Non-governmental organizations in the field of development. Non-governmental human rights organizations at the present stage. Signs of non-governmental organizations

NPO abbreviation is very widespread. However, sometimes it is difficult to decipher due to the fact that several items may be hidden under it. Our article will help you decide on them.

Decoding abbreviation

So, NGOs are:

  • non-governmental (public) organization;
  • scientific and production organization;
  • primary professional formation;
  • non-state pension provision;
  • unidentified floating object;
  • "Kvaker" -1 - Night passive glasses used in the Armed Forces of the USSR;
  • NPO is a Dutch body, leading local radio and television broadcasting.

Thus, the context has a direct influence on the decoding of the abbreviation. And our topic includes the first two names - consider them in detail.

Scientific and Production Union

In this case, NGOs is an organization that is engaged in both scientific developments and their introduction: use in production, subsequent release and sales of products. This includes:

  • experienced production;
  • industrial enterprises;
  • design and design bureaus;
  • technological associations;

The scientific and production union can be any organizational and legal type: LLC NGO, PJSC NGO, NPO, etc.

Non-governmental organizations

In this context, this entitywhich could be created by both public founders and private individuals without any help and participation of governmental (otherly public) institutions, conducting their work entirely on their own money and according to the adopted charter. From here, various forms are also published - LLC, CJSC, PJSC (earlier - OAO) NGOs. Sources of own cash funds - contributions of participants, donations of patients, grants, performing certain work within their competence, and so on.

NGOs - and international forms. The latter have a slightly different from the definition. MNPO is created on the basis of an intergovernmental agreement also by private or legal entities and other national or international (M) NGOs. Her main goal is to promote scientific and technical, economic, political, cultural, humanitarian dialogue different countries. Distinguishes his recognition of at least one state, the availability of advisory status with other international agencies It is united by the following:

  • regular activity;
  • the presence of constituent documentation;
  • the main method of work is multilateral negotiations;
  • the nature of solutions is a recommendatory, adopted on general voting or consensus.

The essence of NGOs is stacked in several points:

  • The activities of the organization are purely voluntary (for participants and guidance of NGOs).
  • Functioning on the basis of self-government.
  • Do not include political associations.
  • Their main goal can not stand profit.

The main tasks of non-governmental associations

Four main tasks of non-governmental organizations can be distinguished:

  1. Free implementation of the necessary research and propaganda is important - even if it goes against the government's opinion of a certain state.
  2. If any candidate for the mandate to the representative bodies of the authorities openly announces its position, NGOs can freely support it.
  3. Without special permission to engage in any economic, commercial or economic activitiesincome brought. At the same time, it must be licensed and relevant to the regulations entered by the state.
  4. To achieve its goals by membership in international organizations, participation in conferences of both national and world-class conferences.

Signs of non-governmental organizations

Non-governmental organization (NGOs) is a correspondence of a number of signs:

  • Both national and international level.
  • Refusal to apply and promoting violent methods.
  • Work both on a legally enshrined and informal basis.
  • Participation in political activities is conducted without the purpose of gaining power.
  • It is on self-government.
  • Created on a voluntary basis.
  • Government agencies cannot be its founders or members.
  • The organization does not characterize such a goal as receiving income.

NGO classification

NGOs - it's also different kinds non-governmental associations. We give their classification:

  • In terms of financing: external and own sources.
  • By variations.
  • By the nature of the target audience, the categories of citizens in which activities are directed.
  • According to the organizational form: Fund, a public organization.
  • By region actions: international, state, regional.

Examples of NGOs

We give examples of known to many organizations that are essentially (m) NGOs:

  • Association international law.
  • Organization "Doctors Without Borders".
  • "Greenpeace".
  • Amnesty International.
  • "Roman Club".
  • "Reporters without borders."
  • "Helsinki Groups".

NGOs - abbreviation, having many decoding. The most common is non-governmental association. In addition, there may be LLC, PJSC, NGO CJSC.

The protection of human rights cannot be only the prerogative of the state, although this is its main duty. The state and its bodies themselves are the main violators of human rights and freedoms. And therefore, human rights should be protected from the state, its bodies, including law enforcement. In this defense, non-governmental human rights organizations (NGOs), merging into a powerful human rights movement play a prominent role.

Non-governmental human rights organizations - public, non-commercial, non-violent structures, confessing the principles of impartiality and inadmissibility of use in information lies and in force in the socio-political sphere. Human rights activities - binding, intermediary activity - between the state, its bodies and citizens, between those who stand in power and those who have no one. The struggle for human right is primarily the struggle to protect weak and non-vertical from the power of the property.

Human rights movement is guided in its international activities regulatory acts According to human rights, and primarily by United Nations documents, since these acts are higher than any national laws in this area. Non-governmental organizations Promotes implementation in practice in national states of international human rights issues. In particular, the international community recommends that States positively consider the possibility of the participation of NGOs in the preparation of state reports on the status of human rights in accordance with one or another Covenant, the Convention.

If, in general, non-governmental human rights organizations are defined as impartial, then Russians have a difference in this regard. In addition to independent - from the government, the opposition, public opinion, there is, according to the evidence of the leaders of the human rights movement, and NGOs that are worthy of clear political positions.

In total, Russia currently has more than 120 non-governmental human rights organizations. They are divided into two main types: general-level-protection, which are engaged in the entire spectrum of human rights and freedoms and profile, which focus their efforts on specific human rights issues.

From the first species are especially known: Moscow Helsinki Group, Memorial Human Rights Center, Moscow Research Center for Human Rights. Thus, the Moscow Helsinki Group, formed in 1976, the main emphasis in its work does to attract public attention to human rights violations, conducts seminars on human rights, transfers information to international human rights organizations, is engaged in the admission of individual citizens with complaints about human rights violations, Publishing and organizational activities in the field of human rights.

Of the NGOs of the second type, an independent psychiatric association is widely known. Committee of Soldiers' Mothers and others. Independent Psychiatric Association - a social and professional charitable organization that created the Institute of Independent Expertise, designed to rehabilitate victims of various psychiatric errors and ^ abuses, conducting independent psychiatric examinations, leading educational and publishing activities.

The main activities of Russian non-governmental organizations:

Study of the state of affairs with human rights in Russian Federation, including tracking and analysis of the situation in hot spots, preparation of information and analytical materials for annual human rights situations within the framework of the UN;

Observation of human rights and their protection; in concrete russian region, region, independent investigation of the facts of violations of rights with the transfer of documents to government human rights bodies;

Conducting mass actions, sometimes widely nationwide, in protecting the rights of certain groups of the population;

Participation in the examination of projects of laws affecting the rights and freedoms of G. State Duma, regional, regional and other legislative assemblies;

Preparation of its own initiative legislative projects, participation in parliamentary hearings on human rights;

Informing the Company on the state of affairs in the field of human rights in the country as a whole and its individual regions, including the publication of its printed bodies. For example, Tomsk Research Human Rights Center issues a Bulletin of Human Rights Bulletin, Nizhny Novgorod Society for Human Rights - Human Rights Actor, etc.;

Legal and human rights education and propaganda (lectures, conferences, seminars, preparation of materials for radio and television programs, special radio broadcasts), including publishing activities (publication of international and Russian documents, scientific and journalistic collections on human rights);

The provision of qualified legal assistance to the population, including in cases of human rights violations, the creation of citizens reception services;

Presentation and protection individuals in courts, government bodies and public organizations and cooperation with the latest to assist the observance of human rights;

Consultations on political and civil rights, consumer rights, taxpayers;

Assisting and consulting refugees and forced migrants, rehabilitated and persons affected by political repression;

Protection of the rights of children, women, servicemen and their families;

Participation in the organization of public control over the observance of legality in prisons, colonies, protection of prisoners, informing the public about the situation in penitentiary institutions;

Organizational human rights work on the establishment of organizations, commissions on human rights in areas of cities, districts.

All Russian NGOs make their definite contribution to the promotion of human rights, in analyzing the practice of their implementation and protection, which is of paramount importance for the real incarnation of these rights to Russian activities.

The activities of Russian NGOs are covered in the Russian Bulletin on Human Rights by the Russian-American Non-Governmental (Project) Group on Human Rights, in periodic press (obviously not enough!). There is a reference book (periodically updated) NGOs of Russia and the CIS, prepared by the Moscow Helsinki Group.

Despite the special relevance and significance for the country of NGO activities, their situation is clearly not corresponding to the scale and complexity of tasks facing them. They are still deprived of any state support. The adopted Law of the Russian Federation "On Public Associations" is not resolved the question of the features of the status of organizations that are placed the purpose of protecting human rights. All this causes anxiety. The Commission on Human Rights under the President of the Russian Federation stated that, in general, the system of state bodies and non-governmental organizations on the protection of human rights in Russia in last years not only did not get further developmentBut also discovered the phenomena of stagnation and even destruction.

In the Region of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the International Mechanism for Monitoring Compliance with Human Rights is in the process of becoming. An important step forward in human rights activities was the adoption in 1995, the Convention of the Commonwealth of Independent States on the Rights and Basic Freedoms of Man, although it was not yet signed by some of the CIS countries. The CIS countries have to create special bodies and procedures that will control documents, guarantee the rights proclaimed in it.

The Convention itself provides for the creation of a Human Rights Commission (CCC CIS), the Regulation on which in accordance with Art. 34 Convention is an integral part.

For this provision, the Commission is a consultative body that observes the fulfillment of human rights obligations assumed by the States Parties to the Convention. Each of the Member States has the right to send written requests to another state in connection with the violation of human rights. If within six months the question is not resolved to satisfy the requesting state, it can transfer it to the commissance for the verdict.

Citizens of Member States have the right to submit individual and collective appeals about violations of rights to the Commission, if all available domestic remedies have been exhausted.


Similar information.


The non-governmental organization (NGO) is any voluntary non-profit union of citizens organized at the local, public or international level. Focused on achieving specific results, non-governmental organizations solve a wide variety of tasks and perform a variety of humanitarian functions. They, for example, bring to the attention of the governments of the needs and aspirations of people, carry out public control over the activities of law enforcement agencies and contribute to the active participation of masses in political life at the local level, solve the problems of culture, ambient and health care. They provide analysis and expert assessment of political problems, operate as a mechanism of "early alerts" and help monitor the implementation of international agreements. Some non-governmental organizations are designed to solve specific human rights issues. A very widely extensive "third sector" (such a term is often used) with their ways, means and methods not prohibited by law, protects various interests of citizens, including human rights and freedom.

Russian legislation on NGOs

In addition to those established in Part 1 of Article 45 of the Constitution of Russia, guarantees of state protection of human rights and freedoms and citizen in the Russian Federation, Part 2 of the same article says "everyone has the right to defend their rights and freedoms by all means of non-prohibited law." This position in the aggregate from Part 1 of Article 30 ("Everyone has the right to unite ... to protect their interests." Freedom of activity public associations Guaranteed ") In fact, it is the constitutional basis for the activities of non-governmental, non-governmental (public) organizations (NGOs), legalize an extensive system of human rights public institutions existing outside the state apparatus.

The creation and activities of public associations, the goals or actions of which are aimed at a violent change in the foundations of the constitutional system and the violation of the integrity of the Russian Federation, undermining the security of the state, the creation of armed formations, inciting social, racial, national and religious retail (Ch. 5 of Article 13 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation ).

Russia's legislation almost does not apply the concept of "non-governmental organizations", although it is actively used in socio-political and international legal vocabulary, in the terminology of human rights organizations.

The basic laws regulating the activities of NGOs, including human rights, are the Federal Law of 19.05.95 No. 82-FZ "On Public Associations" and the Federal Law of 12.01.96 No. 7-FZ "On non-commercial organizations".


Under the public association means voluntary, self-governing non-commercial formation, created on the initiative of citizens who united on the basis of community interests for the implementation of the general objectives specified in the charter "On public associations", applies to all public associations, with the exception of religious organizations and commercial organizations. In the absence of a law on political parties in the Russian Federation, their activities are also regulated by this law. Organizational and legal forms of political public associations are a public organization (for a political organization, including a political party) and a social movement (for political movement).

In turn, the non-profit organization is an organization that does not have an extraction of profits as the main goal of its activities and not distributing the profit between the participants. Non-profit organizations can be created to achieve social, charitable, cultural, educational, scientific and management goals, in order to protect the health of citizens, development physical culture and sports, satisfying the spiritual and other intangible needs of citizens, protect the rights, legitimate interests of citizens and organizations, resolving disputes and conflicts, to provide legal assistance, as well as for other purposes aimed at achieving public goods.

Public associations can be created in one of the following organizational and legal forms: Public Organization, Public Movement, Public Fund, public institution, body of public amateurness. According to the Law on Non-Profit Organizations, they can be created in the form of public or religious organizations (associations), non-profit partnerships, institutions, autonomous non-profit organizations, social, charitable and other funds, associations and unions, as well as in other forms.

Russian public associations in accordance with their charters can enter into international public associations, acquire the rights and carry duties that meet the status of these international public associations, support direct international contacts and communications, to conclude agreements with foreign non-commercial non-governmental associations.

Public associations may be registered in the prescribed manner and acquire the rights of a legal entity or function without state registration and the acquisition of the rights of a legal entity.

Foreign citizens and stateless persons have equal rights to association with citizens of the Russian Federation (the right to freedom of association with others), with the exception of certain cases.

Human Rights NGOs in Russia

In recent years, NGOs have played an increasingly prominent role in the protection of citizens' rights in political, economic, social spheres. NGOs specialize in protecting the rights of various social groups population (homeless, prisoners, disabled, refugees, children, believers, military personnel, etc.) or on certain types of violations (the right to life, freedom of speech, voting rights, the right to education, the right to appeal to international bodies, free movement, environmental rights and etc.).

A number of NGOs of both the federal and regional level are universal - they are engaged in a complex of problems related to human rights, promote the legislative process, monitor human rights, provide need-needing specific assistance in protecting rights, lead educational work in the field of human rights, conduct thematic Seminars and conferences, publish literature, develop international cooperation, etc. One of the effective forms of human rights work in Russia is the creation and functioning of public receptions that provide free legal aid and psychological support of all needy. The development of NGOs in Russia is constrained primarily by economic reasons and the lack of an appropriate regulatory framework. In Russia, in essence, there are no internal sources of funding NGOs. Law of the Russian Federation of 11.08.95 No. 135-FZ "On Charitable Activities and Charitable Organizations" - "Dead" Law. Commercial structures of Russia have no motivation for the financial support of the third sector. Services provided by human rights organizations are undoubtedly in demand by society. However, socially unprotected and increasing groups of the population, which first of all, the activities of the NGO are not able to pay these services.

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 13, 1996 No. 864 "On some measures of state support of human rights movement in the Russian Federation" remained largely good wishes. No more measures, all the more state support for NGOs (providing lease to human rights organizations of premises (buildings) on preferential terms, the provision of human rights organizations of assistance in their activities) from the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation did not follow.

By virtue of these major reasons, the number, role, the effectiveness of human rights NGOs in Russia can not even be compared with similar structures and protection mechanisms that have developed in democratic, civil societies.

The exact statistics of the human rights organizations of Russia will be made quite difficult - not all of them have a "legal entity", which means they do not fall into these registering bodies; Some organizations disintegrate and stop their activities, others are created again. In the database of the Moscow School of Human Rights, data are collected for more than one and a half thousand russian organizationsworking in the field of human rights.

  • International human rights law
    • Formation of international human rights law as a branch of international law, its concept
    • Principles and sources of international human rights law
    • Universal International Legal Norms on Human Rights Protection
    • UN system for protecting human rights
    • Regional International Legal Manual
    • Protection of human rights in the system of international judicial institutions
  • International Environmental Law
    • Essence of international environmental law
    • The concept and subject of international law of the environment
    • Principles of International Environmental Law
    • Sources of international environmental law
    • International organizations and their role in environmental protection
    • UN Program on Environment (UNEP). Legal nature, goals and objectives, structure
    • The role of international conferences in international environmental law
    • Marine environment as an object of international legal protection
    • Water as an object of protection in international environmental law
    • Security aerial, climate and ozone layer of land
    • Animal I. vegetable world International Environmental Law
    • International legal regulation of hazardous and toxic waste
    • Environmental protection during armed conflicts
  • Right international security
    • International Security Law at the Contemporary Stage
    • The concept and principles of international security rights
    • Sources of international security rights
    • Modern system international security rights
    • Disarmament and restriction of weapons
  • International Humanitarian Law
    • Concept, principles and sources of international humanitarian law
    • Legal regulation of the beginning of hostilities
    • Participants of armed conflict
    • Theater of war
    • International Humanitarian Law on the Protection of War Victims
    • Protection of civil objects
    • Prohibited methods and means of warning war
    • International legal regulation of the end of military operations and war
    • Norms of International Humanitarian Law and Russian Legislation
  • Population in international law
    • The concept of the population
    • Citizenship and international law
    • Legal status of bipathrides and aparters
    • Legal status foreign citizens
    • The regime of illegal migrants
    • Refuge right
    • Legal position of refugees and forced migrants
  • International Economic Law
    • The concept of international economic law
    • Sources and methods for regulating international economic law
    • System and Principles of International Economic Law
    • Subjects of International Economic Law
    • International Organizations in Economic Cooperation
    • Subproduces of international economic law
  • The right of external relations
    • The concept and sources of the right of external interchange
    • State bodies of external intercourse
    • Diplomatic missions
    • Consular institutions
    • Permanent representation of states under international organizations
    • Special missions
    • Privileges and immunities in the right of external interchange
  • Right international organizations
    • The concept, history of the emergence, signs and types of international organizations
    • The procedure for creating international organizations and termination of their activities
    • The procedure for the adoption and legal force of solutions of international organizations
    • International Organizations: Classification, Procedure
    • Orthodox and implementation of functions of international organizations
    • Membership in international organizations
    • UN: Charter, goals, principles, membership
    • Specialized UN institutions
    • International organizations included in the UN system
    • Regional international organizations
    • International legal regulation of the protection of employees of international organizations
    • International non-governmental organizations
  • Territory in international law
    • International Legal Classification of Territories
    • Legal Nature of State Territory
    • Composition of state territory
    • State borders
    • Legal reasons for changing state territory
    • International rivers and their legal regime
    • International Territory common use
    • Legal regime of the Arctic
    • International Legal Mode of Antarctic
  • International Maritime Law
    • The concept and principles of international sea \u200b\u200blaw
    • International legal status and marine space mode
    • Sea spaces under the sovereignty of the coastal state
    • Sea spaces under the jurisdiction of the coastal state
    • International Marine Spaces
    • Sea spaces with special legal status
  • International air law
    • Definition of international air law
    • Sources of international air law
    • Basic principles of international air law
    • Legal status and legal mode of airspace
    • International legal framework for flights in airspace
    • Control air traffic
    • Legal regulation of international air services
    • Legal status of aircraft
    • Legal status of the crew of the aircraft
    • Fighting acts of illegal interference in aircraft
    • Giving help aircraft
    • Administrative formalities for international air navigation
    • International Aviation Organizations
    • Responsibility in international air law
  • International Space Law
    • Concept, objects, subjects and sources of international space law
    • International legal regime of outer space and celestial bodies
    • Legal status of space objects
    • International legal regime of geostationary orbit
    • Legal status of cosmonauts
    • Peaceful I. safe use outer space
    • Remote sensing land
    • Intellectual Property Rights in International Space Projects
    • Protection of outer space and earth environment from technogenic space pollution
    • Interaction of International and National Space Law
    • Responsibility in international space law
    • International cooperation in the study and use of outer space
  • International nuclear law
    • The concept of international nuclear law
    • Principles and sources of international nuclear law
    • Legal regulation of development, testing, placement nuclear weapons
    • International legal protection against radioactive infection
    • Responsibility for nuclear activity
    • Control in international nuclear law
  • International criminal law
    • The concept of international criminal law
    • Principles and sources of international criminal law
    • Concept and types of international crimes
    • The concept and types of transnational crimes
    • Legal assistance in criminal cases
    • Issuance (extradition) of criminals and the transfer of convicts for serving sentences to the state of citizenship
    • The role of international crime control organizations
    • International Criminal Justice
    • On international criminal procedure law
  • International legal regulation of scientific and technical cooperation
    • Scientific and technical cooperation: the concept and principles
    • Sources legal regulation International Scientific and Technical Cooperation
    • Types of international scientific and technical cooperation and the form of its implementation
    • UN and International Scientific and Technical Cooperation
    • Regional International Scientific and Technical Cooperation

International non-governmental organizations

International Non-Governmental Organization (MNPO) is the association of national public organizations, unions, groups and individuals from various states created to facilitate international cooperation in the political, economic, cultural, scientific and technical and other fields of human activity; This organization established not on the basis of an intergovernmental agreement and not aimed at extracting commercial profits.

The first such organizations began to appear in the XIX century, but their number has increased significantly in the second half of the XX century. Currently, there are more than 4 thousand them, and their number continues to grow. The role of MCPO is extremely increased, their influence on international relations, the development and improvement of international law.

MNPOs support links with international intergovernmental organizations, receiving advisory status with them. In the UN system, such status is provided as the UN itself and all of it specialized organizations, With the exception of the World Postal Union. UN relations with MNPO are regulated by the ECOSOC resolution 1296 dated May 23, 1968, "Activities for consultation with non-governmental organizations." There are two categories of advisory status: I - General Advisory Status and II - Special Advisory Status. There is also a list (or ROSTER) of international non-governmental organizations that support communications with ECOSOC. This or that category of advisory status is provided by MNPP, depending on its international authority and ECOSOC's interest in cooperation with it. Category I is provided to organizations, the sphere of activity of which is most in contact with the competence of ECOSOC. Category II is provided by MNPOs associated only with separate areas of ECOSOC activities. Finally, MNPOs are included in the list that are not included in these two categories, but ready to provide assistance to the Council in his work.

The largest volume of rights have the organization I category. Only they can offer questions to consider them as an ECOSOC agenda items and to make oral statements. All organizations that have received one or another status or included in the list can make items on the agenda of the ECOSOC subsidiary bodies and act with oral statements, send observers to meetings of ECOSOC and its bodies, to provide written statements, carry out special research and prepare relevant documents. When this is included in their competence. However, the organizations included in the list can direct their observers not at all meetings, but only on those where the issues related to them are discussed. Written statements they can only do at the request of the UN Secretary General.

About 1600 MNPOs actively working in the field of economic and social development have advisory status to ECOSOC, and about 1,500 organizations of interest to the UN are included in the list.

In 1996, Ecosos adopted resolution 1996/31 on consultative relations between the UN and non-governmental organizations, thereby updating resolution 1296. It provides for three new points: recognition of the importance of national, regional and subregional non-governmental organizations and an increase in their number; expanding the role of the Committee on non-governmental organizations existing in ECOSOC; Adoption of standard rules for the participation of non-governmental organizations in international conferences UN and in the process of preparation for them. In another resolution 1996/297, ECOSOS recommended that the General Assembly examine the participation of non-governmental organizations in all areas of UN activities.

From specialized institutions, the most closely cooperates with MNPO UNESCO, which establishes three categories of advisory status: and - advisory and cooperating, in - information and advisory and C - category of mutual information. The possibility of UNESCO itself to create MNPO, as well as to provide them with financial assistance.

MNPO advisory relations also establish regional intergovernmental organizations. For example, under the Council of Europe, more than 350 MNPOs have advisory status.

The impact of MNPO on the activities of intergovernmental organizations, their role in international relations and international law is manifested in various forms. Let's call some of them.

Information. MNPOs regularly send common and private information to states and intergovernmental organizations and their bodies in their activities. They also distribute information received from intergovernmental organizations.

MNPOs play a particularly important role in the dissemination of human rights knowledge.

Advisory. MNPO give advice and advice to organizations, persons, groups of persons at their request.

Powdered. MNPOs traditionally participate in the lawsuit, affecting the position of states, developing projects of agreements. Such projects are often transmitted to the consideration of states and intergovernmental organizations. Some MNPOs are specially engaged in the informal codification of international law, such as the Hague Institute of International Law. A large role in the codification of international humanitarian law is played International Committee. The Red Cross (ICRC), with the active participation of which the Geneva Conventions of 1949 were developed on the protection of war victims and additional protocols to them.

Control. More increasingly increases the role of MNPO to ensure compliance with the norms of international law and appropriate control. As an example, the ICRC activity can be noted, the main task of which is to observe the implementation of the norms of international humanitarian law. ARTO series operate in the field of human rights and democracy, for example, international amnesty. International Federation of Human Rights. The International Commission of Lawyers Control Compliance with International Human Rights Standards. Such control functions are performed by MNPO in the field of environmental protection, such as the International Green Cross.

Investigative. MNPO has repeatedly created special investigative commissions. Thus, on the initiative of the International Association of Democrats, the International Commission for Investigation of US Crimes in Indochita (in 1970), the International Commission for the Investigation of Israel Crimes in the Occupied Arab Territories. In recent years, a number of MNPOs, such as international amnesty, have created special investigative commissions to investigate the provision with human rights in Chile, Rwanda, Haiti.

MNPO are not subjects of international law, but should carry out their activities, confirming with its principles and norms. Inside the state, the legal status of MNPO is determined by national legislation. For them and international personnel, MNPO recognize certain privileges and immunities.

Non-governmental organizations (abbreviated NGOs) are structures established by private individuals or non-commercial organizations operating on their own money and on the basis of the Charter. The word "non-governmental" in the title means that official (governmental) institutions cannot participate in such organizations.

NGOs have several sources of financing:

  • regular contributions of members;
  • attracted means - donations, grants, orders for work and so on.

Non-governmental organizations are national and international.

What is international non-governmental organizations

International non-governmental organizations (PMTOs) are structures that have not been established on the basis of an agreement between governments of different countries.

MNPO should be recognized by at least one state or have a consulting status with another organization operating on the basis of an intergovernmental agreement.

The main characteristic features of MNPO:

  • the presence of a charter;
  • regular or permanent nature;
  • multilateral negotiations as the main method of activity.

The most famous in Russia and all over the world are several international non-governmental organizations.

The most famous are the following organizations:

  • Association of International Law;
  • "Doctors without borders";
  • "Greenpeace";
  • "International Amnesty" (MA);
  • "Reporters without borders" (RBG);
  • "Roman Club";
  • "Helsinki groups" (xg);
  • "Human Rice Watch" (CRV).

Association of International Law

This international non-governmental organization was created in 1873. Currently advises the United Nations. The purpose of the Association: the conscientious application and development of international law, the unification of legislation, elimination of conflicts of regulatory acts in various countries.

"Doctors without borders" (VBG)

"Doctors without borders" is a medical and humanitarian organization, which was established in 1971 in Paris in order to help the victims of the war in Nigeria. Today, "doctors without borders" work in the majority of the "hot spots" of the world, they fight the "Chuma of the 21st century": AIDS and drug addiction, engaged in enlightenment.

VBG state - more than 3 thousand people. Employees of the organization are certified doctors and junior medical staff. "Doctors without borders" have 20 permanent missions, each year, employees of this MNPO go to 80 countries of the world.

The following VBG programs have the greatest fame:

  • assistance to victims as a result of genocide in Rwanda (1994);
  • 2002-2003 - work in Liberia, during the Civil War;
  • mission in Iraq (until 2003);
  • 1979-2004 - Mission in Afghanistan and on the border of Afghanistan with Pakistan.

One of the principles of work "doctors without borders" is the observance of neutrality during any war or armed conflict.

The goal of VBG is the protection of human rights that were violated. For this, the organization affects government agencies through information campaigns and mobilizing public opinion.

"Doctors Without Borders" in the Russian Federation help homeless in Moscow, patients with tuberculosis, victims of natural disasters - floods and earthquakes, are engaged in the prevention of AIDS in the drug addict.

"Greenpeace"

"Greenpeace" is an environmental organization worldwide. The activities of the defenders of nature began in 1971 in Canadian Vancouver. "Greenpeace" is fighting for the solution of global environmental problemsIn particular, opposes the use of oil products. One of the main methods of MNPO is a testimony: activists penetrate the place of the environmental crime and provide reliable reporters, and most importantly - independent information.

Greenpeace exists exclusively at the expense of voluntary donations. The organization does not cooperate with business, political parties or government agencies. MNPO struggles not only against the use of oil products, but also opposes the materials from which the iPhone is made. Also known a whole series of shares aimed at the construction of some facilities to the Olympics in Sochi.

On the territory of the Russian Federation Greenpeace struggles with radioactive infection of the environment, with changes in climate, conducts campaigns for maintaining the purity of Lake Baikal, etc.

Amnesty International (MA)

Amnesty International is an organization established in 1961 in the UK. Ma is the winner of the UN Prize and Nobel Prize Peace in the field of human rights.

This human rights organization consults UNESCO, the Council of Europe and the UN.

Amnesty International is fighting for freedom of self-expression and conscience, with violations of human rights to physical and psychological integrity, opposes the death penalty and for a fair trial.

Sections Ma are in many countries of the world, including in Russia and Ukraine. More than 2 million members and supporters are related to this international non-governmental organization. The main office of the organization is located in Canadian Ottawa.

Practical areas of international amnesty activities:

  • help to relatives of prisoners;
  • sending observers to courts;
  • submission to the government;
  • helping former prisoners in employment or asylum.

Thanks to the "International Amnesty", the UN adopted its resolution No. 3059, in which the practice of torture was officially convicted. The organization advocated the introduction of a new post - the High Commissioner for Human Rights and the New Authority - the International Criminal Court.

In connection with the globalization, Ma was forced to revise the directions of its activities towards their expansion. Now "International Amnesty" is fighting for women's rights and for providing free education to children around the world. Ma encourages religious tolerance, opposes unlawful murders during armed conflicts, protects the rights of migrants and refugees, etc.

"Reporters without borders" (RBG)

"Reporters without borders" is a human rights organization operating all over the world. RBG began its work in 1985. The main office of "Reporters" is located in the capital of France, Paris.

The main purpose of this MNPO is the struggle against censorship and for the liberation of journalists who are in prison for reasons related to their work.

"Reporters without borders" are funded by the governments of France and the United States, as well as Western concerns.

In the Russian Federation "Reporters" are known mainly to their shares against the Internet edition "italics", chief Editor Which wrote an article "Putin as a phallic symbol" and investigating the murder of Paul Khlebnikov, the Forbes editor in Russian.

Roman Club

The Roman Club is a scientific organization whose members are scientists, public and political figures from many countries of the world. Starting its activities in 1968, the Roman Club is working on solving global problems.

"Helsinki groups (xg)

"Helsinki groups" (xg) is a whole network of non-governmental organizations that arose after signing Helsinki agreements In 1975. One of the goals of "Helsinki groups" was informing the global community about the present situation with human rights, mostly in the Coclarage countries. In the past, the organization worked on a semi-bearing basis, and its employees were repressed.

In the USSR, Hg worked from 1976 to 1981, then, in 1989, the organization was continued. At the dawn of its activities, the XG was funded exclusively at the expense of private donations. Today, sources of financing of the International Helsinki Group are large public and private structures, for example, the Open Society Foundation George Soros, the Private Foundation for Makarturov, "US National Fund for Democracy", etc.

"Human Rice Watch" (CRV)

Human Rice Watch is a human rights organization whose creation in 1978 has become a reaction to a request for assistance from human rights groups of Prague, Warsaw and Moscow. HRV headquarters is located in the USA. Unlike modern MHG, Human Rice Watch takes only private donations.

The main directions of the work of the CRV:

  • upholding political rights and freedoms;
  • investigation of human rights violations and publish the results of these investigations;
  • investigation of crimes against humanity;
  • fight against the propagation of anti-personnel mines;
  • countering the recruitment of children as a soldier;
  • counteracting trafficking in persons;
  • protection of civilians during armed conflicts.

The organization is often criticized for performing the instrument of the influence of the United States and NATO. However, such a point of view is obviously inconsistent with the position of the organization against Israel in its conflict with the Arab world, as well as in 2005, the CRV filed a lawsuit for Donald Ramsveld, the US Defense Minister for the reason for its inaction regarding the facts of torture in American military correctional institutions.

Legal status of PMTO in the Russian Federation

The activities of international non-governmental organizations are regulated on two levels: international and at the level of the country in which the organization was created. In the first case, the basis of the activities of MNPO are the documents: the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, etc.

On the territory of the Russian Federation, the MNPO functioning is regulated by the Constitution, in particular, Article 30, which guarantees the rights of citizens to create public associations and the freedom of their activities.

The state cannot interfere with the work of an international non-governmental organization.

MNPOs can be eliminated exclusively by decision of the judiciary.

NGOs independently accept their charter, determine the goals and objectives of their functioning. The role of the state is to register the authorized document at the Ministry of Justice. The tax authority is engaged in verifying the financial aspect of the organization's activities.

The legal status of public associations is determined by the Law "On Public Associations", which was adopted on May 19, 1995. The right to create public associations is not only Russian citizens, but also foreigners. Thus, it is quite legitimate to function in the territory of the Russian Federation branches of international non-governmental organizations. Restrictions on the creation of certain MNPOs can be established only in federal legislation.

At the same time, the law prohibits MNPO, what activity is aimed at:

  • a change in the constitutional system in the Russian Federation;
  • violation of the integrity of the country;
  • the creation of armed formations;
  • undermining national security;
  • inciting religious, national, racial or any other hostility.