into two discharges, river water facilities are three discharges. At the posts of the III category, observations are observed for level fluctuations, water and air temperature, behind ice phenomena. At posts II and I digits, the volume of observations further increases due to the determination of water expenditures, weighted and bottom nanos.

When exploring, for the construction of engineering structures, departmental organizations arrange posts with a limited period of their work, although this period can be a period of several months to several years. The composition and terms of observations on such posts are determined by the circle of tasks solved during the design of the engineering structure. Therefore, besides its direct functions - to give information about water mode of watercourse, the water facilities perform an important role in the channels for shooting, during the work on the preparation of the longitudinal profile of the river, etc.

Water level Call the height of the position of the free surface of water relative to the constant horizontal reference plane. Graphs of level fluctuations make it possible to judge the dynamics of hydrological phenomena and, accordingly, the long-term and intransifeous distribution of the drain, including in the period of flood and floods. For observations of water levels in the river, various water medal posts are used in the river: Rack, pile, mixed, self-registering.

Rack postsIt follows from the name, represent a rack that is reliably hammered into the pile soil, on the floor of the bridge, facing the embankment or natural vertical coastal rock. The length of the rail attached to the SWEE, 1¸2 m. The size of divisions on the rail 1¸2 See the countdown of the water level over the rail take eye with rounding to 1 cm (Fig. 1). Fix the level of the current, and often the conversion surface of the water with higher accuracy difficult, however, for most engineering problems, such accuracy is quite sufficient. If higher accuracy is required, then the rail is placed in a small creek (bucket), suitable in the coast of water and the connected ditch with the river.

Fig. 1. Warmhouse

Retaous water facilities are preferably used to observe levels when the oscillations are relatively small. On rivers with a large amplitude of oscillations of levels or during periods of seals and floods, pile posts are used.

Pilewater weddroy post (Fig. 2) consists of a series of piles located in the stem perpendicular to the flow of the river. Piles of pine, oak or reinforced concrete diameter of 15¸20 cm are clogged into the ground and bottom of the river to a depth of about 1.5 m; The exceeding between the heads of adjacent piles should be about 0.5¸.7 m, and if the shore is very gently, then 0.20.5 m. At the ends of the piles, the paint signs their numbers; The top number is assigned the first number, the subsequent numbers receive piles below.

To fix the level on pile posts, a small portable rack with divisions through 1¸2 cm are used; The cross section of the rail is rhombic, while the rail is better streamlined with water; At the bottom of the rail, there is a metal finish, which allows you to confidently fix the installation of the rail on the head of the forged nail, clogged into the Council of the pile.

When counting the level, the observer puts a portable rack to the coast of pile close to the coast, covered with water, and writes on the log on the rail and the pile number.

Of special Tools For measurements, the levels can be called maximum racks and minimum racks, i.e. The simplest devices that allow you to fix the highest or lowest levels for some time cut.

Fig. 2. Scheme of the device of the observational tower and the pile water consumption: 1 - tower; 2 - theodolite; 3 - Reper; 4 - pile; 5 - water rack ( h. - reference on the rail); 6 - Float

Mixed water meters There are a combination of a patch with pile. At such posts, the high-level fixation is made in pile, and low levels - by rail.

For continuous registration of level fluctuations apply special instruments - Limnigraphs that all changes in the level are recorded on the tape, which moves the clockwork. Water facilities with water levels of water levels have a great advantage over simple water facilities. They make it possible to register the levels continuously, but the installation of the recorder requires a device of special structures, which significantly increases its application.

For permanent control over the stability of the rail or piles near the water supply, the reper is set (Fig. 1), usually in the stem of the piles of a waterfront post, then it is at the same time a permanent start (PN) of the distance invoice, a kind of start of a pickup.

The reference mark of the water system is set during levels from the referrals of the State Level Network. The reper of the water supply is laid in the ground with compliance general rules Installation of references, i.e. Its monolith must be lower than the depth of maximum soil freezing, in a place, convenient for leveling, and necessarily outside the flooding zone by flood waters, i.e. Above horizon high water (GWV).

As indicated above, on most water films, the height system is conditional. The beginning of the height account is zero Graphics post - Altitude mark, which remains constant for the entire period of the existence of the post. This conventional horizontal plane is located at least 0.5 m below the lowest water level, which can be expected in the target. On the rush water supply posts, zero graphics are often combined with zero water renik.

Start measurements in the post after the zero marker is assigned a post schedule and the level of zero of the pile heads is defined, and the difference in zero marks of the post and stamps of the pile heads is determined. This difference marks is called a leading.

The private height system at the water magazine allows you to solve the overwhelming number of tasks to study the water regime of the river. However, for a number of tasks of designing structures, not only conditional, but also absolute (Baltic) levels of levels is required. For this purpose, water facilities, more precisely, the references of water walkers are tied to the nearest repiquers of the state leveling network.

The composition of the observations on the water magnitude, in addition to observations of the level, includes visual observations of the state of the river (icebelivery, ice-frequency, purely), weather condition, water, air, precipitation, and ice thickness.

Ice thickness is measured by a special rail; The temperature of the air is the thermometer, and the water temperature is a water thermometer.

On the permanent watering posts, observation is carried out daily at 8 h. And 20 hours. Average daily level Determine as the average value of these observations. If the oscillations of the level are insignificant, then observations can be carried out once a day (8 hours). When solving special tasks, as well as in periods of flood or flood, the level fixation is made more often, sometimes after 2 hours.

The results of observations on the water magazine are logged in.

Primary processing of water medal observations consists of bringing references to zero of the graphics of the water-made post, the compilation of the summary, where the daily average daily levels are shown, and constructing the graph of daily levels, on which the conditioned icons show the ice-bearing, ice-growing and other ice phenomena that occurred on the river.

Systematized results of observation levels on the entire network of water meters of this river basin are periodically published in hydrological yearbooks.

To obtain full-fledged observation materials and guarantees the safety of a water supply for the entire planned period of work, it is recommended to specifically choose a place to install the post. At the same time, it is desirable that the area of \u200b\u200bthe river is straightforward, the channel is resistant to erosion or naming, so that the shore has a middle flight and was protected from the ice drift; Nearby should not be river berths; The readings of the post should not affect the sub-dam from the dam or nearby inflow; The post is more convenient to use if it is near the settlement. There is no need to strictly combine the waterstown with the axis of the future engineering structure.

At hydrological stations, water supplies I and II of discharges, as well as under departmental research, a hydrometric target is divided, used for regular definitions of flow rates, water spending and nanos. In this section of the river, the flow of water should be parallel to the stronger, which is ensured by its straightness and correct - the trough-shaped bottom profile. If it is assumed to conduct regular and long-term observations on the hydrometric target, then it is equipped with packers, suspended cradle or with swimming facilities (ferry or boats).

The reference mark of the water supply station is set during levels of levels from the referrals of the state leveling network, for periodically controlling the stability of the rail or piles of a watering office, during simulatory work, as well as when creating a high-altitude substantiation of filming.

The reper of the water supply is laid in the ground with the compliance with the general rules for installing the references, i.e. Its monolith must be lower than the depth of maximum soil freezing, in a place, convenient for leveling, and necessarily outside the flooding zone by flood waters, i.e. Above horizon of high water.

On permanent watercourses, the most characteristic levels of water are:

Viu - high historical level, i.e. The highest water level, ever observed on this river and installed by polls of old-timers or visual traces on capital structures;

USRV - the level of the highest waters for the entire observation period;

UVV - level of high water as an average of all high;

RUVV. - the estimated level of high water, which corresponds to the calculated flow of water and is adopted by the main in the design of structures;

RSU- the estimated shipping level, which is the highest water level during the shipping period, is necessary when determining the height of the elements of the bridge;

UMV - the level of inter-waters corresponds to the water level between the flood;

USM - the level of the middle ground;

Unm - low domestic level;

Ul - Level of the ice station;

UPL - level of first ice movement;

UNL - The level of the highest ice drift.

During the surveys of fluctuations in water levels around the site, they can reach large values, therefore, to match the depths of the diameters are introduced cut level - A single instantaneous level for the entire portion of the survey. Usually behind the cutting accept instant minimum level on the studied area of \u200b\u200bthe river for the measurement time. To do this, it is necessary to determine the tops of the top of the cutting stakes in each hydraulic.

All measurement results are given to a single position of the free surface of the river, which is further considered to be zero for various constructions: transverse and longitudinal profiles, the plan of the river in the isobates. It should be borne in mind that the adopted surface of the reference corresponding to the bottle level, as any free surface of the river, is not horizontal.

The water level in the reservoir is the height of the water surface of the water relative to the conditional horizontal plane (that is, the height above sea level).

Select the following levels of water in the river:

1. The flood is the highest of them. It is formed after melting snow, glaciers.
2. Flood - high water level formed after strong long heavy rains. The flood has a peak - a wave, which is moving along the river at the speed of the river flow. To the flood peak, the water in the river arrives, and after the peak decreases.
3. Mortar is the lowest, natural and established for this reservoir.

Altai rivers, mainly belong to river system Obi. This river crosses the Altai Territory in its upper course. Ob and its tributaries - Aleu, Barnaulka, Chumysh, Big River and others - have wide well developed valleys and a calm current. The water level in the rivers of the edge is defined as winter interleave and summer flood. They have predominantly mixed food: glacier, snow, rain and ground.

Water level in Altai rivers

The river network of the mountain altai is well developed (with the exception of the southeastern part). Rivers originate from glaciers, swamps and lakes. For example, on the flat mountain ranges of the swamp, it originates the influx of the Chulshman River - Bashkas, from Teletskoy Lake, the Biya River flows, the Belluchian glacier is the source of the Katun River.

The rivers of the Kulundin lowland have predominantly rain and snowmall with a pronounced spring flood. In the summer, very few precipitation falls on the territory of the region, and the water level in the rivers is much falling, many of them are melting, and in some areas they even dry. In winter, they freeze, and from November to April, henochki lasts.

Mountain rivers belong to the mixed Altai type of nutrition. They are multiple, they are powered by thawing glaciers, precipitation and due to groundwater.

The melting of snow in the mountainous area lasts from April to June. The snow comes out gradually, starting from the North of the Altai Mountain Altai, then in a lowland, after which it begins to go to the middle mountain and in the southern alpine areas. Glaciers begin to melt since July. Summer rainy days alternate with clear and sunny. But long-lasting shower here - the phenomenon is quite frequent, which is why the water level in the rivers is sharply and quite rising.

For rivers, highly characteristic of the ice and snow diet. The summer flood is pronounced, although it happens in the fall.

For the rivers of the middle mountain and lowlands in the mode are characterized by two high levels:

1. In the spring and summer - flood (from May to June).
2. In the summer and autumn - floods due to the autumn rains and the melting of glaciers.

In the fall and winter for rivers are characteristic of the integrity - the lowest water level in the rivers.

In the mountains, they are covered with ice much later than in the plains, but they usually free up to the bottom. In some mountain rivers, ice formation occurs on the surface and on the bottom at the same time. The ice station, as a rule, keeps about 6 months.

Beluha Mountain is an essential power source of the rivers of the Altai Territory. Beluhi glaciers are very active, they descend very low, strongly melting and get a lot of precipitation.

From this process, the river melt receive approximately 400 million cubic meters. m. Waters per year.

Water levels in the river Ob

Ob — A typical plain river, however, its origins and major tributaries are in the mountains. For OBI characteristic two flood - in spring and summer. Spring occurs due to water from the melting of snow, summer - due to water from the melting of glaciers. Mashina is noted in the winter.

Freezes the river for a long time. The ice station on Obi lasts from November, and only in April ice-freight begins when the river is released from the ice strata.

River Katun.

Katun is a typical mountain river, its source is in the glaciers of the White Mountains. Nutrition of this water artery mixed: from melting glaciers and at the expense of precipitation. Water levels in the river Katun look like a flood in summer period And intereth - in winter. The period of flood starts from May and lasts in September. In winter, the river freezes to the bottom.

River Bia.

Biya follows from Teletsk Lake. She is multiple all over its entire. Biya is river and mountain, and flat.

Water levels in the Biya River look like a flood in spring, and in the fall and winter - intereth. The flood is established in the spring (starting from April), but in the summer period the water level is also high enough, although at this time a gradual decline of water begins. In November, the river establishes intereth and begins the ice station, which continues until April. April begins in April.

After filling the table, please specify how you assess the overall condition of the river and water quality in it.

Please note that for convenience the table can be turned over and the graph names are not recorded in line, but by columns. Then the descriptions of the samples will be located on line. Draw and fill the tables as it is convenient for you, just remember that they should be understood not only to you, but also to other researchers.

Hydrological mode

The view of the river, the amount of water in it, the speed of its flow is significantly changed during the year. These changes are primarily connected, first of all, with the change of seasons of the year, with melting of snow, droughts, rains - i.e. Those natural factors that determine the flow of its water supply to the river. Characteristics Changes in the state of the river in time are called it hydrological regime. The height of the surface of water in centimeters, which is counted from some adopted constant mark, is called water level. In the annual cycle of the river, the rivers usually allocate such basic periods (they are called phases of hydrological regime):

1. flood;

2. Flood;

3. Mortary.

The flood is the time of the biggest water of the river. In the European part of our country, the flood usually falls for the spring of the snowstation, when the flow of water from all overhangs rushes to the bed of the main river and its tributaries. The amount of water in the river increases very quickly, the river literally "swells", can leave the shores and flood the floodplain areas. The flood regularly repeats each year, but may have different intensity.

Floods are fast and relatively short-lived water levels in the river. They occur, as a rule, as a result of rainfall, rainstone in the summer and in the fall or during thaw in winter. Floods usually happen every year, but, in contrast to flood, they are irregular.

Mortar is the most low-water phase of the water regime. On our rivers there are two periods of interlayers - summer and winter. At this time, atmospheric precipitates cannot provide sufficient food river, the amount of water in it is significantly reduced, big River It can turn into a small stream and life in it is mainly mainly due to underground power supply - springs and keys.

Human economic activity on the river waterborne and its shores also affects the hydrological regime. Drain of swamps, water selection for household and industrial needs, wastewater discharges, etc. lead to a change in water water river. Particular attention should be paid in cases where the water is being taken on the economic needs from the catchment of one river, but water is used or returns to nature - in the catchment of another. This greatly affects the natural distribution of water and can lead to the drainage of some territories and the wiping of others.

The ill-conceived actions of a person can disturb the natural course of changing the phases of the water regime. Cases are known when floods caused by large wastewater discharges occur in small rivers flowing within the settlements industrial enterprises. Such changes affect the ability of the river to

self-cleaning and affect the quality of water in it. Therefore, the study of fluctuations in water levels on rivers and lakes has a large scientific and practical significance.

Water observations

Organize observation of the level is quite simple and quite forces to schoolchildren and students. Data on regular measurements of the level with an accurate indication of the location of the stem, the observation time and the weather features are valuable information, and the more the number of these observations becomes, the greater value they acquire.

State observation posts per level consist of special devices for measuring levels, such as rails or piles. These rails and piles are securely fixed to withstand strong excitement and iceshirt. Each post has its exact topographic mark (height above sea level), which makes it possible to compare the testimony of different posts among themselves and evaluate the general situation in the territory of the catchment, pool, etc. If there is no such state dealership in your river or lake in your area, you can organize your temporary water station. Of course, its data cannot be compared with the observation data of the system of the State Hydrometeorological Service, since it will have to perform complex geodesic measurements. Nevertheless, you can trace the change in the water level in the river from the season for the season and from year to year. The post can be used and as a place of taking samples during hydrochemical observations.

The most convenient way to arrange a waterfront is the use of a permanent rail, fixed on the support of the bridge across the river (Fig. 6b). A marking on divisions is applied on the rail, preferably bright oil paint - so as not to be washed off with water and was well noticeable from afar. The rake is installed on the side of the bridge facing downstream, so that during the ice plant it did not break it and disappeared with passing floors.

Fig. 6. Device of watercase posts (A - pile, b - rush)

Level measurements must be carried out with an accuracy of one centimeter. For the initial measurement mark, take the mark below the lowest level. It is best to note at the end of the summer, in the period of deep domestic. This initial height is called zero graphics and all other levels are measured in exceeding it.

Otherwise, the pile waterway post looks like (Fig. 6a). First, one pile is set at the zero level of graphics (5th in Figure 6A). Then above it, after a certain height (0.5 m, 1 m), with the help of levels, other piles are installed. So that the piles do not rot for longer, they can be burned on the fire or deceit several times vegetable oil And give oil to absorb. It is even better to score cutting of metal pipes into the ground, and in

they strengthen wood piles. On the upper end of the pile, you can wear a nozzle carved from the used polyethylene dishes. It turns out beautiful and firmly, and most importantly - such piles are well noticeable. The piles are then numbered in order from top to bottom, and for each it is noted with respect to zero graphics. To determine the level of a watering rack (you can use a simple line) put the pile immemorated to the shore, and notice the water level mark. The relative height of the pile add the measured water height over the piles and the water level mark is obtained. For example, the pile No. 4 is at a height of 100 cm above the zero of the graphics and hidden under water by 12 cm. Therefore, the water level is located at H \u003d 100 + 12 \u003d 112 cm.

Observations in water levels on hydrological posts are usually conducted twice a day - at 8 and at 20 o'clock, but it can be limited to one-time uterine observation. If you do not have the ability to measure the water level exactly at this time - not the trouble, measure when you can, just do not forget to specify the time and date of observation. In cases where you can take testimony within a few days, try to do it at the same time.

The data obtained is recorded in the form in the form of table 5. In the period of flooding, when the water in the river comes especially quickly, observations are conducted more often - after 3-6 hours. The same applies to periods of heavy rains and floods on the river.

Table 5. Results of observation of water level in the river

The name of the river ........................................

Location of the post ...........................

Time (h, min)

Water level above zero graph n, cm

Change level ± H, cm *

FULL NAME. Observer

* Change level compared to previous observation.

According to the data obtained, you can build a chart of fluctuations in the water level for the observation period. Then an interested person easier will be easier to navigate in your results, besides, graphics are visually different.

Measurement of the depth and width of the river

To determine the depths of the river and the features of the relief of its bottom, the river bed is carried out. According to the results of the simulatory work, it is possible to obtain plans of the river bed in the lines of equal depth - isobates, as well as determine the area of \u200b\u200bwater cross sections of the rivers.

Necessary equipment:

rope with markup;

rake with markup;

log for recording.

The depth of the river can be defined only with direct measurements using water reikior lot. On the large rivers With depths up to 25 m, the lot is used - metal cargo weighing from 2 to 5 kg, attached on a solid cable with appropriate markup. IN

the case of studying small rivers is quite enough water reiki. It is a wooden pole with a diameter of 4-5 cm with a centimeter marking applied on it, while the zero division must coincide with one of the ends of the pole. When measuring the depth of the rail lowers the zero mark down. The length of the rail can be chosen based on the alleged depths of the studied rivers, but usually it is done not longer than 1.5-2 m. If the river is small, then you can measure the depth, turning the River Rod. If the river is deep, then measurements have to be carried out from the boat. The easiest way to determine the depth from the bridge hanging over the river, if such is nearby.

Attention! Allow young researchers to measure the depth of the river only in those places where water is not higher than their rubber boots! Review them that this can only be done under the supervision of the head of the group or his adult assistants. The depth of an unfamiliar bottom can be found out by measuring the bottom of the river in front of themselves with the help of a water rack and slowly, step by step, moving after her. It should be very neat, as unexpected pits and cliffs can be in the river day

In addition to rail, it will take placed ropeto determine the width of the river and the location of the simplicity and special log for records. The rope is usually placed in advance before work. The easiest way to do with ordinary threads different color, for example, red and blue - each ten-centimeter division must be tagged with blue threads, and each meter division is red. You can also select every 0.5 m, for example, red and blue threads at the same time, it will provide an opportunity not to be mistaken at the counting distance between the shape points. Instead of threads, you can use multi-colored ribbons, cords, an immentable marker marker or oil paint - the main thing is that the marks on the rope are clearly visible, they were easily noticed during the industrial and were securely fixed.

Points on the target, in which the depth of the river is measured, are called simulatory. The amount of proloral points for the river under study should be determined as follows: they are prescribed on the rivers with a width of 10-50 m through 1 m, on rivers 1-10 m wide - 0.5 m, for the river or stream to 1 m wide, 2-3 transma Points.

How to measure the depth and width of the river:

On the selected target of the river under study, across the flow (this is important!) The marked rope is stretched, the width of the river is determined.

In accordance with the measured width, the number of modular points and their position on the target are determined. It must be remembered that the first and last points must be directly on the cutting of water.

Moving along the rope at the designated points omit the shape to the bottom (try to keep the rack vertically!) And fix the division, at the level of which water is located - this is the depth of the river in this place.

Measurement data are logged in shape.tables 6. At the same time, it is necessary to enter the date and time of the measurement time and indicate the location of the scholars. It is also necessary to note the nature of the soil (or, sandy, rocky), as well as the presence and nature of vegetation in the river bed ("vegetation is missing", "vegetation in the coastal zone", nratility throughout the river bed ", dense vegetation or rare).

Distance from the beginning of the stem,

Distance between points, m

Depth, M.

The character of the soil

Vegetation

Who fulfilled the work ....................

According to measurements, it is possible to build a transverse profile of the river bed and calculate the area of \u200b\u200bthe water section, i.e. The cross section of the river flow is an imaginary plane in the place of the transmared stem (Fig. 7). The area of \u200b\u200bthis section can be found as the amount of the area of \u200b\u200bordinary geometric figuresformed by simulatory verticals. These figures can be rotated under 90o rectangular trapezoids (S2, S3 and S5), rectangles (S4) or rectangular triangles (S1), the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is determined by the well-known rules - the area of \u200b\u200bthe rectangular trapezium is equal to the product of the base half asums (in Example - H1 and H2) To the height, the area of \u200b\u200bthe rectangular triangle is equal to half the product of cathets, and the area of \u200b\u200bthe rectangle is the work of two sides. In our case, the bases, categories and sides of the figures will be measured depths and distances between the shapes. The resulting cross-section area must be recorded in a log in Table 7.

Fig. 7. Determination of the cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe river W (m2)

S1 \u003d H1 * B1 / 2 W \u003d S1 + S2 + S3 + S4 + S5

S2 \u003d (H1 + H2) / 2 * B2

S3 \u003d (H2 + H3) / 2 * B3

S4 \u003d H3 * B4 \u003d H4 * B4

S5 \u003d (H4 + H5) / 2 * B5

Dividing the resulting section area (W, M2) on the measured river width (B, M) we obtain the value of the average depth of the river on the target: HSR \u003d W / B.