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07 September 13:11 Monument to the heroes of the Borodino battle (opened in 1839), located in the center of the Borodino field. Photo: www.globallookpress.com

Historian Konstantin Zalessky in an interview with Constantinople told why the general battle Patriotic War 1812 was given on the Borodino field and can Napoleon be considered a genius

Constantinople: Is Borodino a victory for Russian weapons, or is it an ordinary battle?

Konstantin Zalessky: The battle of Borodino is, of course, not an ordinary battle. In terms of his level and the way Napoleon viewed him, he can be safely called general. From the point of view of the Russian command, the significance of this battle is great, since it was simply impossible to continue the retreat and leave Moscow without a serious clash. The question of who won at Borodino is still the subject of fierce disputes, and, apparently, consensus will never be reached, since it is no longer about real facts, but about their political interpretation. So, the French will always claim that this is Napoleon's victory, especially since formally the Russian troops really retreated (and then left Moscow).

But when assessing the results of the battle, it is necessary to take into account not only individual facts - for whom the battlefield was left, what was the number of losses, etc., but also to see what significance the battle had on the result of the entire campaign. This is really important, because otherwise there is a dilemma: he won the battle but lost the war! And here we can make an unambiguous conclusion: Napoleon could afford the losses that he suffered only on one condition - the Russian army had to be defeated, withdrawn from the game with no hope of revival. That is, the campaign had to be completed. In any other case, the losses suffered by the "Great Army" were for it, if not a catastrophe, then its beginning.

Peter Hess. Battle of Borodino. Photo: www.globallookpress.com

Ts .:Was Borodino a key moment in the final defeat of Napoleon?

K.Z .: If we turn to the terminology of the Second World War, the Battle of Borodino was the beginning of a great turning point. But defeat " The great army”Was due to a number of large and small reasons, their complex. This is Kutuzov's Tarutino maneuver, and the actions of army partisan detachments, and extended communications, and adopted by the leadership Russian Empire measures to strengthen the army, and Vyazma, and Krasny, and Berezina, etc. etc. But the Battle of Borodino, undoubtedly, became the brightest page of the whole - for the French - campaign of 1812, and for us - the Patriotic War.

Ts .: Was Kutuzov right when he gave Moscow to Napoleon and kept the army?

Kutuzov's actions were quite justified. They completely fit into his strategy as a commander. Although they say all the time that he was a "commander of the Suvorov school", he was not a Suvorov. Both the tactics and the strategy of Kutuzov were different: here, too, one cannot operate with the terms “bad-good”. Suvorov would have adopted a different strategy and, perhaps, could have succeeded in it. But, in this case, within the framework of the strategy that Kutuzov was an adherent of, he was absolutely right in his decision. Cautious general, not only a military leader, but also an experienced administrator and statesman (which, for example, was not Suvorov), he perfectly understood the significance of the isolation of the “Great Army” from its main bases. The Russian army received the opportunity to replenish its ranks, supplies, weapons and rest, accumulating strength, and the enemy's forces only diminished every day without hope of replenishing them. Time worked for Kutuzov, and he perfectly understood this: his actions in previous campaigns show that he generally tried to drive the enemy into a stalemate without engaging in serious clashes.

A. Adam. Napoleon in burning Moscow. Photo: www.globallookpress.com

Ts .: Was Alexander I right when he refused to conclude peace with Napoleon?

K.Z .: The position of Alexander I was clear, consistent and understandable from both a moral and a pragmatic point of view. First, the enemy, having invaded the empire, put himself outside the law, including from the point of view of the Divine (despite the fact that Napoleon and his army are generally difficult to consider as a "Christian army"). Secondly, after Borodin, the emperor understood that the enemy was in a less advantageous position than the Russian army: why then negotiate? Finally, the plundering and destruction of Moscow was itself a signal that negotiations were impossible. In addition, it should be understood that the conclusion of peace with Napoleon (even on the most favorable terms, for example, with the obligation to withdraw the army from the borders of the Russian Empire), only postponed the end of the conflict, since in this case Napoleon retained the possibility of revenge (not to mention the fact that that he controlled almost all of Europe). Thus, peace would not mean the end of the war, but only a temporary respite.

Alexander I. Photo: www.globallookpress.com

Ts .: Your view on Borodino. Was the battle itself deliberate or accidental?

K.Z .: On the one hand, no one anticipated ahead of time, for example, near Smolensk, that the battle would unfold precisely at Borodino. But on the other hand, the choice of the battlefield was made deliberately, based on tactical and strategic objectives... In addition, the decision that a decisive battle should be fought on the approach to Moscow had already been made by that time. Therefore, it cannot be said that the battle was accidental.

Ts .:Did Kutuzov's leadership talent show itself during Borodino?

K.Z .:Since it was Kutuzov's opinion that was decisive in the choice of the battlefield, the deployment of forces, as well as making the most important decisions in the course of the battle, then, therefore, his talent as a commander manifested itself in full. Another thing is that in his manner it was to provide his subordinates with a fairly large freedom of action - but nothing can be done here: someone will criticize him for it, someone, on the contrary, will praise him. How many experts - so many opinions.

M.I.Kutuzov. Photo: www.globallookpress.com

Ts .:They say that Kutuzov was going to continue the battle the next day. Why did he refuse?

K.Z .:This is precisely the talent of Kutuzov. Initially, satisfied with the results of the first day of the battle, he intended to continue it on the second day with the clear intention of defeating the enemy. (The defeat of the "Great Army" in the depths of Russia, far from its communications would be a disaster for it). However, assessing the level of losses, Kutuzov, as a very cautious commander and clearly not prone to adventures, decided to go a longer, but more correct way. Suvorov, most likely, would have attacked the enemy and, perhaps, would have won a brilliant victory, but not for sure. Kutuzov, on the other hand, preferred a tit in his hands than a crane in the sky. Although for this he had to sacrifice Moscow.

Napoleon. Photo: www.globallookpress.com

Ts .: Is Napoleon's campaign itself an adventure? It is said that Napoleon was a tactical genius, but ultimately lost in strategy. Is it correct to consider him a genius commander?

K.Z .:Napoleon was the most outstanding military leader of his time: none of the generals of the countries of the Anti-Hitler coalition won so many victories and did not achieve such serious results on the battlefield. Apparently, the campaign of 1812 was not an adventure for him: he prepared for it very seriously and fully expected to be successful. Another thing is that he could not calculate either the enemy as a whole, or, which is extremely important, the Emperor Alexander I, seeing in him only a variation of the Emperor Franz. He could not understand Russia as an enemy and miscalculated. Moreover, if he was ready for such actions, he most likely would have started the campaign anyway, but he acted differently. For example, he would have taken care of the formation of a stronger second echelon, not limited to flank corps. I would have driven into the interior of the country and Reynier, and MacDonald, and troops from Poland and Germany.

Ts .:There is a phrase attributed to Napoleon: he allegedly said that Borodino was his bloodiest battle. Is it really so?

K. Zalessky. Photo: TV channel "Tsargrad"

K.Z .:The data on the losses of the French troops in different battles vary quite a lot, the shortcomings of the calculation are reflected. In the data cited by French sources, too accurate numbers of casualties in killed, wounded, and prisoners are always somewhat alarming. The French themselves consider the battle of Preussisch-Eylau in 1807 the bloodiest for themselves. East Prussia, where they lost in killed, wounded and captured 30 655 people. French researchers usually indicate losses at Borodino at 28,012 people killed and wounded (however, the number of those killed at Borodino is greater than at Preussisch-Eylau), but, for example, English sources show a figure of 28-35 thousand, and domestic sources - at 30- 40 thousand. That is, if Borodino was not the bloodiest battle of the Napoleonic wars, it was certainly one of the bloodiest.

Description

general information

The oldest sociological company in the post-Soviet space (formed in the year by the decision of the Presidium All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the State Committee for Labor of the USSR as the All-Union Center for the Study of Public Opinion, with - All-Russian - for more details on the history of the creation and development of the company, see the section "History of VTsIOM"). In Russia and abroad, VTsIOM conducts marketing, social and political studies full cycle - from the development of the concept and tools to the preparation of analytical reports and presentation of results.

VTsIOM has the status of a scientific institution, publishes its own scientific journal (""), manages the work of its own department at the Higher School of Economics and the research center at the RSSU, and also regularly holds meetings of its own scientific and expert council, which includes the country's leading sociologists. (For more details about the scientific potential of the center - see below the section "Scientific and teaching activities»).

Team

More than 70 specialists in the field of sociology, marketing, political science, finance, psychology, statistics work in the Moscow office of the company. Manages the Center Valery Fedorov ... Among the company's employees are doctors and candidates of sciences, graduates of leading Russian and foreign universities (Moscow and St. Petersburg state universities, Vienna and Moscow diplomatic academies, High school economy, etc.). (For more details about the scientific potential of VTsIOM employees, see the section "Scientific and teaching activities of VTsIOM"). VTsIOM branches operate in all 7 federal districts countries. The network of interviewers numbers about 5000 people.

Research directions

VTsIOM conducts research both at the regional and at the federal level, as well as in the post-Soviet space (together with colleagues from other countries the former USSR - members of the agency "Eurasian Monitor", one of the founders of which is VTsIOM) and in countries "far abroad". Among the main activities of the company:

(For more details, see the section: "Research by VTsIOM" and in the note: "Clients and partners of VTsIOM")

Methodology

The work uses a wide range of research techniques (personal interviews, focus groups, mystery shopping, hall tests, exit polls, expert polls, telephone interviews, etc.). Information processing methods include both descriptive and inferior statistical analysis, special programs building samples, etc. Population polls are conducted weekly based on an all-Russian representative sample (1,600 people in 140 settlements in 42 regions of Russia).

Research by VTsIOM

At the regional and federal levels, in the post-Soviet space and in the "far abroad" countries, VTsIOM conducts research in 3 main areas:

  • politics (electoral research, monitoring of satisfaction with the authorities),
  • social sphere (education, medicine, family, housing and communal services, fight against corruption),
  • business (finance and insurance, real estate market, development of trade and corporate brands, development of corporate reputation, examination of trademarks, market information technologies, media measurements, sports industry, automotive market), etc.

VTsIOM regularly acts as a coordinator and executor of international research projects for foreign and Russian customers - both in Russia and abroad (including, in particular: UNDP, US State Department, NATO, etc. More - in the note: "Clients and partners of VTsIOM"). So, since 2004 (as well as before the collapse of the USSR) the Center has been actively involved in building a system of regular sociological research in the post-Soviet space (within the framework of the Eurasian Monitor agency, one of the founders of which is VTsIOM - along with sociological services of other former republics Soviet Union).

Some VTsIOM projects over the past 5 years

  • Exit polls (exit polls) in the parliamentary and presidential elections of the Russian Federation. (customer - JSC "Channel One") 2007 - 2008
  • (OJSC "NK" Rosneft ") 2007
  • Assessment of the employer's image. (JSC "Severstal") 2008
  • Assessment of the employer's image. (LLC "RUSAL-Managing Company") 2007
  • Research on the well-known trademark. (LLC "Heineken Commercial Service") 2007
  • Social adaptation of people with HIV + status: assessment of the situation in the field health care , education and employment. (United Nations Development Program) 2007
  • Study of interethnic relations based on the results of all-Russian polls. (Institute of Diaspora and Integration) 2007
  • Studying the conditions of the business environment, assessing the interaction between business and government (according to the estimates of entrepreneurs). (RSPP) 2007-2008
  • Study of the level of confidence in the media among Russians.
  • The attitude of the population of Russia to the judiciary. (Office of the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation) 2007
  • Sociological Research on Unfair Competition. (Federal Antimonopoly Service) 2007
  • Factors and prospects for the development of football in Russia (Foundation "National Football Academy") 2006
  • Assessment of the attractiveness of housing infrastructure facilities of the investment project "Bolshoye Domodedovo" ("Koalco") 2006-2007
  • A study of Russians' perception of NATO. (NATO) 2006
  • Analysis and assessment of the situation of the population's perception of the phenomenon of corruption in the public sector of the Russian Federation. (United Nations Development Program and Chamber of Accounts RF) 2006
  • Investment behavior of the population and awareness of the deposit insurance system. (Deposit Insurance Agency) 2005-2006
  • A study of the perception of large pharmaceutical brands in Russia and Eastern Europe. (Stanton Beringer consulting) Annually since 2005
  • Conditions for the functioning of small businesses in the regions of Russia. (OPORA Russia) 2004-2006
  • Assessment of the reputation indicators of JSC "Aeroflot" (Aeroflot - Russian Airlines) Annually since 2005
  • A syndicated study of the corporate reputation of the 10 largest companies in Russia. Twice per year since 2004
  • Monitoring of the main indicators of social moods of residents of the post-Soviet countries. Participants: leading sociological services of 14 post-Soviet countries. Twice a year, since 2003 - within the framework of the "Eurasian Monitor" project

Scientific and teaching activities

VTsIOM has the status of a scientific institution. In addition, the Center has a scientific and expert council, which includes well-known Russian sociologists, political scientists, philosophers and historians. Since 1993 VTsIOM has been publishing its own scientific journal “ Public Opinion Monitoring: Economic and Social Change ". The journal is published 6 times a year and has been in the public domain since 2009 (both archived and fresh issues). The editorial board of "Monitoring" includes leading Russian sociologists (employees of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow State University, RSSU, Higher School of Economics, GfK-Rus, etc.).

The department of VTsIOM operates at the sociological faculty of the Higher School of Economics (since 2008), and the scientific research center VTsIOM (since 2008) at the RSSU.

VTsIOM holds contests scientific works among young scientists - sociologists. Pays scholarships to the most talented sociology students.

The Center regularly creates and publishes author's and collective monographs on the state of public opinion in Russia. Among the latter: "From Yeltsin to Putin: Three Epochs in the Historical Consciousness of Russians" (2007), "Political Russia: An Election Guide 2007", "Political Dictionary of Our Time" (2006), "Russia at the Crossroads of a Second Term" (2005) ... (For more details see the link: "VTsIOM Library - some books published by the company's team in last years» ).

The VTsIOM team maintains an archive in which public opinion research has been presented since 1992. Thus, the ARCHIVARIUS database of VTsIOM contains the results of Express public opinion polls from 1992 to the present, and the extended thematic archive contains functions of in-depth search in the Center's archive.

VTsIOM employees regularly deliver reports at Russian and foreign scientific conferences and round tables.

History

Birth. The first institute for the study of public opinion in Russia. 1987 year

The resolution on the creation of VTsIOM (then still "all-Union") was adopted at the July meeting Central Committee of the CPSU 1987 year ... The founders were All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the State Committee for Labor of the USSR. The first head of the center was Tatiana Zaslavskaya , academician. Her deputy - Boris Grushin ... According to Zaslavskaya, the Institute for Demoscopy in FRG headed by E. Noelle-Neumann. During the years, thanks to the organizational efforts of Grushin, a network of sociological centers was developed in the republics of the USSR and regions of Russia. This allowed in November 1988 year to conduct the first mass polls on representative samples of the country's adult population; a year later, studies were conducted on a systematic basis. In August 1989 year Boris Grushin left VTsIOM and organized his own organization for the study of public opinion "Glas Naroda".

"The first among the new". 1992-2003

Having appeared at the dawn of perestroika, VTsIOM, according to Alexei Levinson:

"played the role of a mother's swarm, from which emerging families, new agencies for the study of public opinion and the market were separated."

Conflict. 2003 year

Since its inception, VTsIOM has been a state sociological company. So, in 1987 the founders of the Center were All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the State Committee for Labor of the USSR, then (in 1998) the Center was re-registered as a federal state unitary enterprise (FSUE), and in August by the decision of the Ministry of Property Relations FSUE VTsIOM was transformed into the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion. As before, the state remained the 100% owner of the organization. The Board of Directors of the company, consisting of representatives of the shareholder - the state, decided to replace the head of the Center (Yuri Levada), who headed the company in 1992-2003. A young political scientist was appointed in his place Valery Fedorov ... Complaints to Levada, according to the new leader, were: “stagnation in scientific field"And the fact that under him were" undeservedly forgotten "studies of" the social situation in the country, the problem of poverty, unemployment, employment, the labor market, emigration. " One of the main tasks of Valery Fedorov as director, in his own words, was to preserve the research team of VTsIOM:

“He [Levada] wants to present his own removal as the destruction of Russia's leading sociological center. I can assure you that such destruction will not occur. Unfortunately, Yuri Alexandrovich is trying to present his dismissal as a mass exodus from VTsIOM. We, of course, will not allow this ".

VTsIOM today. 2003-2009

VTsIOM continued the research programs developed by the previous team, and retained the right to publish the journal “ Public Opinion Monitoring: Economic and Social Change "(The former editorial team from 2003 continued to work in the newly created magazine" Public Opinion Bulletin »).

The priority area of \u200b\u200bVTsIOM's research today is the political moods of the population, attitudes towards government bodies at all levels, their decisions, initiatives and programs. In addition to the authorities, VTsIOM is still conducting research on orders from the largest Russian commercial companies and public associations ... New areas of research also appeared, in particular, the company began to pay more attention to the social situation in the country, as well as marketing and international research studies.

So, since 2003, VTsIOM has been conducting weekly construction of indices of social well-being. The empirical basis for calculating the indices that underlie the time series are the data of weekly express polls conducted by VTsIOM on a representative all-Russian sample (taking into account quotas by gender, age, education and territorial zoning of the State Statistics Committee) in 42 regions, territories and republics of Russia in 140 settlements (number of respondents 1600 people).

Since 2003, research in the post-Soviet space has also acquired greater importance. In 2003 the company became one of the founders of the research agency "Eurasian Monitor" and by 2009 conducts regular surveys of the population in 14 states of the former USSR (in cooperation with colleagues - leading sociological companies of these states.

New regular projects have appeared: The state of the business climate in Russia, the Freedom of Expression Index, the Assessment of higher professional education in Russia, the Assessment of the activities of the courts in the Russian Federation, etc.

The new, more applied and pragmatic focus of VTsIOM's research programs was also expressed in the change of the Center's motto: instead of the previous one "From opinion - to understanding" it became: "To know is to win!"

Criticism

The company is sometimes accused by those who are the object of its research. So, the leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Gennady Zyuganov, criticizes the objectivity and correctness of the Center's research: "I believe that this is an unfair study," said the Chairman of the Communist Party Central Committee G.A. Zyuganov, assessing, at the request of the media, the published results of the VTsIOM study on the problem of V. Lenin (according to this study, Russians are in favor of reburial of Lenin's body in the cemetery).

VTsIOM is also accused of "special" relations with the Kremlin. The most famous scandal of this kind is associated with the publication in the magazine “ The new times »Autumn 2007 year series on corruption VTsIOM and manipulations used in the research of the center to please the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation. VTsIOM filed a lawsuit against The New Times magazine, and after ten months of consideration in September 2008 year The court ruled that it was "untrue" that the center had a "special commercial relationship" with the Kremlin and ordered the magazine to publish a retraction, and the journalist who wrote the articles was ordered to pay a small fine.

However, with regard to the accusations that “when conducting polls, sociologists [from VTsIOM], on instructions from various parties, use so-called formative questions, that is, questions that lead to strictly definite answers,” the court refused to satisfy VTsIOM's claims. The court decided: “The applicant's argument that the interviews conducted by VTsIOM were not of a formative nature is unfounded”. "Press release of VTsIOM No. 771 of September 18, 2007, to which there is a reference in the statement of claim, testifies to the opposite," the resolution says. Arbitration court Moscow. The judgment in this connection was contested by the applicant and the investigation is ongoing.

Notes

  1. "Monitoring public opinion: economic and social changes"
  2. "Media ratings of sociological centers"
  3. "Professional network ESOMAR"
  4. Eurasian Monitor
  5. "Archive of the Monitoring journal"
  6. "Library VTsIOM"
  7. "Database Archivist"
  8. "Extended thematic archive"
  9. Grushin B.
  10. Zaslavskaya T. How VTsIOM was born / Social rift and the birth of a new sociology: twenty years of monitoring. - S. 11-17.
  11. Alexey Levinson Pages
  12. Grushin B. On the distant and near approaches to the creation of VTsIOM / Public rift and the birth of a new sociology: twenty years of monitoring. - M .: New publishing house, 2008 .-- S. 18-22.
  13. history of the company
  14. Levada Y. From Opinions to Understanding. Sociological Essays 1993-2000. SS. 391-548.
  15. Levada Y. Looking for a man. Sociological essays 2000-2005. SS. 263-379.
  16. Interview with Valery Fedorov / Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 11.09.2003
  17. Interview with Valery Fedorov / Yezhenedelny Zhurnal, No. 150 dated 01/13/2005

All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion, VTsIOM (until 1992 - All-Union) is the oldest Russian research organization that regularly conducts sociological and marketing research based on public opinion polls. One of the largest russian companies in this market. Created in 1987. 100% of the company's shares are owned by the state.

Description

The oldest sociological company in the post-Soviet space (established in 1987 by a resolution of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the USSR State Committee for Labor as the All-Union Center for the Study of Public Opinion, c - All-Russian). VTsIOM conducts marketing, social and political research of the full cycle - from the development of concepts and tools to the preparation of analytical reports and presentation of results.

Research is carried out both at the regional and federal level, as well as abroad. There are partnerships and research is being conducted both in the post-Soviet space and in the EU countries, in Japan, China, etc. Among the partners and customers of the Center's research are leading Russian and foreign companies, universities, state institutions: International committee Red Cross, UN Development Program, Administration of the President of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation, Kommersant Publishing House, Reuters, NATO (NATO Office in Moscow), US State Department, NRU-HSE, RSSU, Rosneft, RUSAL, Samsung, Intel, etc.

VTsIOM is a member of a number of international professional networks (Intersearch, Eurasian Monitor, etc.) and is guided by ESOMAR standards and norms in its research.

VTsIOM has the status of a scientific institution, publishes its own scientific journal (""), manages the work of its own department at the Higher School of Economics and the research center at the RSSU, and also regularly holds meetings of its own Scientific and Expert Council, which includes leading sociologists of the country.

VTsIOM was a federal state unitary enterprise, in 2003 it was corporatized. However, 100% of the company's shares are owned by the state.

Structure and employees

The central office of VTsIOM is located in Moscow. Branches of the company operate in all 7 federal districts of the country. More than 70 specialists in the field of sociology, marketing, political science, finance, psychology, statistics work in the Moscow office of the company. The Center is headed by Valery Fedorov. Since 2011, the Chairman of the Board of Directors is Yury Voytsekhovsky.

Among the company's employees are doctors and candidates of sciences, graduates of leading Russian and foreign universities (Moscow and St. Petersburg State Universities, Vienna and Moscow Diplomatic Academies, Higher School of Economics, etc.). Our own network of interviewers numbers about 5,000 people. The leading departments of the company include:

  • Development Directorate
  • Communications Directorate
  • Department of Social and Political Research
    • Department of Political Studies
    • Social Research Department
  • Office of Research for Business

Research by VTsIOM

At the regional and federal levels, in the post-Soviet space and in the “far abroad” countries, VTsIOM conducts research in 3 main areas:

  • politics (electoral research, monitoring of satisfaction with the authorities),
  • social sphere (education, medicine, family, housing and communal services, fight against corruption),
  • business (finance and insurance, real estate market, development of product and corporate brands, development of corporate reputation, trademark examination, information technology market, media measurement, sports industry, automotive market), etc.

VTsIOM regularly acts as a coordinator and executor of international research projects for foreign and Russian customers - both in Russia and abroad, including UNDP, US State Department, NATO, etc. Since 2004, the Center has been actively involved in building a system of regular sociological research in the post-Soviet space (within the framework of the Eurasian Monitor agency, one of the founders of which is VTsIOM - along with the sociological services of other former republics of the Soviet Union).

The work uses a wide range of research techniques (personal interviews, focus groups, mystery shopping, hall tests, exit polls, expert polls, telephone interviews, etc.). Information processing methods include both descriptive and inferior statistical analysis, special sampling programs, etc. Population polls are conducted weekly based on an all-Russian representative sample (1600 people in 140 settlements of 42 regions of Russia).

Some VTsIOM projects over the past 5 years

Scientific and teaching activities

VTsIOM has the status of a scientific institution. In addition, the Center has a scientific and expert council, which includes well-known Russian sociologists, political scientists, philosophers and historians. Since 1993, VTsIOM has been publishing its own scientific journal, Monitoring Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes. The journal is published 6 times a year and has been in the public domain since 2009 (both archived and fresh issues). The editorial board of Monitoring (completely renewed in 2003) includes leading Russian sociologists (employees of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow State University, RSSU, SU-HSE, GfK-Rus, etc.).

The department of VTsIOM operates at the sociological faculty of the Higher School of Economics (since 2008), and the scientific research center VTsIOM (since 2008) at the RSSU. VTsIOM conducts competitions of scientific works among young scientists - sociologists. Pays scholarships to the most talented sociology students.

The Center regularly publishes copyright and collective monographs on the state of public opinion in Russia. Among the latter: "From Yeltsin to Putin: Three Epochs in the Historical Consciousness of Russians" (2007), "Political Russia: An Election Guide 2007", "Political Dictionary of Our Time" (2006), "Russia at the Crossroads of a Second Term" (2005) ... VTsIOM employees regularly deliver reports at Russian and foreign scientific conferences and round tables.

The VTsIOM team maintains an archive in which public opinion research has been presented since 1992. Thus, the ARCHIVARIUS database of VTsIOM contains the results of Express public opinion polls from 1992 to the present, and the extended thematic archive contains functions of in-depth search in the Center's archive.

History

Birth. The first institute for the study of public opinion in Russia. 1987 year

The resolution on the creation of VTsIOM (then still "all-Union") was adopted at the July 1987 meeting of the Central Committee of the CPSU. The founders were the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the USSR State Committee for Labor. The first head of the center was Tatiana Zaslavskaya, an academician. Her deputy is Boris Grushin. According to Zaslavskaya, the Institute for Demoscopy in the Federal Republic of Germany, headed by E. Noel-Neumann, was a model for creating the center for her. In -1988, thanks to the organizational efforts of Grushin, a network of sociological centers was deployed in the republics of the USSR and regions of Russia. This made it possible in November 1988 to conduct the first mass polls on representative samples of the country's adult population; a year later, the studies were carried out on a systematic basis. In August 1989, Boris Grushin left VTsIOM and organized his own organization for the study of public opinion "Glas Naroda".

At the same time, VTsIOM, which appeared at the dawn of perestroika, precise definition Alexey Levinson, "Played the role of a mother swarm, from which emerging families, new agencies for the study of public opinion and the market were separated." So, in August 1989, Boris Grushin left VTsIOM and organized his own organization for the study of public opinion "Glas Naroda". In 1991, on the basis of the VTsIOM team, one of the leading marketing services was founded modern Russia - COMCON company. In 1992, FOM separated from VTsIOM, initially created as a subdivision of the center to attract funds from charitable organizations, and in 2003 VTsIOM-A was created, later renamed Levada Center.

2003 year. Conflict

Since its inception, VTsIOM has been a state sociological company. So, in 1987 the founders of the Center were the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the State Committee for Labor of the USSR, then (in 1998) the Center was re-registered as a federal state unitary enterprise (FSUE), and in August 2003, by the decision of the Ministry of Property Relations, FSUE VTsIOM was transformed into JSC All-Russian Center for the Study of Public opinions ". As before, the state remained the 100% owner of the organization. The board of directors of the company, consisting of representatives of the shareholder - the state, decided to replace the head of the Center (Yuri Levada), who headed the company in 1992-2003. A young political scientist Valery Fedorov was appointed in his place. Claims against Levada, according to the new leader, were: "stagnation in the scientific field" and the fact that under him were "undeservedly forgotten" studies of "the social situation in the country, the problem of poverty, unemployment, employment, labor market, emigration." One of the main tasks of Valery Fedorov as director, in his own words, was to preserve the research team of VTsIOM:

“He [Levada] wants to present his own removal as the destruction of a leading sociological center in Russia. I can assure you that such destruction will not occur. Unfortunately, Yuri Alexandrovich is trying to present his dismissal as a massive exodus from VTsIOM. We, of course, will not allow this " .

Further history (2003-present)

VTsIOM continued to conduct research programs started by the previous team and to publish the journal “Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes” (the former editorial team continued to work in the newly created journal “Public Opinion Bulletin” since 2003).

The priority area of \u200b\u200bVTsIOM's research today is the political moods of the population, attitudes towards government bodies at all levels, their decisions, initiatives and programs. In addition to the authorities, VTsIOM is still conducting research on orders from the largest Russian commercial companies and public associations. New areas of research also appeared, in particular, the company began to pay more attention to the social situation in the country, as well as marketing and international research.

So since 2003, VTsIOM has been conducting weekly construction of indices of social well-being. The empirical basis for calculating the indices underlying the time series is the data of weekly express polls conducted by VTsIOM on a representative all-Russian sample (taking into account quotas by sex, age, education and territorial zoning of the State Statistics Committee) in 42 regions, territories and republics of Russia in 140 settlements (number of respondents 1600 people).

Since 2003, research in the post-Soviet space has also become more important. In 2003 the company became one of the founders of the research agency "Eurasian Monitor" and by 2009 conducts regular surveys of the population in 14 states of the former USSR.

In July 2016, VTsIOM agreed with the British holding WPP to purchase TNS Russia, which measures TV audience in Russia to calculate the cost of advertising. The talks about the sale were started at the end of June 2016, after the State Duma adopted a ban on foreign companies to engage in telemetry in Russia if the share of foreign participation is more than 20%.

Criticism

The company is sometimes accused by those who are the object of its research. So, the leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Gennady Zyuganov, criticizes the objectivity and correctness of the Center's research: "I believe that this is an unfair study," said the Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation G. A. Zyuganov, assessing, at the request of the media, the published results of the VTsIOM study on the problem of V. I. Lenin (according to this study, Russians are in favor of reburial of Lenin's body in the cemetery).

VTsIOM often makes calls to the home phones of citizens without their prior consent, and they can call at late hours of the day, and on weekends and holidays.

The trial between "The New Times" and VTsIOM

VTsIOM is also accused of "special" relations with the Kremlin. For example, Natalia Morar, one of the authors of The New Times magazine, in the fall of 2007, published a series of materials on the corruption of VTsIOM and the manipulations used in the center's research to please the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation. In December 2007, it became known that Natalia Morar was banned from entering Russia. VTsIOM also filed a lawsuit against The New Times magazine, and after a ten-month trial in September 2008, the Moscow Arbitration Court found the published information that the center had a “special commercial relationship” with the Kremlin “untrue” and ordered the magazine publish a refutation and pay a fine of 10,000 rubles, and the journalist who wrote the articles was ordered by the court to pay a fine of 100 rubles.

However, with regard to the accusations that "when conducting polls, sociologists from VTsIOM, on instructions from various parties, use so-called formative questions, that is, questions that lead to strictly definite answers," the court refused to satisfy VTsIOM's claims. The court decided: “The applicant's argument that the polls conducted by VTsIOM were not of a formative nature is unfounded”, and “the press release of VTsIOM No. 771 dated September 18, 2007, to which there is a reference in the statement of claim, testifies to the opposite,” the decision says Of the Moscow Arbitration Court. The judgment in this connection was contested by the applicant and the investigation is ongoing.

However, in August 2013, the director of VTsIOM, Valery Fedorov, noted that the main customer of VTsIOM is the Kremlin and the United Russia party, and that the results of surveys conducted on their orders can be published only after the customer's permission.

Society, Mar 19, 18:28

VTsIOM reported an increase in the number of Russians fearing infection with the virus ..., has grown since February, according to published by the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ( VTsIOM) survey results. In mid-March, a positive answer to the question about ... infection. More than 80% of those surveyed are well informed about the pandemic. VTsIOM notes that there were 14 pp. more on ...

Society, 18 Mar, 14:17

VTsIOM called the number of Crimeans ready to vote again for the accession Six years after the referendum in Crimea, 88% of Crimeans said they would again support joining Russia. This is evidenced by the data of a survey conducted by VTsIOM. The same position was voiced by 84% of the polled residents of Sevastopol. 4% of Crimeans and 7% of Sevastopol would vote for preserving the status of the Autonomous Republic within Ukraine. Still about ...

Society, 12 Mar, 17:38

VTsIOM named the share of Russians aware of the zeroing of presidential terms .... This follows from the results of a survey by the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center ( VTsIOM). At the same time, they are "well aware" of the amendment proposed by the deputy Valentina Tereshkova ... 64% of Russians plan to vote for the proposed amendments to the Constitution. Experts VTsIOM note that since March 6, this share of Russians has increased by ..., and the Constitutional Court recognizes it as consistent with the principles of the Basic Law. Poll VTsIOM spent March 11 as a telephone interview. Participation in it ...

Mar 11, 14:30

In Bashkiria, the shortage of engineers, doctors and teachers was assessed ... the top 10 scarce qualifications. National Agency for the Development of Qualifications (NARK) and VTsIOM presented data on existing and prospective qualifications in the Russian economy ...

Politics, 05 Mar, 21:17

VTsIOM named the share of Russians who know about voting on the Constitution ... 83%. This is evidenced by the data of the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ( VTsIOM). Thus, from February 12, the share of those who know about what is planned for ..., the Russian people and the union of a man and a woman At the end of January VTsIOM conducted a survey that showed that of all the amendments to the Constitution ...

Society, 05 Mar, 15:45

Almost two-thirds of Russian men planned to give flowers on March 8 ... this is evidenced by data from a survey published by the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ( VTsIOM). According to the survey, flowers were chosen as a gift for girlfriends and ...

Society, Feb 26, 11:30 am

Russians named the most effective ways protection against coronavirus According to the majority of respondents, you can protect yourself from infection by washing your hands and observing hygiene, avoiding crowded places, wearing masks and not going to China. 99% of Russians surveyed have heard about the outbreak of the disease caused by the novel coronavirus COVID-19, it follows from research data from VTsIOM. Half of them (52%) fear that they might ...

Society, Feb 18, 1:31 pm

VTsIOM called the share of Russians who consider themselves good ... from the results of a survey conducted by the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center ( VTsIOM). It is indicated that women are most often confident in their kindness and ... by telephone among 1600 residents of the country over 18 years old. In November VTsIOM assessed the level of happiness in Russia. According to the survey, 81% of residents ...

Politics, 14 Feb, 23:08

VTsIOM assessed Russians' trust in Putin The trust rating of President Vladimir Putin was 71.3%, according to the VTsIOM website. The telephone survey, which was conducted from February 3 to 9, was attended by 1.6 thousand people. No confidence in the head of state was declared by 24.8% of respondents. At the end of January, the percentage of those who trust Putin was 73.9% (maximum for three months). Putin's trust rating rose to ...

Politics, 03 Feb, 00:00

The most popular amendments to the Constitution were supported by more than 90% of Russians ... pensions and fixing the minimum wage not lower than the subsistence level, the survey showed VTsIOM VTsIOM conducted a survey on the attitude of Russians to the amendments proposed by Vladimir Putin ... Putin's trust rating rises to maximum in three months ... the value of the indicator recorded since November 2019. Such data leads VTsIOM in his poll “Ratings of trust in politicians, assessments of the president's work, support ..., which has grown after his speech with a message to the Federation Council. Indicators VTsIOM were calculated by the average, the survey was conducted from the 20th to ... FOM, following VTsIOM, refused the electoral ratings of the president ... cast their vote if elections were held next Sunday. VTsIOM stopped publishing such ratings in mid-2018. "Presidential elections ... ratings can be published when presidential candidates are identified and nominated." VTsIOM plans to resume such polls no earlier than 2022 ... More than 10% of Russians declared distrust of artificial intelligence VTsIOM Russians named the best universities in the country ... A poll conducted by the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ( VTsIOM), showed that Russians consider Moscow State University the best university in the country. Lomonosov. ... The head of VTsIOM named the most popular foreign politician among Russians ... it is "a strange funny eccentric from the last century," said the head VTsIOM The most popular foreign politician among Russians is President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko ... VTsIOM recorded an increase in the approval rating of Putin's work after the message ...% positive, in the past it was almost 30% less, ”concluded Fedorov. VTsIOM conducted a telephone survey on January 16 among Russians over 18 ... Russians are disappointed in the idea of \u200b\u200btransferring New Year's holidays to May ... older generations, ”commented the director of strategic development VTsIOM Stepan Lvov. The Russians have named the ideal duration of the New Year holidays In December ... VTsIOM named the most common New Year promises of Russians ... more time for the family, experts from the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ( VTsIOM). The results of the survey are at the disposal of RBC. About the desire to do more ... myself "live until next year", work more and finish building the house. VTsIOM notes that the majority of respondents - 57% - are not going to give themselves ... 24% of respondents manage to keep their promise. Before New Year VTsIOM reported that the cherished dream for Russians is health for themselves ... Most Russians opposed the return of beer sales at stadiums ... activities. This is evidenced by the data of the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ( VTsIOM) received by RBC. According to the respondents, it is more appropriate to drink beer at ... Sociologists named the most popular dishes in the New Year's menu among Russians The most popular dishes on the New Year's menu of Russians are Olivier, tangerines and salad "Herring under a fur coat". This is evidenced by the data of the VTsIOM poll. Sociologists compared how much the taste preferences of Russian residents have changed in New Year in ten years. The three leaders among New Year's dishes from 2009 to 2019 have not changed: in the first place - Olivier ... Russians named their cherished dreams Most often, Russians want health for themselves and their loved ones, as well as better living conditions - this was reported by 10% of respondents, according to the results of a poll by VTsIOM, TASS reports. Another 8% dream of traveling, and 7% dream of raising successful children and grandchildren. 6% of the respondents want material well-being for themselves, and 5% would like to move to the sea. 4% ... Nonlinear Relationship: How Relations with Officials Affect Investors Despite the general not very optimistic economic background, the number of investor companies in Russian regions is growing, especially where contacts with officials are less important for successful business. Against the background of discussions about economic growth in the range of 1-2% per year and general pessimistic expectations, the value good news goes up, especially if they ... VTsIOM estimated the number of Russians approving the law on domestic violence The majority of Russians - 70% - believe that the country needs a law on domestic violence. This follows from the published results of the VTsIOM poll. At the same time, women attach more importance to the law on the prevention of domestic violence than men: they answered positively the question about the need for a document in 80% of cases, and men - in 57% of cases. 17% ... More than 40% of companies in Russia refused to implement artificial Intelligence ... follows from the results of a joint survey of the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ( VTsIOM) and the project office for the implementation of the digital economy national program of the Analytical Center ... More than 40% of Russians declared distrust of doctors ... services: a request for strict control "of the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ( VTsIOM) and the Center for Social Design "Platform", which RBC got acquainted with. How... Almost 80% of Russians supported the participation of their children in volunteer projects ... and volunteer projects, said the head of policy analysis and consulting practice VTsIOM Mikhail Mamonov, reports TASS. According to him, 83% of respondents named ... More than 15% of Russians declared their readiness to accept any state bans 55% of the participants in the VTsIOM poll admitted that in the coming years the state may introduce bans that will qualitatively affect their lives. Almost the same - 53% - are ready to defend their interests and fight against interfering bans Fear of bans More than half of Russians surveyed by VTsIOM - 55% - expressed fear that in the coming years the state might ... Russians allowed a return to regular cigarettes while limiting vaping ... the population of Russia. Demand for traditional cigarettes has fallen in Russia Why VTsIOM asks Russians about vaping The anti-tobacco strategy of the state, which consisted of bans ... the delivery of nicotine at 50 rubles. per device. How the study was conducted VTsIOM conducted two surveys: among consumers of electronic cigarettes and devices for ..., who smoke regular cigarettes and use nicotine delivery systems (their VTsIOM calls dualists), and vapers - consumers of only vapes and delivery systems ... VTsIOM explained the plans of young people to leave Russia with a desire to see the world Less than 5% of young people would like to leave the country forever. 41% want to see the world, get an education abroad, work, and then return. According to the Levada Center, 53% of young Russians would like to leave Russia 4.8% of Russians under the age of 35 would like to move abroad for permanent residence. 40% say they do not intend to move for ... What happened during the night. The main rBC news ... dictators, as with its help they can monitor the population. VTsIOM discovered the request of Russians to replace the ruling party Most Russians (63 ...