And Pavlov opened. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, discoveries. Perpetuation of memory of scientists

Great Russian scientist, physiologist, creator of materialistic teaching on the highest nervous activity of animals and man. Graduate of St. Petersburg University (1876) and Medical and Surgery Academy (1879). Academician of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1907), Russian Academy of Sciences (1917), Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1925). Laureate of the Nobel Prize (1904).

Basic scientific works

"Centrifugal nerves of the heart" (1883); "Lectures on the work of the main digestive glands" (1897); "Twenty years of experience of an objective study of the highest nervous activity (behavior) of animals. Conditional reflexes "(1923); "Lectures on the work of large hemispheres of the brain" (1927.

Contribution to the development of medicine

Since 1878, stood at the head of the research laboratory under the clinic S.P. Kotkin at the Military Medical Academy.

He headed the physiological department of the Institute of Experimental Medicine and the Department of Pharmacology of the Military Medical Academy (from 1890).

In 1904, the Nobel Prize received for the digestion work.

Since 1907, he led the physiological laboratory of the Academy of Sciences (which became the largest physiological institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, which is now named after I.P. Pavlov).

He led the work of a biological station organized for his research on the decision of the Sovnarkom (1921) in the village of Koltushi (now Pavlovo) near Leningrad.

The scientific importance of Labor IP Pavlov is so great that the history of physiology is divided into steps - dopavlovsky and pavlovsky.

Created fundamentally new research methods, introduced into practice the method of a chronic experiment, which allows to study the activities of a normal organism in its connection with the environment.

The most outstanding research I.P. Pavlova belongs to the field of blood circulation physiology, digestive physiology and higher nervous activity.

For the first time on the heart of the warm-blooded animal showed the existence of special nerve fibers, reinforcing and weakening the activity of the heart. In the future, this served as the basis for developing them the teachings on the trophic function of the nervous system.

It showed that the activity of the digestive tract is under the regulatory effect of the cortex of the brain.

The completion of physiological work on blood circulation and digestion was his teaching about the highest nervous activity.

Showed that at the heart of the so-called. Mental (mental) activities are material, physiological processes occurring in the highest department of the central nervous system - the core of the brain.

He opened and studied the conditional reflexes underlying the highest nervous activity. Revealed a number of the most complex processes occurring in the brain.

I clarified the mechanism of sleep, hypnosis, described the types of the nervous system, explained the essence of a number of human mental illnesses and proposed the methods of their treatment.

Studying the highest nervous activity of a person, developed a teaching about the second signaling system, which, unlike the first signaling system, inherent in man and animals, is characterized only by a person (ai-graduated speech and abstract thinking). Through signal systems, the human brain reflects all the diversity of the outside world, analyzes the synthesis of incoming irritations, which is the physiological basis of human thinking.

For the first time in the history of physiology, sterile animal operations applied on a large scale.

The teaching of I.P. Pavlova had a huge impact on the development of physiology, medicine, psychology, pedagogy.

In 1935, the International Physiological Congress, held under the chairmanship of I.P. Pavlov in Leningrad and Moscow, assigned the title "Elders physiologists of the world "(princeps. physiologorum mundi.).

In the 20s and 30s, I.P. Pavlov repeatedly performed (in letters to the leadership of the country) against arbitrariness, violence, suppressing freedom of thought.

In the "letter to youth" (1935) I.P. Pavlov wrote: "Examine the basics of science before trying to climb on her vertices ... Learn to do black work in science ... Never think that you all know. And, no matter how high either appreciated you, always have the courage to tell yourself: "I'm ignorant."

Ivan Pavlov The brief biography of the famous scientist, the creator of science about the highest nervous activity, physiological school, is set out in this article.

Ivan Pavlov Biography briefly

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born September 26, 1849 In the family of the priest. Training began in the Ryazan spiritual school, which graduated in 1864. Then he entered the Ryazan spiritual seminary.

In 1870, the future scientist decided to enroll at the Faculty of Faculty of the St. Petersburg University. But after 17 days after the receipt, it was transferred to the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg State University, specialized in physiology, I. F. Cion and F. V. Ovsyannikova.

James arrived immediately on the third course of the Medical and Surgical Academy, which he graduated from 1879 and began to work in the clinic of Botkin. Here Ivan Petrovich headed the laboratory of physiology.

From 1884 to 1886, it is intern in Germany and France, after which it returns to work in the clinic of Botkin. Pavlova in 1890 decide to make a professor of pharmacology and send to the Military Medical Academy. After 6 years, the scientist is already headed here by the Department of Physiology. He will leave it only in 1926.

Simultaneously with this work, Ivan Petrovich studies the physiology of blood circulation, digestion, the highest nervous activity. It spends its famous experiment with imaginary feeding in 1890. The scientist establishes that the nervous system plays in the digestion processes a large role. For example, the process of juice occurs in 2 phases. The first of these is neuropsychotics, followed by humoral-clinical. After that, it began to carefully examine the highest nervous activity

It has achieved significant results in the study of reflexes. In 1903, at the age of 54, the International Medical Congress was held in Madrid with his report.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, Laureate of the Nobel Prize for Medicine (1849-1936)

This is a star that covers the world, shedding light to the still unknown paths.

G. Wells about I.P. Pavlov

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is an outstanding scientist, the pride of domestic science, the "first physiologist of the world", as his colleagues called. He was awarded the first in the history of the Nobel Prize for medicine, elected an honorary member of 130 academies and scientific societies. None of the Russian scientists of that time did not get such fame abroad. He was even called the "romantic, almost-religious person."

Among the extraordinarily spiritual portraits of the brush of a wonderful Russian artist Mikhail Nesterov is also written in 1935. Portrait of Academician I.P. Pavlova. The scientist is depicted in the interior, against the background of the autumn landscape outside the window. Moving for years and experience, he focuses on infinity. The viewer cannot meet with the eyes of a great man, but his hands, nervously compressed in fists, give out the intensity and strength of thought capable of transforming the world.

This force arose not by itself, but was the result of the tirelessness of the scientist throughout his life. Pavlov somehow admitted that if he were not scientists, he would become a peasant.

It is known that Ivan Petrovich demanded that of their laboratory, Ivan Petrovich demanded the same selfless work, which differed himself. The first questions to the new employee who descended to get into his laboratory were such: "How long can you work? What can distract? A family? Housing difficulties? " These questions can be interpreted as a concern for a person, but much more care here about business is your and your young colleague.

In a conversation with M. Gorky, he develops the idea of \u200b\u200bthe "reflex of the goal" - the great engine of human life. "The happiness of a person is somewhere between freedom and discipline," he said. - One freedom without strict discipline and the rule without a sense of freedom cannot create a full-fledged human person. "

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born on September 26, 1849 in Ryazan. His father, Peter Dmitrievich, was a priest. Mother, Varvara Ivanovna, also took place from the family of clergy. Ivan - firstborn.

Junior sister L.P. Andreeva recalled:

The first teacher was his father ... Ivan Petrovich was always with gratitude recalled his father, who managed to instill the habit of labor, order, accuracy and accuracy in everything. "" The case is time, fun - an hour, "he loved to say ...". Having matured, the son will become surprisingly similar to the Father. As his biographer writes, "both were stubborn workers, debris, strict servants of the idea, passionately loving the truth and honoring knowledge."

In childhood, Ivan Petrovich had to perform various work:

Our mother contained tenants, "his sister told. - Often she herself did everything and there was a big worker. Her children are idle and knew something to help with something: throwing firewood, to escape the oven, bring water - all this had to do and Ivan.

At the request of their parents, Ivan in 1860 entered the Ryazan spiritual school, immediately in the second class. Successfully graduated from 1864, and in the same year he was taken to the local spiritual seminary.

Somehow he found in the extensive father's library, a book of G.G. Levi with colorful pictures, once and forever struck his imagination. It was called "the physiology of everyday life." This book so deeply smelled to him in the soul, which, being an adult, "the first physiologist of the world" with each convenient case of the memory quoted all pages from there. He was carried away by natural sciences, Pavlov in 1870 entered the University of St. Petersburg for the natural branch of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty. With money was tight. We had to work out by private lessons, translations.

His interest in physiology has increased even more after the study of the book I.M. Sechenova "Brain reflexes". Later, the scientist recalled: "... the main impetus to my decision, although not conscious then, was long ago, even in the youthful years, the influence of the talented brochure of Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov, the father of Russian physiology, under the title of" brain reflexes ".

It helped in the development of this subject and training in the laboratory I. Cion, who studied the role of depressor nerves. Like a confession, he listened to the young pavlov explanation of the professor. The selection of a student by Pavlov his supervisor I. Cion called the amazement of his fellow students. Very young (barely for 30!) Ilya was one of the leading physiologists in Europe, from those who created experimental physiology with their own hands. Pavlov considered it the most important, despite the amazingly difficult character of Ilya Faddeevich. A sharp, explosive, non-advisive, he was a person simply odious. Passionate monarchist, Istovo believing in God. Angry anti-rivist. "Freedom" viewed as Synonym for idleness, and the "right of choice" - as a harmful fiction of the entire saint. Among democratically configured students were considered a good tone with him not to greet. However, Ivan Petrovich was not stopped.

Under the leadership of Cion Pavlov, the scalpel was masterfully mastered and began to grow rapidly as a researcher. For his first scientific research, he received the Gold Medal of the University.

By defending in 1875 the title of Candidate of Natural Sciences, the scientist entered the third course of the Medical and Surgery Academy in St. Petersburg, worked as an assistant in the veterinary institute, continuing to study digestion and blood circulation. In the summer of 1877, he worked in Breslau (Germany) with R. Heengaine, a digestive specialist. Next year, having received an invitation to S. Botkin, Pavlov began to work in a physiological laboratory with his clinic in Breslau.

In 1881, a happy event happened in the life of a scientist: Ivan Petrovich married Seraphim Vasilyevna Karchevskaya, who gave birth to him four sons and daughter. "I was looking for only a good person in the comrades of life," Pavlov wrote, "and found him in my wife Seraphim Vasilyevna, nee Carrichevskaya, patiently tolerated the adversity of our stagefestorsky life, always guarded my scientific desire and had an equally devoted to our family, as I laboratory. "

However, the well-early decade has become the hardest for him and his family. "Not enough money to buy furniture, kitchen, dining room and tea dishes," his wife recalled. Endless wandering on someone else's apartments, then the hardest misfortune - the death of the firstborn and literally in a year again the unexpected death of the young son, the despair of Serafim Vasilyevna, her prolonged disease. All this knocked out of the gauge, took the strength, so necessary for scientific training. That was a year that Pavlova's wife would call "desperate" when the courage changed Ivan Petrovich. But she came to his aid - insisted that the scientist closely took up scientific work. In 1883, he defended his dissertation for the degree of doctor's medicine dedicated to the description of the nerves controlling the function of the heart. Subsequently, I.P. Pavlov Skupo, several phrases, outlined such a long-term decade:

Up to the professors in 1890, already married and had a son, in cash constantly accounted for a very tight, finally, at the 41st year of life, I received a professorship, got my own laboratory ... So suddenly, sufficient cash was and suddenly, And a wide opportunity to do in the laboratory what you want.

Pavlova appointed a private associate professor to the Academy, but he is forced to abandon his post in connection with additional work in Leipzig. Two years later, again comes to Russia. By 1890, Pavlov's works were recognized among scientists around the world. Since 1891, he headed the physiological department of the Institute of Experimental Medicine, organized during its active participation. At the same time, Ivan Petrovich simultaneously remained the head of physiological studies at the Military Medical Academy, where he worked from 1895 to 1925.

According to the description of the biographer Pavlov, in 1901, a professor of the physiology of the Helsingfors University R. Tigerstedt visited St. Petersburg. He visited the newly new Russian celebrity. The fact that the famous scientist saw here was confirmed by his correspondence ideas about the outstanding Pavlovian experiments on food physiology, which he, returning to his homeland, was informed Ivan Petrovich by writing. Professor R. Tigerstedt was a member of the Nobel Committee, but this visit was privately, an injurious character.

In the spring of 1904, he arrived in St. Petersburg along with another member of the Committee, I. Johanson, already with official authority. For several days in a row, they showed all Pavlovsk "economy": and the famous "imaginary feeding", and the observational "window" in the stomach, and, of course, "small ventricle". For clarity, many operations were carried out right in the presence of high guests. Operated Ivan Petrovich himself. And although it did not cost without a rush and excitement, the skill of Pavlov struck foreign scientists. They left solid confidence that their Russian colleague is worthy of awards. In October of the same year, he was recognized as a laureate and invited to Stockholm to present the Nobel Prize. In December 1904, a solemn presentation of the gold medal, a diploma and money check for 75 thousand rubles took place.

Handed to Pavlov this high award of the King of Sweden and, in order to respect the scientist who arrived from Russia from Russia, said in Russian specially learned greeting: "How is your health, Ivan Petrovich?" Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine "For work on the physiology of digestion, thanks to which a clearer understanding of the vital aspects of this issue was formed." In speech at the award ceremony, a well-known scientist from the Caroline Institute K.A.G. Merner, giving a high assessment of the activities of the Russian scientist, said:

Thanks to the work of Pavlov, we were able to move into the study of this problem further than for all previous years. Now we have an exhaustive idea of \u200b\u200bthe influence of one digestive system on the other, i.e. About how individual units of the digestive mechanism are adapted to collaboration.

Throughout his scientific life, Pavlov retained the influence of the nervous system on the activities of the internal organs. At the beginning of the XX century. Its experiments relating to the digestive system led to the study of conditional reflexes. For the first time, it was possible to experimentally prove that the work of the stomach depends on the nervous system and is managed by it.

Having affected by the force of conditional reflexes, shed light on psychology and physiology, Pavlov after 1902 focused on his scientific interests on the study of the highest nervous activity. At the Institute, which was located near St. Petersburg, in the town of Koltushi, he created the only laboratory in the world to study the highest nervous activity. Its center became the famous "Tower of Silence" - a special premises that allowed to fully isolate the experimental animal from the outside world. Exploring the reactions of dogs to external stimuli, the scientist found that reflexes are conditional and unconditional, i.e. As developed and inherent animal from birth. It was his second largest discovery in the field of physiology.

When the revolution occurred, Ivan Petrovich took her as the death of his homeland, but remained in Russia. Chekists arranged searches in his house, took the awards, completely took the Nobel Prize - he did not leave. Arrest his friends, his eldest son Vladimir, he himself - he was not leaving. The civil war ruined his son Victor - he was not leaving. Russian to the brain of bones, Pavlov Nowhere, except Russia, herself did not think and did not feel. But when all laboratory dogs died from hunger and cold, he understood: it is no longer possible to work here. In the summer of 1920, Ivan Petrovich sent a letter to the Council as a request for the "Freedom of Leaving Russia".

Lenin, having learned about this, demanded "to immediately provide Pavlov and his assistants to all that he will only find it necessary." He was appointed "special improved missing", from which he refused. "I can't take bucks when my employees are starving," he said.

Around - collapse, destruction, launch, violence. Pavlov continued to work. No heating in the laboratory - put on a fur coat and a fur hat. No light - operated with rays. "In a difficult time, one life support remains: the execution as the debt taken on itself."

In January 1921, the Council of Justice adopted a resolution: to create a largest favored to academician Pavlov in his research. He was returned with medals, guaranteed material support, inviolability, personal freedom, freedom of movement.

A perfect space for scientific work was created around Pavlov in Koltysh. He could not dream about such before, "the capital of conditional reflexes". Near the biobanization, built a whole town with auxiliary farm, laboratories, libraries, cottages for colleagues ... Here it was possible to live, without leaving, live exclusively by science, without distracting anything more superfluous. And Ivan Petrovich worked. Worked like never before. From now on, the position of the greatest Russian scientist defended him from political conflicts, which the events in Russia began the beginning of the century.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov - the laureate of the Nobel Prize and recognized in the whole world scientific authority. Being a talented scientist, a significant contribution to the development of psychology and physiology has made. It is he who is considered the founder of such a scientific direction, as a number of largest discoveries in the regulation of the digestion, and also founded physiological school in Russia.

Parents

Pavlova Biography Ivan Petrovich begins in 1849. It was then that the future academician was born in the city of Ryazan. His Dmitrievich, was a leaving from the peasant family and worked as a priest in one of the little parishes. Independent and true, he constantly conflicted with the bosses, therefore it lived not to. Petr Dmitrievich loved his life, possessed strong health and adored to work in the garden and the garden.

Varvara Ivanovna, the mother of Ivan, took place from the spiritual family. In the younger years she was cheerful, cheerful and healthy. But frequent delivery (in the family there were 10 children) strongly undermined her well-being. Varvara Ivanovna had no education, but hardworking and the natural mind turned it into a skillful educator of their own children.

Childhood

The future academician Pavlov Ivan was in the family of the firstborn. Children's years left in his memory an indelible mark. In mature years, he recalled: "I very clearly remember my first visit to the house. Surprisingly, I was only a year old, and the nanny carried me on his hands. For the fact that I remember myself, another bright memory also says. When the mother's brother was buried, I was put on my hands to say goodbye to him. This scene still stands with me before your eyes. "

Ivan Ros Rosornaya and healthy. He willingly played with sisters and younger brothers. Also helped mother (in domestic affairs) and father (when building at home and in the garden). His sister L. P. Andreeva told about this period of life as: "Ivan always remembered Pope with gratitude. He was able to instill it habit to work, accuracy, accuracy and order in everything. Our mother had tenants. Being a big worker, she tried to do everything herself. But all the children are idle and tried to help: bring water, to escape the oven, folding firewood. All of this had to deal with little Ivan. "

School and injury

He began to learn to the letter from 8 years old, but he got into school only in 11. Everything is marched: one day the boy laid out for drying apples on a platform. Cutting, he fell off the stairs and fell straight on the stone floor. The injury was pretty strong, and Ivan fell ill. The boy turned pale, lost weight, lost appetite and began to sleep badly. Parents tried to cure him at home, but nothing helped. Somehow Igumen Trinity Monastery arrived at Pavlov. Seeing the painful boy, he took him to him. Enhanced nutrition, clean air and regular gymnastics returned to Ivan strength and health. The guardian turned out to be smart, kind and very educated person. He led and read a lot. These qualities made a strong impression on the boy. The first book, which Academician Pavlov received in his youth from Hegumen, became Basney I. A. Krylov. The boy learned her by heart and brought love to the Basinista throughout his life. This book has always lying on the desk of the scientist.

Training in the seminary

In 1864, Ivan entered the spiritual seminary under the influence of the guardian. There he immediately became the best student, and even helped his comrades like a tutor. Years of study introduced Ivan with the works of such Russian thinkers, like D. I. Pisarev, N. A. Dobrolyubov, V. G. Belinsky, A. I. Herzen, N. G. Chernyshevsky, etc. The young man liked their desire to deal For freedom and progressive changes in society. But over time, his interests switched to natural science. And here, a huge impact on the formation of scientific interests Pavlova was provided by the monograph of I. M. Sechenov "Brain Reflexes". After the end of the sixth grade, the young man's seminary realized that he did not want to do a spiritual career, and began preparations for the entrance exams at the university.

Studying at the University

In 1870, Pavlov moved to Petersburg with the desire to enter the Physics and Mathematics Faculty. But it turned out to be legal. The reason for this is the limitation of seminarists in terms of choosing professions. Ivan turned to the recalor, and in two weeks it was transferred to the physico-mathematical department. The young man studied quite successfully and received the highest scholarship (imperial).

Over time, Ivan became more and more fond of physiology and from the third course completely devoted himself to this science. He made the final choice under the influence of Professor I. F. Cion - a talented scientist, a brilliant lecturer and a skillful experimental. This is how I recalled the period of my biography of Academician Pavlov: "As the main specialty, I chose the physiology of animals, and additional chemistry. At that time, Ilya Fadeevich was a huge impression. We were struck by his masterfully simple summary of the most complex physiological issues and artistic talent during experiments. I will remember this teacher. "

Research

The first Pavlov date back to 1873. Then under the leadership of F. V. Ovsyannikova, Ivan explored the nerves in the light frogs. In the same year, together with a classmate, he wrote the first leader, naturally, was I. F. Zion. In this work, students studied the influence of the gentle nerves on blood circulation. At the end of 1874, the results were discussed at a meeting of the Natural Society. Pavlov regularly visited these meetings and communicated with Tarkhanov, Ovsyannikov and Sechenov.

Soon students M. M. Afanasyev and I. P. Pavlov began to study the nerves of the pancreas. The University Council awarded this work a gold medal. True, Ivan spent a long time and did not hand over the final exams, having lost scholarships. It forced it to stay at the university for another year. And in 1875 he graduated brilliantly. He was only 26 (photo of Ivan Petrovich Pavlova at this age, unfortunately, was not preserved), and the future was seen very promising.

Circulatory physiology

In 1876, the young man got an assistant to Professor K. N. Ustimovich, head of the laboratory in the Medical and Surgery Academy. In the next two years, Ivan conducted a number of studies on blood circulation physiology. Pavlov's works highly appreciated Professor S. P. Botkin and invited him to his clinic. Formally, Ivan took the position of a laboratory assistant, but actually became the head of the laboratory. Despite the poor room, the lack of equipment and meager financing, Pavlov had achieved serious results in the study of the physiology of digestion and blood circulation. In scientific circles, his name gained increasingly fame.

The first love

At the end of the seventies, he met a seraphic Karchevskaya - a student of the pedagogical department. Young united the proximity of the views, the community of interests, loyalty to the ideals of serving society and the struggle for progress. In general, they love each other. And the preserved photo of Ivan Petrovich Pavlova and Serafima Vasilyevna Karchevskaya shows that they were a very beautiful pair. It is support for the spouse that made it possible to achieve such success on scientific fields.

Searches for new work

For 12 years of work in the clinic S. P. Botkin, Pavlova, Ivan Petrovich, was replenished with a lot of scientific events, and he became famous both in his homeland and abroad. Improving the working and life of a talented scientist has become a necessity not only for his personal interests, but for the sake of the development of Russian science.

But during the time of Tsarist Russia, to achieve any changes to a simple, honest, democratic, impractical, shy and inefficious person, which Pavlov was extremely difficult. In addition, the life of the scientist complicated prominent physiologists with whom Ivan Petrovich, being still young, publicly engaged in sharp discussions and often went out the winner. So, thanks to the negative feedback of Professor I. R. Tarkhanov about the work of Pavlov on blood circulation, the latter was not awarded.

Ivan Petrovich could not find a good laboratory to continue his research. In 1887, he turned in a letter to the Minister of Enlightenment, in which he asked places at the department of some experimental university. Then he sent a few more letters to different institutions and received a refusal from everywhere. But soon luck smiled by a scientist.

Nobel Prize

In April 1890, Pavlova elected a professor of pharmacology at once in two and Tomsk. And in 1891 he was invited to organize the department of physiology in the University of Experimental Medicine who had newly discovered. Pavlov headed him until the end of his days. It was here that he fulfilled several classic works on the physiology of the digestive glands, which were noted by the Nobel Prize in 1904. The whole scientific community remembers the speech that academician Pavlov said on the Russian mind ceremony at the presentation ceremony. It should be noted that it was the first premium, awarded for experiments in the field of medicine.

Despite the hunger and destroying during the formation of the Soviet power, V. I. Lenin issued a special decree, in which the work of Pavlov was highly assessed, which indicated an exclusively warm and caring attitude of the Bolsheviks. In the shortest possible time, the Academician and its employees were created the most favorable conditions for scientific work. Ivan Petrovich's laboratory was reorganized into the physiological institute. And to the 80th anniversary of the academician near Leningrad, a scientific institute-town was opened.

Many dreams have been implemented, which for a long time I was hatched academician Pavlov Ivan Petrovich. The scientific works of Professor were regularly published. At its institutions, the clinics of psychic and nerve diseases appeared. In all the scientific institutions headed by him received new equipment. Tens of times the number of employees has grown. In addition to budget funds, a scientist every month received amounts for spending at his own discretion.

Ivan Petrovich was excited and touched by such a careful and warm attitude of the Bolsheviks to his scientific activity. After all, with royal mode, he constantly needed money. And now the academician even worried about whether he could justify the trust and care of the government. He has repeatedly spoken about it both in his surroundings and publicly.

Death

Academician Pavlov died on the 87th year of life. Nothing foreshadowed the death of a scientist, because Ivan Petrovich had excellent health and rarely riff. True, he was susceptible to colds and sick with inflammation of the lungs several times. Pneumonia and caused death. On February 27, 1936, the scientist left this world.

The entire Soviet people mourn when Academician Pavlov died (the description of the death of Ivan Petrovich was immediately appeared in the newspapers). A great man and a great scientist who made a huge contribution to the development of physiological science was gone. Ivan Petrovich was buried on the nearby Mogily D. I. Mendeleev.

Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich (1849-1936), Russian physiologist, awarded in 1904 Nobel Prize for research of digestive mechanisms.

He graduated from the Ryazan Spiritual School in 1864, entered the spiritual seminary. Under the influence of scientific papers, especially the books by I.M.Sechenova, the brain reflexes, Pavlov decided to leave the seminary and in 1870 he entered the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg University.

After graduation, he became a student of the third course of the Medical and Surgical Academy. After graduating from the Academy in 1879, he headed the laboratory of physiology in the clinic S.P. Kotkin. In 1884-1886, an internship was internship in E. Dyubu-Reimon's laboratories (France), I. Muller, K. Mervig and Gelmgolts (Germany). Upon returning to Russia, Botkin worked. In 1890, he was appointed professor at the pharmacology of the Military Medical Academy, and in the 1896 head of the Department of Physiology, which was led by 1924. Headed the physiological laboratory at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, where he had completed classical experiments on the nervous regulation of the digestion process, and from 1925 he managed the Institute of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences .

The main directions of the scientific activity of Pavlov - a study of the physiology of blood circulation, digestion and higher nervous activity. The scientist has developed the methods of surgical operations to create a "isolated ventricle" and imposing fistula on digestive glands, applied a new approach for its time - "Chronic experiment", which allows observations on practically healthy animals in conditions as close as possible to natural. This method allowed to minimize the distorting effect of "acute" experiments requiring serious surgical intervention, separation of parts of the body and anesthesia of the animal. In 1890, Pavlov had the experience of "imaginary" feeding an animal in order to study the role of the central nervous system in the secretion of the gastric juice. Using the "insulated ventricle" method, set the presence of two phases of juice: neuroper-reflex and humoral-clinical. When food is only made to mouth and chews, the first portion of the gastric juice is released. If you get food in the stomach, its digestion begins, and disintegration products, acting on the gastric mucosa, contribute to the elongation of the secretion period for all the time until food is in the stomach.

The next stage in the scientific activity of Pavlova is the study of the highest nervous activity. The transition from the digestive work was due to its ideas about the adaptive nature of the activity of the digestive glands. Pavlov believed that adaptive phenomena are determined not just reflexes from the oral cavity: the reason should be sought in mental excitation. As new data on the functioning of external brain departments, a new scientific discipline was formed - the science of higher nervous activity. It was based on the idea of \u200b\u200bthe separation of reflexes (mental factors) on conditional and unconditional. The conditional reflex is the highest and most late in an evolutionarity form of the body's adaptation to the environment, it is generated as a result of accumulating individual life experience. Pavlov and his staff discovered the laws of formation and extinction of conditional reflexes, proved that the conditional reflex activity is carried out with the participation of the bark of large hemispheres of the brain. In the cortex of large hemispheres, the braking center was opened - antipode of the excitation center; various types and types of braking (external, internal) are investigated; The laws of distribution and narrowing the scope of the excitation and braking are the main nervous processes; Sleep problems are studied and its phases are installed; The braking is investigated; The role of the collision of the processes of excitation and braking in the occurrence of neurosis was studied. Pavlov's wide fame brought his teaching about the types of nervous system, which is also based on ideas about the ratio between the excitation and braking processes. Finally, another merit of Pavlova is the doctrine of signaling systems. In a person, in addition to the first signaling system, also inherent in animals, there is a second signaling system - a special form of higher nervous activity associated with speech function and abstract thinking.

Pavlov was formulated by the ideas about the analytical synthetic activities of the brain and created the teaching on analyzers, the localization of functions in the cerebral cortex and the system in the work of large hemispheres.

The scientific work of Pavlova had a huge impact on the development of related areas of medicine and biology, left a noticeable trace in psychiatry. Under the influence of his ideas, large scientific schools were formed in therapy, surgery, psychiatry, neuropathology.

In 1907, Pavlov was elected a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a foreign member of the London Royal Society. In 1915 he was awarded the medal of Kopli London Royal Society. In 1928 he became an honorary member of the London Royal Society of Doctors. In 1935, at the age of 86, Pavlov presided over the sessions of the 15th International Physiological Congress, held in Moscow and Leningrad.