International economic relations world trade. International economic relations: lecture notes (N. I. Ronshina). System of international economic relations

The essence and foundations of international economic RELATIONS.
Objects and subjects of international economic relations in market conditions.
Principles and features of the MER mechanism.

1. The essence and foundations of international economic relations

International economic relations - a system of economic relations between the national economies of individual countries, the relevant business entities /1/. International Economic Relations is a special field of activity based on the international division of labor. International economic relations find practical expression in the exchange between countries representing their enterprises, firms and organizations with products (goods and services) of international trade, scientific, technical, industrial, investment, monetary and credit, information international relations, movement between them labor resources.

MEO objectively follow from the process of division of labor, the international specialization of production and science, and the intentionalization of economic life. The formation and development of international economic relations are determined by the strengthening of the interconnection and interdependence of the economies of individual countries. The deepening and development of the international division of labor, and hence the IER, depend on natural (natural, geographical, demographic, etc.) and acquired (production, technological) factors, as well as social, national, ethnic, political, and moral and legal conditions. The above practical components and forms of IER cover a number of areas of world economic activity:

international trade;
international specialization of production and scientific and technical work;
exchange of scientific and technical results;
information, monetary and financial and credit relations between countries;
the movement of capital and labor;
activities of international economic organizations, economic cooperation in solving global problems.

Opportunities, prospects and role of international economic relations, the significance and correlation of their main forms and directions are determined by the deepening of the international division of labor, the transition to its higher types. The general type of international division of labor predetermines intersectoral international exchange, in particular, goods of the extractive and manufacturing industries of individual countries. The private division of labor leads to the development and predominance of international trade in finished products of various industries and industries, including intra-industry.

Finally, a single type of international division of labor means specialization at certain stages of production (assemblies, parts, semi-finished cards, etc.) and stages of the technological cycle (repartitions), as well as within the framework of scientific, technical, design and technological developments and even investment process. This creates the prerequisites for accelerated growth in the capacity of the international market and sustainable expansion of international economic relations.

From the foregoing, we can conclude that, in principle, international economic relations, which are the field and result of the application of labor, capital, natural and other resources, are one of the areas of the market economy with its main features. As is known, based on the principle of freedom of choice for sellers and buyers, market relations in this area also imply:

the plurality of their objects and subjects;
the determining influence of supply and demand;
their relationship with prices with the necessary flexibility and mobility of the latter;
competition.

This is complemented by the freedom of enterprise. The very fact of international exchange, the exclusive space for its implementation, which goes beyond the borders of individual countries, creates more than sufficient prerequisites for the multiplicity of objects. The same can be said about the plurality of subjects - their number in the market is increasing: along with national entrepreneurs and firms, foreign, international companies and organizations, government agencies of various countries participate in the IER.

Without changing the mechanism of supply and demand, IEOs expand its boundaries, the volumes covered and the range of exchange. The system of market prices acquires new quantitative and qualitative characteristics. And, of course, competition conditions are getting tougher. The following can be named as the main features of the MEO as a sphere of a developed market economy.

First, as in any national economy, the world economy and international economic relations are based on the division of labor and exchange, only not intranational, but international, assuming that the production and (or) consumption of individual countries are to some extent interconnected.

Secondly, the participants in the IEO are economically isolated, in particular, in a special form of national economic isolation, which objectively determines the commodity-money nature of relations.

Thirdly, in the totality of world economic exchange relations, the IEO more fully operate the laws of demand, supply and free pricing, which are the cornerstones of any market mechanism.

Fourth, just like national markets, the global IER market is characterized by competition between goods and services, sellers and buyers. This competition is tougher due to the large volumes and range of goods and services circulating on the market. It is supplemented by the movement of factors of production (capital, labor) between countries.

Fifth, one of the main forms of international economic relations - international trade - is a set of cross-country product flows. Under these conditions, world commodity markets are being formed, where operations for the sale and purchase of goods are carried out, which are of a stable, systematic nature.

Sixth, the exchange of goods and services, the international movement of factors of production is mediated by the movement of money, the settlement system, commodity loans, and currency relations. Along with commodity markets, there is a global financial market, an international monetary and financial system. The movement of capital, foreign investment, long-term international, government loans give the world financial system a complete look.

Country differences in the availability of labor resources, in the opportunities and conditions of employment of the population determine the emergence and development of interstate labor flows, which leads to the formation of the world labor market. The growing role of information support, intellectual property, the widespread introduction of a system of patenting and licensing inventions and discoveries, interstate agreements on copyright protection create the prerequisites for the formation of the global information market.

Seventh, international economic organizations assume their own infrastructure, special institutions. They are represented by international economic, financial and credit institutions and organizations of both global (WTO, International Chamber of Commerce, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, etc.) and regional significance (European Commission, EBRD, etc.).

Eighth, international economic organizations are subject to monopolization. It is possible through the concentration of production and marketing by private business structures (for example, the creation and operation of TNCs), and as a result of international, interstate agreements and alliances that unite the largest countries and firms that supply certain types of products (for example, the International Oil Cartel - IOC, OPEC ).

Finally, international economic organizations are not free from international, regional, government interference and regulation. It manifests itself in interstate economic, trade, credit, currency, customs and payment agreements and unions. In addition, the results of the regulation of foreign economic activity in each individual country also affect the state and development of the IER.

All of the above fundamentally characterizes the content and field of action of modern international economic relations, their features.

2. Objects and subjects of international economic relations in market conditions

Objects and subjects of international economic relations, in principle, do not differ from those within the framework of the national market economy. New quantitative and qualitative moments characterize their multiplicity. The objects of international economic relations are primarily goods and services circulating in international trade, the volume of which currently exceeds 8 trillion. dollars /2/. An important feature here is the stability and scale of commodity flows. The exchange of goods and services is characterized by large volumes, breadth of assortment, differentiation in quality, and, as a rule, greater competitiveness.

The subject of the international economic relations are direct links in the field of specialization and cooperation in the field of production and scientific and technical work. Of particular importance is the movement of factors of production between countries, although, as noted, there are a number of obstacles to this in world economic relations. This includes, first of all, the movement of capital in various forms, the international use of financial and credit resources, the international migration of labor, the exchange of intellectual property.

As a special object, one should highlight the multilateral and diverse cooperation of countries and international organizations in the field of ecology and in solving other problems of a global nature. More features in the subjects of the international economic relations. But even here, as in a market environment as a whole, relations between partners from different countries are primarily connections at the level of private firms, enterprises, and individual entrepreneurs, which form the basis of world economic contacts, with the necessary freedom of choice. In practice, for most countries with a market economy, this means that business entities do not require any special conditions and permits to conduct foreign economic activity, for them there is no fundamental difference between the domestic and foreign markets.

Nevertheless, their marketing task becomes more complicated: it is necessary to constantly study the external market, the current and future situation on it, comparative assessments of internal and international conditions and partners. The role and scope of macroeconomic analysis is growing significantly. At the same time, in many cases, state structures act as subjects of the IER: directly government and other state bodies at various levels (central, regional, municipal), as well as state enterprises and organizations. Such options state participation different:

direct implementation of operations by central ministries and departments;
regional and municipal authorities, including targeted purchases and sales of products on the foreign market;
granting powers to individual enterprises, firms, commercial and banking structures, including private ones, to carry out specific operations, to carry out certain foreign economic transactions;
guaranteeing export-import operations. Finally, international organizations, in particular the UN system, act as subjects of the IER, especially when providing financial and credit assistance, investing funds in individual projects. Large-scale activities in the field of international economic relations are also carried out by transnational corporations and international associations. The role of these MEO subjects is all the more significant in the market of capital, financial, credit and foreign exchange resources.

3. Principles and features of the MEO mechanism

The market for its participants is a set of direct mutually beneficial agreements with equal partners aimed at meeting the needs for goods and services, providing the necessary resources, factors of production and allowing them to improve their own economic situation and make a profit. The fact that the parties are citizens or legal entities of other countries fundamentally changes little for the subjects of the IER. When positioning on the world market, the same principles and rules apply that are suitable for the domestic market /3/.

The basis of the activities of the participants of the IER and the mechanism of the latter is the marketing approach. A potential exporter, in particular, needs to know exactly the needs, inclinations and preferences of buyers, the state and prospects of the market and its respective segments in the country where he intends to export his products. For this, as already noted, it is not enough to analyze only the sales market itself, it is necessary to study, evaluate and forecast the macroeconomic environment (economic, climatic, environmental, socio-cultural, moral and legal, religious-ethnic, psychological and political) conditions.

Reliable information about the demographic, geographical, socio-psychological characteristics of their foreign buyers makes it possible to more or less accurately predict the possible demand for exported products, the amount of foreign exchange earnings, and the profitability of the export operation. This applies to fairly large and stable transactions, long-term contracts, and is not always applied to single, individual contracts and minor batches of external supplies. Even in this case, however, minimal information is needed. Is it something that "shuttle traders" do, offering tempting and cheap goods to foreign and domestic buyers, often not of the highest quality.

Similar work is necessary for imports, although it is somewhat simpler and smaller in volume, since it mainly covers the commercial part of the operation and concerns the domestic market.

To conduct an effective export operation that guarantees the intended foreign exchange earnings within the stipulated time frame, the supplier must work out different variants goods distribution: methods and routes of transportation, the possibility of using the infrastructure of the country and the importing company, the feasibility of attracting intermediaries, and, if necessary, creating your own sales network of trade representative offices, distribution, dealer structures, stores, warehouses, etc.

To promote goods on the foreign market or imported, a flexible combination of advertising methods, the development of individual sales, financial incentives for intermediaries and own sellers will be required. The pricing policy, the system of payments and commercial credit should create conditions that are attractive especially for foreign, as well as for domestic clients who purchase foreign goods and services.

Undoubtedly, the most important component of foreign economic activity, the more necessary in the field of international economic relations, is the analysis of competition. It should be specially emphasized that in the International Economic Relations, in the international market, special importance is attached to the requirements for the exclusion of unfair competition and the prevention of abuse of a dominant position in the market. This is all the more important since competition in international trade is much tougher than in the domestic market.

To reliably identify and assess the competitiveness of products and the positions of competitors, to determine their comparative advantages, entering a foreign market should be preceded by a study of competitors' products, including taking into account consumer tastes and preferences of this market segment, as well as the overall picture of the activities of competing firms (the so-called corporate analysis). ): economic and financial situation, image, goals in a particular market, features of production activities and management, marketing methods used, possible strategic decisions. The issue of using non-price competition options deserves special attention. The task of positioning, mastering a market niche is extremely relevant in the face of fierce international competition.

The MEO mechanism requires the provision of a marketing policy arising from the analysis of competition in terms of planning future goods and services, i.e., the development and implementation of the concept of modernizing today's and creating new products, based on indicators life cycle in its international application. This applies to the actual product, its packaging, trademark, service conditions, etc.

The inclusion of a firm in world economic relations must be accompanied by an economically favorable combination of resources used for export production. The competitiveness of an enterprise in the MEO can be ensured, ceteris paribus, if there are advantages in the availability and cheapness of resources, production technologies, and information tools.

Since enterprises - consumers of resources and the population of any country also purchase imported products, an important issue is a reasonable combination in production and in the consumer market of domestic and imported products and resources. Issues of international industrial and scientific-technical, investment cooperation, attraction of foreign labor force, financial and credit funds need to be more carefully studied.

At the same time, it should be taken into account that the world economy, international economic relations have specific features that are reflected in the characteristics and features of the functioning of the mechanism of world economic relations. First of all, what has already been noted is the volume of exchange, which exceeds the size of the internal trade turnover of any country. A large number of entities participate in the IER, which is incomparable with the domestic market.

Commodity and brand competition is very large-scale and tougher. As a result, the aggregate power of the impact of the world market on individual national markets is very significant (of course, with sufficient openness of the domestic economy). As a result, the international division of labor has an increasing impact on the internal division of labor in countries, which changes the structure of national economies, the volume and composition of domestic barter transactions.

It can be argued that the market mechanism of international economic relations is more perfect in terms of economic feasibility and objectivity of the pricing process, the formation and use of other management tools. It is no coincidence that therefore the prices of world commodity markets act as one of the criteria in the formation of prices in the national economy, they are an indicator in determining the expediency of participation in the international division of labor, IEO.

The peculiarities of international economic relations as a sphere of market relations, including their mechanism, also follow from other essential points mentioned in part above.

Firstly, these are the spatial scales of the world economy, which determine the significant remoteness of sellers and buyers, and hence the increased role of the transport problem and the associated costs. The latter can become an obstacle to the establishment of foreign economic relations, the conclusion of specific transactions.

Secondly, less mobility, that is, the mobility of resources, which primarily concerns land and natural resources, in particular minerals, tied to location. The mobility of labor resources is also limited, although they are more mobile, especially now. State intervention (migration rules, prohibitions on the sale of land to foreigners, restrictions on foreign investment and the activities of foreign firms, protectionism in foreign trade) often affects the decrease in resource mobility.

Thirdly, the use of national currencies in international exchange complicates settlements for foreign economic transactions and requires the presence of a foreign exchange market. And the latter involves the organization of currency control, the introduction of a particular system of currency regulation.

Fourthly, international standardization and certification of products, the fulfillment of the requirements of which is associated with additional costs, sometimes quite significant, are becoming an important, independent factor.

These circumstances determine the peculiarities of the market mechanism of international economic relations, encourage their participants to make adjustments to the principles and methods of their market policy.

On the one hand, the emerging opportunities to enter a foreign market pose the task of adapting the entire marketing mix to the conditions and characteristics of the economic environment in the partner country. At the same time, standard and simple techniques and solutions are needed to ensure a clear and controlled implementation of the accepted options.

On the other hand, the seller, and even more so the manufacturer, has the task of finding and implementing the best organizational form of its foreign economic activity, taking into account, along with the conditions and factors inherent in the domestic market, the features of the international economic relations noted above. In addition, the risk factor associated with the degree of economic, social and political instability in the partner country cannot be ignored. The significance of the risk factor increases even more with deep forms of international economic relations (creation and operation of foreign and joint ventures, investment projects, industrial and scientific and technical specialization and cooperation, etc.)

Finally, another significant aspect of the MEO mechanism is the information environment. Even in trade and economic transactions, participants need reliable and comparable information to justify and make a decision, to ensure reliable control over its implementation and results. This is all the more necessary when establishing long-term industrial and scientific and technical ties, organizing joint activities, implementing investment projects, and choosing partner firms.

The latter involves the use of information with a certain set of data, with their methodological unity and homogeneity, by enterprises and firms entering the IER. International unification of accounting and reporting will solve this practical problem. An important role will also be played by the unification of macroeconomic indicators, national and international statistics.

Summary

International economic relations - the sphere of market relations between countries, due to the international division of labor and the economic isolation of partners. The peculiarities of international economic relations are related to their specificity as international ones and stem from the particularly large size of the economic space, the limited mobility of production factors and certain types of resources, and the actions of special economic instruments. The objects of the IEO are goods and services, as well as resources involved in international exchange, and the subjects are private firms and individual entrepreneurs; state structures; management bodies of different levels, enterprises and institutions; international organizations, institutions and corporations. The MEO mechanism is dictated by the market nature of relations and does not fundamentally differ from the one operating within countries. It involves a marketing approach. The features of this mechanism are determined by the specifics of the International Economic Relations (international nature of relations, territorial remoteness, the use of special monetary and financial instruments).

Basic concepts

MEO is a system of economic relations between the economies of different countries, based on the international division of labor.

IEO OBJECTS - goods, services and material, monetary and labor resources that are the subject of international exchange.

IEO SUBJECTS are economically isolated parties that carry out international exchange.

MEO MECHANISM - a system of economic instruments, organizational measures and institutions that ensure the implementation of the MEO.

Literature

Brief foreign economic dictionary-reference book. M., MO., 1996, p. 102.
Foreign Economic Bulletin., 1996, N 1.
Market rules., M., MO., 1993.

Chapter 3. External factors of economic growth. Role, system of indicators and assessments

Place and role of international economic relations in the development of the national economy.
Indicators characterizing the role of the external economic factor.
Economic interdependence. National and international economic security

1. Place and role of international economic relations in the development of the national economy

Now, perhaps, no one will argue that any country can develop normally without foreign economic relations. As you know, the main problem of human society is the possible complete satisfaction of the needs of people with limited resources. Meanwhile, the unlimited growth of needs in the course of the historical process is an indisputable fact and the most general law. In most countries, it is impossible, in terms of conditions, resources, from the standpoint of economic feasibility, to do everything and a lot. And at the same time, the range of requests of the population is growing rapidly, and the number of material and spiritual goods and various services that we need is also increasing.

Any normal satisfaction of them is practically impossible without a constant, wide exchange between regions, countries, without the IER. And it is no longer possible today to produce and create many goods and services without an international pooling of efforts, funds and resources due to the often enormous costs and the need to use a wide variety of resources. There is no doubt that in a small country with limited natural (and some often do not exist at all), human and financial resources, relying only on them, it is unbelievable to satisfy even the necessary modern needs of the population.

To prove this, no reference is needed to the great Smith, Ricardo, and, if you like, Marx, whose theoretical views on the problem were discussed in Chapter 1. The fact is self-evident. The economic meaning of the exchange between peoples, international economic relations and foreign trade, in particular, science has explained convincingly. The international division of labor, resulting from it, the IEO, allow each country to reduce production costs and save resources. Well, why, we say, following the scientists, in the same Russia has its own production of bananas? Although it is possible to create plantations with an artificial climate, etc. Is it necessary to grow beets in Brazil? Such a question now for anyone is a misunderstanding. But not so long ago, in our country, and then in China, the slogan of "reliance on one's own strength" was proclaimed. It is better to do what we can do cheaper and better, having everything we need, using favorable conditions. Life gave an unequivocal answer - it is necessary to use the advantages and benefits of international exchange, only in this way can the satisfaction of a variety of needs be ensured, steadily expanding the range of goods and services offered to the population. And this applies to both small and large countries. Hence the role and place of the IEO in the development of the economies of individual countries.

Over the decade (1986-1995) the value of international trade increased by about 1.6 times. In terms of pace, this (annual growth of 8-10% in 1994-1996) significantly exceeded the growth in world production. According to the WTO in 1995, the world export of commercial services was estimated at 1170 billion dollars, and goods - at 4890 billion dollars.

Among the exported goods, the first place (11%) belongs to computers, leaving behind agricultural products, cars and chemicals /1/. The international movement of capital has increased even more rapidly in recent years. In 1995 alone, foreign direct investment increased by almost 40%, reaching $315 billion /2/. These data testify to the scale of international exchange.

In our time, any, even the largest and richest country, international exchange, foreign trade, everything that we refer to the IEO, are vital to ensure a modest, and even more normal, everyday human existence. A better life, as we in Russia have now experienced in practice, is simply impossible without it. Of course, we are not talking about sneakers and diapers, although they are not superfluous. Use favorable conditions, more fully include all factors and resources in order to do more, more diverse, better and more reliable for a person.

To develop and enrich the needs of everyone and at the same time not to squander the natural, material, spiritual and intellectual wealth, not to "reinvent the wheel" - this is the meaning, significance and prospects of the IER, foreign trade, their objective role in the development, provision of material and spiritual wealth of an individual, country, world community.

The aforementioned "theories" and practical attempts to "rely on one's own strength": to do everything ourselves, not to depend on anyone - the bright future of communism can be brought closer by growing corn in the North, and bananas in the Moscow region! Wouldn't it be better, more reliable, more logical and cheaper to harvest high-quality wheat in Russia, exchange it through foreign trade for Latin American bananas and coffee? Less expenses and more handy, and more variety of goods. This is how one can schematically explain the essence and significance of foreign trade, international economic relations in the modern world. This is the logical economic and practical basis of world economic relations, international economic relations in the present and future.

2. Indicators characterizing the role of the external economic factor

As proven by the International Economic Relations, foreign trade is necessary for any country. But how to more or less accurately assess their significance for the national economy, how to quantify the role of the external factor in the national economy? In statistics, including international statistics, this is done using a relative indicator of comparing the volume of a country's foreign trade with its domestic production: the volume of foreign trade / the volume of domestic production.

Comparison of the relevant data in comparable value terms (single currency) makes it possible to judge the significance of the external economic factor for the national economy, its dynamics over a certain period. It is clear that for small countries (there are fewer resources, the variety of natural conditions is limited), this indicator is higher - much is imported from abroad in exchange for export, for large countries it is lower - their own production is more diverse and significant. So, in the early 90s. in Belgium, for example, the indicated value reached 190%, Switzerland and Hungary - 160%, Bulgaria - 110%, etc. In developed medium-sized countries of Europe: Germany, France, Great Britain - 50-70%; large countries of the world: the USA, India, Brazil, Canada, China - 20-30%, etc. In the former USSR in the 50-60s. this figure was 4-6%, in 1985-1987. it reached 14%. V Lately in Russia it is close to 22-25%, and according to data for 1996. exceeded 30% (although this is due to a significant drop in domestic production in 1991-1996).

Today, the calculation of this indicator is simple - the volume of foreign trade (in dollars) for the corresponding period refers to the value of GDP, also converted from domestic prices into dollars. All these data are available in official statistics published, in particular, in Russia by Goskomstat. A characteristic feature of modern economic development is the increasing role of the external economic factor for all countries: over the past 30 years, this figure for most countries has almost doubled.

According to experts, in the first decade of the next century, the ratio of foreign trade turnover to domestic production of large countries, including Russia, will reach 35-40%. But this means that every fifth or sixth product purchased by the population, enterprises and firms of the country will be imported. At the same time, it should be noted that this indicator does not give an idea of the impact of the entire set of international economic relations on the national economy, because it takes into account only foreign trade. It is no coincidence that experts from international economic organizations and other specialists are now working to supplement it. In particular, it is intended to supplement the numerator of this indicator with the amount of foreign investment and the volume of national production carried out using foreign licenses and know-how.

It is clear that in this way the assessment of the role of the external factor will be refined and somewhat, and in some places even significantly, increased. The development of foreign trade, its importance for the economy as a whole, individual industries and regions are also assessed using a number of other indicators adopted in international statistics and research. This is, in particular, the value of foreign trade turnover (and exports and imports separately) per capita.

On average in the world in 1996 it was close to 400 dollars, in the USA - 4800, Germany - 11000, Japan - 10200, France - 8700, England - 7200, etc. In Russia in the same year, the volume of foreign trade per inhabitant was 1,004 dollars, of which 598 dollars for exports, and 406 dollars for imports. Russian figures are much lower than in the countries mentioned above.

The advantage of this indicator is that it can be calculated for individual regions of the country, sectors of the economy, and even for specific enterprises and types of products. This makes it possible to take into account and compare the participation of regions, firms, industries in foreign economic relations, to identify reserves and prospects. The latter also applies to foreign trade activities, say, of the subjects of the Russian Federation - territories, regions, republics. For example, in such an industrially developed region as the Sverdlovsk region, including Yekaterinburg, the corresponding figure, calculated according to tentative statistics for 1995, was about $710 (including $395 for exports and $315 for imports), i.e. e. was about 30% lower than the average for Russia.

It is customary to talk about this: there are large reserves. Although it should be borne in mind that these are quantitative indicators, behind which it is necessary to see the qualitative side: is it possible to achieve significantly more with a given structure of foreign trade (the share of goods and main commodity groups in foreign trade turnover), when, in particular, raw materials and energy carriers dominate in exports ? Of course, the latter is also connected with the structure of the country's economy as a whole and its individual regions. The answer to this question is unequivocally negative: the possibilities for sustainable, long-term growth in the volume of Russian foreign trade are quite clearly limited by the irreproducibility of natural raw materials and energy resources, which account for 4/5 of Russia's exports. This, in turn, limits the amount of foreign currency that can be used for import purchases.

The situation is the same in many other countries where products of natural origin predominate in exports. Achieving large volumes of foreign trade turnover, expanding its range is not a one-time event, but the result of a consistent long-term economic strategy that requires large investments. But the focus on large-scale international exchange is win-win, because it allows you to expand the set and increase the amount of various consumer goods provided to the population and used in the national economy.

At the same time, opportunities are being created for tangible savings of resources (material, labor, investment, financial, intellectual). In the conditions of a market economy, the expanded commodity and geographical diversification of foreign economic relations also contains a positive incentive for increased competition, and hence the impact on the economic and quality indicators of goods and services, the formation of a full-fledged consumer demand. A similar indicator is applicable to assessing the role of international capital flows for countries as a whole, individual regions and industries.

The average per capita indicator of the movement of direct investment in 1996 was . about $135 with approximately the same distribution for inflows (66.7) and outflows (68.3), which were slightly larger. At the same time, the five largest industrial countries (USA, Germany, Japan, Great Britain and France) accounted for more than 2/3 of the total increase in the inflow of foreign direct investment, or almost $400 per capita in these countries, while in Russia it was less than $10 per person. It is not difficult to conclude that in the first case, the majority of direct investments from abroad were in the manufacturing industries, modern production in radio electronics, communications, and computer technology.

And in Russia, the overwhelming share of foreign direct investment in industry was in the fuel and energy complex /2/. Thus, here, too, in order to assess the quality and effectiveness of the IER, in addition to general quantitative data, information is needed on the geographical and sectoral structure of investments from outside.

The combination of internal and external factors of economic growth, the role of foreign trade for individual industries on the scale of the national economy, regions, enterprises and firms from firms, as well as in the context of commodity groups, types of goods and services are reflected in the indicators of export and import quotas /3/. Export quota (Eq) - the ratio of exports and domestic production (in kind or comparable value). A sufficiently high export quota is a favorable indicator of the saturation of the national economy with relevant products, the competitiveness of domestic goods in the international market. Especially if this applies to finished products, products of a high degree of processing, high-tech services.

In developed industrial countries, the export quota for products of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, radio electronics, automotive, aerospace and other manufacturing industries reaches an average of 25-40%. The export quota for some industries and goods in Russia is very high: for crude oil - 25-30%, for natural gas - 18-20, for timber - 10-15%. But in this case, these indicators speak more about the shortcomings of our economy - after all, these are non-reproducible resources, moreover, raw materials and fuel of the lowest degree of processing. Focusing on close entry into the world economy with such a structure of exports is hardly promising.

The task is to consistently increase the export quota of manufacturing industries using modern technology. Enterprises producing armaments and aerospace equipment have such opportunities. The inclusion in international exchange, the role of the latter in meeting the diverse needs of the population, market saturation is evidenced by the statistical indicator - the import quota (Iq), i.e. the ratio of imports and domestic resources (the sum of domestic production and imports) in natural or comparable value terms: Ikv \u003d I / Vn.pr + I.

In any country, there are many such goods that are completely imported (in Russia, for example, coffee, pineapples, bananas, etc.) and even more of those that supplement domestic production, some of them very significantly. Today, in almost all countries, the population practically feels the importance of imports - many of the goods they purchase are imported from other countries. For example, in Belgium, every four out of five cans of beer sold in a store are imported.

And in Russia today, the situation is similar, primarily in consumer goods, food and industrial, but to a large extent in machinery and equipment. These two commodity groups account for the vast majority (almost 4/5) of the country's imports, which in 1995 amounted to almost 11.5% in relation to GDP. With regard to Russia, it can be stated that this indicator indicates obvious positive aspects that are also characteristic of other countries: the expansion of the range, the increase in the number of goods and services offered, the greater choice of consumers, the stimulating effect of competition.

But there are also negatives - a reduction in domestic production due to its initial lack of competitiveness, the impact of an immoderate increase in imports on price dynamics. Finally, at a certain stage, there is a significant and unjustified dependence of certain sectors of the market, the economy as a whole, on imports, a sharp reduction and termination of which, under exceptional circumstances, can lead to catastrophic consequences. For large countries, this situation is hardly acceptable.

It is impossible not to take into account the known limits of the growth of imports, determined by foreign exchange earnings from exports, and the impossibility of an unlimited growth of external debt. For Russia, this would also mean, given the current structure of foreign trade, a disproportionate increase in the export of resource goods. This aspect should be taken into account in the foreign trade policy of similar countries. Like foreign trade, indicators of quotas for the inflow and outflow of foreign investment are calculated: in general, by industry and region; types - direct, portfolio; forms - public, private, international. This makes it possible to assess their role and place in comparison with domestic investment.

Finally, most of the indicators considered can be used to study and evaluate international labor migration as total, specific, share. Their differentiation is substantiated: for the whole country, regions, industries, taking into account professions, ages, and qualifications of the migrating labor force.

Special attention should be paid to the indicators of the share of imported products in the domestic trade turnover, in particular, for consumer goods. Accounting for it is of great economic and social importance, and should be taken into account from the standpoint of ensuring independence and preventing external economic and political pressure. So, according to press estimates, in 1994-1995. imports accounted for about 1/3 of the turnover of consumer goods in Russia, and in large cities this share reached 50-60%. For such a country, the indicated value of this indicator is unfavorable. It reflects a sharp decline in domestic production, unreasonable flooding of the market with not always high-quality goods from unreliable suppliers, and can be extremely dangerous in the future. Systematic accounting of these indicators, and first of all, on foreign trade, foreign investment in general for the main industries, regions and product groups allows us to focus on a better balance of foreign economic exchange, ensuring its greater benefits, improving the socio-economic climate, foreign economic activity and economic development in general. . This will create Better conditions for the active participation of the country in world economic relations in the future. This, of course, cannot but affect the entire system of international economic relations as a whole.

3. Economic interdependence. National and international economic security

The development and deepening of the international division of labor, the scope and role of international economic relations put the problems of interdependence of countries on a practical footing. Today it is extremely difficult, if impossible, to name a country in the world with complete economic independence. In fact, this is due to economic and political isolation. A more or less remote example of this kind was Albania. But this did not bring and could not bring anything good to its inhabitants, but only significantly reduced the possibilities of consumption, the standard of living, limited resource conditions and sources of development.

It is no coincidence that the rejection of such a course has become inevitable. And this example only confirms the objective, independent of someone's desires, the need for international exchange, IER, which was shown in the 1st chapter. In large countries, the desire for greater (but not complete) independence had (as in its time in the USSR, China and India) more reasonable given the availability of various resources, but even in this case it led to a narrowing of consumption, more dictated by political reasons. In short, full economic independence is a distant and unreliable past or a myth.

At the same time, many, and especially developing countries, oppose their dependence in the case of the export of a single or several primary products, as well as when one country acts as a partner (buyer and supplier). Examples of this kind can be cited in a number of Latin American and African countries, which were often monocultural exporters (citrus fruits, coffee, cane sugar, etc.).

So, according to studies, in 13 countries of Latin America and Africa, one product or one group of products (coffee, cocoa, sugar, cotton, iron ore, metal ores, etc.) accounted for 56 to 90% of all exports in the late 80s gg. /4/. In most cases, the main trading partners of such countries are developed industrial countries, where their products are mainly exported. At the same time, for some countries (for example, 4 countries in Africa and Mexico, from 44 to 86% of the export market fell on one country (USA, Great Britain, Japan, France or Saudi Arabia). There is only one way out - diversification, if possible, of both exports and imports.

A long-term strategy of protectionism is unlikely to be fruitful. A factor in reducing the danger of economic dependence and its consequences in modern conditions there is an increase in the interconnection of the economies of the partner countries when they are not interested in monopoly dominance, and the violation of stable ties means losses for each of the parties.

This fits well into the general thesis about the advantages and benefits of the international division of labor and exchange. At the same time, international economic relations should fully serve the diversification and stable functioning of national economies, providing conditions for mutual stimulation. Thus, we are approaching a modern interpretation of the principle of national and international economic security. The first refers to the creation and maintenance at the national level of the necessary and sufficient conditions for the sustainable, progressive development of the country's economy, social, environmental, political, cultural, legal and psychological components.

This, of course, presupposes the formation and full use of foreign economic relations, international economic relations to solve this problem. International economic security consists in creating and ensuring the functioning of the system of world economic relations, including the international economic relations, as well as the interaction of national economies and their main blocks that ensure the sustainable economic development of the world community as a whole, its regions and national economies of countries. It can be argued that the achievement of the goals of international and national economic security is possible only on the basis of the further development and deepening of the international division of labor, sustainable and large-scale world economic exchange and interaction of national economies, and the elimination of artificial obstacles along the way.

Summary

External economic factors play a certain role in the development of the national economy of any country. These include various forms of international economic relations. For small countries, their importance is very high, for large ones - less. The role of the external economic factor in the development of all countries is increasing.

To assess the role and place of foreign economic factors in general, in individual industries, regions and industries, a number of economic and statistical indicators are used:

the ratio of foreign trade turnover and domestic production;
the volume of foreign trade and foreign investment per capita;
export and import quotas and investment quotas.

The development of international economic relations leads to an increase in the interdependence of countries, changing the concepts of dependence and independence. The growth of world economic relations, the interaction of national economies, international economic relations determine the principles of national and international security.

Basic concepts

FOREIGN ECONOMIC FACTORS - various types and forms of world economic relations and international economic relations that affect the economic development of the country.

SYSTEM OF INDICATORS OF THE ROLE AND PLACE OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC FACTORS IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT - a set of economic and statistical indicators that characterize the dynamics and structure of the country's international economic relations and their role in its economy.

ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE OF COUNTRIES - a strong economic relationship of countries on the basis of international economic relations and the interaction of national economies.

Literature

Foreign Economic Bulletin. 1996, N. 1.
World Investment Report. 1996. U N.. NY Gen. 1996.
Brief Foreign Economic Dictionary-Reference., p. 64, 180.
D.D. Daniele, Lee X. Radeba. International business, p. 140-141.

The abstract of lectures complies with the requirements of the State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education. Accessibility and brevity of presentation make it possible to quickly and easily obtain basic knowledge of the subject, prepare and successfully pass the test and exam. The book examines international economic relations as a system of various economic (scientific, technical, industrial, commercial, monetary and monetary) relations of national economies of different countries, based on the international division of labor. For students of economic universities and colleges, as well as those who independently study this subject.

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The following excerpt from the book International economic relations: lecture notes (N. I. Ronshina) provided by our book partner - the company LitRes.

Lecture No. 1. Basic concepts and problems of international economic relations

1. History of the International Economic Relations

The formation of international economic relations depends on the level of development of the productive forces. There was an exchange between primitive communities and tribal unions. Gradually, during the formation of nation-states, it was transformed into international trade. In the future, the world market appears, and with it other forms of international economic relations.

In the Ancient East in 4-3 thousand BC. e. international trade already existed. Goods were transported by caravans, by sea, by river transport. The exchange of goods for goods was widespread. Most often, the commodity structure of trade included linen and woolen fabrics, raw materials for them, metal and ceramic products, livestock, grain, precious metals and stones. In Egypt and in the territories subject to it, gold was mined, it was used to pay for goods. In the 7th century BC e. began minting coins from precious metals in the countries of Asia Minor. Such international economic relations existed before the conquests of the Romans and Alexander the Great in the 4th-1st centuries. BC e.

Trade in ancient Greece was conducted between city-states. Pretty soon there is a specialization of cities in the production of certain goods. This developed the growth of labor productivity and increased the opportunities for trade between cities. In the Mediterranean and Black Seas, Greek merchants played the main role in trade. With the beginning of minting coins by various states, the money change business began to actively develop, from which the first signs of banking were formed. During Hellenistic times, Greek culture, including trade and finance, was widespread in Asia and Africa.

The Roman Empire included a large number of territories, so trade between them was, in essence, international in nature. In addition, Rome had trade relations with Northern Europe, Asia and Africa. During the heyday, the number and names of manufactured goods greatly expanded. They were transported over vast distances by land and sea. Banking and money management developed. In trade began to use promissory notes and bills of exchange.

During feudal fragmentation, international trade in Europe was rather poorly developed. With the advent of centralized states (England, Spain, France, Russia), trade begins to grow. In the XII-XIV centuries. capitalist relations appear, they significantly increase the role of international economic relations. Trade was mainly conducted in the basins of the Mediterranean, Baltic and North Seas. Also through these areas was trade with Eastern Europe, the Middle East and more distant territories. This trade practically did not differ from ancient trade in terms of routes and nomenclature of goods. Fairs played an important role. In order to ensure security and monopolization, merchants of large cities formed unions - guilds. After the discovery of America and sea route to India, the importance of ocean trade is growing. Europe imports coffee, cotton, sugar, spices, cocoa, gold and silver. The export of ceramic and metal products, fabrics, animals, weapons is increasing. A colonial system is being formed, subject peoples are subjected to cruel exploitation, and the slave trade is increasing.

The level of development of Russia's foreign trade was lower than in Western Europe. The reasons for this: geographical remoteness, cut off from the seas; the social factor is the feudal-serf system, the low development of capitalism. But in the XVI-XVII centuries. Russia exported wood, furs, hemp, tar, and imported luxury items, metal products. Russia, like other states at that time, adhered to a policy of protectionism.

In modern times (the middle of the 17th - the middle of the 20th centuries), the market-capitalist economy is spreading all over the world, and a world market is being formed. The socialist economy proved to be unviable. Until the beginning of the XX century. the colonial system became more and more strong, but later collapsed almost completely. Military-political factors had a significant impact on the development of international economic relations. The economy of world capitalism with early XIX v. developed cyclically, from time to time there were economic and financial crises. In modern times, private joint-stock companies operating outside their own state have become subjects of international economic relations. In the 19th century international economic organizations appear, and in the 20th century. their role in interstate economic regulation is growing. In the XVII-XVIII centuries. leading European countries (Great Britain and France, Spain and Holland) competed in trade. At the end of the XIX century. Great Britain and Germany fought for the right to be called the leading industrial and commercial power. At the same time, the United States of America and Japan are beginning to play the leading roles.

In the middle of the XIX century. capitalism began to actively develop in Russia, and its role in world politics and the economy increased. But the revolution of 1917 interrupted this process, and the role of Russia, and then the USSR, in the world economy changed radically.

2. Fundamentals of the theory of IER

The foundation of the theory of international trade is the principle of comparative advantage or comparative costs. This principle says that the most effective use limited resources of the whole world and of an individual country will occur only if each country produces and exports those goods, the costs of which are relatively low in it. At the same time, it is more profitable for the country to refuse to produce goods for which its advantage is absolutely lower, as well as those for which its costs are not much less than for others. The specialization of a country is determined by the most favorable combination of factors of production. There are the following production factors:

2) capital;

4) technology.

The presence of factors and their combination can change over time, therefore, the country's specialization and its foreign trade change.

It follows from this theory that artificial barriers to international trade based on specialization may reduce its benefits. These are the following obstacles: import duties, non-tariff barriers, quotas. All of them are introduced by the states. Export restrictions are also theoretically undesirable. However, many countries are taking such measures, combining them in various ways. Duties significantly replenish the state budget, besides, their collection is relatively easy. By restricting imports, the state supports weak, uncompetitive sectors of the national economy. Export subsidies also help. If imports crowd out national producers and reduce the number of jobs, the state also restricts it.

The difference between international trade and domestic trade is that one national currency is often exchanged for another. Commercial banks usually take part in this process. If the goods are exported, payment for them can be made in the currency of the exporting country, the importing country or in the currency of a third country. The payment is considered made if the money for the goods is credited to the exporter's bank account. If the importer makes a payment in the currency of the exporting country or a third country, then he buys this currency from his bank, giving his national currency in return. If he pays for the goods in his own currency, it goes to the exporter's account in a foreign bank. Since he needs the national currency, he sells money from his foreign bank account for his own currency. In all these cases there is an exchange of currencies. The ratio of this exchange is called the exchange rate or exchange rate. Devaluation (depreciation of the national currency) is beneficial for exporters and can stimulate the export sectors of the economy. It is unprofitable for importers and can reduce the import of goods from abroad. The impact of the exchange rate on foreign trade and other forms of international economic relations depends on the elasticity of economic quantities (imports, exports, capital transfers), that is, on the magnitude of their response to changes in the exchange rate.

The position of the international finance of the state depends on the monetary system and the changes taking place in it. The state influences the country's international finances through the general macroeconomic policy, in particular through the monetary policy. Among the instruments of monetary policy, there are discount policy (changes in loan interest rates at which the central bank lends to commercial banks) and foreign exchange interventions (purchase or sale of foreign currency in the market by the central bank). The International Monetary Fund is the main body of international cooperation in the field of establishing and regulating the exchange rate.

3. International division of factors of production

Division of labor- this is the distribution of various types of labor activity between states, industries, industries, people. Division of labor and specialization These are the most important factors for economic progress and productivity growth. From the division of labor follows the exchange of products, and from this comes cooperation that is beneficial to the entire population - cooperation.

In the territories of different countries there is a territorial division of labor. For example, some regions develop industrial production more, others - Agriculture. International specialization and cooperation follow from the international division of labor. Political conditions play an important role in the development of these processes.

The international division of capital is expressed in the following features. In developed countries, a large amount of money capital accumulates. In various forms, it is exported abroad. On the other hand, these same countries have the largest stock of real capital in the form of equipment, buildings, inventories, etc. Developing countries are characterized by a low rate of accumulation and a limited stock of accumulated real capital.

The technology factor is becoming increasingly important. The development of computer technology in the United States ensures their superiority in the world market. Thanks to the ability to assimilate foreign technologies, Japan and South Korea were able to quickly take one of the leading places in the world market.

The international mobility of factors of production is not infinite. This affects the direction of international trade flows and the specialization of countries. But in recent years, this mobility has increased significantly and continues to grow. It arises in the global migration of labor force of different qualifications. The huge increase in international financial flows speaks of increasing capital mobility. The development of minerals, the general development of land, and so on, indicate a certain mobility of the factor of production "land". Scientific and technical knowledge is also actively transferred through patents, licenses, sale of know-how and other ways. The reasons for mobility restrictions may be natural or may depend on the policy of the country.

It is believed that at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries. completed the formation of the world market. The world market is a system of permanent commodity-money relations between countries based on the international division of labor, specialization and cooperation. The main feature of the world market is international trade. The world market optimizes the use of factors of production and excludes the most inefficient producers. However, the world market also contributes to the persistence of underdevelopment in some regions of the world.

World economy (world economy) is a set of national economies interconnected by international trade and the movement of factors of production. The main feature of the world economy is openness, the increasing orientation of the predominant number of countries in the world towards economic cooperation.

In the world economy, there is a tendency to reduce the importance of the factors of production "land" and "labor" and to increase the importance of the factors "technology" and "capital". This is very important for Russia, as it is experiencing an economic crisis, the causes of which, in particular, are the decline in investment and the decrease in the development and implementation of new technologies.

4. Significance of IER today

The simplest and most commonly used measure of the intensity of ties in the world and for individual countries and regions is the export quota (the ratio of the value of exports to GDP). The intensity of international economic relations increased significantly in the second half of the 20th century.

Factors affecting the increase in the role of international economic relations:

1) countries and territories that previously did not participate much in the international division of labor are involved in the world economy;

2) the varieties of goods and services manufactured in different regions are significantly increasing;

3) the lifestyle of people is changing, especially in industrialized countries. People are getting used to the consumption of goods and services from all over the world, to tourism, education, work and treatment in other countries, more sophisticated means of transport, financial settlements, telecommunications are used;

4) the predominance of the joint-stock form of enterprises, the formation of a global financial infrastructure favor the colossal movements of capital. This is further facilitated by the growth of transnational corporations;

5) the zone of the market economy is expanding, while the non-market economy is shrinking. External openness of the economy is increasingly becoming the norm;

6) liberalization of international economic relations, free movement of goods, labor, capital, technology also increases the openness of national economies. The scope of protectionism is shrinking;

7) world integration accelerates the advent of a single economic space, increases the specialization and cooperation of national economies. Opposition between capitalist and socialist systems and the Cold War have long been a counteracting factor. The member countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), headed by the USSR, formed both a military-political and trade-economic bloc. In it, relations between countries were determined to a small extent by the economy, and external relations were minimal. They almost did not allow foreign direct investment in their economy. Western countries, led by the United States, used restrictions on economic ties to fight the USSR. The massive introduction of post-socialist countries into the world economy causes them difficulties, the reasons for which are the former closed economy, intense competition between countries, etc.

The colossal gap in the levels of economic development of the industrial and former colonial countries also limits the development of international economic relations. The economies of many developing countries are mainly dependent on the export of a very small number (one or two) of agricultural products or minerals. This increases the instability of the economy and does not develop its inferior structure. Such countries have very limited demand for foreign goods.

Simultaneously with the increase in the openness of economies, various restrictions and barriers created by states remain, and sometimes increase. For poor countries, these restrictions are justified and often inevitable, since without the protection of national industry, the development of a modern economy is impossible.

The military-political situation may have a negative impact on the development of market relations. The supply of arms may interfere with the normal development of international economic relations. Often there is an internationally agreed total or partial economic blockade (Libya, Iraq, Yugoslavia) or unilateral measures (US against Cuba, China against Taiwan).

Economic and financial crises also have an extremely negative impact on international economic relations.

The influence of international economic relations on the development of the world economy is constantly growing. The rapid growth of the national wealth of most countries after the Second World War is largely associated with the development of international economic relations. The highest growth rates are characteristic of countries with economies with a high level of export development, such as Japan, China, the newly industrialized countries of Asia (Thailand, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Malaysia, etc.). These same countries, as well as some countries in Latin America, actively used the inflow of foreign capital to accelerate growth.

Among the countries exporting minerals, due to the high constant demand for oil and natural gas, the oil-producing countries are the most successful.

Foreign tourism plays an important role in the economy of countries such as Greece, Spain, Egypt, Turkey and others. For many island nations, tourism plays a critical role in economic growth. Some of these countries and territories have also become centers of offshore business for firms and banks in other countries.

5. MEO forms and their participants

Participants in international economic relations: individuals, enterprises (firms) and non-profit organizations, states (governments and their bodies), international organizations. Forms of international economic relations: international trade in goods, trade in services, movement of capital, labor migration, technology exchange.

Individuals buy foreign goods and services, exchange one currency for another, and so on, so they are participants in international economic relations. An increasing number of people around the world are becoming them. However, many people in the poorest countries cannot participate in this process.

In modern business, a collective type of important decision-making is common. But there are a small number of people who have a significant impact on the world economy through their personal decisions and actions. These include the owners and top managers of the largest transnational corporations (TNCs) and financial institutions.

Hundreds of thousands of firms with different forms of ownership take part in international economic relations, but TNCs play an increasingly significant role in them - joint-stock economic complexes that are engaged in production and other activities in many countries. Foreign direct investments in modern conditions are primarily economic objects owned by TNCs. They create international production, with specialization and cooperation taking place between enterprises in different countries belonging to the same firm.

Most of the largest banks and insurance companies in developed countries are transnational in nature, with branches in many countries. Investment funds are also referred to as transnational financial institutions. They manage the financial resources of individuals, firms and organizations, investing them in securities and other assets in different countries. These financial institutions provide significant mobility of money capital around the world. Consequently, the efficiency of the world economy is increasing, but factors of exacerbation of financial and economic crises are being created.

Often, governments are direct participants in international economic relations as borrowers in international financial markets, exporters and importers of goods, etc. The issue of securities abroad and bank borrowings are also carried out by regional and local authorities. But even more important for the world economy is the fact that the subjects of international economic relations are countries that are nation-states and national economies with their own institutions, laws, currency, economic policy. The regulation of international economic relations by states has a major impact on them. International economic organizations are classified according to different criteria:

1) by country coverage- worldwide and regional. The former include most of the UN bodies, the International Monetary Fund, etc. Among the latter, the main role is played by the bodies of economic integration, especially in Western Europe;

2) by composition of participants (members)- interstate (intergovernmental) and non-state (for example, the International Cooperative Alliance);

3) by field of activity– trade (World Trade Organization), finance (World Bank Group), agriculture (European Livestock Association), communications (Universal Postal Union), etc.;

4) by the nature of the activity. Some organizations provide grant or other financial support to governments, businesses, public associations. These are interstate banks (World Bank Group, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and other regional banks). Other organizations are engaged in international regulation of certain areas of the world economy (World Trade Organization, many regional integration bodies). A significant role is played by organizations in charge of harmonizing various international standards, patents, norms, copyrights, procedures, etc.

Economic aspects occupy one of the leading places in the activities of military-political organizations (primarily NATO). Also, many sports, scientific, professional, cultural and other organizations are engaged in economic activities in the world market.

6. Economic globalization

Globalization- this is the worldwide dependence of countries, enterprises and people among themselves in an open system of political, financial, economic and cultural ties based on modern information and communication technologies. Economic globalization is the most important part of this process. Globalization is not a completed process, it develops, experiencing contradictions and difficulties.

The level of globalization of the economy depends on the level of development of productive forces, modern technologies. But often the concept of "globalization" is perceived as an ideology imposed by Western countries led by the United States. A significant number of people in poor countries do not see the benefits of globalization.

Human problems and globalization are interconnected. These are military-political, scientific-technical, financial-economic, environmental, demographic problems, the fight against high mortality, hunger, poverty in developing countries and other problems.

To solve these global problems, states should join their efforts. This happens due to the activities of existing and creation of new international organizations, bilateral and multilateral agreements, etc.

Recently, it has become clear to mankind that the openness of societies and economies is necessary not only for progress, but also for survival. But in the modern world there are still nationalism, extremism and other problems. They largely hinder the development of international economic relations. The processes of globalization do not affect a huge part of the world's population in backward countries. Nevertheless, globalization is the main trend in the development of today's world, its economy and international economic relations.

Market globalization- this is a free international movement of services, goods and mobile factors of production with the formation of prices justified by competition on a global scale (for example, the oil market). The globalization of markets contributes to a high level of efficiency in production and circulation.

In recent years, there has been a globalization of financial markets, i.e. capital markets in its monetary form. This process requires liberalization, that is, the abolition of restrictions on the movement of capital in its main forms. And to ensure an almost instantaneous transfer of funds, a system of global telecommunications is used. Financial markets include: currency, credit and stock (securities) markets.

Cash assets are sold in two ways:

1) with the immediate transfer of goods and payment (cash transactions);

2) urgent (forward or futures) transactions, when the execution of the transaction relates to a certain period in the future and this delay is taken into account in the price. Financial markets provide especially great opportunities for speculation, i.e. for transactions whose purpose is not to acquire a given asset to own it, but to extract short-term profits by reselling it at a better price. Speculation can take many different forms. Speculation greatly increases the inherent instability of global financial markets.

In the second half of the XX century. the world economy and scientific and technological progress grew at high rates. The cyclical nature of development typical of a market-capitalist economy was rather weakly expressed.

But at the end of the XX century. the world economy was under threat due to financial crises in countries with an average level of development (Russia, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, South Korea). These crises consisted in the collapse of the stock market, devaluation of currencies, increased inflation, numerous bankruptcies of banks and firms. The causes of the crises were both external and internal. But they would not be so large-scale if the countries did not have significant international debt, the liberalization of financial flows and trade, and large global capital flows.

The consequence of these crises was a slowdown in economic growth and, in many of the affected countries, a decline in production. From countries with an average level of development, crises through numerous links in international economic relations (non-payments of debts, reduction in imports, etc.) reached highly developed states. Japan was particularly hard hit. The threat of such crises remains relevant in the 21st century. Their prevention or at least mitigation is one of the most important tasks in the field of international economic cooperation.

7. Participation of Russia in the IEO

Russia's share in world trade is less than its share in world production of goods and services. This is evidenced by the fact that Russia's export quota is much lower than the global figure. In terms of exports in 2003, Russia ranked 17th in the world (1.7%). Even in the USSR, the economy was skewed in the structure of exports towards a small amount of raw materials, especially energy. In post-Soviet Russia, this has intensified even more. Russia exports very little industrial and consumer goods, machinery and equipment. One of the reasons for this is the low competitiveness of Russian industrial goods on the world market. Food and consumer goods occupy a significant place in Russian imports, the share of industrial equipment is also very low.

Russia's participation in global financial flows can hardly be called normal. In the 1990s external state and non-state debt increased rapidly. At the same time, huge amounts of private capital "leaked" from Russia for economic and other reasons. Russia needed foreign direct investment to bring new technology with it, but it came in small amounts. The legal export of capital from Russia in the form of direct investment is also extremely small.

However, Russia has favorable factors of production: a skilled, organized and low-paid labor force; the richest natural resources; high scientific and technical potential.

The reasons that these favorable factors still do not have a positive impact on the economy and international economic relations of Russia are as follows:

1) having destroyed the planned socialist economy, Russia was unable to create an effective private capitalist economic system in its place;

2) the collapse of intra-union integration ties is hard to replace new system international division of labor in the post-Soviet space;

3) moving away from the militarized economy of this model while maintaining efficient sectors of military production is also a difficult process;

4) as well as the flight of capital, the "brain drain" is of great importance - the emigration of personal carriers of scientific and technological progress.

Russia needs the so-called reindustrialization, that is, the creation of a modern economy based on the introduction of advanced technologies in all sectors of the economy and spheres of life. The development of healthier international economic relations can accompany Russia's economic recovery.

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Introduction

1. Methodological aspects of the study of modern international relations

1.1 The concept of international economic relations and their main forms

1.2 International economic relations as the main form of cooperation between states

2. Current trends in the development of international relations and factors

2.1 The essence of the transition to a multipolar world order

2.2 Globalization of international relations

2.3 Democratization of international relations

2.4. Prospects and factors for the development of the IEO

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

In the world economy, two main trends in the development of international economic relations are currently being implemented. The first trend is to strengthen the integrity of the world economy, its globalization, all this is caused by the liberalization of trade, the development of economic relations between countries and the creation of modern communication and information systems, world technical standards and rules.

The second trend is economic rapprochement and interaction of the parties at the regional level, forms extensive regional integration structures that are developing towards the creation of relatively independent centers of the world economy. But one of the distinguishing features of the world economy is the enhanced development of international economic relations.

Thisworkis an study of the foundations of international economic relations, as well as in the course work will be considered the main trends and forms of development of international economic relations. international economic globalization

In accordance with the goal of the course work, first you need to define international economic relations. International economic relations between states, regional groupings, transnational corporations and other subjects of the world economy.

International economic relations - as a science, it does not study the economy of foreign countries, but the features of their economic relations. International economic relations are not one specific direction, but the specificity of economic relations between states. If we consider the goals of international economic relations, then it is necessary to consider the goals pursued by countries entering into relations with each other.

The main goals pursued by countries when entering into economic relations:

The first and most important goal, when a state seeks to develop its economy by attracting funds from another state, such means can be: the joint construction of manufacturing enterprises that produce products that both parties involved in the project need.

Second goal. The underdeveloped states seek to establish relations with the more developed ones, which have all the means by which they can protect their new ally and partner. This is also an important goal, especially in such a volatile time when safety comes first.

The third goal can be the exchange of experience and the introduction of new technologies used in enterprises of another country.

The goals presented are the most important for states entering into economic relations with other countries.

1. Methodological aspects of the study of modern international relations

1.1 The concept of international economic relations and theirmainforms

International economic relations are an extensive complex of trade, industrial, scientific, technical, financial ties between states, leading to the exchange of economic resources, joint economic activity. Simply put, international economic relations is a system of economic relations between the countries of the world.

In the economic literature, in particular, in the science of the world economy, there is such a thing as a form of international economic relations. Form is a kind of manifestation, expression of international relations in some process, activity.

World economic relations originate in international trade; historically, this is the first form of international economic relations. It has gone from single foreign trade transactions to large-scale trade and economic cooperation, when supplies are carried out by international corporations within the framework of industrial cooperation.

The world market is a set of national markets that are interconnected and interact with each other through various forms of economic relations. The world market, on the basis of competition between its participants, ultimately determines the structure and volume of production and exports, the degree of development of the international division of labor.

Modern international trade is increasingly being transformed into long-term and sustainable relationships between suppliers and consumers. The basis of these relations is the development of international relations directly on the technological process of production.

The organizational form of such international - regional and global - systems of industrial specialization and cooperation are transnational corporations (TNCs) of the leading industries. TNC intracompany trade accounts for 40% of US exports, and, according to some estimates, imports of goods from controlled enterprises of TNCs cover about half of US imports.

The trend towards establishing long-term stable technological ties in the field of international trade with suppliers - foreign firms or their own subsidiaries abroad is also due to the fact that competition on the world market is tougher than on the national one, its "technological" component is intensifying. Such criteria of international specialization as "manufacturability", quality, variety of products come to the fore.

The foreign trade exchange of goods is the most important component of international economic relations. Foreign trade turnover is characterized by such indicators as the ratio of the value of exports to the value of gross domestic product, the volume of exports per capita. According to them, one can judge the degree of the country's involvement in world economic relations and the degree of "openness" of its economy. Studies have shown that open economies grow faster than closed economies. Although countries with rich resources and capacious domestic markets are somewhat less dependent on foreign trade. Kudrov V.M. "World Economy": Textbook. M.: Ed. "BEK", 2008-p.98-99

International scientific and technical relations are carried out partly on a commercial basis, and partly on a gratuitous basis. Usually, a country buys abroad and pays for licenses for the use of patented discoveries and inventions, scientific, technical and technological innovations (know-how), engineering services for the development and creation of infrastructure facilities, and training of its specialists abroad. At the same time, a number of countries and foreign firms provide their scientific and technical product and provide scientific and technical assistance on a free or partially paid basis as a charity. There are special charitable foundations that contribute to the dissemination of knowledge and scientific achievements throughout the world.

In recent years, the pace of technological development has accelerated, the level of specialization of developed projects and the degree of "interpenetration" of new technologies have increased. Therefore, new forms of international scientific and technical cooperation are emerging. Esenglin N. "External Economics", M.: 2010.-p.164

We see foreign economic relations most often in the form of import and export of goods, import and export. But in the modern economy, such a specific commodity as capital also falls into the number of exported and imported goods. Under the influence of the internationalization of economic life and in the interests of making profit abroad, the importance and scale of the export of capital are increasing. The export of capital is the purposeful movement of funds from one country to another to put them in a profitable business.

The export of capital is carried out in the form of entrepreneurial (direct and portfolio investment) loan capital. The export of entrepreneurial capital is a long-term foreign investment in industrial, commercial and other enterprises.

Foreign investments serve as a source of monetary, and sometimes direct property investments in the development, expansion, development of new production of goods and services, improvement of technology, mining, and the use of natural resources.

Direct foreign investments are capital investments in foreign enterprises in the amount of at least 10%, providing the investor with control over them.

Foreign trade, import and export of capital do not exhaust all possible forms of economic ties between different countries. One form of economic cooperation is joint ventures owned by owners from different countries.

A joint venture is an international form of organization and implementation of specific economic activities based on the use of the combined capital of foreign and local founders from two or more countries. Joint ventures allow you to combine funds and other types of resources from different countries and carry out common production and economic activities in the territory of one of them or in each country.

In recent decades, a new form of foreign economic relations has become widespread in the form of the creation of free economic zones on the territory of the country. In general, they have been known in world practice for quite a long time.

A free economic zone is a limited area, a part of the country's territory, within which there is a preferential regime for managing and foreign economic activity, enterprises are given a wider freedom of economic activity.

Governments of various countries, creating free economic zones, pursue a variety of goals. These include: revitalization of enterprises located on their territory; industrial modernization; saturation of the domestic market with high-quality goods; development of foreign economic relations; expanding exports and imports; attraction of foreign investments, development of new technologies; development of economically backward areas; advanced training of the labor force, etc.

For free economic zones, special facilitated customs and trade regimes are established, wide freedom of movement of capital, goods and specialists is provided, and a preferential taxation regime for enterprises is applied. "International economic relations; textbook; edited by Doctor of Economics, Professor E.F. Zhukov; M.: 2005.-S.216

Another form of MER is labor migration. This is displacement, resettlement of the able-bodied population caused by economic reasons. Depending on whether the country's borders are crossed, internal and external migration is distinguished. But the world economy does not consider internal migration, i.e. migration between regions of the country, from the village to the city. And external migration is being studied, when the borders of states are crossed by labor force. External migration affects the country's population, increasing or decreasing it by the value of the migration balance (the difference between the number of people who moved outside the country (emigrants) and the number of people who moved to this country from outside it (immigrants)). Migration of the labor force has an impact on the economies of the countries from where and where the migration is directed. After all, it is the labor force that is engaged in the production of industrial products. Accordingly, labor productivity, product quality and other economic components of production will depend on it. http://en.wikipedia.org

Currency relations also belong to the forms of international economic relations.

The functioning of the world economy is impossible without an established system of monetary, that is, monetary, relations between countries. The development of international monetary relations is due to the internationalization of economic relations, the formation of the world economic system. International monetary relations are economic relations associated with the functioning of national currencies in the world market, the monetary service of commodity exchange and other economic relations between countries, the use of currency as a means of payment and credit. Currency relations, one way or another, accompany trade, the export of capital, scientific and technical exchange, labor migration, tourism, cultural ties, the provision of economic assistance, and lending.

At present, the monetary system can influence not only the international exchange of goods, but also the process of international reproduction, facilitating or accelerating it.

Currency relations are implemented through a certain mechanism that establishes the procedure for issuing and using international settlements and payments, the rules for establishing exchange proportions (rates) of currencies. "International economic relations", Avdokushin E.F., textbook.5th ed. M.: 2011.-p.194

There is such a term as the balance of payments. And the financial position of a country in the international market is usually assessed by its balance of payments. The balance of payments is an important indicator and a tool that allows one to foresee the degree of a country's possible participation in world trade, international economic relations, and to establish its solvency.

The balance of payments is a document, a table of correspondence between external income and expenses, which records all funds, foreign exchange earnings received by a given country from other states, as well as all funds paid by a country to other countries during a certain period.

Thus, the balance of payments can be characterized as a country's foreign economic or foreign exchange budget, calculated in accordance with its real incomes and expenditures due to foreign economic relations. "Political Economy and the History of Economic Doctrines", textbook. ed. Porshneva A.G., Denisova B.A.: GUU, 2013.-p.123-124

1.2 International economic relations as the main form of cooperation between states

From the very beginning of the existence of states, the greatest development was achieved by those that had ties with each other. Those who are not

connections were not maintained, as a rule, they were backward or their existence was short-lived. Therefore, the states sought to form joint organizations and trade relations, for their maximum possible development.

Through the development of international economic relations, the formation of the world economy took place. These processes were put before economics the problem of determining the effectiveness of international trade and international economic relations.

One can judge the effectiveness of international economic relations by examining their advantages on the example of the international division of labor.

The increase in labor productivity occurs in all countries participating in the international division of labor. The fact is that all countries organize mass production of products not only to meet national needs, but also for exchange for products that they consume, but do not produce themselves. As a result of this universal participation, a new productive force of labor arises, which is used in their own interests by all countries participating in the process of the international division of labor. "Sayasat POLICY" No. 6, "Transnationalization of activities of corporate structures of the Commonwealth countries" // A. Myrzhykbaeva, 2010.-p.8-9

Such a general content of economic benefit, as we have just established, is an increase in the productivity of social labor in all countries participating in the international division of labor. With regard to determining the quantitative scale of the economic benefits received by the country as a result of its participation in the international division of labor, this specific task of political economy should be considered in the section on determining the actual effectiveness of foreign economic relations.

In addition to the new productive force of international origin, the countries participating in the international division of labor also receive other economic benefits. The concentration of countries' efforts on the production of a certain increase in products, both for national consumption and for exchange for products produced by other countries, contributes to the organization of mass production in these countries. This type of production leads to an increase in labor productivity not only with a better use of the means of labor and objects of labor, but also as a result of the professional improvement of the workers themselves.

Thus, the participation of the country in the development of international economic relations contributes to the intensive development of the economy of this state.

In the economic literature there is a statement of mercantilists who believed "that the state should sell as much as possible on the foreign market and buy as little as possible, accumulating gold ... wealth." These ideas have been developed further. So, for example, the representative of the classical school A Smith noted that "if any foreign country can supply us with some commodity at a cheaper price than we ourselves can produce it, it is much better to buy it from her for some part of the product of our own industrial labor applied in an area in which we have some advantage.Smith's study of the international division of labor as the basis of export and import relations and determining the economic capabilities of states led to conclusions that later became known as the theory of absolute advantages. "Sayasat POLICY" No. 8, "Methodology for determining the effectiveness of international economic relations" //: K. Ainabek, 2011.-p.11-12

Thus, in determining the general criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of foreign trade operations and international economic relations, it is not enough to focus only on superprofits or profits, which are presented as final results and express only the interest of the owner of the foreign economic process, but not of the whole country, and even more so of another state participating in the data. economic relations. In this connection, it is better to choose indicators that are defined as objective marginal values of embodied and living labor costs both within the country as a whole and goods exchanged between states, since many factors will be taken into account here.

2. Modern development trendsinternational relations and factors

2.1 The essence of the transition to a multipolar world order

The current stage of international relations is characterized by the rapidity of change, new forms of distribution of power. Gone is the confrontation between the two superpowers - the USSR and the USA. The old system of international relations, which was called bipolar - bipolar, collapsed. In the motley picture of breaking up old and building new international relations, one can still single out several visible development trends.

According to the module of polarity, three classes of systems of international relations can be distinguished. Unipolar, bipolar and multipolar.

A unipolar system is dominated by one center of power, one pole. It doesn't happen often. Consider Ancient Rome. And the beginning of the XXI century - the United States of America. The unipolar world is quite convenient. An attack on this very "pole" is ruled out almost by definition. Order, discipline, balance on the political surface often hides discord and discontent beneath that surface. The bipolar world is even more disturbing. After all, we are talking not just about two states, but about two opposing ideologies, two antagonistic social systems. Bazhanov E. The inevitability of a multipolar world // MEIMO. - 2004.p.34 The peaceful coexistence of the USSR and the USA theoretically did not exclude a war of extermination between them. The bipolar world is characterized by rigid bloc discipline, discipline of interests and ideologies. The main danger of rivalry between the two centers of power is a constant arms race. As for the multipolar world, the world community based on the interaction and balance of several centers of power is incomparably more complex and potentially more dangerous than a world that balances on one or two centers. It is no coincidence that both world wars arose as a result of a violation, a disruption of precisely the multidimensional balance that was designed to keep the great powers of those years from sudden movements. But there is another point of view on the multipolar world - it is both the initial facet and the main norm of the state of international relations, since it meets the formation and general civilizational processes of modernity, the interests of the entire world community.

Another argument that is cited to prove the unipolarity of the modern world is the supposedly unprecedented hegemonic aspirations of Washington. One after another, works began to appear justifying the US right to hegemony. They assert that Washington, as the initiator and leader of an objective and progressive process of globalization, is its guarantor. The burden of legislator, judge and sheriff falls on America. But we can observe that Washington has no chance of acquiring such a title. After all, there is no passive universal acceptance of American dictates. On the contrary, there is a growing disagreement with the hegemonic policy on the part of large and influential powers - Russia, China, India, and many Muslim and other developing countries. There were symptoms of a desire by the dissatisfied for a broad partnership to contain the United States. They can be noticed even in China, which for 20 years has been steadily pursuing a policy of non-alliances and flexible balancing between the great powers. Terrorism, anti-Americanism and the enormous costs of building a world empire are also significant obstacles to US hegemony. Funds for the export of democracy and military hegemony on a global scale become less. The development of multipolarity is also served by the realization of the United States that many of the problems of our interdependent world can only be resolved through close and equal partnership with other members of the world community.

Thus, there is a move towards multipolarity, which means a decrease in the share of the United States in the world economy and world politics, the gradual dissolution of the unipolar world in a different structure of international relations. The world's dependence on the US is shrinking. Although we continue to depend on the US, but also America depends on us due to globalization. It can be argued that over the course of a century, the transformation of the global structure of international relations has completed a full cycle. From multipolarity, which developed before the end of the 19th century, it passed through bipolarity, which promised to end in unipolarity, and returned to multipolarity at the beginning of the 21st century.

2.2 Globalization of international relations

The majority of scientists, analysts and experts involved in the development of the foreign policy of states, planning regional and global programs and strategies of various directions, agree that the most significant trend that will determine the development of the world community in the foreseeable future will be globalization. What does the term "globalization" mean? There are a large number of interpretations of the essence of globalization, but the most common ones can be distinguished:

ü Globalization is a closer and broader interaction of states and international organizations in assessing the state and searching for solutions to escalating problems that affect the interests of not only individual states, but of all mankind, which constitute the essence of comprehensive security and most directly affect the viability of the biosphere.

ü Globalization is the process of gradual formation of a universal world environment for market activity due to the reduction and abolition of tariff and non-tariff foreign trade regulators by countries, the liberalization of the movement of factors of production and the development of economic transnational structures

ü Globalization - a set of modern phenomena, processes and structures, which can be expressed in interdependence, interpenetration and interdependence of the most diverse components of the modern world and the world community

l Globalization is the process of organizing into a single systemic whole a multitude of spaces that arise in different time, which constituted the sphere of international relations and occupy a "niche" from the supranational to the global levels of the modern world. Kosolapov N. Globalization: territorial and spatial aspect // MEIMO.-2005.-p.21-22

Based on these definitions of the essence of globalization, we can conclude that this is a rather complex, multifaceted and dynamic phenomenon that affects the political, economic, social, environmental, cultural aspects of the life of not only individual states, but also a particular person.

So globalization consists in the internationalization of the economy, the development of a unified system of world communications, the change and weakening of the functions of the national state, the revitalization of the activities of transnational non-state entities. On this basis, an increasingly interdependent and integral world is being formed; interactions in it have become systemic.

The next important factor, the influence of which will be almost universal, is related to the change in the very essence of security after the Cold War. To date, there are three models of security - collective, universal and cooperative. The main condition collective security is the presence of a group of states united by a common goal and developed a set of military-political measures directed against a potential adversary or aggressor. The concept of universal security is designed to emphasize the multidimensional nature of international security, as well as the need to take into account the legitimate interests of not only a narrow group of leading states, but also all members of the world community.

Another new factor, the importance of which for the foreign policy of states and the normal functioning of the entire system of international relations will steadily increase, is based on the concept of sustainable development adopted by the UN Conference. Terentiev N. World order at the beginning of the XXI century -2004.-p.33-35

Thus, globalization is not a charity, but, of course, a historical process. It is understood as the internationalization of life on our planet, moving forward, overcoming some contradictions and generating new ones, breaking the resistance of some social groups and replacing them with others.

2.3 Democratization of international relations

Many authors point to democratization as a trend in the development of the modern world. At the same time, the concept itself in political science is used mainly in two meanings. Under the democratization of the world, firstly, is understood the growth in the number of democratic states; secondly, the strengthening and development of democratic institutions and procedures in various countries.

In political science external environment, i.e. world development trends, is usually considered as one of the structural variables of the democratization process: how much does it contribute to this process. However, in the modern world, with an ever closer interweaving of external and domestic policy the international environment can act as both a structural and a procedural variable.

In this context, the process of democratic transformations at the end of the 20th century can be considered precisely as a trend in the political development of the world, in the implementation of which not endogenous factors (the level of socio-economic development, political processes in society) are becoming increasingly important, but exogenous in relation to a given state, i.e. international environment. It is she who encourages democratic reforms.

Democratization is observed in all countries, regardless of the dominant type of political regime. With the end of the Cold War, even under the conditions of the most authoritarian regimes, the opportunities to hide, and even more so to legitimize violations by the state of the personal freedom of citizens, their natural and political rights, have significantly narrowed. Such a phenomenon as the progressive politicization of the masses, everywhere demanding access to information, participation in the adoption of decisions concerning them, improvement of their material well-being and quality of life, is gaining worldwide distribution. Achievements of the post-industrial revolution - satellite communications and cable television, telefaxes and e-mail, the global Internet, which makes it possible to almost instantly disseminate and obtain the necessary information on almost all interested parties. modern man questions - have become signs Everyday life people not only in the most economically developed countries, but are becoming more and more widespread throughout the world. The composition and variety of political factors is expanding sharply. As a result, the development and implementation of foreign policy guidelines cease to be the lot of a narrow group of people of a special state department, becoming the property of a combination of a wide variety of institutions, both governmental and non-political. In turn, this has profound implications for political relations from the point of view of their direct participants. Rakovsky S.N. International organizations at the beginning of the XXI century.-2010.-p.67

Thus, following democratic principles and traditions for an increasing number of participants is a kind of positive example. To remain outside the world "democratic club" in today's globalizing world means to be a kind of "outcast" - outside the system, outside the "modernity". This encourages more and more states to focus on democratic values.

2.4. Prospects and factors for the development of the IEO

The cessation of confrontation between the most influential elements of the world economy, it would seem, should lead to the establishment of a consensus between these powers in matters of maintaining the stability of the world system. However, the question arises as to who can now be considered "great powers." If we proceed from such a criterion of "greatness" or "power" of a state as the presence of a sufficient amount of certain resources, then a picture of a multipolar world emerges; If we proceed from another criterion - the ability to influence decision-making on the most important issues of global economic development - then we have a monopolar world dominated by the US, although the US is clearly not the first in many economic indicators. But in any case, the development of the world economy and the international economic relations will not continue without conflict. International economic relations are becoming more creative, including those aimed at solving global problems, but nevertheless having a competitive coloring, if only because conflict is a condition for the further development of any system. Bovin A. textbook "Leading trends in the development of international relations" 2013.-p.84-85

From the foregoing, a number of conclusions arise regarding the prospects of the IER and the factors influencing the process of their development.

*acceleration of scientific and technological progress, expressed in the spread of new technologies, including means of communication, transportation and weapons; the global computerization of economic activity, which takes place under the influence of scientific and technical progress, raises the question of how to conduct international business in a new way; global informatization greatly facilitates the possibility of obtaining commercial, general economic, special information.

*global environmental changes. The exhaustion of the ecological base necessary to support the ever-expanding production raises the question of sources of financing. Serious actions in relation to the environment will inevitably lead to a sharp strain on the functioning of the world economy. Funds for solving environmental problems can be found either at the expense of the countries of the Periphery, which will lead to even greater inequality between the Center and the Periphery, or the costs will be assumed by the Center, which will inevitably cause a decrease in the standard of living there.

*population growth and constant movement; The population moves because of the disastrous ecological, unsatisfactory economic and political situation. The massive migration pressure from the Periphery to the Center causes a repressive response, which in turn contradicts the requirements of the democratization of society, giving rise to similar economic and social problems.

*widening gap between poor and rich countries; Decolonization has, in most cases, fallen short of developing countries' hopes for economic prosperity. Continued discrimination in the IEO led to failed attempts by developing countries to establish a New International Economic Order (NIEO). Increased competition between the countries of the Center (EU - NAFTA - Japan / ASEAN) causes a decrease in the likelihood of capital being directed to less developed countries, aggravated by the need to invest in the economies of countries in transition in order to increase the predictability of their behavior in world commodity markets.

*growing economic interdependence countries of the world inevitably leads to the unification of the rules of law, cultural values, way of life, style of behavior, etc., which will collide with the position of various groups of the population interested in preserving their hallmarks, national and historical values and traditions. However, this does not remove the question of the hierarchy of the world economy, the multiplicity of subjects operating in it.

* strengthening the role of international economic organizations, occurring against the backdrop of a decrease in the ability of states to maintain internal order with its political inability to provide its citizens with security and social security. The internal and external actions of states are increasingly guided by an impressive and ever-expanding set of regulations formulated by international economic organizations. The authority of the latter is determined by the elimination of ideological motives in assessing the situation and making decisions, and by the ineffectiveness of military-political sanctions against violators of the world economic order. The crisis of the UN as a global political organization and the prosperity of its economic units.

*the growing role of non-state structural formations (non-governmental organizations, TNCs) in solving international issues, including economic ones, raises the question of changing the composition of the main participants in the international community: The world is moving towards a new socio-economic environment in which the international community will be composed of several different types actors whose role as autonomous members of this community cannot be ignored.

Conclusion

International economic relations are currently developing very intensively, as states stand in the way of the intensive development of their national economies.

According to economists' forecasts, the development of international economic relations will reach its highest level in the coming years.

The concept of the world of the 21st century will be the product of the joint creative activity of governments, political parties and social movements, the scientific community, cultural and religious figures. International relations in the era of globalization are changing their nature, structure and essence. The nature of international relations has changed historically - from the "balance of power" of the beginning and middle of the last century to the "balance of interests" at the end of the century, to the subsequent "community of interests", without which it seems impossible to imagine the future. The structure of international relations has been enriched with new subjects that challenge the authority and influence of the traditional ones - states and intergovernmental organizations. These are individuals, ethnic groups, non-governmental organizations, TNCs, TNBs and MFIs. Accordingly, the essence of international relations has undergone significant influence. States that have sought to realize their interests to the maximum on the basis of the principle of sovereignty are now striving to enter the world economy and world politics.

Thus, the goal set in the course of the study of modern trends in international relations was achieved. These trends are: the transition to a multipolar world order; globalization and the growth of global problems. All this testifies to the inconsistency of the development of modern relations and their more thorough study.

List of used literature

1. "Sayasat POLICY" No. 6, "Transnationalization of activities of corporate structures of the Commonwealth countries / / A. Myrzhykbaeva, 2010.-P.8-9

2. "Sayasat POLICY" No. 8, "Methodology for determining the effectiveness of international economic relations": K. Ainabek, 2011.-p.11-12

3. Bazhanov E. The inevitability of a multipolar world // MEIMO.- 2004.-p.34

4. Kosolapov N. Globalization: territorial and spatial aspect // MEIMO.-2005.-p.21-22

5. Kudrov V.M. "World Economy": Textbook. M.: Ed. "BEK", 2008-p.98-99

6. Esenglin N. "External Economics", M.: 2010.-p.164

7. "International economic relations; textbook; edited by Doctor of Economics, Professor E.F. Zhukov; M.: 2005.-p.216

8. "International economic relations", Avdokushin E.F., textbook. 5th ed. M.: 2011.-p.194

9. "Political Economy and the History of Economic Doctrines", textbook, ed. Porshneva A.G., Denisova B.A.: GUU, 2013.-p.123-124

10. Terentiev N. World order at the beginning of the XXI century -2004.-C 33-35

11. Rakovsky S.N. International organizations at the beginning of the XXI century.-2010.-p.67

12. Bovin A. Leading trends in the development of international relations 2013.-S.84-85

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International economic relations, their forms.

International Economic Relations (IER)- economic relations between states, regional groupings, transnational corporations and other subjects of the world economy. They include monetary, financial, trade, production, labor and other relations. The leading form of international economic relations are monetary and financial relations.

In the modern world, globalization and regionalization of international economic relations are especially relevant. The dominant role in establishing the world economic order belongs to transnational capital and international institutions, among which an important role belongs to the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). As a result of the international division of labor, the world's poles of economic and technological development (North American, Western European and Asia-Pacific) have been formed. Among the urgent problems of international economic relations, the problems of creating free economic zones, international transport corridors and the Internet economy stand out.

The most important forms of world economic relations are as follows:

1. International trade in goods and services;

2. International movement of business and loan capital;

3. International labor migration;

4. Creation of joint ventures;

5. Development of international corporations;

6. International scientific and technical cooperation.

International trade is the exchange of goods and services across national borders. Such an exchange is based on the principle of comparative advantage proposed by D. Ricardo. In accordance with this principle, the state should produce and sell to other countries those goods that it is able to produce with the greatest productivity and efficiency, i.e. at a relatively lower cost than other goods in the same country, while buying from other countries those goods that it is not able to produce with similar parameters.

International trade consists of imports and exports.

Import is the acquisition of products in another country.

Export - sale of products to other countries.

The export of capital is the export of funds from one country to another for their profitable placement.

The export of capital is carried out in the form of entrepreneurial (direct and portfolio investment) and loan capital.

Direct investment is the investment of capital in foreign enterprises, providing the investor with control over them. For such control, the investor must have at least 20-25% of the share capital of the company.

"Portfolio" investment means the purchase of securities of foreign companies. Unlike direct investments, such investments do not give the right to control the activities of enterprises and are used mainly to increase financial resources by receiving interest and dividends on invested capital.

The export of loan capital is the provision of medium and long-term loans in cash and commodity form to foreign companies, banks, state bodies in order to make a profit due to the favorable rate of loan interest.

International labor migration is the international movement of workers associated with the search for employment in other countries. This process is explained by the possibility of obtaining higher incomes, better prospects for social and professional advancement.

Creation of joint ventures, which allows to combine funds, technologies, managerial experience, natural and other resources from different countries and carry out common production and economic activities on the territory of any one or all countries.

The development of international corporations, whose activities are carried out mainly through foreign direct investment from one country to other countries. There are transnational and multinational corporations.

Transnational corporations (TNCs) are a form of international business, with the parent company owned by the capital of one country, and branches located in other countries of the world.

Multinational corporations (MNCs) are international corporations both in terms of their activities and capital, i.e. its capital is formed from the funds of several national companies.

The vast majority of modern international corporations take the form of TNCs,

International scientific and technical cooperation is an exchange of research and development results, technical and technological innovations. This cooperation can be carried out by exchanging scientific and technical information, scientists and specialists, conducting scientific research and developing scientific and technical projects, etc.

International economic relations world trade. International economic relations: lecture notes (N. I. Ronshina). System of international economic relations

1. The essence and foundations of international economic relations

2. Objects and subjects of international economic relations in market conditions

3. Principles and features of the MEO mechanism

Summary

Basic concepts

Literature

Chapter 3. External factors of economic growth. Role, system of indicators and assessments

1. Place and role of international economic relations in the development of the national economy

2. Indicators characterizing the role of the external economic factor

3. Economic interdependence. National and international economic security

Summary

Basic concepts

Literature

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