Digest description. Digest as a form of providing information in various areas of social and scientific communications. The meaning of the word digest
In the review presented to your attention, we will focus on the digest. What it is? In the age of the development of the Internet and information technologies many areas of activity are moving to the automated level. The media space is no exception. Nowadays, there are many Internet observers who release news snippets on an hourly basis about an event. This means sites with political, sports, social, economic and other news. If all these resources are considered under the prism of the "foundations of the media", then all of them are united by such a concept as a digest. What is it? Let's figure it out!
Digest - what is it? Definition and features
In a literal translation from English, "digest" is a summary (digest) or summary (the word digerere is translated from English as "divide"). In Russian, the word "digest" is most often found in This concept implies any information product (collection, article or publication), which contains brief annotations on the topic under discussion. The digest, as a rule, contains the main provisions of the articles, which present the most interesting and relevant publications in a short form (for a certain period of time). The popularity of this format is due to the fact that concise information allows you to quickly familiarize yourself with popular news, a separate topic or an entire research.
Digest - what is it? Format meaning and application
In the generalized concept of "digest" - excerpts (quotes, epigraphs, etc.) taken from several information sources. The output is a condensed form of a specific genre, topic, or summary. Following the example of this format, the online edition "Gramota.ru", which posts brief news information from the magazine "Russian Language Abroad", operates. A np chemical portal ChemPort has an "organic digest", which is based under the heading "Science News". In general, the word "digest" means the concept of reprinting other people's materials in an abbreviated systematic form. There are over a hundred more examples of popular Internet publishers that work on this principle. These include Reader's Digest, a well-known American magazine that contains the most relevant political and news events over the past month.
Format creation history
The principle of writing compressed thematic collections has been known since ancient times. The most notable example is the Digesta - short notes and excerpts from the writings of ancient Roman jurists, which made up the main provisions of Byzantine law. Later, the Digests were renamed into the Code of Civil Law.
Ancient Slavic digests
So, digest. What is it and where did it appear? In the history of the ancient Slavic peoples, there is also a place for the concept we are considering. The famous book "Zlatostruy" (written in Ancient Bulgaria) was created on the principle of a collection of concise expositions. It contains all the moral teachings and creations of John Chrysostom (in the expanded version, there are about 136 scriptures).
"Izbornik Svyatoslav" is the third most ancient (after the "Ostromir Gospel" and "Novgorod Code") ancient Russian manuscript book, which presents the works of the church fathers in a short and comprehensive form. In ancient times, this principle of composing books was widespread and popular. This category also includes the book "Catechism", which contains the basics of Christian beliefs (the book is written in a question-answer format, which also falls under the concept of "digest").
Based on these connotations, we can conclude that the modern media information platform (books, media, news portals, etc.) adopts most of the principles and formats from antiquity. Then there was no such thing as a "digest". This formulation got its name in the modern world. Earlier collections of summaries and scriptures were called "extract", "note", "excerpts" and so on.
Digests in Russia
And what is a digest through the eyes of a Russian person? What is it and how was it used in Russia? The first digest formats in Russia appeared in the 17th century. However, even then there was no such word yet. All publications, magazines and collections that worked on the principle of information compression were called "chimes". Now the word "chimes" is used as a historical term to denote Russian-language reviews of the European press in the late 17th - early 18th centuries. Later, in the middle of the 18th century, the word "extract" was used. The Collegium for Foreign Affairs was the first to do this. The definition of an extract meant not only reviews of the European press, but also concise thematic statements of other documents (in printed or handwritten form).
Where are "digests" used now?
And if we talk about modern Russia and the concept of "digest"? What is it in the current sense? The word “digest” appeared in the lexicon of the Russian-speaking population at the end of the 20th century. The organization "National Corpus of the Russian Language" first registered this term in 1993. However, this word was already used in the 80s. At the beginning of the 2000s, the concept of "digest" became incredibly fashionable, therefore it is very often used in different areas... Because of this, the meaning of the word was not fully formed. All new and new things are constantly put into this concept. new meaning... For example, "Reviews Digest" is already an established concept on the popular YouTube video hosting site.
As mentioned above, many popular news portals operate on the principle of reprinting information from other sources in a concise form. However, the distribution of "digests" does not end there. This principle has long been used in television programs, serials, films and cartoons, etc. For example, on the Russian television talk show “Let the Talk” on Channel One, digests are often used. Before the studio starts discussing anything, you will first be presented with a video clip on the topic of the program. Thus, you quickly understand the essence of the discussed topic and continue to watch the program from the middle. Such video inserts (i.e. digests) are shown after advertising. Some TV shows insert the digest before the commercial break. This is done in order to interest and retain the viewer after the advertisement (because most often, when the advertisement starts, the viewer switches to another channel). The most notable example is the Comedy Club digest. The viewer has access to the best fragments from the humorous show in a matter of seconds.
Digest as a form of providing information in various areas of social and scientific communications
State Public Scientific and Technical Library SB RAS (Novosibirsk)
annotation
Today the digest, as a form of providing the user with heterogeneous information in a convenient form, is a widespread information product.
First of all, the report examines the types of digests that exist on the Internet. Separately, the digests issued by libraries, their structure and purpose are considered, in particular, the experience of issuing a press digest by the Branch of the State Public Library for Science and Technology of the SB RAS is described.
Today the digest is a popular information product. “Historically, the digest arose and developed as an information genre of a utilitarian nature, the purpose of which was to extract from primary sources only such objective (from the standpoint of the reader) information that was needed for a particular business. ... In the broad sense of the word, a digest can be defined as a kind of "directory" of the source - an ordinal index of the location of the main facts and ideas in the source. ... The digest replaces the original source precisely because it highlights the facts and ideas contained in it, removing the shell of the author's individuality from them, making them common property. The compiler of the digest, therefore, not only abbreviates the source, but objectifies its content. " It was the function of objectifying sources that underlay the most famous digests of antiquity and the Middle Ages today.
Latin word digestum (plural - digesta) meant "extraction, generalization", from the verb digerere - to distribute, arrange in order, describe, systematize, perceive, assimilate.
IN Ancient Rome Digests were called collections of systematically arranged brief extracts from laws and writings of lawyers. Most famous example - "Digests of Justinian", a collection of Roman law, created in the VI century AD. e. in Byzantium under the Emperor Justinian. In essence, these were short extracts of the main facts and ideas contained in the manuscripts.
In the XIV century, the word digest appears in English, where it also acquires the meaning of “reference book, compendium; list, catalog; understand, perceive, process information "
There are quite a few definitions of the concept of "digest", among which 4 main ones can be distinguished:
1) The type of journal (periodical) reprinting materials from other publications, usually in an abbreviated and / or simplified form.
2) A brief overview of periodicals.
3) A publication containing an adapted (short) presentation of the content of works of fiction.
4) A selection of excerpts, fragments of texts of many documents (quotes, excerpts, abstracts) from various sources on a specific topic.
Thus, the concept of a digest can be formulated as a means of obtaining and assimilating ordered information, usually from different sources.
Existing in this moment Digest forms can be divided into four main groups:
1. Printed digests.
2. Electronic digests (as printed versions)
3. Internet digests (that is, without paper counterparts)
4. Television - video and radio digests.
Internet digests
Currently, there are a huge number of digests on the Internet intended for the widest target audience. First of all, these are various press digests, including editions and thematic digests. Some of the most significant internet press digests include:
InoPressa: Foreign press about Russia and beyond (www. *****)
Digest InoPressa - a project of an information portal - is a translation into Russian of the most interesting and socially significant publications from the daily and weekly foreign press. Translations are made from nine languages \u200b\u200b(English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Japanese, Chinese, Arabic, Hebrew) and are provided with a link to the original text. The digest covers about 50 major Western publications, articles are presented in the form of detailed abstracts. The site is updated throughout the day. Articles can be sorted by date, by source or by section, you can also search the site.
inoRu: Everything worthy of translation
Internet project Inosmi. Ru (*****) also specializes in translating the most noteworthy materials foreign media into Russian. About 600 foreign publications are viewed every day, in total there are about 1300 publications in 38 languages \u200b\u200bin the database. Each translation is provided with a link to the original text. Unlike *****, translations of articles are presented in full.
"Giant Digest" FastFlip
Libraries are more likely to publish digests in traditional printed form. It can be a continuing edition (the frequency of the issue is from 2 times a month to 1 time a year). Digests are also issued thematic or timed to any event. In the first case, literature for a short period of time (1-3 years) is used, in the other two cases, literature for a long period of time can be included in the digest.
The depth of information folding can also be different. The original text can be included in the digest both in full and in the form of fragments or an abstract. It depends on the significance of the material, the depth of coverage of the problem. The choice of a topic is determined by such factors as the importance and relevance of the topic, the competence and authority of the author, the novelty of the approach, the increased demand among readers, information support for certain areas of the library's work.
The structure of the digest is mostly standard and looks like this:
Title page
Foreword
Main text
List of used literature
Appendix (illustrative material)
However, this list is not immutable - the digest may not have a table of contents, appendices, and even a list of used literature.
Main distribution options:
3) distribution at information and cultural events
The printed digest can have an electronic version, which is displayed on the library website or sent by e-mail. Such digests generally remain in print form and can be presented as separate files in MS Word or pdf format, or in html format with hyperlinks to facilitate orientation in the text.
Cases when the digest does not have a printed prototype and exists exclusively in a virtual form are still rare. Such digests are called virtual or Internet digests. Since 1999, the Research Center "Informkultura" of the Russian State Library has been publishing a quarterly digest "Library in an era of change", which exists in in electronic format... The content and annotations of articles are posted on the site in the public domain, subscribers of Informkultura can download the full texts. But the monthly electronic supplement to the digest - "Information Society and Culture" - exists only on the Internet.
Another information product of the Research and Development Center "Informkultura" is the electronic Internet digest "Region - Culture". The digest is published once a week and is devoted to cultural issues in a vast area “outside the capitals”. The user is provided with a visual search interface that allows an instant selection of documents by topic, region of Russia and proper names contained in the texts of the issue. Archived releases are also available. All published texts are prepared using XML technology. In response to the completed request, a short signaling message is issued - a short annotation, an announcement, a quote, an expanded heading. If the user is interested in the signal message, he can receive a secondary document prepared by Informkultura analysts, or go to the site on which the original text was published.
Since 2000, the Branch of the State Public Library for Science and Technology SB RAS has been publishing a monthly press digest on the problems of Russian science “RAS. SB RAS. Siberia". It is intended to inform the members of the SB RAS Presidium, members of the SB RAS in Moscow, directors of institutes of the Novosibirsk Scientific Center, staff of the Presidium about publications in periodicals on science and related problems.
The main sections of the digest: science, education, natural resources, ecology, economy of Siberia and Russia as a whole. At the end of the issue, the table of contents of the general scientific Russian journals available in the fund of the SPSL Branch are given, as they become available.
To section "The science. General issues"publishes publications on issues of academic, university, industrial Russian science in general, with the exception of the SB RAS. Selectively can be selected articles on the problems of foreign science.
"SB RAS".This is the main section of the digest, containing articles on all areas of science development and various aspects of activity. scientific centers Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. This includes publications by leading scientists of the SB RAS on topical issues science in general and Siberian science in particular, articles on the scientific achievements of the institutes of the Siberian Branch, new discoveries and developments. At the end of the section the table of contents of the newspaper "Science in Siberia" for the given period is given.
"Education".Here you can find information about the problems of higher education, about the anniversaries of Siberian and leading metropolitan universities, information on personal scholarships, etc. The section also includes articles on global issues high school.
"Siberia".This section contains publications on the economic, scientific, technical, demographic problems of the cities included in the Siberian Federal District, as well as information on the work of the interregional association of economic interaction "Siberian Agreement", the Council of the Siberian Federal District, messages about visits of Russian politicians and foreign delegations.
"Natural resources. Energy ". This includes articles on all the resources of Siberia, global energy issues in Siberia and Russia in general.
The selection of material in the section "Sustainabledevelopment. Ecology", which contains information about water problems in Siberia (rivers, lakes, drinking water), environmental pollution, safety of life.
Section "Russia" contains publications of leading scientists on economic and demographic problems of the development of Russia, social problems of the population.
One of the sections of the digest, "Foreign Press", has also been published in electronic form since 1998 under the title " Russian science and the world ”and is freely available on the website of the Department (http: // www. prometeus. ***** / science / scidig /). The source is exclusively used on the Internet - sites of socio-political and scientific newspapers, magazines, news agencies, the news service Google News, EurekAlert, Futura Science, PhysOrg, Cordis.
The electronic version retains the structure of the printed version, but may differ from it in the number of articles.
The entire volume of materials is broken down by year and month. Each issue consists of a table of contents and articles, accompanied by a short annotation in Russian. The source of the information and the date of publication on the Internet are also indicated. On average, there are 10-12 articles per issue.
At present time runs work on creating an electronic version of the main part of the digest. These are scanned pages of the main sections of the print layout. Materials are presented in Djvu format. The search is carried out by the author, a word from the title, publication date, keywords.
Thus, digest as a form of providing information is used very widely - in scientific, educational, and entertainment spheres. Digests are published as separate publications, supplements to periodicals, sections in magazines. Digest creation is not limited to traditional, printed form - there are virtual, audio and video digests.
The digest is useful when the information necessary for the user is scattered over a large number of sources, and there are no generalizing monographic publications. In this case, the digest can, for example, act as a teaching aid for students.
Libraries produce digests primarily in printed form, in addition to which an electronic version can be created, which is sent by e-mail or posted on the library website. Unfortunately, it is often not possible to fully search the text. This is especially true when digests are published regularly and often - it is quite difficult to look through 50-100 issues in search of the necessary information.
Few libraries currently release virtual digests with a user-friendly search interface. One of the possible ways of development of library digests is possible in this direction.
Bibliography:
1. Blumenau analysis / synthesis for the formation of secondary documents. - SPb .: Profession, 20s.
2. Vakhrameeva as a product of informational activity /, // BibliosphereN 2. - P. 49-53.
3. Lapshov - a library - an instrument of understanding for a human being // Theory and practice of social scientific information, Issue 10. - S. 148-155.
4. Lapshov -spect - a new child of the ancient bibliography // Bibliography74). - S. 25-29.
5. Zygmantovich bibliographic production by libraries: scientific and practical. allowance. - Minsk: New knowledge, 20p.
6. Smirnova for specialists // Library N 1. - P. 64-65.
7. Smirnov, we are preparing an interdisciplinary digest // Library N 3. - P. 62-63.
8. Pertsovskaya -express "Information society and culture" // World of bibliography N 2. - P. 77-78.
Digest structure. The structure of the digest is as follows:
1. Title page.
3. Foreword (from the originator).
4. The main text, usually divided into sections, subsections, paragraphs.
5. List of used literature.
6. Appendices (illustrated material - tables, graphs, diagrams, revealing the main text).
7. Dictionary of basic terms (if necessary).
Information transformation methods. Extraction is used as the main method, i.e. removal from the document of the most semantic quotations.
Also, when compiling digests, the method of normalized folding is used, as a result of which the physical volume of the document changes, but at the same time its information content does not decrease.
Let's consider the main stages of compiling a digest (see Table 7.2):
Table 7.2. MAIN STAGES OF DIGESTING
|
Stage |
Stage task |
Basic operations, characteristics |
|
Preparatory stage |
||
|
1. Development of a prospectus |
The prospectus is the main document that defines the directions of work on the digest. It sets out the detailed content of the future digest. This is a "miniature" of the main edition. The main task of the stage is to determine the target and readership. |
Establish the target (for what) and reader (for whom) purpose of the future digest. Usually the age, general education and special training of readers are taken into account. You can use the professional activities of the readers, their official status. The main groups of consumers of bibliographic information: Leaders of all ranks; Specialists in various sectors of the national economy, science, culture (doctors, economists, teachers, etc .; Entrepreneurs; University students, secondary and special educational institutions, students of vocational schools and schools |
|
Select and study a topic |
The topic is studied from the point of view of novelty, relevance, readers' interest in it, and literature availability. The topic can be viewed from all or several sides, include or not cover related areas of knowledge, consider the issue only in a theoretical, practical or historical aspect |
|
|
Determine the type, type and genre |
The prospectus should identify the types of publications to be included. These can be books, magazine articles, and other types of printed and non-printed materials. |
|
|
Determine the scope, timing of the benefit |
The compiler of the digest in the prospectus notes the number of pages of the future edition and the time frame in which it will be prepared |
|
|
Choose a design |
The method of printing the publication is selected - typographic or "on its own", issues of external and internal design (cover, binding, internal design, illustrative material) |
|
|
The main stage |
||
|
2. Developing a plan |
Plan - a list of sections and questions drawn up in a certain order that should be reflected in the digest |
|
|
3. Print identification and bibliographic search |
The task of the stage is to establish the availability of literature on this topic in the library, as well as materials that are not in this library |
The compiler investigates various sources: catalogs, card indexes, corresponding sections of the fund, bibliographic publications, databases, reference search systems, the Internet, manuscript materials, etc. |
|
4. Exploring printed sources |
Tasks - establishing the correspondence of the identified works to the topic of the digest |
Carried out by viewing. |
|
5. Bibliographic grouping |
The task is the choice of the optimal structure (construction), that is, the formation of the future digest |
5.1. The grouping unit is text fragments (or quotations). Each fragment taken from the text is accompanied by a link to the description of the document as a whole. 5.2. The choice of the optimal construction of the main divisions - sections, subsections and smaller divisions, the order of their following one after another. Then - the design of the headings for each, the order in which they follow. The grouping of material can be: Thematic; Chronological (temporal pattern); Logical (internal regularity) - from particular to general or from general to particular. Copies of document fragments are cut out, assembled (glued) in the desired order. |
|
The final stage |
||
|
6. Preparation of the text of the foreword and other auxiliary elements |
The task is to reveal the compiler's intention to the readers, to help them navigate freely in the digest |
6.1. Preface - here a description of the target and reader purpose of the digest is given, data on the literature reflected in it is given, the general principle of constructing a digest is explained, auxiliary pointers are listed. |
|
Stage task |
Basic operations, characteristics. |
|
|
The relevance, modernity of the subject of the digest is assessed. The novelty is determined, i.e. what new, previously unknown, the compilers brought to the studied topic. 6.2. Applications - illustrative material: photographs, photocopies of covers or title pages of publications, portraits of scientists, culture, arts, etc., tables, graphs, maps in local history manuals |
||
|
6.3. Dictionary of basic terms (if necessary). 6.4. The digest may contain auxiliary pointers: Subject index - a list of subject headings in alphabetical order with links to the corresponding pages. The presence of a subject index significantly increases the information content of the publication; The index contains information about contributors, editors, and others. For example: "Stolyarov Yu., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Founder of Documentation"; Pointer geographical names - is practiced in local history digests. It is advisable to accompany the list of concepts with characteristics (sea, river, settlement, etc.); List of accepted abbreviations - Ph.D. - candidate of pedagogical sciences; UAN - Ukrainian Academy of Sciences; MES - Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, etc. |
||
|
7. Editing the digest |
Editing all texts |
Elimination of mistakes and stylistic flaws. |
|
8. External design of the digest |
The task is to make the final decision regarding the design of the digest |
On the cover, you can indicate only the title of the manual, and on the title page - the full name of the organization, issues the digest, the surname and initials of the compiler, the title of the digest, place and year of publication |
|
The text is printed at 1-1.5 spacing. Size - 12. Shores: right, bottom - 10 mm, left, top - 20 mm. Sections and subsections must have titles. Subparagraphs, as a rule, do not have headings. The distance between the section titles and the text is 2 spacing. Pages are numbered in Arabic numerals, the number is usually placed in the center of the bottom of the page without a dot. The title page is also included in the general page numbering, the page number is not put down on it. For a set of various structural parts of the manual (foreword, body text, auxiliary indexes, etc.), you can use fonts of different sizes. Different fonts are used for section headings, subsections and subclauses |
||
INFORMATION AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL
MANUALS:
TYPES AND FORMS (continued)
We continue our acquaintance with types of information and bibliographic manuals, methods of compiling them... Today we will consider digestswhich have become very popular in libraries.
DIGEST
IN contemporary sources term "digest"Are defined in different ways:
1.« periodical,printing (usually abbreviated) materials from other publications; a summary of a work of art "; “A short, concise statement of any information, messages, etc.»;
2. Digest(from lat.digest - summary) - these are fragments of the texts of many documents (quotes, excerpts, abstracts, less often abstracts), selected on a specific topic that is not provided with generalizing publications, and are in the sphere of interests of real or potential readers.
The main function of the digest– to convey to the reader only the main ideas and facts that are contained in the source. Digests may contain analytical reviews, statistical data, text fragments of publications, official and regulations, selected on a specific topic, etc. Each fragment extracted from the text is accompanied by a link to the description of the document as a whole.
The difference between digests and pointers consists in the fact that when compiling indexes, documents are grouped, and when compiling digests - fragments of texts.
Digests are characterized by: the narrowness of the topic, the difference in aspects of the consideration of the problem, the discrepancy between the points of view of various authors, etc. Both books, periodicals and Internet publications are looked through during the selection of material.
Digest submission form timely and relevant. It allows you to get acquainted with the latest novelties of the topic under study and with an array of documents with a minimum amount of time.
Difficult terms encountered in the work are explained in the dictionary. Recommendations are directed primarily to librarians. They can also be useful. students higher and secondary specialized educational institutions, schoolchildren, everyone who wants to learn how to compose a digest.
Purpose: Digests are created when new directions in research and development ariseon topical problems of science and public life, with an increased and stable interest of various user groups, but there is no generalizing work.
Achieving this goal requires solving the following tasks:
1.Acquaintance with the content of the primary document.
2. Identification of the main directions of the topic in the text of the document.
3. Choice in accordance with a given list of topics required for inclusion in the digest;
4. Compilation of a digest based on selected fragments from the text of the primary document.
Reader purpose:
Objects for compiling a digest:
1. Organizations, institutions, public associations, parties (for example, publications devoted to one's own company or the activities of a certain circle of organizations in general, for example, publications devoted to libraries).
2.Personalities.
3. Geographical object (district, city, region, country).
4. Kind of activity.
5. Goods, products, services, materials, equipment.
Digest structure
The structure of the digest is as follows:
1. Title page.
2. Table of Contents.
3. Preface (from the originator) or address (to the readers).
4. The main text, usually divided into sections and subsections.
5. List of used literature.
6. Applications.
Information transformation methods
As main method used by extraction, those. extraction of the most semantic quotations from the document. Also, when compiling digests, the method of normalized folding is used, as a result of which the physical volume of the document changes, but at the same time its information content does not decrease.
STAGES OF DIGESTING
Preparatory stage
1. Development of a prospectus plan
Prospect plan - the main document defining the directions of work on the digest. Prospect plan is necessary to clearly and clearly represent the future edition. Timely see all the miscalculations and eliminate them. The prospectus sets out the detailed content of the future digest. Unlike a digest, information is given in it briefly, following the sequence of the main edition. There are several stages in it as well as in the main edition. The prospectus is a miniature of the main edition. Helps to efficiently and efficiently organize future work.
The main task of the initial stage- Establishment of target and readership. To do this, you need to perform the following operations:
1.1. Set target (for what) and readership (for whom) the destination of the future digest. There are various approaches to classifying readers. Based on their age, general education or special training... Particularly interesting seems to be a structure based on put professional activity readers, their official status.
The main groups of consumers of bibliographic information:
1.Leaders of all ranks... The higher the rank of a leader, the more versatile his information needs. Their formation is affected by the cultural and economic profile of the region and the administrative position of the head. The leader, having a certain basic training, shows a great professional interest in information on his specialty.
2.Specialists employed in various sectors of the national economy sciences, cultures, doctors, economists, teachers, agronomists, livestock specialists, etc.
3.Entrepreneurs.Each of them is interested in market intelligence, pricing, taxes, duties, etc.
4.Studentshigher and secondary specialized educational institutions, students of vocational schools and secondary schools.
Target and reader address is formed quite concretely: one should avoid such vague definitions as “the manual is intended for a wide range of readers”, “the manual will be useful to everyone who is interested in the past and present native land". An attempt to prepare a manual that would simultaneously pursue the goal of helping science and "everyone interested in this problem" is wrong.
In addition to the main one, other groups of readers are also indicated, who may benefit from the information contained in the manual.
1.2 Choose and study a topic. The topic is studied from the point of view of novelty, relevance, readers' interest in it, and literature availability. It must be socially significant, meet the real and potential needs of library users. The compiler needs to understand the main problem related to the topic. The topic can be considered from all or some sides, to capture or not to capture the adjacent branches of knowledge, to consider the issue only in a theoretical, practical or historical context.
1.3. Determine the type, type and genre.
The prospectus should also identify the types of publications to be included. These can be books, magazine articles, and other types of printed and non-printed materials. When determining which types of literature the manual will cover, the compiler must take into account their importance for the coverage of the subject (for example, for historical topics - legislation, memoirs, correspondence, diaries, etc.)
1.4. Determine the scope, timing of the benefits
The compiler of the digest in the prospectus indicates the number of pages of the future edition and the time in which it will be ready.
1.5 Choose a design
The way of printing the publication is discussed - typographic or "on its own", issues of external and internal design of the future digest (cover, binding, internal design, illustrative material). The plan-prospect is discussed and approved, most often, by the scientific and methodological council of the library. It assumes the force of an official document, which is intended to guide all compilers.
The main stage
2. Developing a plan
The plan is a list of sections and questions drawn up in a certain order, which should be covered in a djest. A well-structured work plan helps to organize the material effectively, ensuring consistency in its presentation. In the course of work, the plan can be updated.
Separate sections and subsections can be expanded, new ones introduced due to the material of interest. Other subsections, on the contrary, can be reduced or omitted. The presentation of the issues of the topic should be consistent, logical.
H. Print identification and bibliographic search
The task of this stage - to establish the availability in the library of literature on this topic, as well as materials that are absent in this library. Assessment of the document at this stage is preliminary... The compiler examines various sources: catalogs, card indexes, relevant sections of the fund, bibliographic publications, databases, legal reference systems, the Internet.
Not only published materials, but also handwritten materials (local history, etc.) are subject to examination.When identifying literature on narrow and new problems that have not received wide coverage in print, it is effective snowball method , the essence of which is as follows. Taking the most recent publication on a given issue, the compiler writes out all the references contained in it to the work of other authors on the same topic. Then he takes these works and does the same, repeating thisy procedure until the links start repeating.
4.Examination of works of print
the main task - Establishing the correspondence of the revealed printed works to the topic of the digest. This is accomplished by browsing. In the process of studying books and articles, the final selection is made.
5.Bibliographic grouping
The main task of this stage- selection of the optimal structure (construction), i.e. formation of the future digest.
5.1 The grouping unit is - text fragments (andsometimes very small in volume). If the quote included in the digest does not begin at the beginning (not the first sentence) or does not end completely (not closing remarks sentences), then an ellipsis (...) is put. For example:… how many wonderful discoveries for us / The spirit of enlightenment is preparing, / And experience… And genius… And chance…. If it is necessary to change any part of the word or the word itself, they are enclosed in square brackets. For example: What's in [my] name for you ?; … Again I visited [a] / That corner of the earth…. Each fragment extracted from the text must be accompanied by a link to the description of the document as a whole. For example (1.– P. 5–6).
5.2. Choosing the optimal construction of the main divisions - sections,
subsections and more fractional divisions, the order of their following one after another. Then the compiler names each one, establishes the order of their following and logical subordination. Depends on the topic, nature and content of the literature presented in a strictly chronological sequence, in a logical order - from general to particular.
The grouping of material can be:
Thematic;
Chronological - (time sequence);
Logical - (internal pattern):
From private to general;
From general to specific
From practical experience, the compiler of this publication recommends compiling a digest using copies of the main text fragments glued together in the required sequence. Copies of document fragments are cut out, folded (glued, etc.) in the desired order. After checking, they type text on the computer.
The final stage
6. Preparation of the text of the foreword and other auxiliary elements
The main task is to reveal to the readers the author's intention, to be able to navigate freely in the digest.
6.1. Foreword
Any, even relatively small, textbook should open with a preface. Here is given characteristics of the target and reader purpose of the manual, provides information about the literature reflected in it, explains the general principle of grouping the material (while the sections of the digest are not listed, the table of contents serves for this purpose), auxiliary pointers.
Evaluated relevance, i.e. importance, topicality, modernity of the subject of the digest. Determined novelty, i.e. what new, previously unknown, the compilers brought to the problem under study.
6.2. Applications
Decoration assumes the use of various illustrative materials. This can be: photographs, photocopies of covers or title pages of publications, portraits of scientists, culture, arts, local history, tables, graphics. Maps in local history manuals. This will complement and reveal the main material. It is important that the mapping applications are not only a supplement to the index, but also logically linked to the main text of the manual.
6.2.1. Glossary of basic terms(if necessary).
6.2.2. The digest can contain auxiliary pointers:
Subject index represents list of subject headings in alphabetical order with links to relevant pages. The presence of a subject index significantly increases the information content of the publication.
Name indexcontains information about the compilers, editors, and other persons who took part in the creation. If necessary, the name index can be "opened" by giving full names and patronymics, dates of birth and death, occupation, merit, etc. This gives the reader additional information. In parentheses, the explanation "about him", "about her" is given. for example: Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky, prince, boyar; Troekurov Roman Fedorovich, Prince. (1606-1607); Ivanov P.I. (about him).
Index of geographical names widely practiced in local history digests... It is advisable to accompany the list of concepts of a geographical index with characteristics (lake, sea, hill, river, etc.).
List of accepted abbreviations.
for example: Ph.D. .. - candidate of pedagogical sciences, P - enterprise; RAS - Russian Academy of Sciences; o - lake.
7. Editing the digest
On final stage editing of all texts is carried out, in the process of which mistakes and stylistic errors are eliminated. A distinction is made between bibliographic, literary and technical editing. The first is carried out during the entire work on the manual, the second and third - after its completion.
7.1 Bibliographic Editing
A decision is made on the sufficiency of certain auxiliary indicators for the full disclosure of the contents of the digest. The necessary selective verification of auxiliary indexes with the main text is performed in order to detect errors and omissions.
The consistency of the bibliographic description is checked. Its compliance with the current ones: GOST 7.1-2003 “Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description ", GOST 7.80-2000" Bibliographic record. Title. General requirements and compilation rules ". TO the list of references has two requirements: it must be complete and accurate... It is compiled in accordance with the above standards.
7.2. Literary editing – reading the entire text... At the same time, the encountered stylistic errors and inaccuracies, repetitions, unsuccessful expressions, and typos are corrected. And in the preface, the introductory article, the text does not carry information.
8. External design of the digest.
The main task -make the final decision when filling out the digest. On the cover, you can indicate only the title of the manual, and on the title page - the full name of the issuing organization, the surname and initials of the compiler, the title of the digest, the place and year of publication.
Bright expressive cover decorates the manual and draws the attention of readers to it. The text should be done in any printed way with 1 -1.5 spacing... The height of letters, numbers and other characters is not less than 1.8 mm ( 12 font)... The text should be printed observing the following field sizes:right - 10mm, left - 20mm, top - 20mm and bottom - 20mm. Surnames, names of institutions, organizations, firms and other proper names are given in the original language. Abbreviations of Russian words and phrases - according to the new GOST 7.0.12-2011 “Bibliographic record. Reduction of words and phrases in Russian. General requirements and rules "(date of introduction - 2012-09-01).
Sections and subsections must have titles. Subparagraphs, as a rule, do not have headings. Headings should clearly and concisely reflect the content of sections, subsections. Section headings, sub-sections should be typed with a capitalized paragraph without a period at the end, sections and preface, as a rule, on a new page. The distance between the title of the sections and the text should be equal to two spacing. It is not allowed to hyphenate part of a word in the title.
Pages should be numbered in Arabic numerals, observing continuous numbering throughout the text. The page number is usually placed in the center of the bottom of the sheet without a dot. The title page is included in the general page numbering... There is no page number on the title page.
For a set of various structural parts of the manual (foreword, body text, auxiliary indexes, etc.) fonts of various sizes can be used.Various fonts are used for section titles, subsections, and subclauses. However, it is necessary to maintain uniformity in the use of sizes and types of fonts.
DIGEST COMPOSITION ALGORITHM
(this algorithm is also a plan - prospect algorithm)
1. Determination of the target and readership.
2. Definition of the topic:
- problem / topic;
- personality;
- organization / institution;
- geographical object (country, region, city, district).
3. Developing a digest plan
4. Determination of the chronological boundaries of the topic:
- a short period of time (current week, month);
- the whole history of the theme.
Requirements for the design of digests
Abstracts extended to three pages are submitted to the conference - digests of reports, which will be published in the collection of conference materials.
For publication in the collection of conference materials, digests are accepted that have not been previously published, and also have not been provided to another journal for consideration and publication.
The material that is sent should be typed in a text editor Microsoft Word (2003-2007), DOC format, without headers and footers; diagrams, figures and tables placed in the text should be in the appropriate place, and not at the end of the digest.
Page settings: top and bottom margins - 2.5 cm, left and right margins - 2.0 cm. Font Times New Roman 10 pt. Paragraph - 0.5 cm. Line spacing - single. The volume of the digest is two or three full pages, together with the abstract and literature.
The digest text must contain the following elements:
- statement of the problem in general form and its connection with important scientific and practical problems;
- analysis of previous studies and publications, in which the solution of this problem has begun, on which the author relies; highlighting previously unsolved parts of the general problem to which the digest is dedicated;
- formulation of the purpose of the work;
- presentation of the main research material with justification of the scientific results obtained, with the presentation of the obtained graphs, diagrams, etc .;
- conclusions from this study and prospects further work in this direction.
Digest structure:
- UDC index (in the upper left corner of the page), indent 0.5 cm, font Times New
Roman 10 pt);
- name of the digest (centered, font Times New Roman 10 pt, bold, all capital letters, spacing before and after - 6 pt; without hyphenation, abbreviations and abbreviations);
- initials, surnames of all authors (located after the name of the digest, left alignment; indentation 0.5 cm, between the initials it is necessary to put a space; it is allowed to place two or more surnames on one line, if the authors are from the same organization, font Times New Roman 10 pt, bold);
- on a new line the full name of the organization, indentation 0.5 cm;
- on a new line the postal address and e-mail (font Times New Roman 10 pt, indent 0.5 cm);
- the author's resume (abstract) (7-10 lines) should have the same structure as the main text of the digest, be a laconic and logically complete part of the document, independent of the main text; the abstract should contain the following elements: introduction, goals and objectives, methods, results, practical significance, conclusions; keywords (no more than five words, one line in size) (font Times New Roman 10 pt; the phrase “ Keywords»- bold);
- one line after the annotation, the main text of the digest, which should contain the following elements: relevance of the work, MATERIAL AND RESULTS OF RESEARCH, CONCLUSIONS; each section must begin with a paragraph, the section name is written in capital letters; digest formatting - in two columns with a gap of 1 cm, justified alignment, Times New Roman 10 pt font, automatic hyphenation);
- drawings are submitted in black and white or in shades of gray. The axes on the graphs should have an explanatory name (Fig. 1).
Figure 1 - Figure title
Drawings cannot be created using the built-in functions of the MS Word editor; you can only insert drawings in standard formats (JPEG, TIFF, etc.) or implemented in MS Visio. Center alignment, empty line before the picture and after the picture name;
- formulas are typed only in MS Equation Editor and numbered in Arabic numerals in brackets on the right. Indices in Latin letters only. Dimensions are shown on
fig. 2, the format of symbols and styles in the MS Equation Editor is shown in Fig. 3. All variables are described in the text above or immediately after the above formula:
- bibliography (REFERENCES) - a numbered list of references as they are mentioned in the digest, one line after the main text of the digest, the word REFERENCES - in capital letters in the center ( );
- after the bibliography - the title of the digest in English, the interval before and after - 6 pt; initials, surnames of authors; Information about authors; annotation with keywords on english language drawn up according to the same requirements as in the original language;
- one line after the annotation in English - bibliography (REFERENCES) - is given, completely repeating the list of references, regardless of whether it contains foreign sources ( sample of the list of references ); Links are formatted in accordance with Harvard guidelines;
The last page of the digest must be at least 75% full.
An electronic version of the digest is sent to the editorial board E-mail: ic ***** @ *** with an indication of the scientific heading for further reviewing and editing. The authors are responsible for the content of the material.
Digest peer review: The purpose of peer review is to present the digest in accordance with scientific and editorial requirements, eliminate methodological errors and falsification.
Digests submitted to the editorial office are reviewed by specialists with a PhD or Doctor of Science degree in the specialty of scientific digest topics. Reviewers give reasoned feedback on the advisability of publishing the digest. If the digest does not meet the requirements or scientific topics, it is sent to the author with the comments.