The development of weapons and military equipment during the Second World War. Military equipment during the great patriotic war armament and military equipment wwii

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists using the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Military equipment of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945

Plan

Introduction

1. Aviation

2. Tanks and self-propelled guns

3. Armored vehicles

4. Other military equipment

Literature

Introduction

The victory over fascist Germany and its allies was won by the joint efforts of the states of the anti-fascist coalition, the peoples who fought against the occupiers and their accomplices. But the decisive role in this armed battle was played by the Soviet Union. It was the Soviet country that was the most active and consistent fighter against the fascist invaders who sought to enslave the peoples of the whole world.

On the territory of the Soviet Union, a significant number of national military formations with a total number of 550 thousand people, for whose armament about 960 thousand rifles, carbines and machine guns, more than 40.5 thousand machine guns, 16.5 thousand guns and mortars, over 2300 aircraft, more than 1100 tanks and self-propelled guns were donated. Considerable assistance was also rendered in the training of national command personnel.

The results and consequences of the Great Patriotic War are grandiose in their scale and historical significance. It was not "military happiness," not coincidences that led the Red Army to a brilliant victory. Throughout the war, the Soviet economy successfully coped with providing the front with the necessary weapons and ammunition.

Soviet industry in 1942 - 1944 produced more than 2 thousand tanks monthly, while German industry only in May 1944 reached a maximum of 1,450 tanks; field artillery guns in the Soviet Union were produced more than 2 times, and mortars were 5 times more than in Germany. The secret of this "economic miracle" lies in the fact that, in fulfilling the tense plans of the war economy, the workers, peasants, and the intelligentsia displayed massive labor heroism. Following the slogan “Everything for the front! Everything for Victory! ”, Regardless of any hardships, the home front workers did everything to provide the army with perfect weapons, to dress, shoe and feed the soldiers, to ensure the uninterrupted operation of transport and the entire national economy. The Soviet military industry surpassed the German fascist industry not only in quantity but also in quality of the main types of weapons and equipment. Soviet scientists and designers have radically improved many technological processes, tirelessly created and improved military equipment and weapons. For example, the T-34 medium tank, which has undergone several modifications, is rightfully considered the best tank of the Great Patriotic War.

Mass heroism, unprecedented steadfastness, courage and dedication, selfless devotion to the homeland of Soviet people at the front, behind enemy lines, labor exploits of workers, peasants and intelligentsia were the most important factor in achieving our Victory. History has not known such examples of mass heroism and labor enthusiasm.

One can name thousands of glorious Soviet soldiers who performed remarkable feats in the name of the Motherland, in the name of Victory over the enemy. More than 300 times in the Great Patriotic War the immortal feat of infantrymen A.K. V.V. Pankratov Vasilkovsky and A.M. Matrosov. The names of Yu.V. are inscribed in gold letters in the combat chronicle of the Soviet Motherland. Smirnova, A.P. Maresyev, paratrooper K.F. Olshansky, the Panfilov heroes and many, many others. The names of D.M. Karbyshev and M. Jalil. The names of M.A. Egorova and M.V. Kantaria, hoisting the Victory Banner over the Reichstag. More than 7 million people who fought on the fronts of the war were awarded orders and medals. 11358 people were awarded the highest degree of military distinction - the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

After watching various films about the war, hearing in the media about the approaching 65th anniversary of the Great Patriotic War, I wondered what kind of military equipment helped our people to defeat Nazi Germany.

1. Aviation

In the creative competition of design bureaus that developed new fighters at the end of the thirties, the team headed by A.S. Yakovlev achieved great success. The experienced I-26 fighter created by him passed the tests and under the brand name Yak-1 was accepted into mass production. In terms of its aerobatic and combat qualities, the Yak-1 was among the best front-line fighters.

During the Great Patriotic War, it was modified several times. On its basis, more advanced fighters Yak-1M and Yak-3 were created. Yak-1M - single-seat fighter, development of Yak-1. Created in 1943 in two copies: prototype No. 1 and a backup. The Yak-1M was the lightest and most maneuverable fighter in the world for its time.

Constructors: Lavochkin, Gorbunov, Gudkov - LaGG

The introduction of the aircraft did not go smoothly, since the aircraft and its blueprints were still quite "raw", not finalized for serial production. It was not possible to establish in-line production. With the release of serial aircraft and their arrival in military units, wishes and requirements began to come to strengthen weapons and increase the volume of tanks. An increase in the capacity of gas tanks made it possible to increase the flight range from 660 to 1000 km. Automatic slats were installed, but more conventional aircraft were in the series. The factories, having produced about 100 LaGG-1 machines, began to build its version - LaGG-3. All this was carried out to the best of its ability, but the plane became heavier and its flight qualities decreased. In addition, winter camouflage - the rough surface of the paintwork - worsened the aerodynamics of the aircraft (and the prototype of the dark cherry color was polished to a shine, for which it was called the "piano" or "radio"). The general culture of weight in LaGG and La aircraft was lower than in Yak aircraft, where it was perfected. But the survivability of the LaGG (and then La) design was exceptional. LaGG-3 in the first period of the war was one of the main front-line fighters. In 1941-1943. the factories built over 6.5 thousand LaGG aircraft.

It was a cantilever low-wing plane with smooth lines and a retractable landing gear with a tail wheel; it was unique among fighters of the time because it had an all-wood construction, with the exception of the steering surfaces which had a metal frame and linen; the fuselage, empennage and wings had a wooden load-bearing structure, to which diagonal strips of plywood were attached using phenol-formaldehyde rubber.

More than 6,500 LaGG-3s were built, with later versions having a retractable tailwheel and the ability to carry dumped fuel tanks. The armament included a 20 mm cannon that fired through the propeller hub, two 12.7 mm (0.5 inch) machine guns, and underwing mounts for unguided rockets or light bombs.

The armament of the serial LaGG-3 consisted of one ShVAK cannon, one or two BS and two ShKAS, 6 RS-82 shells were also suspended. There were also production aircraft with a 37-mm Shpitalny Sh-37 (1942) and Nudelman NS-37 (1943) cannon. LaGG-3 with Sh-37 cannon was called "tank destroyer".

In the mid-30s, perhaps, there was no fighter that would have enjoyed such wide popularity in aviation circles as the I-16 (TsKB-12), designed by a team headed by N.N. Polikarpov.

By its appearance and flying qualities I-16 differed sharply from most of its serial contemporaries.

The I-16 was created as a high-speed fighter, in which the goal of achieving maximum maneuverability for air combat was simultaneously pursued. For this, the center of gravity in flight was aligned with the center of pressure by about 31% of the MAR. It was believed that in this case the aircraft would be more maneuverable. In fact, it turned out that the I-16 became practically not stable enough, especially during planning, required a lot of attention from the pilot, and reacted to the slightest movement of the handle. And along with this, there was, perhaps, no aircraft that would make such a great impression on contemporaries with its speed qualities. The small I-16 embodied the idea of \u200b\u200ba high-speed aircraft, which, moreover, performed very effectively aerobatics, and favorably differed from any biplane. After each modification, the aircraft's speed, ceiling and armament increased.

The armament of the I-16 1939 release consisted of two cannons and two machine guns. Aircraft of the first series received the baptism of fire in battles with the Nazis in the skies of Spain. On machines of subsequent releases with installations for rockets, our pilots smashed the Japanese militarists on Khalkhin Gol. I-16s took part in battles with Nazi aircraft in the first period of the Great Patriotic War. These fighters fought and won many victories twice Heroes of the Soviet Union G. P. Kravchenko, S. I. Gritsevets, A. V. Vorozheikin, V. F. Safonov and other pilots.

I-16 type 24 took part in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War. I-16, adapted for a dive bomb strike /

One of the most formidable combat aircraft of the Second World War, the Ilyushin Il-2, was produced in huge quantities. Soviet sources call the figure 36163 aircraft. A characteristic feature of the two-seater TsKB-55 or BSh-2 aircraft, developed in 1938 by Sergei Ilyushin and his Central Design Bureau, was an armored shell, which was integral with the fuselage structure and protected the crew, engine, radiators and fuel tank. The aircraft perfectly suited the role of an attack aircraft defined for it, as it was well protected during an attack from low altitudes, but it was abandoned in favor of a lighter single-seat model - the TsKB-57 aircraft, which had an AM-38 engine with a capacity of 1268 kW (1700 hp). from.), a raised, well-streamlined cockpit canopy, two 20 mm cannons instead of two of the four machine guns mounted on the wing, as well as underwing rocket launchers. The first prototype took off on October 12, 1940.

Serial copies designated IL-2, they were generally similar to the TsKB-57 model, but had a modified windshield and a shortened fairing for the rear of the cockpit canopy. The single-seat version of the Il-2 quickly proved to be a highly effective weapon. However, losses during 1941-42. due to the lack of fighters, the escorts were very large. In February 1942, it was decided to return to the two-seater version of the Il-2 in accordance with Ilyushin's original concept. An Il-2M aircraft had a shooter in the rear cockpit under a common canopy. Two of these aircraft passed flight tests in March, and production aircraft appeared in September 1942. A new version of the Il-2 Type 3 (or Il-2m3) aircraft first appeared in Stalingrad in early 1943.

Il-2 aircraft were used by the USSR Navy for anti-ship operations, in addition, specialized Il-2T torpedo bombers were developed. On land, this aircraft was used when necessary for reconnaissance and setting smoke screens.

In the last year of World War II, Il-2 aircraft were used by Polish and Czechoslovak units that flew together with Soviet ones. These attack aircraft remained in service with the USSR Air Force for several post-war years and for a slightly longer time in other countries of Eastern Europe.

To provide a replacement for the Il-2 attack aircraft, two different prototype aircraft were developed in 1943. The Il-8 variant, while maintaining a close resemblance to the Il-2, was equipped with a more powerful AM-42 engine, had a new wing, horizontal tail unit and landing gear, combined with the fuselage of the Il-2 aircraft of later production. It passed flight tests in April 1944, but was abandoned in favor of the Il-10, which was a completely new development of an all-metal structure and an improved aerodynamic shape. Mass production began in August 1944, and evaluation in active regiments two months later. This aircraft was first used in February 1945, and by the spring its production peaked. Before the surrender of Germany, many regiments were re-equipped with these attack aircraft; a significant number of them took part in short but large-scale operations against the Japanese invaders in Manchuria and Korea during August 1945.

During the Great Patriotic War Pe-2 was the most massive Soviet bomber. These aircraft took part in battles on all fronts, were used by land and naval aviation as bombers, fighters, and reconnaissance aircraft.

In our country, the first dive bomber was A.A. Ar-2. Arkhangelsk, which was a modernization of the Security Council. The Ar-2 bomber was developed almost in parallel with the future Pe-2, but was quickly put into mass production, since it was based on a well-developed aircraft. However, the design of the SB was already quite outdated, so there were practically no prospects for the further development of the Ar-2. A little later, a small series (five pieces) of the SPB aircraft of N.N. Polikarpov, which surpassed the Ar-2 in armament and flight characteristics. Since numerous accidents occurred during flight tests, after a lengthy refinement of this machine, work was stopped.

Several accidents occurred during the tests of the "weave". The right engine of Stefanovsky's plane failed, and he barely landed the car at the maintenance site, miraculously "jumping" over the hangar and the goats drawn up around it. The second plane, the "backup", on which A.M. Khripkov and P.I. Perevalov flew, also suffered an accident. After takeoff, a fire broke out on it, and the pilot blinded by the smoke sat down on the first landing site, crushing the people who were there.

Despite these accidents, the aircraft showed high flight characteristics and it was decided to build it serially. Experienced "weaving" was demonstrated at the May Day parade of 1940. State tests of the "weave" ended on May 10, 1940, and on June 23 the plane was accepted for serial production. The production aircraft had some differences. The most noticeable external change was the forward shift of the cockpit. Behind the pilot, slightly to the right, was the navigator's seat. The nose section was glazed at the bottom, which made it possible to aim during bombing. The navigator had a ShKAS machine gun firing back on a pivot mount.

Serial production of the Pe-2 developed very quickly. In the spring of 1941, these machines began to enter combat units. On May 1, 1941, a Pe-2 regiment (95th Colonel S.A. Pestov) flew over Red Square in parade formation. These machines were "appropriated" by FP Polynov's 13th Air Division, which independently studied them and successfully used them in battles on the territory of Belarus.

Unfortunately, by the beginning of hostilities, the aircraft was still poorly mastered by the pilots. The relative complexity of the aircraft played a role here, and the dive bombing tactics, fundamentally new for Soviet pilots, and the absence of twin-steered aircraft, and design defects, in particular, insufficient landing gear depreciation and poor sealing of the fuselage, which increased the fire hazard. Subsequently, it was also noted that takeoff and landing on the Pe-2 is much more difficult than on the domestic SB or DB-3, or the American Douglas A-20 "Boston". In addition, the flight personnel of the rapidly growing Soviet Air Force were inexperienced. For example, in the Leningrad District, more than half of the flight personnel graduated from aviation schools in the fall of 1940 and had very few flight hours.

Despite the listed difficulties, the units armed with the Pe-2 fought successfully already in the first months of the Great Patriotic War.

On the afternoon of June 22, 1941, 17 Pe-2 aircraft of the 5th Bomber Aviation Regiment bombed the Galatsky Bridge over the Prut River. This high-speed and sufficiently maneuverable aircraft could operate during the day in conditions of enemy air superiority. So, on October 5, 1941, the crew of the station. Lieutenant Gorslikhin took battle with nine German Bf 109 fighters and shot down three of them.

On January 12, 1942, V.M. Petlyakov died in a plane crash. The Pe-2 plane, on which the designer was flying, on the way to Moscow got into a heavy snowfall, lost orientation and crashed into a hill in the Arzamas region. The place of the chief designer was briefly taken by A.M. Izakson, and then he was replaced by A.I.Putilov.

The front was in dire need of modern bombers.

From the autumn of 1941, the Pe-2 was already actively used on all fronts, as well as in the naval aviation of the Baltic and Black Sea fleets. The formation of new units was carried out at an accelerated pace. For this, the most experienced pilots were involved, including test pilots of the Air Force Research Institute, from which a separate Pe-2 regiment (410th) was formed. During the counter-offensive near Moscow, Pe-2s already accounted for about a quarter of the bombers concentrated for the operation. and one Pe-3, i.e. about 8%.

Pe-2 regiments were often thrown from place to place, using them in the most dangerous areas. Near Stalingrad, the 150th regiment of Colonel I.S. Polbin (later a general, commander of an air corps) became famous. This regiment performed the most important tasks. Having mastered well dive bombing, the pilots delivered powerful blows to the enemy during the day. For example, a large gas storage was destroyed near the Morozovsky farm. When the Germans organized an "air bridge" to Stalingrad, the dive bombers took part in the destruction of German transport aircraft at the airfields. On December 30, 1942, six Pe-2s of the 150th regiment burned 20 German three-engine Junkers Ju52 / 3m aircraft in Tormosin. In the winter of 1942-1943, a dive bomber of the Baltic Fleet Air Force bombed the bridge over Narva, sharply hampering the supply of German troops near Leningrad (the bridge was restored for a month).

In the course of the “battles, the tactics of Soviet dive bombers also changed. At the end of the Battle of Stalingrad, strike groups of 30 -70 aircraft were already used instead of the previous "triplets" and "nines". Here was born the famous Polbinsk "turntable" - a giant inclined wheel of dozens of dive bombers, covering each other from the tail and alternately delivering well-aimed strikes. In the conditions of street battles, the Pe-2 operated from low altitudes with extreme precision.

However, there was still a shortage of experienced pilots. The bombs were dropped mainly from level flight, young pilots did not fly well on instruments.

In 1943, VM Myasishchev, also a former "enemy of the people", and later a well-known Soviet aircraft designer, creator of heavy strategic bombers, was appointed head of the design bureau. He was faced with the task of modernizing the Pe-2 in relation to the new conditions at the front.

Enemy aviation developed rapidly. In the fall of 1941, the first Messerschmitt Bf 109F fighters appeared on the Soviet-German front. The situation required bringing the characteristics of the Pe-2 in line with the capabilities of the new enemy aircraft. At the same time, it should be taken into account that the maximum speed of the Pe-2 produced in 1942 even slightly decreased in comparison with the pre-war aircraft. This was also affected by the additional weight caused by more powerful weapons, armor, and the deterioration in assembly quality (mostly women and teenagers worked at the factories, who, with all their efforts, lacked the skill of regular workers). Poor-quality sealing of aircraft, poor fit of skin sheets, etc. were noted.

Since 1943, the Pe-2 took first place in the number of aircraft of this type in bomber aviation. In 1944, the Pe-2 took part in almost all major offensive operations. Soviet army... In February, 9 Pe-2s destroyed the bridge across the Dnieper near Rogachov with direct hits. The Germans pressed to the shore were destroyed by Soviet troops. At the beginning of the Korsun-Shevchenkovo \u200b\u200boperation, the 202nd air division struck powerful strikes at the airfields in Uman and Khristinovka. In March 1944, the Pe-2 of the 36th regiment destroyed the German crossings on the Dniester river. Dive bombers proved to be very effective in the mountainous conditions of the Carpathians. 548 Pe-2 took part in aviation training before the offensive in Belarus. On June 29, 1944, the Pe-2 destroyed the bridge across the Berezina - the only way out of the Belarusian "boiler".

Naval aviation widely used the Pe-2 against enemy ships. True, the short range and relatively weak instrumentation of the aircraft interfered here, but in the conditions of the Baltic and Black Seas, these aircraft operated quite successfully - with the participation of dive bombers, the German cruiser Niobe and a number of large transports were sunk.

In 1944 the average bombing accuracy increased by 11% in comparison with 1943. The already well mastered Pe-2 made a significant contribution here.

Not without these bombers at the final stage of the war. They operated throughout Eastern Europe, accompanying the Soviet offensive. The Pe-2s played an important role in the assault on Konigsberg and the Pillau naval base. IN total 743 Pe-2 and Tu-2 dive bombers took part in the Berlin operation. For example, on April 30, 1945, one of the targets of the Pe-2 was the Gestapo building in Berlin. Apparently, the last combat sortie of the Pe-2 in Europe took place on May 7, 1945. Soviet pilots destroyed the runway at the Sirava airfield, from where German planes were going to fly to Sweden.

Pe-2s also took part in a short campaign in the Far East. In particular, dive bombers of the 34th Bomber Regiment, during attacks on the ports of Racine and Seishin in Korea, sank three transports and two tankers and damaged five more transports.

The production of the Pe-2 ceased in the winter of 1945-1946.

Pe-2 - the main aircraft of the Soviet bomber aviation - played an outstanding role in achieving victory in the Great Patriotic War. This aircraft was used as a bomber, reconnaissance, fighter (it was not used only as a torpedo bomber). Pe-2 fought on all fronts and in the naval aviation of all fleets. In the hands of Soviet pilots, the Pe-2 fully revealed its capabilities. Speed, maneuverability, powerful armament plus strength, reliability and survivability were its hallmarks. The Pe-2 was popular with pilots who often preferred this aircraft to foreign ones. From the first to last day During the Great Patriotic War "Pawn" served faithfully.

Plane Petlyakov Pe-8 was the only heavy four-engine bomber in the USSR during World War II.

In October 1940, a diesel engine was chosen as the standard power plant. The bombing of Berlin in August 1941 revealed that they were also unreliable. It was decided to stop using diesel engines. By that time, the TB-7 designation had been changed to Pe-8, and by the end of serial production in October 1941, a total of 79 such aircraft had been built; By the end of 1942, ASh-82FN engines were installed on about 48 of the total number of aircraft. One aircraft with AM-35A engines made a magnificent flight with intermediate landings from Moscow to Washington and back between May 19 and June 13, 1942. The surviving aircraft were used extensively in 1942-43. for close support, and from February 1943 for the delivery of bombs weighing 5000 kg for precise attacks on special targets. After the war, in 1952, two Pe-8s played a key role in the founding of the Arctic station, making non-stop flights with a range of 5000 km (3107 miles).

Aircraft creation Tu-2 (front-line bomber) began at the end of 1939 by a design group headed by A.N. Tupolev. In January 1941, a prototype aircraft designated "103" went out for testing. In May of the same year, tests began on its improved version "103U", which was distinguished by stronger defensive armament, a changed location of the crew, which consisted of a pilot, a navigator (he could be a gunner if necessary), a radio operator and a gunner. The aircraft was equipped with high-altitude AM-37 engines. During the tests the aircraft "103" and "103U" showed outstanding flying qualities. In terms of speed at medium and high altitudes, flight range, bomb load and defensive armament power, they significantly exceeded the Pe-2. At altitudes over 6 km, they flew faster than almost all production fighters, both Soviet and German, second only to the domestic MiG-3 fighter.

In July 1941, it was decided to launch "103U" into series. However, in the conditions of the outbreak of war and the large-scale evacuation of aviation enterprises, it was not possible to organize the production of AM-37 engines. Therefore, the designers had to remake the plane for other engines. They were M-82 A.D. Shvedkov, which have just begun mass production. Aircraft of this type have been used on the fronts since 1944. The production of this type of bombers continued for several years after the war, until they were replaced by jet bombers. A total of 2,547 aircraft were built.

Raised from the front-line airfield, 18 red-star Yak-3 fighters on a July day in 1944 met over the battlefield with 30 enemy fighters. In a fast-paced fierce battle soviet pilots won a complete victory. They shot down 15 fascist planes and lost only one. The battle once again confirmed the high skill of our pilots and the excellent qualities of the new Soviet fighter.

Aircraft Yak-3 created in 1943 a team headed by A.S. Yakovlev, developing the Yak-1M fighter that had already justified itself in battles. The Yak-3 differed from its predecessor by a smaller wing (its area is 14.85 square meters instead of 17.15) with the same fuselage dimensions and a number of aerodynamic and design improvements. It was one of the lightest fighters in the world in the first half of the forties.

Given the experience combat use fighter Yak-7, remarks and suggestions of pilots, A.S. Yakovlev made a number of significant changes to the car.

In essence, it was a new aircraft, although the factories needed to make very small changes in the production technology and equipment during its construction. Therefore, they were able to quickly master the modernized version of the fighter, called the Yak-9. Since 1943, the Yak-9 has become, in essence, the main aircraft in air combat. This was the most massive type of front-line fighter aircraft in our Air Force during the Great Patriotic War. In speed, maneuverability, flight range and armament, the Yak-9 surpassed all serial fighters of Nazi Germany. At combat altitudes (2300-4300 m), the fighter developed a speed of 570 and 600 km / h, respectively. For a set of 5 thousand meters, it took him 5 minutes. The maximum ceiling reached 11 km, which made it possible to use the Yak-9 in the country's air defense system to intercept and destroy enemy high-altitude aircraft.

During the war, the design bureau created several modifications of the Yak-9. They differed from the main type mainly in armament and fuel reserves.

The team of the design bureau, headed by S.A. Lavochkin, in December 1941 completed the modification of the serially built LaGG-Z fighter under the ASh-82 radial engine. The alterations were relatively small, the dimensions and design of the aircraft were preserved, but due to the larger midsection of the new engine, a second, non-working skin was added to the sides of the fuselage.

Already in September 1942, fighter regiments equipped with vehicles La-5, participated in the Battle of Stalingrad and achieved major successes. The battles showed that the new Soviet fighter has serious advantages over the Nazi aircraft of the same class.

The efficiency of performing a large amount of finishing work during the tests of the La-5 was largely determined by the close interaction of S.A. Lavochkin's design bureau with the Air Force Research Institute, LII, TsIAM and A.D.Shvetsov's design bureau. Thanks to this, it was possible in the shortest possible time to solve many issues related mainly to the layout of the power plant, and to bring the La-5 to the series, before another fighter appeared on the conveyor instead of LaGG.

Production of the La-5 was rapidly increasing, and in the fall of 1942, the first aviation regiments appeared near Stalingrad, which were armed with this fighter. I must say that La-5 was not the only option for converting LaGG-Z under the M-82 engine. Even in the summer of 1941. a similar modification was carried out in Moscow under the leadership of MI Gudkov (the plane was called the Gu-82). This plane received good review Research Institute of the Air Force. The subsequent evacuation and, apparently, underestimation at that moment of the importance of such work greatly delayed the testing and development of this fighter.

As for the La-5, it quickly gained recognition. High level flight speeds, good rate of climb and throttle response, combined with better vertical maneuverability than LaGG-Z, led to a sharp qualitative leap in the transition from LaGG-Z to La-5. The air-cooled motor had greater survivability than the liquid-cooled motor, and at the same time served as a kind of protection for the pilot from fire from the front hemisphere. Using this property, the pilots who flew on the La-5 boldly went into frontal attacks, imposing on the enemy a favorable battle tactics.

But all the advantages of La-5 at the front did not appear immediately. At first, due to a number of "childhood diseases", his fighting qualities were significantly reduced. Of course, with the transition to serial production, the flight data of the La-5 deteriorated somewhat compared to its prototype, but not as significantly as that of other Soviet fighters. So, the speed at low and medium altitudes decreased by only 7-11 km / h, the rate of climb almost did not change, and the turn time due to the installation of slats even decreased from 25 to 22.6 s. However, it was difficult to realize the maximum capabilities of the fighter in battle. Overheating of the engine limited the time for using maximum power, the oil system needed to be improved, in the cockpit the air temperature reached 55-60 ° C, the emergency reset system and the quality of plexiglass needed to be improved. In 1943, 5047 La-5 fighters were produced.

The La-7, which was put into serial production in the last year of the war, became one of the main front-line fighters. On this plane I.N. Kozhedub, awarded three gold stars of the Hero of the Soviet Union, won most of his victories.

La-5 fighters from the first days of their appearance at the front-line airfields proved to be excellent in battles with the Nazi invaders. The pilots liked the maneuverability of the La-5, their ease of control, powerful armament, a tenacious star-shaped engine that protected well from front fire, and a fairly high speed. Our pilots won many brilliant victories on these machines.

The design team of S.A. Lavochkin persistently improved the proven machine. At the end of 1943, its modification was released - La-7.

The La-7, which was put into serial production in the last year of the war, became one of the main front-line fighters. On this plane, I.N. Kozhedub, awarded three gold stars of the Hero of the Soviet Union, won most of his victories.

2. Tanks and self-propelled guns

Tank T-60 was created in 1941 as a result of a deep modernization of the T-40 tank, carried out under the leadership of N.A. Astrova during the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War. Compared to the T-40, it had enhanced armor protection and more powerful armament - a 20-mm cannon instead of a large-caliber machine gun. This serial tank was the first to use a device for heating the engine coolant in winter. The modernization achieved an improvement in the main combat characteristics while simplifying the design of the tank, but at the same time the combat capabilities were narrowed - buoyancy was eliminated. Like the T-40 tank, the T-60 undercarriage uses four rubberized road wheels per side, three support rollers, a front drive wheel and a rear idler wheel. Individual torsion bar suspension.

However, in the face of a shortage of tanks, the main advantage of the T-60 was the simplicity of production at automobile plants with extensive use of automotive components and mechanisms. The tank was produced simultaneously at four factories. In just a short time, 6045 T-60 tanks were produced, which played an important role in the battles of the initial period of the Great Patriotic War.

Self-propelled installation ISU-152

The ISU-122 heavy self-propelled artillery mount was armed with a 122-mm field gun of the 1937 model, adapted for installation in the SU. And when the design team, headed by F. F. Petrov, created a 122-mm tank gun of the 1944 model, it was also installed on the ISU-122. The vehicle with the new weapon was called ISU-122S. The cannon of the 1937 model had a piston bolt, and the 1944 model had a semi-automatic wedge. In addition, it was equipped with a muzzle brake. All this made it possible to increase the rate of fire from 2.2 to 3 rounds per minute. An armor-piercing projectile of both systems weighed 25 kg and had an initial velocity of 800 m / s. Ammunition consisted of separate loading shots.

The vertical guidance angles of the guns were slightly different: on the ISU-122 they ranged from -4 ° to + 15 °, and on the ISU-122S - from -2 ° to + 20 °, the horizontal guidance angles were the same - 11 ° each side. The combat weight of the ISU-122 was 46 tons.

The ISU-152 self-propelled gun based on the IS-2 tank was no different from the ISU-122 except for the artillery system. It was equipped with a 152-mm piston-breeched 152-mm howitzer-gun of the 1937 model, the rate of fire of which was 2.3 rounds per minute.

The crew of the ISU-122, like the ISU-152, consisted of a commander, gunner, loader, lock and driver. The conning tower of a hexagonal shape is fully protected by armor. The gun mounted on the machine (on the ISU-122S in a mask) is shifted to the starboard side. In the fighting compartment, in addition to weapons and ammunition, there were fuel and oil tanks. The driver sat in front to the left of the cannon and had his own observation devices. The commander's cupola was missing. The commander monitored through a periscope in the deckhouse roof.

Self-propelled installation ISU-122

As soon as the IS-1 heavy tank appeared in service at the end of 1943, it was decided to create a fully armored SPG based on it. At first, this met with some difficulties: after all, the IS-1 had a body noticeably narrower than the KV-1s, on the basis of which the heavy self-propelled gun SU-152 with a 152-mm howitzer-gun was created in 1943. However, the efforts of the designers of the Chelyabinsk Kirov plant and the artillerymen under the leadership of F. F. Petrov were crowned with success. By the end of 1943, 35 self-propelled guns were produced, armed with a 152-mm howitzer-gun.

The ISU-152 was distinguished by its powerful armor protection and artillery system, good driving characteristics. The presence of panoramic and telescopic sights made it possible to fire both with direct fire and from closed firing positions. The simplicity of the device and operation contributed to the rapid development of its crews, which in war time was extremely important. This vehicle, armed with a 152-mm howitzer cannon, was mass-produced from the end of 1943. Its mass was 46 tons, the armor thickness was 90 mm, the crew consisted of 5 people. Diesel 520 hp from. accelerated the car to 40 km / h.

In the future, on the basis of the ISU-152 self-propelled chassis, several more heavy self-propelled guns were developed, on which high-power guns of 122 and 130 mm calibers were installed. The mass of the ISU-130 was 47 tons, the thickness of the armor was 90 mm, the crew consisted of 4 people. Diesel engine with a capacity of 520 liters. from. provided a speed of 40 km / h. The 130-mm gun mounted on a self-propelled gun was a modification of a naval gun, adapted for installation in the conning tower of the vehicle. To reduce the gas content of the fighting compartment, it was supplied with a system for blowing the barrel with compressed air from five cylinders. The ISU-130 passed front-line tests, but was not accepted into service.

The heavy self-propelled artillery unit ISU-122 was armed with a 122-mm field gun of the sample

Heavy Soviet self-propelled artillery units played a huge role in achieving victory. They proved themselves excellently during street battles in Berlin and during the assault on the powerful fortifications of Konigsberg.

In the 50s, the ISU self-propelled guns, which remained in service with the Soviet Army, were modernized, like the IS-2 tanks. All in all, the Soviet industry produced more than 2,400 ISU-122 and more than 2,800 ISU-152.

In 1945, on the basis of the IS-3 tank, another sample of a heavy self-propelled gun was designed, which received the same name as the machine developed in 1943 - the ISU-152. A feature of this machine was that a rational angle of inclination was given to the general frontal plate, and the lower side plates of the hull had opposite angles of inclination. Combat and control divisions were combined. The mechanic was located in the conning tower and monitored through a periscopic observation device. A target designation system specially created for this vehicle connected the commander with the gunner and driver. However, with many advantages, the large angle of inclination of the wheelhouse walls, the significant recoil of the cannon-howitzer barrel and the combination of compartments significantly hampered the work of the crew. Therefore, the ISU-152 of the 1945 model was not accepted into service. The car was made in a single copy.

Self-propelled gun SU-152

In the fall of 1942, at the Chelyabinsk Kirov plant, designers headed by L. S, Troyanov created a self-propelled gun SU-152 (KV-14) on the basis of the KB-1s heavy tank, designed to fire at troop concentrations, long-term strongholds and armored vehicles.

About its creation in the "History of the Great Patriotic War" there is a modest mention: "On the instructions of the State Defense Committee at the Kirov plant in Chelyabinsk, within 25 days (a unique time in the history of world tank building!), A prototype of the self-propelled artillery unit SU- was designed and manufactured. 152, which entered production in February 1943 ”.

The baptism of fire of the SU-152 self-propelled gun was received at the Kursk Bulge. Their appearance on the battlefield was a complete surprise for German tankers. These self-propelled guns proved to be excellent in single combat with the German Tigers, Panthers and Elephants. Their armor-piercing shells pierced the armor of enemy vehicles, tore off the towers from them. For this, the front-line soldiers lovingly called the heavy self-propelled guns "St. The experience gained in the design of the first Soviet heavy self-propelled guns was later used to create similar fire weapons based on heavy IS tanks.

Self-propelled gun SU-122

On October 19, 1942, the State Defense Committee decided to create self-propelled artillery installations - light ones with 37-mm and 76-mm guns and medium ones with 122-mm guns.

Production of the SU-122 continued at Uralmashzavod from December 1942 to August 1943. During this time, the plant produced 638 SPGs of this type.

In parallel with the development of drawings for a serial self-propelled unit, in January 1943, work began on its fundamental improvement.

As for the serial SU-122, the formation of self-propelled artillery regiments with the same type of vehicles began in April 1943. Such a regiment had 16 SU-122 self-propelled guns, which until the beginning of 1944 continued to be used to escort infantry and tanks. However, this use of it was not effective enough due to the low initial velocity of the projectile - 515 m / s - and, consequently, the low flatness of its trajectory. The new SU-85 self-propelled artillery unit, which entered the troops in August 1943 in much larger quantities, quickly pushed its predecessor on the battlefield.

Self-propelled gun SU-85

The experience of using the SU-122 installations showed that they have a too low rate of fire to perform the tasks of escorting and supporting tanks, infantry and cavalry with fire. The troops needed a setup armed with a faster rate of fire.

The SU-85 self-propelled guns entered service with individual self-propelled artillery regiments (16 units in each regiment) and were widely used in the battles of the Great Patriotic War.

The IS-1 heavy tank was developed at the design bureau of the Chelyabinsk Kirov plant in the second half of 1942 under the leadership of Zh.Ya. Kotin. The KV-13 was taken as a basis, on the basis of which two prototypes of the new heavy machine IS-1 and IS-2 were manufactured. The difference lay in the armament: the IS-1 had a 76mm cannon, the IS-2 had a 122mm howitzer cannon. The first prototypes of the IS tanks had a five-roll undercarriage, made according to the type of the undercarriage of the KV-13 tank, from which the outlines of the hull and the general layout of the vehicle were also borrowed.

Almost simultaneously with the IS-1, the production of the more powerfully armed model IS-2 (object 240) began. The newly created 122-mm D-25T tank gun (originally having a piston bolt) with an initial projectile speed of 781 m / s made it possible to hit all the main types of German tanks at all combat distances. In an experimental order, an 85-mm high-power cannon with an initial projectile speed of 1050 m / s and a 100-mm S-34 cannon were installed on the IS tank.

Under the IS-2 brand, in October 1943, the tank was put into mass production, which was launched in early 1944.

In 1944, the IS-2 was upgraded.

IS-2 tanks entered service with individual heavy tank regiments, which were given the name "guards" during formation. In early 1945, several separate Guards heavy tank brigades were formed, each consisting of three heavy tank regiments. The IS-2 was first used in the Korsun-Shevchenko operation, and then took part in all operations of the final period of the Great Patriotic War.

The heavy IS-3 (Object 703) was the last tank created during the Great Patriotic War. It was developed in 1944-1945 at the experimental plant number 100 in Chelyabinsk under the leadership of the leading designer MF Balzhi. Serial production began in May 1945, during which 1170 combat vehicles were produced.

Tanks IS-3, contrary to popular belief, were not used in the hostilities of the Second World War, but on September 7, 1945, one tank regiment, which was armed with these combat vehicles, took part in the parade of the Red Army units in Berlin in honor of the victory over Japan, and the IS-3 made a strong impression on the Western allies of the USSR in the anti-Hitler coalition.

Tank KV

In accordance with the decree of the USSR Defense Committee at the end of 1938 at the Kirov plant in Leningrad, the design of a new heavy tank with anti-cannon armor began, which was named SMK ("Sergei Mironovich Kirov"). Another heavy tank, called the T-100, was developed by the Kirov Leningrad Experimental Machine Building Plant (No. 185).

In August 1939, the SMK and KB tanks were made in metal. At the end of September, both tanks took part in the demonstration of new models of armored vehicles at the NIBT Polygon in Kubinka near Moscow, and on December 19, the KB heavy tank was adopted by the Red Army.

The KB tank showed itself with better side, however, it quickly became clear that the 76 mm L-11 cannon was weak for dealing with pillboxes. Therefore, in a short time, they developed and built the KV-2 tank with an oversized turret, armed with a 152-mm M-10 howitzer. By March 5, 1940, three KV-2s were sent to the front.

In fact, serial production of the KV-1 and KV-2 tanks began in February 1940 at the Leningrad Kirov Plant.

However, under the conditions of the blockade, it was impossible to continue producing tanks. Therefore, from July to December, the Kirov plant was evacuated from Leningrad to Chelyabinsk in several stages. On October 6, the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant was renamed into the Kirov Plant of the People's Commissariat for Tank Industry - ChKZ, which became the only manufacturer of heavy tanks until the end of the Great Patriotic War.

The tank of the same class as the KB - "Tiger" - appeared in the Germans only at the end of 1942. And then fate played a second cruel joke with KB: it was instantly outdated. KB was simply powerless against the "Tiger" with its "long paw" - 88 mm cannon with a barrel length of 56 calibers. "Tiger" could hit KB at distances beyond the latter.

The appearance of the KV-85 made it possible to somewhat smooth the situation. But these vehicles were mastered with a delay, they were released a little, and they could not make a significant contribution to the fight against German heavy tanks. A more serious enemy for the Tigers could be the KV-122 - the serial KV-85, armed in an experimental manner with the 122-mm D-25T cannon. But at this time, the first tanks of the IS series had already begun to leave the ChKZ workshops. These vehicles, which at first glance continued the KB line, were completely new tanks, which in their combat qualities were far superior to the enemy's heavy tanks.

During the period from 1940 to 1943, the Leningrad Kirovsky and Chelyabinsky Kirovsky plants produced 4,775 KB tanks of all modifications. They were in service with tank brigades of a mixed organization, and then were consolidated into separate breakthrough tank regiments. Heavy tanks KB took part in the hostilities of the Great Patriotic War until its final stage.

Tank T-34

The first prototype of the T-34 was manufactured by Plant No. 183 in January 1940, the second in February. In the same month, factory tests began, which were interrupted on March 12, when both vehicles left for Moscow. On March 17, in the Kremlin, on Ivanovskaya Square, tanks were demonstrated to J.V. Stalin. After the demonstration, the cars went further - along the route Minsk - Kiev - Kharkov.

The first three production vehicles in November - December 1940 were subjected to intensive tests by shooting and driving along the route Kharkov - Kubinka - Smolensk - Kiev - Kharkov. The tests were carried out by officers.

It should be noted that each manufacturer made some changes and additions to the design of the tank in accordance with its technological capabilities, so tanks from different factories had their own characteristic appearance.

Tanks minesweepers and bridgelayers were produced in small quantities. The commander's version of the "thirty-four" was also produced, a distinctive feature of which was the presence of the RSB-1 radio station.

T-34-76 tanks were in service in the tank units of the Red Army throughout the Great Patriotic War and took part in almost all military operations, including the storming of Berlin. In addition to the Red Army, T-34 medium tanks were in service with the Polish Army, the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia and the Czechoslovak Corps, which fought against Nazi Germany.

military equipment patriotic war

3. Armored vehicles

Armored car BA-10

In 1938, the Red Army adopted the BA-10 medium armored car, developed a year earlier at the Izhora plant by a group of designers headed by such well-known specialists as A.A. Lipgart, O. V. Dybov and V. A. Grachev.

The armored car was made according to the classic layout with a front engine, front steering wheels and two rear driving axles. The BA-10 crew consisted of 4 people: commander, driver, gunner and machine gunner.

Since 1939, the production of the upgraded BA-10M model began, which differed from the base vehicle by reinforced frontal projection armor protection, improved steering, external location of gas tanks and a new radio station / In small quantities for armored train units, BA-10Zhd railway armored vehicles with a combat weight of 5 were produced, 8 t.

The baptism of fire of BA-10 and BA-10M took place in 1939 during the armed conflict near the Khalkhin-Gol River. They made up the bulk of the fleet of armored cars 7, 8 and 9 and motorized armored brigades. Their successful application was facilitated by the steppe terrain. Later, BA 10 armored vehicles took part in the liberation campaign and the Soviet-Finnish war. During the Great Patriotic War, they were used in the troops until 1944, and in some units until the end of the war. They have proven themselves well as a means of reconnaissance and combat security, and with proper use they successfully fought against enemy tanks.

...

Tank T-29

In the mid-1930s, during the heyday of the idea of \u200b\u200ba wheeled-tracked high-speed tank, its more protected and heavily armed modification of the T-29 appeared. This tank, almost not inferior in speed to its lightly armored counterparts, had armor up to 30 mm thick and was armed with a 76 mm cannon. In concept, the T-29 was similar to the T-28 medium tank, but differed from it in increased dimensions, which was caused by the location of the suspension elements inside the hull. This provided the best level of survivability of the undercarriage, but complicated its maintenance. In general, the car turned out to be not very reliable and difficult to manufacture, and only 2 production copies were produced.

Tank Grotte

The experienced medium tank TG (Tank Grotte) was developed in the USSR on the basis of a project by the German engineer Edward Grotte. In this vehicle, many technical innovations were used for the first time, which at that time had not yet been used on any production tank. These include a fully welded hull, multi-tiered armament, coil spring suspension.

Tests of the tank showed an equal amount of both advantages and disadvantages. The TG guns were distinguished by good firing accuracy, and the 76-mm gun was superior in power to all tank guns of that time. The control of the tank was extremely easy, and the course was smooth. At the same time, the TG had poor maneuverability on soft soils, the fighting compartment was too cramped, it was difficult to repair the engine and gearbox. True, the main obstacle to putting the tank into serial production was its enormous cost (like 25 BT-2 tanks)!

Tank SMK

The heavy multi-turret tank SMK (Sergey Mironovich Kirov) was developed in 1939 on the basis of the T-35 as a heavy breakthrough tank. The design of the SMK differs markedly from the prototype tank. To reduce the weight of the vehicle and improve the working conditions of the crew, the number of towers was reduced to two. A torsion bar suspension was used in the chassis of the SMK, which provided a good ride for a tank weighing 55 tons. The armament consisted of two 45 and 76 mm cannons and five 7.62 mm caliber machine guns. After the outbreak of war with Finland, experienced images of the QMS and similar, shortly after the start of the attack, the QMS ran over a mine and lost a caterpillar. Experienced KV and T-100 participating in the attack covered the vehicle for several hours, but it was not possible to repair the damage. The QMS had to be left in enemy territory. After the breakthrough of the Mannerheim Line, the non-tough QMS was towed to the location of our troops and sent by rail to the native plant for repairs, but it was never produced, and the QMS stood on the outskirts of the enterprise until the 50s, until it was melted down. -100 were sent to the test in battle.

USSR, tanks of the second world war

Tank T-44

Specifications:

Tank type Medium

Crew 4 people

Combat weight 31.8 t

Length 7.65 m

Width 3.18 m

Height 2.41 m

Number of guns / caliber 1/85 mm

Frontal armor 90 mm

Side armor 75 mm

V-44 engine, diesel, 500 hp from.

Maximum speed 51 km / h

Cruising range 300 km

The T-44, developed at the Design Bureau of the Ural Tank Plant under the direction of Chief Designer A.A.Morozov and released at the very end of the war, embodied the vast experience in the construction and combat use of T-34 tanks. This is the best Soviet medium tank of the war period, which became a transitional one to the post-war generation of combat vehicles. Having a significant external resemblance to its predecessor, the T-34-85, the T-44 tank radically differed from it in size, layout and design. The transverse arrangement of the engine made it possible to reduce the length of the hull, save weight, and use this savings to enhance armor protection. The fighting compartment was increased and the working conditions of the crew were improved. The side walls of the hull became vertical, and the monolithic front plate was installed at an angle of 60 ° to the vertical. In connection with the new layout, it was possible to move the turret to the center of the hull, which acquired a more streamlined shape, which increased its projectile resistance. In the vacant space, the driver's hatch was placed, installed on the T-34 in the frontal sheet. All units and mechanisms of the tank were significantly improved. Before the end of the war, the Kharkov plant had produced 190 T-44s. Although they were not used in combat, the Guards Tank Brigades, equipped with T-44s, became the Red Army's "hot reserve". The release of the T-44 lasted up to a year and amounted to 1823 units. In 1961, the tanks underwent modernization in order to unify the transmission and chassis assemblies with the main medium tank of the Soviet Army T-54. Under the designation T-44M, these vehicles received night vision devices for the driver and commander, as well as increased ammunition. On the basis of the T-44M, the T-44MK command tank was created. In it, due to a slight decrease in ammunition, a second radio station was installed. The tanks underwent the last modernization in the year when they were equipped with two-plane weapon stabilizers that increase the accuracy of fire on the move. These vehicles received the designation T-44S. Some of the T-44M tanks in the year were converted into armored tractors BTS-4. The T-44s were removed from service at the end of the 70s and then "served" as targets at ranges. At the end of their careers, they still had a chance to take part in the Great Patriotic War ... as German tanks Pz VI "Tiger" in the movie "Liberation". After the corresponding alteration, the T-44 became practically indistinguishable on the screen from the fascist vehicles.

Tank T-34-76

The T-34 became the best medium tank of the Second World War and the most massive tank in the Red Army. In terms of the combination of the three most important characteristics - firepower, protection and mobility - in the year he had no equal. "The T-34 is the most remarkable example of an offensive weapon," said Hitler's General von Mellenthin. The project of the A-32 tracked tank was developed by a team led by the talented designer M.I.Koshkin, and the first prototype of the vehicle entered trials in the summer of the year. Having won the competition with the wheeled-tracked A-20, the tank in December of the same year was adopted by the Red Army and put into mass production under the designation T-34. He was distinguished by a number of characteristic features. The most important advantage of the machine was its economical diesel engine, which can withstand heavy loads in operation. The undercarriage with large rollers and wide tracks ensured excellent cross-country ability of the tank. Powerful armor combined with the optimal tilt angles of the armor plates contributed to the high! the probability of the shells ricochet. For the manufacture of the largest part of the T-34, the armored hull, automatic welding was used for the first time in the world. The vehicle's armament consisted of a 76 mm L-11 cannon and two 7.62 mm machine guns. Since the serial production of the L-11 had already been discontinued, in the spring of 1941 a new cannon, the F-34, of the same caliber began to be installed on the tank. By the beginning of World War II, there were 967 T-34s in the border districts - almost all of them were lost in the first two! weeks of fighting due to unsuccessful deployment, poorly trained crews and a lack of repair and evacuation facilities. Nevertheless, the first tank battles showed a significant advantage for Soviet vehicles. German tank guns did not pose a serious threat to the T-34, while the 76-mm shell of the thirty-four penetrated the armor of any enemy tank at a distance of up to 1000 m. Weakness and anti-tank artillery Wehrmacht. The Germans called the 37-mm Pak 37 cannon the "army firecracker". In one of the reports, it was reported that the calculation of such a gun achieved 23 hits in the T-34 tank, but only a shell hitting the base of the tower put the vehicle out of action. The design of the tank changed somewhat during the year. Instead of a welded or cast turret of a complex configuration, the T-34 received a hexagonal cast turret. The capacity of the fuel tanks has been increased, the engine is equipped with an improved air cleaning system, and the power plant is equipped with a five-speed gearbox. On the basis of the T-34, 70 repair and recovery vehicles and several dozen bridge-laying tanks with a 7.7 m bridge were produced. Some T-34s were converted into flamethrower and command tanks. Only by a year did the Germans manage to change the ratio of the characteristics of tanks in their favor. The increased thickness of the armor of the Tigers and Panthers limited the effectiveness of the fire of the short-barreled T-34 guns, and 75- and 88-mm German guns could hit from Soviet vehicles from a distance of 900 and 1500 m, respectively. The victory at Kursk came at a high price - during the counteroffensive, the Red Army lost about six thousand tanks and self-propelled guns. Other disadvantages of the T-34 also affected: poor ventilation and visibility from the tank, an unreliable gearbox, as well as a cramped tower without a rotating pole (when turning the gun, the loader had to follow the breech, stepping over the spent cartridges), which housed only two crew members ... The gunner had to combine his duties with those of a tank commander. Although in the process of serial production of the T-34 was constantly improved, in the middle of the war there was a need for its radical modernization.

Specifications:

Tank type Medium

Crew 4 people

Combat weight 30.9 t

Length 6.62 m

Width 3 m

Height 2.52 m

Number of guns / caliber 1/76 mm

Number of machine guns / caliber 2 / 7.62 mm

Frontal armor 45 mm

Side armor 45 mm

Engine V-2-34, diesel, 450 hp from.

Maximum speed 51 km / h

Cruising range 300 km

USSR, between two wars

Tanks T-37 and T-38

Specifications:

Tank type Light amphibious

Crew 2 people

Combat weight 3.3 t

Length 3.78 m

Width 2.33 m

Height 1.63 m

Number of guns / caliber -

Number of machine guns / caliber 1 / 7.62 mm

Frontal armor 8 mm

Board armor 8 mm

GAZ-AA engine, carburet., 40 hp. from.

Maximum speed 40/6 km / h

Cruising range 230 km

A significant drawback of reconnaissance tankettes was the placement of weapons in the hull. Therefore, the first Soviet small amphibious tanks received a circular turret. On prototypes of the T-33, T-41 and T-37, various options for the placement of the tower and the use of GAZ-AA automobile power units were worked out in the year. Serial production was launched under the designation T-37A, which has a larger displacement of the hull and additional floats - fenders filled with cork. The tank had good stability and maneuverability afloat. A propeller with rotating blades made it possible to reverse on the water. Two factories (No. 37 in Moscow and "GAZ" in Gorky) have produced 2,627 T-37 tanks of all modifications from year to year. In addition to the linear T-37A (without a radio station), 643 T-37TU tanks were built with the common tank radio station 71-TK-1 of that time. Outwardly, they were distinguished by a handrail antenna along the perimeter of the hull. Also, 75 OT-37 (BHM-4) vehicles were produced, armed with a DG machine gun and a flamethrower installation. In 1936, the T-37A in production was replaced by its improved version of the T-38. It differed from its predecessor in the refined shape of the riveted-welded hull and improved suspension, which increased the ride and speed on land. Instead of an automobile differential, the T-38 received on-board clutches, which increased the cross-country ability and controllability of the vehicle. In 1938, the tank was upgraded by installing an engine and gearbox from a GAZ M-1 car and received the designation T-38M2. Its speed increased to 46 km / h, and its combat weight increased to 3.8 tons. The T-38 was produced at the same factories as the T-37A. A total of 1217 T-38 and 165 T-38TU linear vehicles with radio stations were manufactured from 1936 to 1939. In the pre-war period, methods of airlifting T-37 and T-38 tanks with the help of bombers were being worked out. The strength of the tanks allowed them to be dropped onto water bodies from a height of 6 meters at an aircraft speed of 160 km / h. The crew was dropped by parachute. Soviet amphibious tanks were used during the armed conflict between the USSR and Japan "

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

Slide Description:

2 slide

Slide Description:

3 slide

Slide Description:

4 slide

Slide Description:

ARMED FORCES OF THE MAIN PARTICIPANTS IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR COUNTRY The number of armed forces (million people) By the beginning of 1941 By the beginning of 1945 Germany 7.2 9.4 Japan 1.7 7.2 Italy 1.5 - USA 1.8 11, 9 Great Britain 3.2 4.5 USSR 5.2 9.4 China (Kuomintang) 2.5 4.0 China (communists) 0.4 0.9

5 slide

Slide Description:

6 slide

Slide Description:

THE RATIO OF THE FORCES OF THE USSR AND GERMANY ON THE MOSCOW AREA IN AUTUMN 1941 Combat forces and equipment Red Army German troops Personnel (thousand people) 120 1800 Number of tanks 990 1700 Number of guns and mortars (thousand) 7.6 14 Number of aircraft 667 1390

7 slide

Slide Description:

Lend-Lease (from the English "lend" - to lend and "lease" - to lease) - a kind of program of lending to allies by the United States of America through the supply of machinery, food, equipment, raw materials and materials. According to the Lend-Lease Act, the United States could supply equipment, ammunition, equipment, and so on. countries whose defense was vital to the States themselves. All deliveries were free. All machinery, equipment and materials spent, consumed or destroyed during the war were not subject to payment. Property left over from the end of the war and suitable for civilian purposes had to be paid.

8 slide

Slide Description:

The share of lend-lease supplies in the total amount of products manufactured and supplied to the USSR

9 slide

Slide Description:

Aircraft 22 150 Tanks 12 700 Light off-road vehicles and all-terrain vehicles 51 503 Trucks 375 883 Motorcycles 35 170 Tractors 8 071 Rifles 8 218 Automatic weapons 131 633 Pistols 12 997 Freight cars 11 155 Locomotives 1 981 Freight ships 90 Anti-submarine ships, etc. 105

10 slide

Slide Description:

11 slide

Slide Description:

12 slide

Slide Description:

13 slide

Slide Description:

14 slide

Slide Description:

Il-2 is the most massive combat aircraft in history, more than 36 thousand units were produced. In the Red Army, the aircraft received the nickname "humpback" (for the characteristic shape of the fuselage). The designers called the aircraft developed by them "flying tank". The plane had a bad reputation among the ground forces of the Wehrmacht and earned several honorable nicknames, such as "butcher", "iron Gustav" Il-2 took part in battles in all military operations of the Great Patriotic War, as well as in the Soviet-Japanese war. Serial production began in February 1941. The first serial IL-2s were manufactured in Voronezh at plant number 18 (in November 1941 the plant was evacuated to Kuibyshev). The Il-2 was serially produced at aircraft factories # 1 and # 18 in the city of Kuibyshev, at aircraft factory # 30 in Moscow.

15 slide

Slide Description:

The development was started by the designers and engineers of the special design bureau of the NKVD, SKB-29, in mid-1938 Created on the basis of an experienced twin-engine high-altitude fighter "100", the Pe-2 made its first flight on December 22, 1939 and began mass production at the end of 1940. The Pe-2 also served as a flying laboratory for testing rocket boosters. The first flight with an operating rocket launcher took place in October 1943. The speed increased by 92 km / h. Experiments with various versions of the Pe-2 with rocket launchers continued until 1945

16 slide

Slide Description:

The first three serial Tu-2s, produced by plant No. 166, were sent to the Kalinin front in September 1942. The vehicles ended up in the 3rd Air Army. Frontline pilots highly appreciated the Tu-2. They emphasized the high efficiency of the aircraft, capable of dropping large bombs on the target, powerful defensive weapons, ease of piloting and high flying qualities. For the creation and organization of the serial production of the Tu-2 bomber A.N. Tupolev was awarded the 1st degree Stalin Prize in 1943, the 1st degree Order of the Patriotic War and the 2nd degree Order of Suvorov, and was also promoted to major general of the engineering and technical service. In 1945 Tupolev became the Hero of Socialist Labor.

17 slide

Slide Description:

Yak-7 Soviet single-engine fighter aircraft of the Great Patriotic War. It was developed at plant number 301 shortly after the start of the war on the initiative of the Yak-7UTI brigade of the A.S. Yakovlev design bureau, which was at this plant to help in the development of the Yak-7UTI. The Yak-7 was produced since 1941; a total of 6,399 aircraft of 18 different modifications, including training and combat, were built. By the end of 1942, it began to be replaced at an accelerated pace by the more advanced Yak-9, which later became the most massive Soviet fighter of the Great Patriotic War.

18 slide

Slide Description:

The La-5 fighter appeared under circumstances that were not quite ordinary, if not dramatic, for the design team headed by S.A. Lavochkin. Fighter LaGG-Z. for the release and improvement of which this design bureau was responsible, due to insufficient efficiency, they were removed from production. And the very existence of the design bureau was now in question. Of course, the designers perfectly understood the nature of LaGG's shortcomings and had already conducted design work by its radical modification. Along with the need for a sharp improvement in flight data, the main thing in this matter was the efficiency and the requirement for the continuity of the LaGG-Z design and its new modification. Only when these conditions were met could the plant be transferred to the production of a new aircraft before the Yak fighter appeared on the assembly line (as planned). And with this task the design bureau S.A.

19 slide

Slide Description:

20 slide

Slide Description:

For the production of armored vehicles in the Urals, a military production complex "Tankograd" was created. Thousands of aircraft and tanks rolled off the assembly lines of defense enterprises. This made it possible to form air and tank armies, which played a decisive role in the offensive of the Soviet Armed Forces in 1943-1945.

21 slide

Slide Description:

T-34 - was the main tank of the Red Army until the first half of 1944, when it was replaced by the T-34-85 modification tank. From 1942 to 1945, the main production of the T-34 was deployed at powerful machine-building plants in the Urals and Siberia, and continued in the postwar years. The leading plant for the modification of the T-34 was the Ural Tank Plant No. 183. The T-34 tank had a huge impact on the outcome of the war and on the further development of world tank building. Thanks to the totality of its combat qualities, the T-34 was recognized by many specialists and military experts as one of the best tanks of the Second World War. When creating it, Soviet designers managed to find the optimal balance between the main combat, tactical, ballistic, operational, running and technological characteristics. The T-34 tank is the most famous Soviet tank and one of the most recognizable symbols of the Second World War.

22 slide

Slide Description:

Serial production of the T-44 began in 1944, but during the Great Patriotic War it was carried out on a limited scale in order to prevent a reduction in the production of the T-34-85 during the period of large-scale offensive operations. T-44

23 slide

Slide Description:

In general, the tank fully met the expectations of the command as a means of qualitatively reinforcing units and subunits intended to break through in advance and well-fortified enemy strips, as well as storming cities. Is -2

24 slide

Slide Description:

OT-34 - was created on the basis of the T-34. In contrast to the linear tank, it was armed with an ATO-41 automatic powder piston flamethrower located in the place of the course machine gun, which, for example, compared to the solution for the KV-8, made it possible to retain the 76 mm cannon. OT-34

25 slide

Slide Description:

Katyusha is the unofficial name of the barrelless field rocket artillery systems that appeared during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 (primarily and initially - BM-13, and later also BM-8, BM-31 and others). Such installations were actively used by the Armed Forces of the USSR during the Second World War. The popularity of the nickname turned out to be so great that in colloquial speech, the post-war MLRS on automobile chassis, in particular BM-14 and BM-21 Grad, were often called “Katyusha”. Subsequently, by analogy with “Katyusha”, a number of similar nicknames (“Andryusha "," Vanyusha ") was given by Soviet fighters and other installations (BM-31, etc.) of rocket artillery, but these nicknames were not so widespread and popular and, in general, are much less known.

26 slide

Slide Description:

27 slide

Slide Description:

The balance of forces in the Stalingrad direction in November 1942. Forces and equipment Red Army Germany and its allies Personnel (thousand people) 1134.8 1011.5 Number of tanks 1560 675 Number of guns and mortars 14934 10290 Number of aircraft 1916 1219

29 slide

Slide Description:

The balance of forces in the Oryol-Kursk direction at the beginning of July 1943 Forces and means Soviet troops German troops Personnel (thousand people) 1336 900 Number of tanks and self-propelled guns 3444 2733 Number of guns and mortars 19100 10000 Number of aircraft 2172 2050

30 slide

Slide Description:

PRODUCTION OF COMBAT EQUIPMENT IN THE LARGEST COUNTRIES IN 1943-1944 COUNTRY PRODUCTION OF TANKS (thousand units) PRODUCTION OF AIRCRAFT (thousand units) 1943 1944 1943 1944 GERMANY 19.8 27.3 25.2 38.0 JAPAN 1.0 1.0 16.3 28.3 USSR 24.0 29 .0 35.0 40.3 UNITED KINGDOM 8.6 7.5 23.7 26.3 USA 29.5 17.6 85.9 96.4

31 slide

Slide Description:

32 slide

Slide Description:

Of the divisional guns, the 76 mm ZIS-3 cannon was the most common. In the initial period of the war, the 76-mm F-22 cannon and the 76-mm USV cannon were also used. Corps artillery was represented by 122-mm A-19 cannons, 152-mm howitzer model 1909/30, and 152-mm howitzer-cannon ML-20. Anti-tank guns included 45-mm anti-tank guns 53-K, 45-mm M-42 and 57-mm ZIS-2. The anti-aircraft artillery used 37-mm 61-K anti-aircraft guns, as well as 76-mm 3-K and 85-mm 52-K guns.

33 slide

Slide Description:

Before the war, increased attention was paid to the development of automatic weapons - the ABC self-loading rifle was followed by the SVT and AVT. However, the main small arms of the Soviet army were the Mosin rifle. In addition, the PPSh submachine gun also received a certain distribution. Nagant revolvers and TT pistols were used as officers' weapons. The main light machine gun was the DP, and the Maxim machine gun, developed before the First World War, was used as a heavy machine gun. The DShK large-caliber machine gun, which is also used as an anti-aircraft gun, also received some distribution.

34 slide

Slide Description:

The Mosin rifle. 7.62 mm (3-line) rifle of the 1891 model (Mosin rifle, three-line) is a magazine rifle adopted by the Russian Imperial Army in 1891. It was actively used in the period from 1891 to the end of the Great Patriotic War, during this period it was modernized many times. The name of the three-line comes from the caliber of the rifle barrel, which is equal to three Russian lines (the old measure of length equal to one tenth of an inch, or 2.54 mm - respectively, three lines are equal to 7.62 mm). On the basis of the 1891 model rifle and its modifications, a number of sports and hunting weapons, both rifled and smooth-bore, were created.

35 slide

Slide Description:

Shpagin submachine gun. 7.62 mm submachine gun of the 1941 Shpagin system (PPSh) is a Soviet submachine gun developed in 1940 by designer G. Shpagin and adopted by the Red Army on December 21, 1940. PPSh was the main submachine gun of the Soviet armed forces in the Great Patriotic War. After the end of the war, in the early 1950s, the PPSh was withdrawn from service by the Soviet Army and was gradually replaced with a Kalashnikov assault rifle; for a little longer it remained in service with rear and auxiliary units, units of internal troops and railway troops. It was in service with the units of the paramilitary security at least until the mid-1980s. Also, in the post-war period, PPSh was supplied in significant quantities to countries friendly to the USSR, for a long time it was in service with the armies of various states, was used by irregular formations and throughout the twentieth century was used in armed conflicts around the world.

36 slide

Slide Description:

Pistol mod. 1933 (TT, Tulsky, Tokareva) - the first army self-loading pistol of the USSR, developed in 1930 by the Soviet designer Fyodor Vasilyevich Tokarev. The TT pistol was developed for the 1929 competition for a new army pistol, announced to replace the revolver revolver and several models of foreign-made revolvers and pistols that were in service with the Red Army by the mid-1920s. The German cartridge 7.63 × 25 mm Mauser was adopted as a regular cartridge, which was purchased in significant quantities for the Mauser S-96 pistols in service.

37 slide

On July 8, 1941, near the city of Senno, not far from the Dnieper, a tank battle began: light Soviet T-26s fought off German T-IIIs. In the midst of the battle, a Russian tank crawled out of thick rye, crushing potato tops into the ground, the silhouette of which was still not familiar to the Germans. “Several German tanks opened fire on him, but the shells ricocheted off his massive turret. A German 37 mm anti-tank gun was on its way. The German gunners fired round after round into the advancing tank until it pushed their cannon into the ground. Then, leaving behind the set on fire T-III, the tank plunged into the German defense for 15 kilometers "- this is how Western historians describe the first appearance of the legendary T-34 tank in the book" From - "Barbarossa" to "Terminal" ".

For a long time, German designers tried to create a tank that could compete with the 34. This is how german tanks T-6 "Tiger" (1942) and T-5 "Panther" (1943). However, the German giants still lost to the "best tank in the world", as the German commander von Kleist dubbed, in maneuverability. The brainchild of Mikhail Koshkin, which rolled off the assembly line of the Kharkov steam locomotive plant, contributed to the development of the German troops Eastern Front the so-called "tank fear". However, for the designer himself, the invention became fatal: from Kharkov to Moscow, where the tank was supposed to be shown to the management, Koshkin, who had a cold, went on his 34-ke. Having proved that his tank could cover such distances without any problems, the designer suffered severe pneumonia and returned to Kharkov in a semi-conscious state. Having never recovered from the disease, Mikhail Koshkin died in the hospital. This self-sacrifice convinced senior officials to put the tanks into serial production. Before the start of the war, 1,225 T-34 tanks were produced.

Home woman at the front

The front-line soldiers nicknamed the M-30 howitzer "Mother", at first they called the missiles "Raisa Sergeevna" (from the abbreviation RS), but most of all they loved, of course, "Katyusha", the BM-13 field rocket artillery system. One of the first Katyusha salvoes hit the Market Square of the city of Rudnya. During the firing, BM-13 made a peculiar sound, in which the soldiers heard Matvey Blanter's song Katyusha, popular before the war. The apt nickname given to the gun by Sergeant Andrei Sapronov flew around the entire army in a couple of days, and then became the property of the Soviet people.

Monument to Katyusha. (wikipedia.org)

The order to start production of Katyushas was signed a few hours before the start of the German invasion. The first volley fire systems were used german troops, trying to destroy the Brest Fortress at the very beginning of the offensive. However, the fortress survived and for a long time the Red Army men who found themselves in it fought against the invaders. The order to start production of Katyushas was signed several hours before the start of the German invasion. Less than a month later, Soviet troops struck back: in the summer of 1941, the Germans had to get acquainted not only with the new T-34 tank, but also with the still unknown Katyusha. Head of German General Staff Halder wrote in his diary: “On July 14, near Orsha, the Russians used a weapon unknown until that time. A fiery barrage of shells burned down the Orsha railway station, all echelons with personnel and military equipment of the arriving military units. The metal was melting, the earth was burning. "

Monument to the first missile battery of Captain Flerov. (wikipedia.org)

Rocket launchers, at the beginning of the war, most often mounted on the chassis of ZIS vehicles, then began to be mounted on anything: from Fords, Dodges and Bedfords received under the Lend-Lease program to motorcycles, snowmobiles and boats. The operation in which the most extensively used multiple launch rocket systems was. Then the "Stalinist organs", as the Germans called them, fired more than 10 thousand shells and destroyed 120 buildings, where the resistance of the enemy troops was especially fierce.

IL-2, "Cement bomber"

The most massive combat aircraft in history, like the Il-2 attack aircraft for a long time, seems to have become the record holder for the number of nicknames. "Concrete plane" - this is how the German pilots called it: "Il-2" had poor maneuverability, but it was very difficult to shoot it down. The pilots even joked that the Il-2 could fly "half the wing, but on parole." The ground forces of the Wehrmacht, seeing in it a constant threat, called the plane "the butcher" or "Iron Gustav". The designers themselves called the "IL-2" simply - "flying tank". And in the Red Army, the plane was nicknamed "hunchback" due to the unusual shape of the hull.

In this form, the IL-2 flew to the airfield. (wikipedia.org)

The first production aircraft "IL-2" was produced on March 10, 1941 at the Voronezh aircraft plant, since then 36,183 of the same attack aircraft have risen above the ground. However, at the time the war began, the Red Army had only 249 vehicles at its disposal. Initially, Ilyushin, the chief designer, created a two-seater "armored attack aircraft", but after the very first tests, it was decided to install an additional gas tank instead of the second place.

All the time, the Soviet command lacked specialized combat aircraft. This is largely why the Il-2, being the most common machine, was used for various tasks. For example, for all Il-2 aircraft, a mandatory bomb load was established, which was jokingly called the “Stalinist outfit”. In addition to bombing, the Il-2 was used, despite its impressive dimensions, as a reconnaissance aircraft. One of interesting features attack aircraft is that the pilots, if the car caught fire in battle, often put the plane on the "belly" without releasing the landing gear. The most difficult thing for the pilot was to get out of the fuselage in time and escape before "" explodes.

The development of weapons and military equipment during the Second World War. Military equipment during the great patriotic war armament and military equipment wwii

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar documents

Tank T-29

Tank Grotte

Tank SMK

USSR, tanks of the second world war

Tank T-44

Tank T-34-76

USSR, between two wars

Tanks T-37 and T-38

Home woman at the front

IL-2, "Cement bomber"

The last

You need to know