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Severity - Acipenser StellatusPallas, 1771.
(synonyms, outdated names, subspecies, forms:pienduga, Shevrugg - Acipenser Seuruga, Acipenser Helops, Acipenser Ratzeburgii, Acipenser Stellatus Donensis, Hepops Stellatus, Acipenser Stellatus, Acipenser Stellatus Stellatus N. Cyrensis)

Appearance and morphology. Sevryuga - Fish Family Sturgeon, having a very characteristic appearance due to strongly elongated The shape of the nose or shed, the length of which is about 60% of the entire length of the head. Mustache Short, no fringe. In the spinal fin 40-54 beam, in anal - 22-35. Spinal bugs - 9-16, side - 26-43, abdominal - 9-14. Body side between rows of bugs is covered with star plates. Gill stamens 24-29.

Back Usually Blackn Brown colors, Boca bright, belly white.

According to mine size Sevryuga is somewhat inferior to other sturgeon (Beluga, Sturge), except for sterling and spikes, which is smaller. The average weight of the Seresryukh is different in different rivers and water bodies and is, on average, about 7-10 kilograms, but individual individuals reach the length of more than two meters and weight of 80 kg. Limit dimensionsthat this species reached in the past, in ancient residues amount to 270 cm; In the twentieth century, the largest instance of the Serevuli had a length of 218 cm and a mass of 54 kg. The usual dimensions of the Volga Sevruy in the late 1960s of the 1970s of the last century ranged from 126 to 152 cm and a mass from 6.2 to 12.7 kg.

Like all sturgeon, the sorry is a long-lived among freshwater fish. Archaeological Materials Maximum Registered age Sevryugi amounted to 41 years old, in modern fish - 35 years.

Systematics. The Azov Severgue is sometimes allocated to an independent subspecies of Acipenser Stellatus Donensis Lovetsky, 1834. The Severity can form hybrids with two similar types of sturgeon - sterling and spike. Sevryuga refers to a 120-chromosomal group of sturgeon.

Lifestyle. Passion fish. In the Caspian, it dispersed mainly along the west coast, on the site from the Astrakhan Spit to the Absheron Peninsula, meeting at depths from 100 to 300 m. In the spring, it gradually migrates to the North Caspian, where it dwells at a depth of 3 to 15 m.

Food. The main feed of Sevryfi in the Caspiani is a multi-articular worm of Nereis Diversicolor, as well as crustaceans. The Azov Severuga is powered by worms, booplas, meals and small fish (bulls, hamsa).

Reproduction. Migration The river begins later than other sturgeon (Beluga and Russian sturgeon). In the Volga begins to go on spawning In mid-April, at a temperature of water 6-9 ° C, the peak of the move is in May at a temperature of 10-15 ° C (spring shape). In June, the course weakens. The intensity of the course increases in August, September and October (winter form). Migration ends in December. Nutrition sharply dominates the spring form. Puberty Volga Sevruga reaches aged 9-12 years (males) and 11-15 years old (females). The Azov Severug (R.Don) matures earlier: males - at 7-8 years old, females - in 9-11 years. Spawning Severy in rivers are located lower than that of Beluga and Russian sturgeon. The fecundity of the Volga Sevryfi ranges from 106-466 thousand. Ikrinka, Urals - from 48 thousand to 950 thousand, Donskoy - from 90 to 537 thousand Ikrink. Spare in the Volga stretches from May to August and occurs in a wide temperature range - from 12 to 26 ° C. Development Icres at a temperature of 16 ° C lasts 132 hours, at 23 ° C - 67.5 hours. After spawning, adult serve and off young Do not delay in rivers and roll into the sea.

Spread. Caspian, Black, Azov and Adriatic (rarely) of the sea, from where it is included in the reproduction river. The main served rivers - Volga, Ural, Terek, Kura, Don, Kuban, along the Volga used to rose to the city of Rybinsk, in the Urals - to Uralsk, along Don - to Pavlovsk, in Kuban - to Armavir. In the 1930s, an attempt was made by the acclimatization of the Sereshrud to the Aral Sea, but it turned out to be unsuccessful. In the drawing of the range in red, the lost areas of the range, the cross-plates of the archaeological finds of the residues of the Serevuli, are marked.

In the XIX century, the area of \u200b\u200bspreading this kind of fish was wider and stretched from Siberia to Western Europe. According to the testimony of the famous Russian zoologist and connoisseurs of hunting and fishing, Leonid Pavlovich Sabaneva (1844-1898), it could be met even in the rivers of Austria, Germany and Italy. Probably from here and there is a famous dish of Italian cuisine, known as the "Sevryuga in Italian".

Economic meaning. Current fishing fish. In the fishery of sturgeon divides 1-2 place with Russian sturgeon. The main area of \u200b\u200bproduction is the Northern Caspian, where the catch of Sevruffs in the 70s of the last century ranged from 10.0 to 13.2 thousand tons. The main mass was obtained in the Urals: from 7.0 to 9.9 thousand tons.

Along with its closest relatives with sturgeon, Bolad and sterling, the Serevulus occupies one of the first places among all kinds of fish in its culinary value. It has long been a gentle, soft and useful meat of this fish was considered a delicacy. Also for several centuries, the serenity of caviar was highly appreciated. For a long time, the export of caviar to Europe brought a considerable income to Russia.

Serevryfi's fishing preventer until recently occupied an important place in the fishing economy of our country. However, over the past few decades, the number of this kind has declined sharply and now it is on the verge of extinction.

Security status. In recent years, the number and catches of this type of steel sharply decline. If in 1985 according to the Vyspian shooting data, the total number of Sevryukhi (from Godokovka and older) in the Caspian basin amounted to 75.9 million copies., By 1994 it fell to 13.5 million copies. (almost 6 times). Severity is included in the Red Book of IUCN.

Description of the Seresryugi from the book L.P. Sabaneev "Russian fish. Life and catching of our freshwater fish" (1875)

From all other sturgeon serylli, it is easily distinguished by their unusually long nose, which almost has a form of dagger and gives it a very strange look. Her forehead is rather convex, the mustache is smooth and narrow, not reaching the mouth, on which the lower lip is poorly developed; It is also stretched in length and all bugs on the body are quite closely; The spinal (12-18) and side (30-40) to the rear end rise and are elongated in hooked processes; Abdominal bugs (10- 12) are relatively highly developed.

Body color red and brown with a bluish black tint, sides and bellying white. The length and shape of the nose, however, are very changed; So in females and youngsters, he is always shorter, and in the Azov Serylli Sea, which generally achieves the greatest growth here, are characterized by a short figure that has more than a few other shape (VAR. Donensis). Probably, the same varietary belongs to the so-called peggy, which the fishermen of the south-western provinces consider a special breed from the Sereshryau; She, however, the bugs (bracket) are located more often, and it rarely reaches 16 kg. In general, for its magnitude and weight, this fish occupies the middle between sterling and sturgeon. With the same weight, the Sereshruds are always significantly longer than the other sturgeon fish, and 24-kilogram serve (Grimm) has a length of up to 2 m.

The propagation area of \u200b\u200bthe Seresryukh is still limited to the spread of Beluga, which occasionally enters the Mediterranean Sea, also sturgeon, occurring in Western Siberia, especially sterling. Caspian and Black Sea, especially Azov, and large riversIn them, flowing, constitute the only location of this fish, which, nevertheless, is significantly superior to their relatives, with the exception of one sterlet. The largest quantity of the seven is included in the Urals, Kuru, Kuban, Dniester and Bug, but nowhere, however, does not rise very high; In the Urals, it rarely enters above Uralsk, in the Volga - above Samara and Simbirsk and in extremely rare cases it is noticed in the upper Volga (to Yaroslavl and Rybinsk) and in Kame (before Chistopol); In the other tributaries of the Volga, it seems to be at all; In Kuban, she is very numerous and goes above the lava and even milders in the latter; From the southern part of the Caspian Sea, it enters all rivers, even small, as, for example, Atrek. On Don, she was noticed to Pavlovsk; In the Dnieper, it rarely rises above the thresholds and is almost never caught under Kiev. Finally, in the Danube, where it, however, is part of a relatively small quantity; Severuga is almost never noticed in Austria, although it comes to Drah and Tais.

According to its magnitude, Sevryuga is significantly inferior to sturgeon and never happens more than 5-5.5 m of length and 47 kg weighing. The average weight of this fish in Caspiana is 5.2-5.6 kg, in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, where it is numerous - 8 kg.

The rarity of the sores in the upper currents of the rivers depends part of the fact that it rises up during the very floor, when it becomes extremely difficult at all, it becomes extremely difficult, but mainly from its spouting in low-level and very short-term stay in fresh water. Having survealing the caviar, as opposed to sturgeon and especially Beluga, which for some time "live" in the river and roll very slowly, with large stops, the Sereryuga immediately returns back to the sea; As for the autumn stroke of it into the river, he is almost always much less spring and does not extend the lower houses, and that is exclusively in the Urals. Most of the Severilians are wintering in the sea or in front of the mouths, rarely in river diet, and the main fishing is produced in the open sea.

Here it, therefore, keeps most of the year of year, and fresh water has less importance for her than for other red fish. However, it rarely meets at large sea depths and, apparently, chooses here, like sturgeon, places that are replete with shells that constitute its exceptional food. Sevryuga almost never feeds fish. Nevertheless, the speed and agility of their movements are superior to all red fish: the first Natiysk of the Sereryugi, according to the remark of fishermen, always rustier than Beluga, and up the river it rises in the spring with considerable speed, so it takes 25-30 kilometers per day. . Down the same, she rolls usually sideways, providing himself to the will of the current.

This autumn stroke of the Sevruffs always begins later than the course of Beluga and Sturge. In the Caspian Sea, it begins at the end of March or in early April; The main fishing is in the Urals in the 2nd half of this month, around April 23. At this time, it enters the river big shoals and goes shallow, closer to the surface, sticking to the shores and holding the nose up. This first prival of Sevruffs to the shores is known from the Ural Cossacks called Egoryevsky Belyak. The second yield of it from the sea is already significantly inferior to the first and called Nikolsky Belyak. According to Severstiet, the seven, the first year goes from the sea in the lower order of the Urals and mosses there Icra, then rolls up in the sea and in the fall goes again in the lower house, wintering there, rises somewhat higher and, having survealing in the spring caviar, rolled back into the sea, wintering on marine yats and so on. Thus, the sorry molds, like sterlidi, every year. In Don, it is included in March and April.

Judging by the fact that the river does not come across or very rarely rare of Severy in 3.2 kg weighing and 70 cm in growth, it is necessary to believe that only such fish reaches puberty; Yet smaller stay in the sea. At least, young serylls remain very long in the rivers, and then come across exclusively in the lowest towers; For example, they were noticed in 46 kilometers above Gurieva (in the Urals).

The spawning time of Severy almost coincides with the time of spawning sterling - it is in the Volga (under Symbirsky), for oatmeal, it happens around May 10; In the Urals, she molders from the first days of May to the middle of June, mainly at the end of May. This circumstance explains why from the obstacles of sturgeon only it is often noticeed by T. N. Sterlings of spike, i.e., the mixture of Sevryugu with sterling. On the Don, the spawning of Sevryugi occurs in early May. According to Duchin, in the Saratov waters of the Sevryuga milders on the right bank of the Volga in the stones. Saratov fishermen assure that the female when throwing caviar is badly fighting and rubs about the stones.

The severity caviar is very numerous and the average number has about 400,000 eggs with a large fraction. In general, the Sevryuga with the same weight with other red fish gives a relatively more caviar. The mercy of caviar is made, as already noted, in the lowest rivers, sometimes even, apparently, almost in the very sea, which, however, is an abnormal phenomenon caused by the abundance of false mouths of the Ural River. According to the testimony of fishermen, the Seresryukhi is always with large flocks, in much more quantities than other red fish, and at this time crowd and often jump out of the water. However, the Serryuga, who has already stopped for spawning and anything worried, often goes back to the sea, although it is likely to return again. Young segregates in the year grow in 27-36 cm (fishing measures), and it must be assumed that this fish is made capable of reproduction on the 4th year.

Sturgee species of fish are distinguished by what they live in a salty, sea waterAnd they are sent to spawning into a river with fresh water or to other reservoirs. At the same time, it should be noted that sturgeon have no large-sized representatives, a length of 30 to 100 cm and weighing half aologram to 5 kg, as well as representatives growing up to 10 meters long, with weight of about 3 tons. Falls of sturgeon fish species in our time is a serious fishery that achieves large volumes. Because of this, the population of these species of fish is constantly decreasing, and some of the species to catch is prohibited at all. Sturgeon are appreciated due to tasty and valuable meat, as well as caviar.

Family of sturgeon fish is distinguished by an elongated body shape, on which there are 5 rows of solid spikes from bone tissue. Two rows are located on the belly, two on the sides and one row on the back, and in the interval between them there are bone protective plates.

A sturgeon is characterized by a cone-shaped, somewhat elongated fish, in the form of a shovel. From the bottom side is the mouth, with fleshy lips and four mustache. The structure of the jaw is characterized by a retractable form on which the teeth are missing.

The chest fin differs in the shape of the "barbs" with a thickening, and the dorsal fin moves a slightly back. The swimming bubble is associated with the esophagus and is located below the spine. The fish skeleton is characterized by a cartilage, invertebrate structure in the form of chord. The membranes of 4 gills are connected in the throat area. In addition, there are 2 more apparent gills.

Almost all types of sturgeon, in front of the process of ikrometania, are moved to not great depths Freshwater reservoirs. Sturgeon is quite prolific, since adults are capable of postpone up to 1 million eggs. Basically spawning occurs in the spring. Some types of sturgeon not only spawn in fresh watersBut quite often in them we will lose winter. Sturgeon prefer the bottom lifestyle, feeding with worms, petty fish, insects, as well as mollusks.

Sturder types of fish, or rather, about 20 species belong to long-livers, since they can live to 100 years, although this concerns only one species. The duration of the life of other species does not exceed 60 years. The period of half-capacity in many species occurs in different periods, depending on the conditions of the existence and the presence of a feed base. Some of the species begin to throw caviar at the age of 15. Wherein:

Females ripen aged 10-12 years.
Males ready for fertilization, starting from 7 years of age.

Sturgeon belongs to the types of fish that grow rapidly and quickly gain weight. In the rivers, Don and Dnipro sturgeon ripen somewhat faster than representatives living in the Volga. It is not surprising because the climate is somewhat colder on the Volga.

Every year only sterling is postponed, and the remaining species do not differ in such a feature and can throw cavo in a year, or even two. Caviar they dreamed in the spring-summer period in fresh rivers, distinguished by the rapid flow. A sturgeon caviar is characterized by high adhesiveness, therefore, it is firmly held on pebbles and other stone rocks.

Ferry sturgeon, appearing on the light, are in the yolk bubble than they feed in the first days until this bag disperses. After that, they proceed to self-search for food. Sometimes they are delayed in the places of appearance on the light, but mostly they roll into the sea. Fuel dietforces consists of zooplankton, after the completion of a certain period, a little matured, their diet consists of:

From misid.
From chiromid.
From gammaride.

But, as for the fry of Beluga, they appear on the light without having a yellow bubble and immediately begin to search for themselves. Practically until the heating age is sturgeon developing in salted, sea water. There are 2 varieties of sturgeon: winter and spring. Recent views come in the river in the spring, before the start of the ikrometania, and the first species enters the river in the fall, winter in these water bodies and in the spring are postponed by caviar.

Classification of sturgeon fish species

Two types of sturgeon families distinguish:

Skafirina.
Sturgeon.

Previously, there were more than 20 species of fish, which met in the waters of America, Europe and Asia. Unfortunately, in our time, the sturgeon population has a slightly fewer species, not more than 20.

List of sturgeon fish species with photos and names

Sturgeon occupy a special niche in fishery. Nowadays it is worth paying attention to some representatives of this family, which represent commercial interest. The most popular and in demand are the following species.

This is the most ancient representative of the sturgeon family, besides the biggest. Beluga is able to live for about 100 years, stretched at the length of up to 10 meters and gaining weight in 3 tons. Beluga's body seems to the torpedo and are protected by 5 rows of protective plates. It is white below, and from above - gray. The mouth is located at the bottom of the head and has a gray-shaped form. There are also a mustache that helps fish to navigate in space and look for food. Females are distinguished by large sizes, compared with the males. Decorate Caviar once every 2-3 years. This is a predatory fish, the diet of which consists of bulls, Anchovs, Vobly, herring and other fish.

Refers to freshwater fish The genus Beluga and can grow up to 5 and a half meters and gaining weight up to 1 ton. Kaluga has a relatively big mouth. Distinguish Kaluga fast-growing, liman and passing. To a greater extent, this fish is found in basins of rivers such as Amur, Sungari, Shilka and Arguni.

This fish is characterized by a spind-like body shape, which ends with a stupid muzzle. At the ends of the mouth are a mustache. Belly from Russian sturgeon white, sides are gray-brown, and a spin of dark gray. It can grow up to 3 and a half meters long and weigh up to 120 kg. May live for almost 60 years. IN natural environment Habitat This fish can create a penetration with Bulch, sterling, the sorry and spike. In fact, it happens quite rarely, but the hybrids still come across. Habitat is the Black Sea, the Caspian and Azov Sea.

It grows up to one and a half meters long and gain weight up to 4.5 kg. Has flat and pretty a long tail With bone fins. It has a large swimming bubble and small eyes. Basically, it is found in the Amudarya River basin.

On the body of this fish there are numerous bone plates and fulkras. There is no teeth, with the mouth of the retractable, and there are 4 mustle in front. Inhabits this fish pools of rivers such as Ob, Yenisei, Kolyma and Lena. Siberian Siberian lives for almost 50 years, growing up to 3 and a half meters long and gaining weight of about 150 kg. Spawn in July. The diet includes organisms living on the bottom of the reservoirs: mollusks, larvae chiromeid and multi-art worms. In other words, this fish leads the bottom lifestyle.

Differs classic external speciesinherent in sturgeon. There are 5 rows of bone spikes on the body. Habitat - pools of the Aralsky, Caspian, Azov and Black Seas.

Habitat common with such a representative of a sturgeon family like spike. At the same time, the naval and wintering seven. Characteristic features Body buildings are: weakly developed lower jaw, convex forehead, long nose, smooth and thin mustache. Almost the whole body is covered with protective bone plates. The stomach at the Sevruck is white, and the sides and the back of blue-black. It can grow long to 6 meters and weigh the order of 60 kg.

This is the smallest representative of this family, as no more than 120 cm increases, with a weight of 20 kg. The fish is distinguished by the presence of long mustache, which reach the mouth and narrow, but elongated nose. At the same time, the lower lip is divided into 2 parts, and on the sides the body is covered with solid shields. The same shields protect the fish and from the back. Depending on the habitat, the sterlet may differ different colorAlthough its main coloring is - this is a yellow-white belly and gray-brown spin. All fins have gray tint. Distinguish the sterlet sharp and stupid. Habitat - Northern regions of Siberia.

It is believed that sturgeon types of fish are a delicious fish, characterized by special taste. It is sold in the fresh, live, in frozen, smoked and chilled. Sturgeon serve as the source product for the preparation of bald and various canned food. Sale of sturgeon, in salt form, is prohibited, since the meat of sturgeon detected a pathogenic anaerob - botulinus, which is a source of sharp poisoning.

In antiquity, the red fish was only sturgeon species of fish, such as Beluga, sterlet, seven, and sturgeon. Moreover, they called it red, not because she had a pink shade of meat, and for the beautiful taste and very useful caviar. Nowadays, the status of red fish has become more fixed for salmon species Fish. Therefore, salmon, pink salmon and Ketu is also called red fish. Most likely, this is due to the fact that salmon in our time remains much more, compared with sturgeon.

Sturgeon have their own characteristic trading and culinary classification, depending on the habitat. The first group includes types of sturgeon, which are found in the Black and Caspian seas. The first category includes: Beluga, sterlet, spike, sturgeon and seven. The second category includes salmon, type trout, humpbacks or kats. The last group includes salmon with white meat, such as Kizhuh, Belorybits, Nelma and Tymen.

Red fish is valued for a large range nutrientslocated in meat. These are the vitamins of the group "A", "B", "E", "RR" and "D", as well as minerals, such as zinc, phosphorus, calcium, fluorine and iodine. In addition, this is not a complete list. But the most important advantage is the presence of fatty acids in meat in meat, such as Omega-3. Due to this acid, the operation of the central nervous system is improved, immunity increases, memory is improved, etc.

Scientists have proven that the category of people who regularly use red fish are less susceptible to the manifestations of depression, as well as the risks of the appearance of hypertension or oncology they decrease 3 times. Therefore, in our time, some types of both sturgeon and salmon is imposed a ban on commercial fishing. Their deals are allowed only on special licenses. This also applies to amateur fishing. For unauthorized catch, serious fines are imposed. Unfortunately, poachers do not stop these measures.

The stall is elongated, narrow and flattened, its length is 62-65% of the length of the head. Lower lip intermittent. A mustache mustache, devoid of fringe. Between the rows of bugs, the body on the sides is usually covered with starry plates.

In the first dorsal fin 40-46 rays; in the anal 24-29 rays; spinal bugs 11 - 14, side - 30-36, abdominal - 10-11; Gybel stamens in the 1st gill arc 24-26.

Widden in the basins of the Caspian, Black and Azov seas. It is part of the Adriatic Sea, the Aegean Sea (included in the r. Maritsa). Since 1933, the Caspian Severg began to unail to the Aral Sea, however, naturalization did not happen. From the North Caspian enters into the Volga, but it does not rise highly (although there were cases of the capture of Severilians from Rybinsk). In much smaller quantities enters the Urals, rises to Uralsk (and above to the frontier). Sneshleys are available below inner mountains, 300-400 km from the mouth of the Urals. Single copies enter Terek, Samur, Sulak.

From the South Caspian Rivers, the seven is mainly in Kuru, it comes to Lankranka, Astara. According to the Iranian coast, it is included in the same rivers as the ceremony (Sefidrud, etc.). Of Azov Sea It is mostly in Kuban, less in Don (Kuban has always been a "grudge" river). The main spawns of the Serevuli in Kuban were located between the Tbilisi Stana and Kropotkin. From the Black Sea enters the Dnieper, rarely (but more often than Beluga) in the Dniester. It is included in the South Bug, Danube, Rioni (to Kutaisi), there was an entry and other rivers north of Rioni: Inguri, Codori, etc.

Severity weight and sizes

The average commercial weighing of the Volga Sevrenii 8-9 kg, Kurinskaya - 7-8 kg, Ural - 5-10 kg, Kuban - 6-8 kg, Donskoy - about 7-8 kg. The greatest weight It was noted for the Danube - 80 kg, chickens - 70 kg, don - 67 kg.

The lifestyle of the Sereryugi

Passionate bottom fish]. Sevryuga feeds on invertebrates (crustaceans, worms) and fish (bulls, herring and sprat). In the Northern Caspian, the dieting diet with a length of up to 10 cm consists mainly of the side; with a length of 10 to 29 cm from nectobenthos (mealsids); With a length of 30-40 cm from fish. In secondary Caspian, the basis of the diet, regardless of age, constitutes crustaceans (amphipodes, courage and mealsids); Up to 20 cm long flies are powered exclusively by amphipods; At the age of 4, the Sevrybi begin to eat fish. The diet of adult individuals includes crustaceans (crabs, mollusks, multi-art worms) and fish.

Spawn in rivers. By time, the progress of Sevruffs in the Volga, the Urals, Terek is about the same. In Kuru, the Severuga is included round year, cold winter and hot summer in smaller quantities. Icroids in the same places where the custody spawns, in addition, in the turbulent sections of the shores temporarily flooded with flood waters. Start of spawning in May at a temperature of 15 ° C, peak at 18-20 ° C.

Fruitness 58.8 thousand (female 10 years from the Urals), 416 thousand. Icraine (female 19 years). The average fecundity in the Urals 198, 5 thousand, in the Volga - from 218 to 238 thousand Ikrink.

In the Urals, natural reproduction has been preserved. In other rivers, reproduction is based on the factory cultivation of juveniles.

Caviar bottom, glued to the substrate. Icring diameter 2.8-3.0 mm. Development continues from 44 to 80 hours. In spores a large mass of caviar eats fish. The larvae roll into the sea, a small part of the juvenile is delayed in the river. In the Volga, rolling larvae have a length of 30-85 mm, in Kura - 21 - 123 mm. At the factory, the caviar develops in an extension state.

In the Delta, the Volga Sevryuga begins to go to spawning in early April at a water temperature of 3-9 ° C. Peak stroke in the lower reaches - the end of April-May, above the delta - June. In Kuru, Sevryuga comes all year round, there are two peaks of the course: in April-May and October-November. In Kura, Sevryuga also happens early and later.

Methods of catching semen

Since 2005, the fishery of the Caspian Severilian is prohibited. Since 2000, the industrial catch of Azov sturgeon is prohibited. The International Union of Nature Protection assigned the security status "Types on the verge of extinction."

Sevryugu is bred on the Temryuk sturgeon fishing plant, Hillinsky sturgeon fishing plant.

Acipenser Stellatus.) - Fish family sturgeon. It lives in the Caspian, Black and Azov seas pools. They are found at a depth of 100 m. The maximum registered length is 220 cm, and the weight of 80 kg. Valuable fishing fish.

Areal

Widden in the basins of the Caspian, Black and Azov seas. It is part of the Adriatic Sea, the Aegean Sea (included in the r. Maritsa). With the city of Caspian Severuga began to unail to the Aral Sea, however, naturalization did not happen. He has winter and spring forms. From the North Caspian enters into the Volga, but it does not rise highly (although there were cases of the capture of Severilians from Rybinsk). The main spawns were located to Volgograd; Many fish took place on the ikrometania above (mainly to Saratov). In much smaller quantities enters the Urals, rises to Uralsk (and above to the frontier). Sneshleys are available below inner mountains, 300-400 km from the mouth of the Urals. Single copies enter Terek, Samur, Sulak. From the South Caspian Rivers, the seven is mainly in Kuru, it comes to Lankranka, Astara. According to the Iranian coast, it is included in the same rivers as the ceremony (Sefidrud, etc.). From the Azov Sea to the ikrometania, it is mostly in Kuban, less in Don (Kuban has always been a "sorely" river). The main spawns of the Serevuli in Kuban were located between the Tbilisi Stana and Kropotkin. From the Black Sea enters the Dnieper, rarely (but more often than Beluga) in the Dniester. It is included in the South Bug, Danube, Rioni (to Kutaisi), there was an entry and other rivers north of Rioni: Inguri, Codori, etc.

Description

In the first dorsal fin 40-46 rays; in the anal 24-29 rays; spinal bugs 11 - 14, side - 30-36, abdominal - 10-11; Gybel stamens in the 1st gill arc 24-26.

The average commercial weighing of the Volga Sevrenii 8-9 kg, Kurinskaya - 7-8 kg, Ural - 5-10 kg, Kuban - 6-8 kg, Donskoy - about 7-8 kg. The greatest weight is marked for the Danube - 80 kg, chickens - 70 kg, don - 67 kg. Known Mix of Sevryugi with Sterlotus ("Severe Schip" - in the Volga, Danube, Don), with a spike ("Severe Ship" - in the Urals, Kura).

Biology

It was possible to obtain life-in-law hybrids: the sterlet X of the Serevuli and the Severilian sterling, the spike of the seven.

Breeding and life cycle

Spawn in rivers. By time, the progress of Sevruffs in the Volga, the Urals, Terek is about the same. In Kuru, the Severuga enters all year round, cold in winter and hot summer in smaller quantities. Icroids in the same places where the custody spawns, in addition, in the turbulent sections of the shores temporarily flooded with flood waters. Start of spawning in May at a temperature of 15 ° C, peak at 18-20 ° C.

Fruitness 58.8 thousand (female 10 years from the Urals), 416 thousand. Icraine (female 19 years). The average fecundity in the Urals 198, 5 thousand, in the Volga - from 218 to 238 thousand Ikrink.

In the Urals, natural reproduction has been preserved. In other rivers, reproduction is based on the factory cultivation of juveniles. Sturgeon fishing plants are available in the lower reaches of the chickens (1954), Volga (1955) and Pehlev (1971, Iran).

Migration

Sevryuga regularly migrates in the field of feeding, in spring north and in the coastal strip, and in the fall back. On spawning in the Urals, the Sevryuga comes at a water temperature of 5.4-7.2 ° C. Initially, the males predominate in the catch, the number of males and females in the midst of the stroke. Peak stroke - in May. At the end of May, individuals are sailed, which differ from the early spring. In mid-June, when the water level in the river drops sharply, the height of the late Yarovar Severgi is observed. In June, the move ends. In the Delta, the Volga Sevryuga begins to go to spawning in early April at a water temperature of 3-9 ° C. Peak stroke in the lower reaches - the end of April-May, above the delta - June. In Kuru, Sevryuga comes all year round, there are two peaks of the course: in April-May and October-November. In Kura, Sevryuga also happens early and later.

Interaction with man

Caring the sturgeon Caspian basin of the Sereryuga ranks first in the magnitude of production. The USSR catches accounted for up to 10 thousand tons. In Iran in 1968-1971. Annually mined 0.6-0.8 thousand tons of seven. Domestic catch in 1995. The domestic sealing of Sevryfi in the Black and Azov seas was 0.30 thousand tons, and in 1996 decreased to 0.15 thousand tons, in Caspians in 1995, 0.98 thousand tons , in 1996 - 0.69 thousand tons. The total catch by Russia of Severugi amounted to (in thousand tons): 1997 - 0.45; 1998 - 0.34; 1999 - 0.23; 2000 - 0.18. In Russia, Sevryuga is industrialized only in the rivers with smooth networks and mechanized ribs. In the marine territorial waters of Iran, the Sevryugu is mined by pilot networks.

The seven of the meat is distinguished by high taste. It is harvested in cooled and ice cream form, the jaws are used to prepare a path and grainy caviar, sometimes in a mixture with caviar of other sturgeon. From the spinal string is preparing a visiting, from the cartilage - canned food, and fish glue from the swimming bubble. The bidity of the bodies of the Serevuli does not exceed 11%, caviar - 10%.

The number of sevryptus is reduced by contamination of rivers and poaching. The reserves of the Sereryfi are formed due to natural reproduction and industrial stations (90%). The volume of the release of the Milno Sevryukhi fishing plants are lower than sturgeon. Sevryugu is bred on, Hillinsky sturgeon fishing plant. In 2016, the fishery of the Caspian sturgeon is prohibited. Since 2000, the industrial catch of Azov sturgeon is prohibited. The International Union of Nature Protection assigned the security status "Types on the verge of extinction."

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Notes

Reshetnikov Yu. S., Kotlyar A. N., Russ T. S., Shatunovsky M. I. Pyaspical dictionary of animal names. Fish. Latin, Russian, English, German, French. / Under the general editors of Acad. V. E. Sokolova. - m.: Rus. Yaz., 1989. - P. 53. - 12,500 copies. - ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
: Information on the website of the Red Book of IUCN (English)
In the database of FishBase (English)
Fishery fish of Russia. In two volumes / ed. O. F. Gritsenko, A. N. Kotlar and B. N. Kotenyova. - m.: Publishing house Vniro, 2006. - T. 1. - P. 70-71. - 624 s. - ISBN 5-85382-229-2.
Life of animals. Volume 4. Lancts. Headhead. Cartilage fish. Bone Fish / Ed. T. S. Rasa, Ch. ed. V. E. Sokolov. - 2nd ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 1983. - 575 p.
Frolova Lyubov. . Ural basin project. Uralbas.ru. Checked on September 7, 2016.
. www.wwf.ru. Checked on September 7, 2016.
Babanin L. . azovcenter.ru. Checked on September 7, 2016.
Tishchenko N.N., Tkacheva I.V. . Sectoral agro-industrial portal - Rusagroyug. Checked on September 7, 2016.
. Fishnews.ru. Checked on September 7, 2016.

Excerpt characterizing the seven

"There is something," said Nikolai and even more established himself in this assumption that she was immediately immediately left after lunch. He called Natasha and asked what?
"And I was looking for you," Natasha said, squeezing to him. "I said, you didn't want to believe," she said triumphantly, "he made a proposal to Son.
No matter how little Nikolai Sonya was doing during this time, but something as if he broke away in it when he heard it. Shelokhov was a decent and in some respects a brilliant party for the unprecedented Sony orphan. From the point of view of the old Countess and Light it was impossible to refuse him. And therefore, the first feeling of Nicholas, when he heard it, was angry against Sony. He prepared to say: "And it is perfect, of course, you must forget children's promises and accept the offer"; But he did not have time to say this ...
- You can imagine! She refused, completely refused! - spoke Natasha. "She said she loves the other," she added, having packed a little.
"Yes, otherwise I could not do my Sonya!" I thought Nikolai.
- How many mother asked her, she refused, and I know, she will not change if he said ...
- And my mother asked her! - with reprocess said Nikolai.
"Yes," Natasha said. - You know, Nikoleka, do not be angry; But I know that you do not marry her. I know God knows why I know right, you do not marry.
- Well, you don't know that, - said Nikolai; "But I need to talk to her." What kind of beauty, this Sonya! - he added smiling.
- This is such a charm! I will send you her. - And Natasha, kissed his brother, ran away.
A minute later, Sonya entered, frightened, confused and guilty. Nikolai approached her and kissed her hand. It was the first time that they were talked to the eye on this arrival and about their love.
"Sophie," he said first timidly, and then all the bolder and bolder, "if you want to refuse not only from brilliant, from a profitable party; But he is a wonderful, noble man ... He is my friend ...
Sonya interrupted it.
"I already refused," she said hastily.
- If you refuse for me, I'm afraid of me ...
Sonya again interrupted it. She pleading, looked at him into his frightened look.
"Nicolas, do not tell me that," she said.
- No, I have to. Maybe this is a sufficious [arrogance] on my part, but it's better to say. If you refuse for me, then I have to tell you the whole truth. I love you, I think most of all ...
"I am pretty," Sonya said, spoiled.
- No, but I fell in love with a thousand times and I will fall in love, although such a feeling of friendship, trust, love, I have no one, how to you. Then I'm young. Maman does not want it. Well, just, I do not promise anything. And I ask you to think about the proposal of Dolokhov, "he said, with difficulty, having disaggregated his friend's name.
- Do not tell me this. I do not want anything. I love you like a brother, and I will always love, and nothing more I need.
"You're an angel, I don't stand you, but I'm just afraid to deceive you." - Nikolai once again kissed her hand.

Hoygel had the most fun balls in Moscow. It was told Mother, looking at their adolescentes, [girls,] allocating their newly learned PA; It was also said to themselves adolescentes and adolescents, [girls and boys,] danced to fall; These adult girls and young people who came to these balls with thoughts to cut down to them and finding them the best fun. In the same year, two marriages were made on these bala. Two pretty princesses of Gorchakov have found the grooms and married, and the even more let these balls were launched. The special on these bala was that there was no owner and the hostess: it was like the fluff flying, according to the rules of art, shaking, good-natured heogel who took tickets for the lessons from all of its guests; It was that only those who wanted to dance and have fun who wanted to dance and have fun on these balls, as they want to have 13 tons and 14 years old girls, for the first time you have long dresses. Everything, with rare exceptions, were or seemed pretty: so enthusiastically, they were all smiling and their eyes flared up. Sometimes even Pas de Chale was danced, of which the best was Natasha, distinguished by its gracefulness; But on this, the last ball was dancing only eclosees, angles and the Mazurka just included. The hall was taken by the hegel in the house of Zuhova, and the ball very much, as everyone said. There were a lot of pretty girls, and the Rostov of the ladies were from the best. They both were especially happy and cheerful. This evening Sonya, proud of the proposal of Dologov, his refusal and explanation with Nikolai, was still at home, not giving a girl to her braids, and now they glowed a gusty joy.
Natasha, no less proud of the fact that she was the first time in a long dress, on this ball, was still happier. Both were in white, ribbed dresses with pink ribbons.
Natasha became in love with the most minute as she entered the ball. She was not in love with anyone in particular, but in love was in all. In the one who she looked at that moment, as she looked, in that, she was in love.
- Oh, how good! - She said everything, ran to Sona.
Nikolay with Denisov went through the halls, gentle and patronizingly looking away dancing.
"How she is Mila," Asavita will be, "Denisov said.
- Who?
- G "Athena Natasha, - answered Denisov.
"And how she dances, what kind of g" ace! "Having silent a little, he said again.
- Yes, about who are you talking about?
"About sis" U p "About yours," Denisov shouted angrily.
Rostov grinned.
- Mon Cher Comte; Vous Etes L "Un de Mes Meilleurs Ecoliers, Il Faut Que Vous Dansiez," said Little Hogel, coming to Nikolay. - Voyez Combien de Jolies Demoiselles. [Considive graph, you are one of my best students. You need to dance. Look how much Pretty girls!] - He as a request to Denisov also appealed to Denisov, also his former student.
"Non, Mon Cher, Je Fe" Ai Tapisse "IE, [No, my dear, I'll sit at the wall,] - said Denisov. - Don't you remember how bad I used your lessons?
- Oh no! - hastily comforting him, hegel said. - You were only inattentive, and you had the ability, yes, you had the ability.
Played a newly introduced Mazurka; Nikolai could not refuse Hyogel and invited Sonya. Denisov hooked up to the old women and climbing the saber, having tricking the clock, something had fun and mixed old ladies, glancing at the dancing youth. Hogel in the first pair danced with Natasha, his pride and the best student. Gently, gently sorting through with his legs in shoes, Iogel first flew around the hall with a timing, but diligently edition of Pa Natasha. Denisov did not keep her eyes off her and laughed a saber tact, with such a kind that clearly said that he himself does not dance only from what he does not want, and not from what he can't. In the middle of the figure, he called to himself passing by Rostov.
"It's not at all," he said. - Is it a Polish mas of magazine "ka? And perfectly dancing. - knowing that Denisov and in Poland was even famous for his skill to dance Polish Mazurka, Nikolai ran to Natasha:
- Look, choose Denisov. Here dances! Miracle! - he said.
When Natasha's turn came again, she got up and quickly dealt with her shoes with her bows, Robust, one ran through the hall to the corner where Denisov sat. She saw that everyone was looking at her and wait. Nikolay saw that Denisov and Natasha smiling argued, and that Denisov refused, but smiling happily. He ran up.
"Please, Vasily Dmitrich," Natasha said, "please go."
"Yes, that, dismissal," Athena, "said Denisov.
- Well, full, Vasya, - said Nikolai.
"That's exactly Kota Vaska Uzkova" go, "said Denisov jokingly.
"All evening I will sing," Natasha said.
- Magician will do everything with me! - said Denisov and dismissed the saber. He came out of the chairs, hurt his lady tightly for his hand, lifted his head and set back his leg, waiting for the tact. Only on horseback and in Mazurka was not visible vertically challenged Denisova, and he seemed to be the most well done as he felt himself. Having won the beat, he with her side, victorious and jokingly, looked at his lady, suddenly invited one foot and, like a ball, elastically jumped from the floor and flew along the circle, fascinating his lady. He did not hear half the halls on one leg, and, it seemed, did not see the chairs standing in front of him and straight on them; But suddenly, rushing his legs and putting his legs, stopped at heels, stood so a second, with a roar of Schort knocked in one place with his legs, quickly spit and, with his left foot, shaking the right, again flew in a circle. Natasha guess what he intended to do, and herself did not know how, watched him - giving him. That he circled her, then on the right, then on his left hand, then falling on his knee, drowned her around him, and again threw up and started forward with such a swiftness, as if he intended, without translating the spirit, to run through all the rooms; That suddenly again stopped and did a new and unexpected knee again. When he, Boyko, skipping the lady before her place, clicked around, bowing in front of her, Natasha did not even crumble him. She stared at him with a bewilderment, smiling, as if not recognizing him. - What is it? - she said.

/ Stellate sturgeon

Stellate sturgeon (Acipenser Stellatus) - Fishing Family Sturgeon.

Habitat area

Widden in the basins of the Caspian, Black and Azov seas. It is part of the Adriatic Sea, the Aegean Sea (included in the r. Maritsa). Since 1933, the Caspian Severuga began to universal in the Aral Sea, where she is currently found in small quantities. He has winter and spring forms. From the North Caspian enters into the Volga, but it does not rise highly (although there were cases of the capture of Severilians from Rybinsk). The main spawns were located to Volgograd; Many fish took place on the ikrometania above (mainly to Saratov). In much smaller quantities enters the Urals, rises to Uralsk (and above to the frontier). Sneshleys are available below inner mountains, 300-400 km from the mouth of the Urals. Single copies enter Terek, Samur, Sulak. From the South Caspian Rivers, the seven is mainly in Kuru, it comes to Lankranka, Astara. According to the Iranian coast, it is included in the same rivers as the ceremony (Sefidrud, etc.). From the Azov Sea to the ikrometania, it is mostly in Kuban, less in Don (Kuban has always been a "sorely" river). The main spawns of the Severilians in Kuban are currently located between the Stana Tbilisi and Kropotkin. From the Black Sea enters the Dnieper, rarely (but more often than Beluga) in the Dniester. It is included in the South Bug, Danube, Rioni (to Kutaisi), there was an entry and other rivers north of Rioni: Inguri, Codori, etc.

Maturation and nutrition

The bulk of the Volga Sevrygo ripens: males - aged 9-12 years, females - aged 11-15 years. The males of Kurinsky Severy ripen aged 11-13 years old, females - aged 14-17 years. Male in the Urals ripen in 7-8 years, females - at 13-14 years; In Don and Kuban, males - at 5-8 years old, females - in 8-12 years; In Sefidruda males - at 13-14 years old, females - at 16-17 years. Life expectancy up to 30 years. Sevryuga feeds on invertebrates (crustaceans, worms) and fish (bulls, herring and sprat). The average commercial weighing of the Volga Sevrenii 8-9 kg, Kurinskaya - 7-8 kg, Ural - 5-10 kg, Kuban - 6-8 kg, Donskoy - about 7-8 kg. The greatest weight is marked for the Danube - 80 kg, chickens - 70 kg, don - 67 kg. Known Mix of Sevryugi with Sterlotus ("Severe Schip" - in the Volga, Danube, Don), with a spike ("Severe Ship" - in the Urals, Kura). Reasonable hybrids managed to obtain: the sterlet X of the Sereryug and the Severilian. In the fishery of the sturgeon fish of the Severity ranks first.

Additionally

The number is reduced by registering the flow of rivers. The view is included in the Red Book of IUCN.