When was the International Olympic Committee (IOC) established, and who represented Russia in it? The history of the emergence of international organizations In what year was the international

April 25 marks the 65th anniversary of the day when delegates from 50 countries gathered in San Francisco for a United Nations conference on the creation of an international organization - the UN. During the conference, delegates prepared a charter of 111 articles, which was adopted on June 25.

The United Nations Organization (UN) is an international organization of states created in order to maintain and strengthen international peace, security, and develop cooperation between countries.

The name United Nations, proposed by President Franklin Roosevelt of the United States, was first used in the United Nations Declaration on January 1, 1942, when, during World War II, representatives of 26 states pledged, on behalf of their governments, to continue their joint struggle against the countries of the Nazi bloc.

The first contours of the UN were outlined at a conference in Washington at the Dumbarton Oaks mansion. In two series of meetings, held from September 21 to October 7, 1944, the United States, Great Britain, the USSR and China agreed on the goals, structure and functions world organization.

On February 11, 1945, after meetings in Yalta, the leaders of the United States, Great Britain and the USSR, Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin, declared their determination to establish a "general international organization for the maintenance of peace and security."

On April 25, 1945, representatives from 50 countries gathered in San Francisco for the United Nations Conference on the Establishment of an International Organization to draft the UN Charter.

Delegates from countries representing over 80% of the world's population gathered in San Francisco. The Conference was attended by 850 delegates, and together with their advisers, the staff of delegations and the secretariat of the Conference, the total number of persons who took part in the work of the Conference reached 3,500. In addition, there were more than 2,500 representatives of the press, radio and newsreels, as well as observers from different societies and organizations. The San Francisco conference was not only one of the most important in history, but in all likelihood the largest international gathering ever to take place.

On the agenda of the Conference were the proposals worked out by the representatives of China, the Soviet Union, Great Britain and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, on the basis of which the delegates were to work out a Charter acceptable to all states.

The charter was signed on June 26, 1945 by representatives of 50 countries. Poland, not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became the 51st founding state.

The UN has officially existed since October 24, 1945. - by this day, the Charter has been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, the United States and most of the other signatory states. October 24 is celebrated annually as United Nations Day.

The preamble to the Charter speaks of the determination of the peoples of the United Nations "to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war."

The goals of the UN, enshrined in its Charter, are the maintenance of international peace and security, the prevention and elimination of threats to peace, and the suppression of acts of aggression, the settlement or resolution of international disputes by peaceful means, the development of friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples; implementation of international cooperation in economic, social, cultural and humanitarian fields, promotion and development of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction of race, gender, language and religion.

Members of the UN have pledged to act in accordance with the following principles: sovereign equality of states; settlement of international disputes by peaceful means; renunciation in international relations of the threat of force or its use against the territorial inviolability or political independence of any state.

192 countries of the world are UN members.

Principal UN bodies:
- The UN General Assembly (UN General Assembly) is the main advisory body, consisting of representatives of all UN member states (each of them has 1 vote).
- The UN Security Council operates on a permanent basis. According to the Charter, the Security Council is entrusted with the main responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. If all the ways of peaceful resolution of the conflict are used, the Security Council is competent to send observers or troops to the conflict areas to maintain peace in order to weaken tensions and disassociate the troops of the warring parties.

During the entire existence of the UN, the UN peacekeeping forces have conducted about 40 peacekeeping operations.
- The UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is authorized to conduct research and draw up reports on international issues in the field of economic, social, culture, education, health, human rights, ecology, etc., to give recommendations to the GA on any of them.
- The UN International Court of Justice, the main judicial body established in 1945, resolves legal disputes between states with their consent and provides advisory opinions on legal issues.
- The UN Secretariat was created to ensure the proper conditions for the organization's activities. The Secretariat is headed by the Chief Administrative Officer of the United Nations - the UN Secretary General (since January 1, 2007 - Ban Ki-moon (Korea).

The UN has a number of its own specialized agencies - international intergovernmental organizations on economic, social and humanitarian issues (UNESCO, WHO, FAO, IMF, ILO, UNIDO and others) associated with the UN, through ECOSOC, by international agreements. Most of the UN members are members of the UN specialized agencies.

The UN common system also includes autonomous organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Agency for atomic energy(IAEA).

The official languages ​​of the UN and its organizations are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.

The UN headquarters is located in New York.

The UN is the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate. In 2001, the prize "For Contribution to a More Organized World and Strengthening World Peace" was awarded jointly to the organization and its Secretary General, Kofi Annan. In 1988 g. Nobel prize peace was received by the UN Peacekeeping Force.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources

1.1 History of creation international organizations

It is interesting to note that "knowledge" about international organizations appeared long before their introduction into international relations.

Dreams of this form of organization human society can be found in the writings of many scientists and politicians of the past. For five hundred years (1300-1800), up to 30 projects of international organizations were drawn up aimed at ensuring international security, and at the beginning of the twentieth century, more than 80 such projects appeared. Among the first to propose the creation of an international organization called the "Union of Humanity" was a Roman writer, statesman and orator Mark Tullius Cicero (106 - 43 BC). In his opinion, the main goal of this union would be the struggle for peace and the prevention of war.

V Ancient Greece in the 6th century BC, the first permanent international associations appeared. They were created in the form of alliances of cities and communities (for example, Lakeediminian and Delos Symmachia), as well as religious and political alliances between tribes and cities (for example, Delphic - Thermopylae amphiktyonia). Such associations were the prototypes of future international organizations. FF Martens in his work "Modern international law of civilizational peoples" wrote that "although these unions were caused by specifically religious purposes, they had their effect in general on relations between the Greek states: like other social factors, they brought peoples closer together and softened their isolation ”.

Among Russian educators, Vasily Fedorovich Malinovsky (1765-1814) gained wide popularity in 1803 thanks to his work "Discourses on Peace and War." In this work, he put forward the idea of ​​organizing a world union of peoples, which would resolve international disputes "according to the established order", which would allow avoiding wars. In the middle of the nineteenth century, the first international intergovernmental organizations appeared. The emergence of these organizations was due to two mutually exclusive reasons. First, the formation as a result of bourgeois-democratic revolutions of sovereign states striving for national independence, and, secondly, the successes of the scientific and technological revolution, which gave rise to a tendency towards interdependence and interconnectedness of states.

Scientific and technological progress has led to the fact that the integration processes have penetrated the economies of all developed countries of Europe and caused a comprehensive connection and interdependence of nations from each other. The need to reconcile these two opposite tendencies - the desire to develop within the framework of a sovereign state and the impossibility of doing this without broad cooperation with other independent states - led to the emergence of such a form of interstate relations as international intergovernmental organizations. The latter, in turn, evolved to distance themselves from nation states, to formalize the status of independent subjects. international law.

The question of the emergence of the first international organization is still controversial, most often referred to as the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine, which arose in 1815. It was established by special articles of the Final General Act of the Vienna Congress, which was signed on July 9, 1815. These articles prescribed the establishment of international rules for navigation and collection of duties on the Rhine, Moselle, Meuse and Scheldt rivers, which served as the border of states or flowed through the possessions of several states. Specialists in the field international relations there are three stages in the development of international organizations. The first is the second half of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century. It was a time of rapid development of science and technology, which caused the emergence of such international organizations as the International Union for the Measurement of the Earth (1864), the World Telegraph Union (1865), the Universal Postal Union (1874), the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (1875 year), International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Property (1886), International Union of Commodity Railways (1890). All of these organizations had their own permanent bodies, permanent members, and headquarters. Their powers were limited only to the discussion of specialized problems.

From the middle of the 19th century until the beginning of the First World War, the number of international organizations increased, the main registration of which is carried out by the Union. international associations, founded in Brussels in 1909. He coordinated the activities of international organizations and collected information on general issues their activities.

The second period of development of international organizations - the 20s of the XX century - the beginning of the Second World War. The first World War delayed the development of international organizations and led to the dissolution of many of them. At the same time, the awareness of the destructiveness of world wars for the development of human civilization stimulated the emergence of projects for the creation of international organizations of political orientation in order to prevent wars. One of these projects formed the basis of the League of Nations, created in 1919. The main organs of the League of Nations were the Assembly of all representatives of the members of this organization, the Council and the permanent secretariat.

Its main task was to maintain peace and prevent new wars. The League of Nations recognized that any war “interests the League as a whole” and it must take all measures to maintain stability in the world community. The Council of the League of Nations could be convened at the immediate request of any of its members. In the event of a conflict between members of the League of Nations, the dispute was resolved either in an arbitration court or in the Council. If any of the members of the League started a war contrary to their obligations, then the rest of the participants had to immediately terminate all financial and trade relations with him. The council, in turn, invited the various governments concerned to provide troops to maintain respect for the League's commitments.

The constituent act, on the basis of which the League of Nations acted, was the charter. It was he who provided for the need to limit national armed conflicts and reduce them to the minimum necessary to ensure national security.

But, according to experts, namely I.I. Lukashuk, the League of Nations was unable to cope with its main task: the preservation of peace and peaceful settlement international conflicts... The disagreements that arose between the members of the League led to the failure to fulfill their obligations. She could not prevent the Second World War, as well as the attack of Japan on China, Italy - on Ethiopia, Germany - on Austria and Czechoslovakia, Italy - on Spain. On April 18, 1946, the League of Nations was liquidated, as it did not fulfill its functions and at this historical stage it ceased to exist. The third stage refers to the period after the end of World War II, when the first universal international organization, the United Nations Organization (hereinafter referred to as the UN), appeared in 1945.

In general, during the period from the First to the Second World War, the development of the problems of organizing international peace and security moved at an extremely slow pace, but one could observe a tendency towards the expansion of the role of international organizations in the development of international law. S. B. Krylov wrote that “while the functioning of international law was previously based mainly on the actions of states, then on the present stage it relies heavily on organizations such as the UN and specialized agencies that group around the UN. ”The Second World War, due to its scale, gave a powerful impetus to government and public initiatives in many states to develop the problems of the post-war organization of peace and security. The need to create an international security organization arose from the very first days of the war, because, simultaneously with the military efforts aimed at winning the war, the member states of the anti-Hitler coalition were also developing the principles and plans of the future world organization. The UN was distinguished from the previously existing organizations by a pronounced political character, manifested in an orientation towards issues of peace, security, and an extremely broad competence in all spheres of interstate cooperation. After the adoption of the UN Charter came new era in the development of international organizations. The great importance of the UN as a guarantor of international peace and security is emphasized in their works by both domestic and foreign lawyers - international affairs.

Speaking at the 58th session of the UN General Assembly, the President Russian Federation V.V. Putin stressed that “the structure and functions of the UN were formed in a predominantly different international environment, time only confirmed their universal significance. And the UN tools are not only in demand today, as life itself shows, they are simply irreplaceable in key cases. " The current stage in the development of international relations is characterized by a noticeable increase in the activity of international organizations. For example, their total number has more than doubled over the past two centuries. In total, according to the data of the Union of International Associations, in 2005 there were more than 6300 international organizations in the world. According to scientists, if we take into account all, without exception, the structures associated with international activities(charitable foundations, conferences), their total number will reach about 50 thousand. Modern international organizations reflect the unity of cooperation of many peoples and nations. They are characterized by further development competence and complication of their structures. The presence of a large number of organizations, as well as the specifics of each of them, allow us to conclude that a system of international organizations has been formed, the center of which is the UN.

About concession and production sharing agreements, oil companies acquire ownership of a part of the produced product, respectively, at the wellhead and the destination of the product. Chapter 2. International legal mechanism for the exploitation of hydrocarbon deposits: problems and solutions 2.1 Legal substantiation of payment for the operation of hydrocarbon deposits ...

Points, the geographical coordinates of which are approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. A different breadth of territorial waters is established by international treaties of the Russian Federation. The airspace of the Russian Federation is the airspace over the land territory and over the territorial waters of the Russian Federation. The air border itself is a vertical ...

2. The totality of natural morpho-functional properties at every moment of a person's life determines him ...
a) corporality
b) physical education
c) physical condition
d) physical development

3. Exercises "for coordination" are advisable to perform in ...
a) the preparatory part of the lesson
b) the beginning of the main part of the lesson
c) the middle of the main part
d) the end of the main part of the lesson

5. Reducing body weight is facilitated by exercise complexes characterized by ...
a) large volume and moderate intensity
b) local effects on muscle groups in places of fat deposits
c) little weights and a lot of repetitions
d) a large number of approaches and a limited number of repetitions
Check all items.

6. The meaning of correct posture is that it ...
a) creates optimal conditions for the functioning of all vegetative organs: cardiovascular and respiratory systems, digestive organs, excretions, etc.
b) performs a spring function
c) to a certain extent contributes to the prevention of completeness
d) performs, among other things, an important aesthetic function

Check all items

Complete the definition by entering the appropriate word
23.September 10, 2013 in Buenos Aires, the new President of the International Olympic Committee was elected ...

Enumeration tasks
24. List the sections of the curriculum recommended as a means of physical education ...

25. List the characteristics of the level physical development that you use to monitor your own state ...

1. The torch of the Olympic flame of the modern games is lit ... A) in Athens B) near Mount Olympia C) in Olympia D) in Sparta 2.

The Russian Olympic Committee was created in ...

3. Summer Olympic Games 2012 Will be held in ...

B) London

4. Evgeny Dementyev, Larisa Lazutina, Yulia Chepalova - champions

Olympic Games in ...

A) Figure skating

B) Swimming

B) biathlon

D) cross-country skiing

5. Winter Olympic Games 2014 will be held in ...

A) Munich

B) London

6. Human health primarily depends on ...

A) condition environment

B) heredity

C) lifestyle

D) activities of health care institutions

7. First aid for bruises is that the bruised place should be ...

A) cool

B) heat

B) cover with an iodine net

D) rub, massage

8. The Olympic symbol consists of ...

A) Olympic flag

B) Olympic motto

B) the Olympic emblem

D) Olympic rings

9. The person called to ensure that the competitions are held in accordance with the rules of the sport and has all the powers for this is ...

10. The line along the short sides of the football field is called ...

11. A fighting unit of the lowest value in a chess game ...

12. A metal projectile for the development of the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle is called….

13. Countries where sailing emerged earlier than others

A) Norway, Sweden

B) England, Holland

C) Germany, Poland

D) Romania, Bulgaria

14.What year has sailing been an Olympic sport

B) England

C) France

D) Russia

16. In basketball, for getting the ball into the ring from a free throw, they give ...

17. In basketball, segments of the game are usually called ...

B) period

B) quarter

18.In volleyball, when organizing an attack, players of one team are allowed no more than ... touches of the ball in a row

Urgently! Please help with the quiz !! Thank you for earlier !!! :) I reciprocate :) 1. Name the date when it was formed

Northern flotilla, who was appointed commander? 2. Through how many seas and oceans passed the submarines of the Pacific Fleet, transferred to the Northern Fleet, in the Arctic and when? 3. What orders and medals in honor of the naval commanders were instituted during the Second World War? Which of our fellow countrymen have been awarded orders? 4. When was the first issue of the newspaper "Red Northern Fleet" published? (5 / Name the Severomorians twice Heroes of the Soviet Union? 6. When did the Northern Flotilla become the Northern Fleet? (Do Specify the place of death of BF Safonov? Coordinates of death. 8. In the central naval museum of St. Petersburg, a combat aircraft Who flew it? 9. How many combat missions did BF Safonov make, how many shot down enemy planes? 10.3 What feat and what award was GD Kurbatov awarded? 11. Ships of the Northern Fleet during the Great Patriotic War carried out a convoy to ensure the safe stay of ships and ships of the allies in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk. The famous Soviet writer, a pupil of the Jung school, who served in the Northern Fleet, devoted his novel to these events? 12. What ship and why is it called the “northern Varyag”? 13. How many fleets are in the Russian Federation Navy?

Many people know that the Communist International refers to the international organization that united the Communist parties different countries in 1919-1943. This same organization is called by some the Third International, or the Comintern.

This formation was founded in 1919, at the request of the RCP (b) and its leader V.I. Lenin for the dissemination and development of the ideas of international revolutionary socialism, which, in comparison with the reformist socialism of the Second International, was a completely opposite phenomenon. The rift between the two coalitions was due to differences in positions regarding the First World War and the October Revolution.

Congresses of the Comintern

The Congresses of the Comintern were not held very often. Let's consider them in order:

• First (Founding). Organized in 1919 (March) in Moscow. It was attended by 52 delegates from 35 groups and parties from 21 countries of the world.
• Second Congress. Held from July 19 to August 7 in Petrograd. At this event, a number of decisions were made on the tactics and strategy of communist activities, such as models of participation in the national liberation movement of the communist parties, on the rules for the party to join the 3rd International, the Charter of the Comintern, and so on. At that moment, the Department of International Cooperation of the Comintern was created.
• Third Congress. Held in Moscow in 1921, from June 22 to July 12. This event was attended by 605 delegates from 103 parties and structures.
• Fourth Congress. The event ran from November to December 1922. It was attended by 408 delegates, who were sent by 66 parties and enterprises from 58 countries. By the decision of the congress, the International Enterprise for Aid to the Fighters of the Revolution was organized.
• The fifth meeting of the Communist International was held from June to July 1924. The participants decided to turn the national communist parties into Bolshevik ones: to change their tactics in the light of the defeat of revolutionary uprisings in Europe.
• The Sixth Congress was held from July to September 1928. At this meeting, the participants assessed the political world situation as transitional to the newest stage. It was characterized by an economic crisis spreading across the planet and an intensification of the class struggle. The members of the Congress succeeded in developing the thesis of social fascism. They issued a statement that the political cooperation of the communists with both the right and left social democrats is impossible. In addition, during this conference, the Charter and Program of the Communist International were adopted.
• The seventh conference was held in 1935, from July 25 to August 20. The main theme of the meeting was the idea of ​​consolidating forces and combating the growing fascist threat. During this period, the Workers' United Front was created, which was a body for coordinating the activity of workers of various political interests.

Story

In general, the communist internationals are very interesting to study. So, it is known that the Trotskyists approved the first four congresses, the supporters of left communism - only the first two. As a result of the 1937-1938 campaigns, most sections of the Comintern were liquidated. The Polish section of the Comintern was eventually officially dissolved.

Of course, political parties of the 20th century have undergone a lot of changes. Repressions against the leaders of the communist international movement who found themselves in the USSR for one reason or another appeared even before Germany and the USSR concluded a non-aggression pact in 1939.

Marxism-Leninism enjoyed great popularity among the people. And already at the beginning of 1937, members of the directorate of the German Communist Party G. Remmele, H. Eberlein, F. Schulte, G. Neumann, G. Kippenberger, the leaders of the Yugoslav Communist Party M. Fillipovich, M. Gorkich were arrested. V. Chopich commanded the 15th Lincoln International Brigade in Spain, but when he returned, he was also arrested.

As you can see, the communist internationals were created by a large number of people. Also, a prominent figure of the communist international movement, the Hungarian Bela Kun, and many leaders of the Polish Communist Party - J. Pashin, E. Pruchniak, M. Kossutskaya, J. Lensky and many others were repressed. Former Greek Communist Party A. Kaitas was arrested and shot. One of the leaders of the Iranian Communist Party, A. Sultan-Zadeh, was honored with the same fate: he was a member of the Executive Committee of the Comintern, a delegate to the II, III, IV and VI Congresses.

It should be noted that the political parties of the 20th century were distinguished by a large number of intrigues. Stalin accused the leaders of the Polish Communist Party of anti-Bolshevism, Trotskyism, and anti-Soviet positions. His speeches were the reason for the physical reprisals against Jerzy Czheyko-Sokhacki and other leaders of the Polish communists (1933). Some of the repressions overtook in 1937.

Marxism-Leninism, in fact, was a good teaching. But in 1938, the Presidium of the Executive Committee of the Comintern decided to dissolve the Polish Communist Party. The founders of the Hungarian Communist Party and the leaders of the Hungarian Soviet Republic - F. Bayaki, D. Bocanyi, Bela Kun, I. Rabinovich, J. Kelen, L. Gavreau, S. Sabados, F. Karikash - were under the wave of repression. The Bulgarian communists who moved to the USSR were repressed: H. Rakovsky, R. Avramov, B. Stomonyakov.

The Romanian communists also began to be exterminated. In Finland, the founders of the Communist Party G. Rovio and A. Shotman, the First General Secretary K. Manner and many of their associates were repressed.

It is known that the communist internationals did not appear from scratch. More than a hundred Italian communists who lived in the Soviet Union in the 1930s suffered for their sake. They were all arrested and taken to the camps. Mass repressions did not pass by the leaders and activists of the communist parties of Lithuania, Latvia, Western Ukraine, Estonia and Western Belarus (before their annexation to the USSR).

The structure of the Comintern

So, we have examined the congresses of the Comintern, and now we will consider the structure of this organization. Its Charter was adopted in August 1920. It read: "In fact, the Communist International is obliged to actually and truly represent the world unified communist party, separate branches of which operate in each state."

It is known that the leadership of the Comintern was carried out through the Executive Committee (ECCI). Until 1922, it consisted of representatives delegated by the Communist Parties. And since 1922 he was elected by the Congress of the Comintern. The Small Bureau of the ECCI appeared in July 1919. In September 1921 it was renamed the Presidium of the ECCI. The Secretariat of the ECCI was created in 1919; it dealt with personnel and organizational issues. This organization existed until 1926. And the Organizational Bureau (Orgburo) of the ECCI was created in 1921 and existed until 1926.

It is interesting that from 1919 to 1926 the Chairman of the ECCI was Grigory Zinoviev. In 1926, the post of chairman of the ECCI was abolished. Instead, the Political Secretariat of the ECCI of nine people appeared. In August 1929, the Political Commission of the Political Secretariat of the ECCI was separated from this new formation. She was supposed to be engaged in the preparation of various issues, which were subsequently considered by the Political Secretariat. It included D. Manuilsky, O. Kuusinen, a representative of the Communist Party of Germany (agreed with the Central Committee of the KKE) and O. Pyatnitsky (candidate).

In 1935 appeared new position- Secretary General of the ECCI. It was occupied by G. Dimitrov. The Political Commission and the Political Secretariat were abolished. The Secretariat of the ECCI was reorganized.

The International Control Commission was created in 1921. She checked the work of the ECCI apparatus, individual sections (parties) and was engaged in the audit of finances.

What organizations did the Comintern consist of?

• Profintern.
• Mezhrabpom.
• Sportintern.
• Communist Youth International (KIM).
• Krestintern.
• Women's International Secretariat.
• Association of Rebellious Theaters (international).
• Rebel Writers' Association (international).
• International of free-thinking proletarians.
• World Committee of Comrades of the USSR.
• Tenant International.
• The international organization for aid to revolutionaries was called MOPR or "Red Aid".
• Anti-imperialist League.

Disbandment of the Comintern

When did the dissolution of the Communist International take place? The date of the official liquidation of this famous organization falls on May 15, 1943. Stalin announced the dissolution of the Comintern: he wanted to impress the Western allies, convincing them that the plans to establish communist and pro-Soviet regimes on the lands European states collapsed. It is known that the reputation of the 3rd International by the beginning of the 1940s was very bad. In addition, in continental Europe, the Nazis suppressed and destroyed almost all cells.

Since the mid-1920s, Stalin personally and the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) have sought to dominate the Third International. This nuance played a role in the events of that time. The liquidation of almost all branches of the Comintern (except for the International of Youth and the Executive Committee) in the years (mid-1930s) also influenced. However, the 3rd International was able to save the Executive Committee: it was only renamed the World Department of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

In June 1947, a Paris conference on Marshall's aid was held. And in September 1947, Stalin from socialist parties created Cominform - the Communist Information Bureau. It replaced the Comintern. In fact, it was a network formed from the communist parties of Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, France, Italy, Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, Romania and Yugoslavia (due to disagreements between Tito and Stalin, it was deleted from the lists in 1948).

Cominform was liquidated in 1956, after the end of the XX Congress of the CPSU. This organization did not have a formal legal successor, but those were the OVD and CMEA, as well as regularly held meetings of the friendly USSR workers and communist parties.

Archives of the Third International

The Archives of the Comintern are kept in the State Archives of Political and Social History in Moscow. The documents are available in 90 languages: the basic working language is German. More than 80 batch reports are available.

Schools

The Third International owned:

1. Communist University of China Workers (KUTK) - until September 17, 1928, it was called the Sun Yatsen University of Workers of China (UTK).
2. Communist University of Workers of the East (KUTV).
3. Communist University of Western National Minorities (KUNMZ).
4. International Lenin School (ILSH) (1925-1938).

Institutions

The Third International ordered:

1. Statistical Information Institute of the ECCI (Bureau of Varga) (1921-1928).
2. Agrarian an international institution (1925-1940).

Historical facts

The creation of the Communist International was accompanied by various interesting events. So, in 1928, Hans Eisler wrote a magnificent hymn for him in German... It was translated into Russian by I. L. Frenkel in 1929. In the refrain of the work, the words: "Our slogan is the World Soviet Union!"

In general, when the Communist International was created, we already know that it was a difficult time. It is known that the command of the Red Army, together with the propaganda and agitation bureau of the Third International, prepared and published the book "Armed uprising". In 1928, this work was published in German, and in 1931 - in French. The work was written in the form of a textbook on the theory of organizing armed uprisings.

The book was created under the pseudonym A. Neuberg, its real authors were the popular leaders of the revolutionary world movement.

Marxism-Leninism

What is Marxism-Leninism? This is a philosophical and socio-political teaching about the laws of the struggle for the elimination of the capitalist order and the building of communism. It was developed by V.I. Lenin, who developed the teachings of Marx and applied it in practice. The emergence of Marxism-Leninism confirmed the significance of Lenin's contribution to Marxism.

Lenin created such an excellent teaching that in the socialist countries it became the official "ideology of the working class." Ideology was not static, it changed, adjusted to the needs of the elite. Incidentally, it also included the teachings of the regional communist leaders, which are important for the socialist powers under their leadership.

In the Soviet paradigm, the teachings of V.I. Lenin are the only true scientific system of economic, philosophical and political-social views. Marxist-Leninist teaching is capable of integrating conceptual views in relation to the study and revolutionary change of earthly space. It reveals the laws of the development of society, human thinking and nature, explains the class struggle and the forms of the transition to socialism (including the elimination of capitalism), tells about the creative activities of workers engaged in the construction of both communist and socialist society.

The largest party in the world is considered to be the Communist Party of China. She follows in her endeavors the teachings of V. I. Lenin. Its charter contains the following words: “Marxism-Leninism has found the laws of the historical evolution of mankind. Its basic principles are always correct and have powerful vitality. "

First International

It is known that Communist Internationals played a major role in the struggle of workers for better life... The International Working People's Association was officially named the First International. This is the first international formation working class, which was established on September 28, 1864 in London.

This organization was liquidated after the split that occurred in 1872.

2nd International

The 2nd International (Worker or Socialist) was an international union of workers' socialist parties, created in 1889. It inherited the traditions of its predecessor, but since 1893 there have been no anarchists in its composition. For uninterrupted communication between party members, the Socialist International Bureau was registered in 1900, headquartered in Brussels. The International made decisions that were not binding on the parties that belonged to it.

Fourth International

The Fourth International refers to an international communist organization that is an alternative to Stalinism. It is based on the theoretical heritage of Leon Trotsky. The tasks of this formation were the implementation of the world revolution, the victory of the working class and the creation of socialism.

This International was founded in 1938 by Trotsky and his associates in France. These people believed that the Comintern was completely controlled by the Stalinists, that it was not in a position to lead the working class of the entire planet to the complete conquest of political power. That is why, in contrast, they created their own "Fourth International", whose members at that time were persecuted by agents of the NKVD. In addition, they were accused of illegitimacy by the supporters of the USSR and late Maoism, and they were crushed by the bourgeoisie (France and the USA).

This organization suffered for the first time from a split in 1940, and also from a more powerful split in 1953. Partial reunification took place in 1963, but many groups claim to be the political successors of the Fourth International.

Fifth International

What is the Fifth International? This is the term for left-wing radicals who want to create a new workers' international organization based on the ideology of Marxist-Leninist doctrine and Trotskyism. Members of this group consider themselves ascetics of the First International, the Communist Third, Trotskyist Fourth and Second.

Communism

And finally, let's figure out what the Russian Communist Party is? It is based on communism. In Marxism, this is a hypothetical economic and social system based on social equality, public property created from the means of production.

One of the most famous internationalist communist slogans is the dictum: "Workers of all countries, unite!" Who first said these famous words- few people know. But we will reveal the secret: for the first time this slogan was expressed by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx in the "Manifesto of the Communist Party".

After the 19th century, the term "communism" was often used to denote the socio-economic formation that the Marxists predicted in their theoretical works... It was based on social property created from the means of production. In general, the classics of Marxism believe that the communist society implements the principle "Everyone - according to their skills, to each - according to need!"

We hope that our readers will be able to understand the Communist Internationals with the help of this article.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a special agency of the United Nations established by 184 states. The IMF was created on December 27, 1945 after the signing by 28 states of the agreement developed at the UN Conference on Monetary and Financial Issues in Bretton Woods on July 22, 1944. In 1947, the foundation began its activities. The headquarters of the IMF is located in Washington DC, USA.

The IMF is an international organization that unites 184 states. The fund was created to ensure international monetary cooperation and maintain the stability of exchange rates; support economic development and the level of employment in the countries of the world; and providing additional funds to the economy of a state in the short term. Since its inception, the IMF has remained unchanged in its objectives, but its functions - which include economic monitoring, financial and technical assistance to countries - have evolved significantly to meet the changing goals of the fund's member states as actors in the global economy.

Growth in the number of IMF members, 1945-2003
(number of countries)

The objectives of the International Monetary Fund are as follows:

• Provide international monetary cooperation through a network of permanent institutions that advise and participate in solving many financial problems.
• Promote development and balanced growth international trade, and to contribute to the promotion and maintenance of high levels of employment and real incomes and to develop productive forces in all member countries of the fund, as the primary objects of economic policy.
• Ensure stability of exchange rates, maintain correct exchange agreements between participants and avoid various discrimination in this area.
• Help build a multilateral payment system in relation to ongoing transactions between fund member countries and to remove restrictions on currency exchange that impede the growth of international trade.
• Provide support to the member states of the fund by providing the funds of the fund to solve temporary problems in the economy.
• Consistent with the above, shorten the duration and reduce the degree of imbalance in the international balances of its members' accounts.

Role of the International Monetary Fund

The IMF helps countries develop their economies and implement selected economic projects through three main functions - lending, technical assistance, and oversight.

Granting loans. The IMF provides financial assistance to low-income countries with balance of payments problems under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) program and, for temporary needs arising from external influences, through the Exogenous Shocks Facility (ESF) program. Interest rate the PRGF and ESF are concessional (only 0.5 percent), and loans are repaid over 10 years.

Other functions of the IMF:

• assistance international cooperation in monetary policy
• expansion of world trade
• stabilization of monetary exchange rates
• advising debtor (debtor) countries
• development of international financial statistics standards
• collection and publication of international financial statistics

Basic lending mechanisms

1. Reserve share. The first portion of foreign currency that a member country can purchase from the IMF within 25% of the quota was called "gold" before the Jamaican Agreement, since 1978 - a reserve share (Reserve Tranche). The reserve share is defined as the excess of the quota of a member country over the amount on the account of the National Currency Fund of that country. If the IMF uses part of the national currency of a member country to provide loans to other countries, then the reserve share of such a country increases accordingly. The outstanding amount of loans provided by a member country to the Fund under the PES and NHA loan agreements constitutes its credit position. The reserve share and the credit position together constitute the “reserve position” of an IMF member country.

2. Credit shares. Funds in foreign currency that can be purchased by a member country in excess of the reserve share (in the case of its full use, the IMF's holdings in the country's currency reach 100% of the quota) are divided into four credit shares, or tranches (Credit Tranches), each 25% of the quota ... Access of member countries to the IMF's credit resources within the framework of loan shares is limited: the amount of a country's currency in the IMF's assets cannot exceed 200% of its quota (including 75% of the quota contributed by subscription). Thus, the maximum loan amount that a country can receive from the Fund as a result of using the reserve and loan shares is 125% of its quota. However, the charter gives the IMF the right to suspend this restriction. On this basis, the resources of the Fund are in many cases used in amounts exceeding the limit fixed in the charter. Therefore, the concept of "upper credit tranches" (Upper Credit Tranches) began to mean not only 75% of the quota, as in the early period of the IMF, but amounts exceeding the first credit share.

3. Arrangements on stand-by standby loans (English Stand-by Arrangements) (since 1952) provide the member country with a guarantee that within a certain amount and during the term of the agreement, subject to the agreed conditions, the country can freely receive foreign currency from the IMF in exchange for the national one. This practice of providing loans is the opening of a line of credit. Whereas the use of the first loan share can be carried out in the form of an outright purchase of foreign currency after the Fund has approved its request, then the allocation of funds against the upper loan shares is usually carried out through agreements with the member countries on standby loans. From the 1950s to the mid-1970s, stand-by loan agreements had a term of up to a year, from 1977 - up to 18 months and even up to 3 years due to an increase in balance of payments deficits.

4. The Extended Fund Facility (since 1974) has supplemented the reserve and loan shares. It is designed to provide loans for longer periods and in large sizes in relation to quotas than under normal loan shares. The reason for the country's appeal to the IMF with a request for a loan in the framework of expanded lending is a serious imbalance in the balance of payments caused by unfavorable structural changes in production, trade or prices. Extended loans are usually provided for three years, if necessary - up to four years, in certain portions (tranches) at specified intervals - once every six months, quarterly or (in some cases) monthly. The main purpose of stand-by and extended loans is to help IMF member countries implement macroeconomic stabilization programs or structural reforms. The fund requires the borrowing country to fulfill certain conditions, and the degree of their rigidity increases as the transition from one credit share to another. Some conditions must be met before receiving a loan. The obligations of the borrowing country, providing for the implementation of appropriate financial and economic measures, are recorded in the Letter of intent or Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies sent to the IMF. The progress of fulfillment of obligations by the recipient country is monitored by periodically evaluating the specific performance criteria provided for by the agreement. These criteria can be either quantitative, referring to certain macroeconomic indicators, or structural, reflecting institutional changes. If the IMF considers that the country uses the loan in contradiction with the goals of the Fund, does not fulfill its obligations, it can limit its lending, refuse to provide the next tranche. Thus, this mechanism allows the IMF to exert economic pressure on borrowing countries.

Unlike the World Bank, the IMF focuses on relatively short-term macroeconomic crises. The World Bank provides loans only to poor countries, the IMF can give loans to any of its member countries, which lacks foreign exchange to cover short-term financial obligations.

The structure of the governing bodies

The highest governing body of the IMF is the Board of Governors, in which each member country is represented by a governor and his deputy. These are usually finance ministers or central bankers. The Council is responsible for resolving key issues of the Fund's activities: amendments to the Articles of Agreement, admission and exclusion of member countries, determination and revision of their shares in the capital, election of executive directors. The Governors meet in session, usually once a year, but may meet and vote by mail at any time.

The authorized capital is about 217 billion SDR (as of January 2008, 1 SDR was equal to about 1.5 US dollars). Formed by contributions from member states, each of which usually pays approximately 25% of its quota in SDRs or in the currency of other members, and the remaining 75% in its national currency. Based on the size of quotas, votes are distributed among member countries in the governing bodies of the IMF.

The Executive Board, which sets policy and is responsible for most decisions, is made up of 24 executive directors. The directors are appointed by the eight countries with the largest quotas in the Fund - the United States, Japan, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, China, Russia and Saudi Arabia... The remaining 176 countries are organized into 16 groups, each of which elects an executive director. An example of such a group of countries is the union of the countries of the former Central Asian republics of the USSR under the leadership of Switzerland, which was named Helvetistan. Groups are often formed by countries with similar interests and usually from the same region, for example, francophone Africa.

The largest number of votes in the IMF (as of June 16, 2006) belong to: USA - 17.08% (16.407% - 2011); Germany - 5.99%; Japan - 6.13% (6.46% - 2011); Great Britain - 4.95%; France - 4.95%; Saudi Arabia - 3.22%; China - 2.94% (6.394% - 2011); Russia - 2.74%. The share of 15 EU member states is 30.3%, 29 member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development have a total of 60.35% of votes in the IMF. The rest of the countries, accounting for over 84% of the number of members of the Fund, account for only 39.65%.

The IMF operates the principle of a "weighted" number of votes: the ability of member countries to influence the Fund's activities through voting is determined by their share in its capital. Each state has 250 “basic” votes, regardless of the amount of its contribution to capital, and one additional vote for every 100 thousand SDRs of the amount of this contribution. In the event that a country bought (sold) the SDRs it received during the initial emission of SDRs, the number of its votes increases (decreases) by 1 for every 400 thousand SDRs bought (sold). This adjustment is carried out by no more than 1/4 of the number of votes received for the country's contribution to the capital of the Fund. This arrangement ensures a decisive majority of votes for the leading states.

Decisions in the Board of Governors are usually taken by a simple majority (at least half) of votes, and on important issues of an operational or strategic nature - by a “special majority” (respectively, 70 or 85% of the votes of the member countries). Despite a slight reduction in the share of the US and EU votes, they can still veto key decisions of the Fund, the adoption of which requires a maximum majority (85%). This means that the United States, together with the leading Western states, have the opportunity to exercise control over the decision-making process in the IMF and direct its activities in accordance with their interests. With coordinated action, developing countries are also able to avoid making decisions that do not suit them. However, to achieve consistency a large number dissimilar countries is difficult. At a meeting of the Fund's leaders in April 2004, the intention was expressed "to expand the opportunities for developing countries and countries with economies in transition to participate more effectively in the decision-making mechanism of the IMF."

Significant role in organizational structure The IMF plays the International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC). From 1974 to September 1999, its predecessor was the Interim Committee on International monetary system... It consists of 24 IMF governors, including one from Russia, and meets twice a year. This committee is an advisory body to the Governing Council and has no policymaking authority. However, he performs important functions: guides the work of the Executive Board; develops strategic decisions related to the functioning of the world monetary system and the activities of the IMF; submits to the Board of Governors proposals for amendments to the Articles of Agreement of the IMF. A similar role is also played by the Development Committee - the Joint IMF - World Bank Development Committee.

Board of Governors (1999) The Board of Governors delegates many of its powers to the Executive Board, that is, the directorate responsible for conducting the affairs of the IMF, including a wide range of political, operational and administrative issues, in particular, the provision of loans to member countries and overseeing their exchange rate policies.

The IMF Executive Board elects a Managing Director for a five-year term, who heads the Fund's staff (as of March 2009 - about 2,478 people from 143 countries). As a rule, he represents one of the European countries... Managing Director (since July 5, 2011) - Christine Lagarde (France), her first deputy - John Lipsky (USA). Head of the IMF Resident Mission in Russia - Odd Per Brekk.