United Nations system organizations. Monetary and financial organizations of the United Nations system United Nations specialized agencies

The central place among international organizations is occupied by the United Nations (UN).

The United Nations system is made up of principal and subsidiary bodies, specialized organizations and agencies, and autonomous organizations that are an integral part of the UN system. The main organs are: the General Assembly (GA); Security Council (SB); International Court of Justice and Registry. Subsidiary bodies as may be necessary are established in accordance with the Charter.

The UN system includes a number of programs, councils and commissions that carry out their functions.

Consider the internal structure of international economic organizations of the UN system.

The General Assembly is its main body. She is authorized to resolve any issues within the framework of the Charter of the organization. The General Assembly adopts resolutions that, although not binding on its members, still have a noticeable impact on world politics and the development of international law. During its existence, 10 thousand resolutions have been adopted. The General Assembly finally approves all international conventions on economic issues. In its structure, economic problems are dealt with:

1. The Committee on Economic and Financial Affairs, which develops resolutions for the plenary meetings of the General Assembly;
2. United Nations Commission on International Trade Law - UNCIT-RAL, which deals with the harmonization and unification of legal norms in international trade;
3. The International Law Commission working on the development and codification of international law;
4. Investment Committee, which assists in the placement of investments from funds controlled by the UN.

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is the most important UN body responsible for the economic, social, cultural and humanitarian aspects of UN policy.

The functions of ECOSOC include:

• research and preparation of reports on international issues in the field of economic and social spheres, culture, education, health and presentation of recommendations on these issues to the General Assembly, members of the Organization and interested specialized institutions;
• discussion of international economic and social problems of a global and cross-sectoral nature and the development of policy recommendations on these problems for member states and the UN system as a whole;
• monitoring and evaluating the implementation of the overall policy strategy and priorities set by the General Assembly in the economic, social and related fields;
• ensuring harmonization and consistent practical operational implementation in an integrated manner of relevant policy decisions and recommendations adopted at UN conferences and other forums within the UN system, after their approval by the Assembly and / or ECOSOC;
• ensuring overall coordination of the activities of the organizations of the UN system in the economic, social and related fields in order to implement the priorities set by the General Assembly for the system as a whole;
• undertaking comprehensive operational policy reviews across the UN system.

ECOSOC has commissions, committees, special groups that deal with economic issues. It:

• six functional commissions and subcommissions - Social Development, Drug Control, Science and Technology for Development, Sustainable Development Support, Statistics, Transnational Corporations;
• five regional commissions - Europe, Asia and the Pacific, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, West Asia;
• two standing committees - for programs and coordination, for direct organizations;
• seven expert bodies - the Planning Development Committee, the Ad Hoc Group of Experts on International Cooperation in Taxation, the Committees on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, on National Resources, on New and Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Use and for development, as well as a meeting of experts on public administration and finance.

The objectives of the regional commissions are to study the economic and technological problems of the respective regions of the world, develop measures and means to assist the economic and social development of regional members by coordinating their actions and pursuing a coordinated policy aimed at solving the cardinal tasks of developing economic sectors and intraregional trade.

In addition to the direct organs of the UN, its system includes specialized agencies and intergovernmental organizations, including:

1. uN funds and programs;
2. specialized agencies of the United Nations;
3. autonomous organizations associated with the UN. Let us dwell on the most important organizations of the first group.

1. The Investment Development Fund assists developing countries by complementing existing funding sources with aid and loans. The fund's resources are derived from voluntary contributions and are estimated at $ 40 million.
2. The PLO Development Program (UNDP) is the largest organization in the UN system, funding diversified economic and technical assistance. Its resources are estimated at $ 1 billion and are constantly being replenished by donor countries, which include most of the developed and large developing countries. UNDP deals with key aspects of sustainable development and major global issues: poverty eradication, environmental restoration, employment, etc. It organizes global forums on these issues, such as the Forum on the Environment (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), on Population and Development (Cairo, 1994), on Social Development (Copenhagen, 1995) ... The program currently covers more than 150 countries with over 6,500 projects.
3. The PEP Environment Program (UNEP) is constantly monitoring the environment and is responsible for coordinating all international projects in this area. Its activities are aimed at solving global environmental problems.
4. The World Food Program (WFP) coordinates the provision of international food aid in emergencies. WFP's budget is over $ 1.2 billion and is formed mainly by contributions from the United States ($ 500 million), the EU ($ 235 million) and other developed countries.

Among the specialized organizations associated with the UN, the following can be distinguished.

1. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WO-IP) brings together the efforts of 18 intergovernmental organizations to protect intellectual property.
2. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) unites 168 countries to promote the introduction of new industrial technologies, the industrialization of developing countries, especially African countries, and the provision of technical assistance. UNIDO has established an Industrial and Technological Information Bank and a scientific and technical information exchange system. A significant part of the information arrays is available on the Internet at www.unido.org. All UN organizations are sources of free information on the Internet. Their addresses almost always match the abbreviation.
3. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) promotes investment in agriculture, the transfer of new technologies to developing countries, and agrarian reforms. On the website www.fao.org. there is information about the agro-industrial complex of all countries.
4. The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) provides loans to agriculture in developing countries.
5. The Universal Postal Union (UPU) is the oldest organization in the UN system, established in 1865. It is engaged in the development and modernization of postal services.
6. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) coordinates international efforts in the development of meteorological observations.
7. The World Health Organization (WHO) brings together 190 countries to tackle human health problems.
8. The International Labor Organization (ILO) - was created back in 1919 according to the Versailles Treaty, it includes 171 countries. The ILO has developed an International Labor Code. She deals with problems of employment and growth of living standards of the population, social and economic reforms in the world of work.
9. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is one of the most authoritative international organizations. Engaged in development international cooperation in the fields of information, knowledge, culture, communication, etc.

Among the autonomous organizations associated with the UN, we note the International Agency for atomic energy (IAEA), whose functions include:

• encouraging and promoting the development of nuclear energy and the practical application of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, as well as research in this area;
• provision of materials, services, equipment and technical means in order to meet the needs of scientific research work in the field of atomic energy and its practical use for peaceful purposes;
• promoting the exchange of scientific and technical information;
• encouraging the exchange of scientists and specialists and their training.

Other organizations of the UN system to one degree or another were considered in other sections of the textbook, in particular, those devoted to the regulation of trade and financial international relations.

• International human rights law
  • Formation of international human rights law as a branch of international law, its concept
  • Principles and sources of international human rights law
  • Universal international legal norms for the protection of human rights
  • UN human rights system
  • Regional international legal mechanism for the protection of human rights
  • Protection of human rights in the system of international judicial institutions
• International environmental law
  • The essence of international environmental law
  • Concept and subject of international environmental law
  • Principles of International Environmental Law
  • Sources of International Environmental Law
  • International organizations and their role in the field of environmental protection
  • United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). Legal nature, goals and objectives, structure
  • The role of international conferences in international environmental law
  • Marine environment as an object of international legal protection
  • Water as an object of protection in international environmental law
  • Protection of the air, climate and ozone layer of the Earth
  • Animal and vegetable world in international environmental law
  • International legal regulation of hazardous and toxic waste management
  • Protecting the environment during armed conflicts
• Right international security
  • International security law at the present stage
  • Concept and principles of international security law
  • Sources of International Security Law
  • Modern system of international security law
  • Disarmament and arms limitation
• International humanitarian law
  • Concept, principles and sources of international humanitarian law
  • Legal regulation of the outbreak of hostilities
  • Participants in armed conflicts
  • Theater of war
  • International humanitarian law for the protection of war victims
  • Protection of civilian objects
  • Prohibited methods and means of warfare
  • International legal regulation of the end of hostilities and the state of war
  • International humanitarian law and Russian legislation
• Population in international law
  • Population concept
  • Citizenship and International Law
  • Legal status of bipatrides and stateless persons
  • Legal status of foreign citizens
  • Illegal migrants regime
  • Asylum right
  • Legal status of refugees and internally displaced persons
• International economic law
  • The concept of international economic law
  • Sources and methods of regulation of international economic law
  • System and principles of international economic law
  • Subjects of international economic law
  • International organizations in the field of economic cooperation
  • Sub-branches of international economic law
• Right to external relations
  • The concept and sources of the law of external relations
  • State bodies of external relations
  • Diplomatic missions
  • Consular offices
  • Permanent missions of states to international organizations
  • Special missions
  • Privileges and immunities in the right of external relations
• Law of international organizations
  • Concept, history of origin, signs and types of international organizations
  • The procedure for the creation of international organizations and the termination of their activities
  • Procedure for making and legal force of decisions of international organizations
  • Bodies of international organizations: classification, formation procedure
  • Legal personality and implementation of functions of international organizations
  • Membership in international organizations
  • UN: charter, goals, principles, membership
  • UN Specialized Agencies
  • International organizations of the UN system
  • Regional international organizations
  • International legal regulation of the protection of employees of international organizations
  • International non-governmental organizations
• Territory in international law
  • International legal classification of territories
  • The legal nature of the state territory
  • Composition of the state territory
  • State borders
  • Legal grounds for changing the state territory
  • International rivers and their legal regime
  • International common area
  • The legal regime of the Arctic
  • International legal regime of Antarctica
• International maritime law
  • The concept and principles of international maritime law
  • International legal status and regime of maritime spaces
  • Maritime spaces under the sovereignty of the coastal state
  • Sea spaces under the jurisdiction of the coastal state
  • International maritime spaces
  • Maritime spaces with a special legal status
• International air law
  • Definition of international air law
  • Sources of International Air Law
  • Basic Principles of International Air Law
  • Legal status and legal regime of airspace
  • International legal framework for flights in airspace
  • Air traffic control
  • Legal regulation of international air traffic
  • The legal status of aircraft
  • The legal status of the aircraft crew
  • Combating Acts of Unlawful Interference with Aircraft Activities
  • Aircraft assistance
  • Administrative formalities in international air navigation
  • International Aviation Organizations
  • Responsibility in international air law
• International space law
  • Concept, objects, subjects and sources of international space law
  • International legal regime of outer space and celestial bodies
  • Legal status of space objects
  • International legal regime of the geostationary orbit
  • The legal status of astronauts
  • Peaceful and safe use of outer space
  • Earth remote sensing
  • Intellectual property rights in international space projects
  • Protection of outer space and the earth's environment from man-made space pollution
  • Interaction of international and national space law
  • Responsibility in international space law
  • International cooperation in the exploration and use of outer space
• International nuclear law
  • The concept of international nuclear law
  • Principles and sources of international nuclear law
  • Legal regulation of the development, testing, deployment of nuclear weapons
  • International legal protection against radioactive contamination
  • Responsibility for nuclear activities
  • Verification in international nuclear law
• International criminal law
  • International criminal law concept
  • Principles and sources of international criminal law
  • Concept and types of international crimes
  • The concept and types of transnational crimes
  • Legal assistance in criminal cases
  • Extradition (extradition) of criminals and transfer of convicted persons to serve their sentences to the state of citizenship
  • The role of international organizations in the fight against crime
  • International criminal justice
  • On international criminal procedure law
• International legal regulation of scientific and technical cooperation
  • Scientific and technical cooperation: concept and principles
  • Sources of legal regulation of international scientific and technical cooperation
  • Types of international scientific and technical cooperation and forms of its implementation
  • UN and international scientific and technical cooperation
  • Regional international scientific and technical cooperation

UN Specialized Agencies

The specialized agencies of the UN (and there are 16 of them in total) are intergovernmental organizations of a universal nature that cooperate in special fields and are associated with the UN.

Article 57 of the UN Charter lists their characteristic features:

1. the intergovernmental nature of agreements establishing such organizations;
2. broad international responsibility within the framework of their constituent acts;
3. cooperation in special fields: economic, social, cultural, humanitarian, etc .;
4. liaison with the UN.

The latter is established and formalized by an agreement concluded by ECOSOC with the Organization and approved by the UN General Assembly. Such an agreement amounts legal basis cooperation of the UN with a specialized agency. There are currently 16 UN specialized agencies.

The UN Charter stipulates that the Organization makes recommendations on the harmonization of the policies and activities of specialized agencies (Article 58). Thus, ECOSOC is authorized to: coordinate the activities of the specialized agencies through consultations with them and recommendations to them, as well as to the General Assembly and members of the Organization; make arrangements to receive regular reports from them; ensure mutual representation of the Council and institutions for participation in the discussion of issues in the Council, its commissions and specialized institutions.

The specialized agencies can be divided into the following groups: social organizations (ILO, WHO), cultural and humanitarian organizations (UNESCO, WIPO), economic organizations (UNIDO), financial organizations (IBRD, IMF, IDA, IFC), agricultural organizations economy (FAO, IFAD), organizations in the field of transport and communication (ICAO, IMO, UPU, ITU), organization in the field of meteorology (WMO). Russia is a member of all specialized agencies, except FAO, IFAD, IDA and IFC.

International Labor Organization (ILO). Created in 1919 at the Paris Peace Conference as an autonomous organization of the League of Nations. Its Charter was revised in 1946. A specialized agency of the United Nations since 1946. The headquarters is located in Geneva (Switzerland).

The goal of the ILO is to promote lasting peace by promoting social justice and improving working conditions and living standards for workers.

A feature of the ILO is tripartite representation in its organs: governments, employers and workers (trade unions). As conceived by the founders of the ILO, this should facilitate dialogue between workers and entrepreneurs through governments (the idea of \u200b\u200bsocial partnership).

The main organs of the ILO are the General Conference, the Governing Body and the Secretariat - the International Labor Office. The General Conference may meet in regular (annual) and special (as required) sessions. Each state is represented by four delegates, two from the government and one each from entrepreneurs and trade unions. The conference develops conventions and recommendations on labor issues (more than 300 such acts have been developed), in order to control it, it considers reports of states on the application of the ratified ILO conventions, approves the program and budget of the organization.

World Health Organization (WHO). Created in 1946 at International conference on health care in New York. The charter came into force on April 7, 1948.

The goal of WHO is "the achievement of the highest possible level of health by all peoples." The main areas of its activities: the fight against infectious diseases, the development of quarantine and sanitary rules, social problems. WHO provides assistance in establishing a health system, training personnel, and combating diseases.

The supreme body of WHO, which determines its policy, is the World Health Assembly, in which all members of the Organization are represented. It meets annually.

The WHO Executive Board, composed of representatives of 30 states, elected by the Assembly for three years, meets at least twice a year. The administrative body is the Secretariat headed by the Director General.

Within the framework of the Impact are six regional organizations: European countries. Eastern Mediterranean, Africa, North and South America, Southeast Asia, Western Pacific.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Established in 1945 at the London Conference. Its Charter entered into force on November 4, 1946. Since December 1946, UNESCO is a specialized agency of the United Nations. The headquarters are located in Paris (France).

UNESCO sets itself the task of contributing to the strengthening of peace and security through the development of international cooperation in the field of education, science and culture, the use of the media, the further development of public education and the dissemination of science and culture.

The supreme body is the General Conference, consisting of representatives of all member states and convened in regular sessions once every two years. It determines the policy and general direction of the organization's activities, approves its programs and budget, elects members of the Executive Board and other bodies, appoints the Director General, and decides on other issues.

The Executive Board is the main governing body of UNESCO between sessions of the General Conference. The UNESCO Constitution requires representatives to be appointed by persons competent in the arts, literature, science, education and dissemination of knowledge and possessing the necessary experience and authority. The administrative and technical functions are performed by a Secretariat headed by a Director General, appointed for a six-year term.

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Established in 1967 at the Conference on Intellectual Property held in Stockholm. The 1967 Convention on the Establishment of WIPO entered into force in 1970. A specialized agency of the United Nations since 1974. The headquarters is located in Geneva.

The purpose of the organization is to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world, to promote the implementation of international agreements in this area, to administer the various unions in the field of intellectual property protection, without violating their autonomy (for example, the Berne Union for the Protection of Works of Literature and Art. The Paris Union for the protection of industrial property, etc.). WIPO is also engaged in the preparation of draft treaties in the field of copyright protection, the development of a new patent classification, and technical cooperation in the patent field.

The supreme bodies of WIPO are the Conference, which includes all WIPO member states, and the General Assembly, which consists of those member states that are also members of the Paris or Berne Unions. The conference discusses issues of common interest to all WIPO member states in the field of intellectual property, and adopts recommendations on them, determines the WIPO budget. The General Assembly determines the policy and general direction of the organization, approves its budget, and appoints the Director General of WIPO.

The IMF and the IBRD were established at the Bretton Woods Conference (USA) as specialized UN agencies of a financial nature. The Fund began to function in 1945, the Bank in 1946, the IFC was established in 1956, and IDA in 1960 as branches of the IBRD. Location - Washington (USA), the IMF has offices in Paris and Geneva, the IBRD - in Paris and Tokyo.

Members of the IBRD can only be members of the IMF, and members of two branches - only members of the IBRD. Central to the system financial institutions is occupied by the International Monetary Fund. Its objectives are to coordinate the monetary and financial policies of the member states and to provide them with short and medium term loans to settle the balance of payments and maintain exchange rates.

The supreme body of the Fund, which determines its policy, is the Board of Governors, which includes one governor and one deputy from all member states. The Council is convened annually in session. The day-to-day work is carried out by an Executive Board composed of a managing director and 22 executive directors, elected for a two-year term. The Managing Director is the chairman of the Directorate and the chief administrative officer of the Secretariat.

The objectives of the IBRD are to promote the reconstruction and development of the economies of the member states of the Bank, to encourage private foreign investment, to provide loans for the development of production, etc.

The supreme body of the IBRD is the Board of Governors, organized on the same basis as the Board of Governors of the Fund. Executive Directors (22 people) form the executive body of the Bank. The President of the Bank directs the staff of its employees.

IDA and IFC, branches of the Bank, were created primarily to assist developing countries. They have the same bodies as the Bank.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Created in 1945 at the Conference in Quebec (Canada). The organization aims to improve nutrition and improve living standards, increase agricultural productivity, improve food distribution systems, etc. In the implementation of these goals, FAO promotes investment in agriculture, conservation of natural resources, creates special programs in its areas of activity, together with the United Nations, it leads the World food program.

FAO Organs: A biennial conference of all members to set policy, budget and program of work for FAO; Council - FAO's governing body between sessions of the Conference, consisting of 49 Member States; The Secretariat is headed by the Director General. FAO is headquartered in Rome, Italy.

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) - a specialized UN agency with the aim of mobilizing additional funds for the development of agriculture in developing countries through the implementation of projects and programs aimed at the poorest rural population. Foundation year - 1977

As of January 1, 1985, 139 states were members of the IFAD, including developed countries - members of the OECD, developing countries - members of OPEC and developing countries receiving assistance from these countries. Russia does not participate in IFAD. The Fund's lending policy and the criteria for providing assistance to member states stipulate that its funds should be used to implement projects aimed at achieving the following interrelated objectives: increasing food production, employment and additional income for poor and landless farmers, and improving nutrition and food distribution ... 55% of the initial capital of IFAD are contributions from developed countries - members of the OECD, 42.5% - from developing countries - OPEC members, 2.5% - from other developing countries. The complex formula for the distribution of votes within these categories of countries, depending on the size of the contribution, as well as the unequal number of countries belonging to each of these categories, lead to the fact that OECD countries and OPEC countries occupy key positions in IFAD. The supreme body of IFAD - the Board of Governors - consists of representatives from all member countries. The executive body is the Executive Board, composed of 18 members, elected by the Board of Governors for three years. He directs all IFAD practice. The executive services of the Foundation are headed by the President, who is also the Chairman of the Executive Board. The location of IFAD is Rome (Italy).

World Meteorological Organization (WMO)... The main provisions on which the activities of the hydrometeorological service are based are developed and approved by the World Weather Service, whose work is coordinated by the World Meteorological Organization. WMO emerged as a world community of meteorologists in 1873. WMO exchanges meteorological information between all services, enforces the uniformity of observation methods, and takes care of the dissemination and exchange of scientific research in the field of meteorology.

The need for international cooperation in the field of meteorology became apparent to scientists in the early 19th century, when the first weather maps were compiled. The atmosphere has no state borders, and the weather service itself can function and be effective only as an international service, organized on a global scale.

In the early 70s. XIX century. (1872-1873) the International Meteorological Organization (IMO) was established, which after World War II became the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations (UN), whose charter was signed on June 26, 1945.

On March 23, 1950, the World Meteorological Organization Convention entered into force, and the former non-governmental organization IMO was transformed into an intergovernmental organization - WMO.

Meteorologists from different countries work in accordance with uniform recommendations (technical regulations) of WMO. More than 150 countries of the world are WMO members. The supreme body of WMO is the World Meteorological Congress, which meets every four years. The Congress elects the WMO Secretary General and his deputies. At the Congress of the World Meteorological Organization in Geneva on May 20, 2003, the Head of the Federal Service of Russia for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Rostidromet) Alexander Ivanovich Bedritsky (born in 1947) was elected to the post of President for the next four years without a vote. This is the first time a representative of Russia has taken this high post.

WMO has six regional associations by geographic area, coordinating the activities of members within its geographic areas, which include Africa, Asia, South America, North and Central America, the Pacific Southwest, and Europe.

The main practical activities of WMO are carried out by eight technical commissions: aeronautical meteorology, atmospheric sciences, hydrology, climatology, marine meteorology, basic systems, instruments and methods of observation, agricultural meteorology. The WMO headquarters is located in Switzerland, Geneva. The WMO budget consists of contributions from Members in proportion to the national income of each country.

Meteorological services of different countries of the world, while remaining national in structure and tasks solved within their country, work according to international standards in accordance with the recommendations of WMO.

Meteorological services are involved in international programs, such as the World Climate Program. World Climate Application Program, Meteorology and Ocean Development, Agricultural Meteorology, Hydrology and Water Resources, etc.

The largest is the WMO World Weather Watch program, which is based on three global systems: observations (GOS), data processing (GDPS) and telecommunications (GTS). According to this program, there are three categories of meteorological centers: national (NMC), regional (RMC) and world (WMC). At present, the centers for receiving and processing satellite information are successfully operating.

National centers (there are more than 100 of them) collect and disseminate meteorological information from the territory of one country and use the necessary information from the territories of other countries.

Regional centers (there are more than 30 of them, including in Russia there are RMCs in Moscow, Novosibirsk and Khabarovsk) illuminate large areas with meteorological data, covering, if necessary, several countries with a system for collecting and processing meteorological information.

World centers - in Moscow, Washington and Melbourne - collect data from all over the world, including information from meteorological satellites of the Earth.

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations focused on poverty alleviation through increased productivity. UNIDO assists developing countries and countries with economies in transition in their fight against marginalization in today's globalized environment. The organization mobilizes knowledge, experience, information and technology and thereby contributes to productive employment, the development of a competitive economy and environmental sustainability.

UNIDO was established in 1966 and became a specialized agency of the United Nations in 1985. common system The United Nations Organization UNIDO is responsible for promoting, in cooperation with 171 Member States, the industrial development of all developing countries. The Organization is headquartered in Vienna and UNIDO is active in the field through its 29 country and regional offices, 14 Investment and Technology Promotion Offices and a number of specific areas of its operations.

As a global forum, UNIDO collects and disseminates information on industry issues and provides a framework for the various development actors - public and private decision-makers, civil society organizations and the international community at large - to strengthen cooperation , engage in dialogue and develop partnerships to meet the challenges they face. As a technical cooperation agency, UNIDO develops and implements industrial development support programs for its clients and offers specialized programming services tailored to individual needs. These two main functions are both complementary and interdependent.

The main instruments for technical cooperation are Integrated Programs (IP) and Country Services Framework (CSF). UNIDO's financial resources come from the regular and operational budgets, as well as special contributions for technical cooperation activities. The regular budget is generated from the assessed contributions of the Member States. Technical cooperation is funded primarily by voluntary contributions from donor countries and agencies, as well as the United Nations Development Program, the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol, the Global Environment Facility and the General Fund for Commodities. Volume of UNIDO operations for the biennium 2004-2005 is about 356 million euros.

The organization consists of three departments, each headed by a Managing Director. There are 645 staff at UNIDO headquarters and other active offices. In addition, UNIDO annually uses the services of over 2,200 international and national experts who work on projects around the world.

International Maritime Organization (IMO) - an international intergovernmental organization, is a specialized agency of the United Nations, serves as an apparatus for cooperation and exchange of information on technical issues related to international merchant shipping. IMO's activities are aimed at abolishing discriminatory actions affecting international merchant shipping, as well as adopting norms (standards) to ensure maritime safety and prevent pollution from ships of the environment, primarily maritime. It has a staff of about 300 people.

IMO was founded on March 6, 1948 in Geneva with the adoption of the Convention on the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO). The Convention entered into force on March 17, 1958, and the newly created organization began its practical activities.

At the 9th session of the Assembly of this organization (Resolution А.358 (1X)) its name was changed and since May 22, 1982 the current one is in effect. The headquarters are located in London.

In a sense, IMO is a forum in which the member states of this organization exchange information, discuss legal, technical and other problems related to shipping, as well as pollution from ships of the environment, primarily marine.

The main functions and structure of IMO: acts as an agent of the United Nations (UN); is an advisory and advisory organization; is responsible for the organization of ensuring safety at sea and protecting the environment, as well as resolving legal issues related to international shipping; contributes to facilitating the interaction of governments of states on technical issues in order to achieve the highest standards in the field of maritime safety and pollution prevention; adopts and improves binding and recommendatory international conventions, codes, resolutions, protocols, circulars and recommendations.

As of June 30, 2005, there were 167 member states of IMO. The supreme body of the organization is the Assembly of the so-called Contracting Governments. The Assemblies meet twice a year. The first session of the Assembly of the then IMCO was held in January 1959. There is also the IMO Council, consisting of 32 states, including Russia.

In addition to the Assembly, IMO has five committees:

• Maritime Safety Committee (MSC-MSC);
• Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPE - MEPC);
• Legal Committee (LEG - YURKOM);
• Committee for Technical Cooperation (CGS);
• The Shipping Facilitation Committee, as well as nine subcommittees and a Secretariat headed by the Secretary General.

All normative and legal documents prepared in subcommittees and considered at sessions of committees are considered and adopted, as a rule, at regular sessions of the Assembly of the Organization. The most serious, strategic decisions can be made by decisions of diplomatic conferences.

IMO decisions are announced in the form of resolutions of the Organization, to which, if necessary, newly adopted documents can be attached (codes, circular letters, amendments to existing documents - conventions, codes, etc.). Subject to the negotiated conditions and the effective date, such decisions should be implemented by administrations.

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)... Established in 1944 at the Chicago Conference. The 1944 Convention on International Civil Aviation, which is a founding instrument of ICAO, entered into force on 4 April 1947. ICAO is headquartered in Montreal, Canada.

ICAO was established to develop the principles and methods of international air navigation, ensure the safety of flights on international airlines, and facilitate the planning and development of international air transport.

The supreme body of ICAO is the Assembly, which consists of representatives of all Member States and convenes every three years to determine the ICAO policy and approve the budget, as well as to discuss any issues that are not referred to the Council.

The Council is the executive body of ICAO, composed of representatives of 33 countries, elected by the Assembly from among the states with the most advanced air transport and subject to equitable geographical representation.

Universal Postal Union (UPU)... Created in 1874 at the International Postal Congress in Bern. The Universal Postal Convention, adopted by the Congress, entered into force on July 1, 1875. Its text was revised several times at the World Postal Congresses. The UPU is headquartered in Bern, Switzerland.

The UPU aims to ensure and improve postal relations. All UPU member countries form a single postal territory, on which three basic principles operate: the unity of such a territory, freedom of transit and a uniform tariff. UPU develops rules for the international forwarding of all types of postal items on the basis of the Universal Postal Convention and multilateral agreements.

The supreme body of the UPU is the Universal Postal Congress, which consists of representatives of all member states and is convened every five years. Its functions include the revision of the Universal Postal Convention and additional agreements. Between congresses, there is an Executive Council of 40 members, which directs all the work of the Union. The Postal Research Advisory Council (35 members) deals with the technical and economic issues of postal communications. The International Bureau, headed by the Director General, is the permanent Secretariat of the Union.

International Telecommunication Union (ITU) - an international organization that defines standards in the field of telecommunications and radio. Ego is probably the oldest existing international organization, it was founded in Paris on May 17, 1865 under the name of the International Telegraph Union. In 1934, ITU received its current name, and in 1947 it became a specialized agency of the United Nations.

There are currently 191 countries in the ITU (as of September 2008). ITU standards are optional but widely supported as they facilitate interoperability between communications networks and enable service providers to deliver services around the world.

The governing body is the Plenipotentiary Conference, which convenes every four years and elects the ITU Council of 46 members, which meets annually. Representatives from all ITU member countries at the Telecommunications Standardization Conference define the main directions for each sector, form new working groups and approve a work plan for the next four years. ITU's activities cover the following issues: in the technical area: promoting the development and productive operation of telecommunications (telecommunications) in order to improve the efficiency of telecommunication services and their accessibility to the public; in the policy area: promoting a broader approach to telecommunication problems in the global information economy and society : in the field of development: promoting and providing technical assistance to developing countries in the field of telecommunications, helping to mobilize the human and financial resources necessary for the development of telecommunications, promoting increased access to the benefits of new technologies for the people of the world.

Basically, ITU is engaged in the allocation of radio frequencies, the organization of international telephone and radio communications, and the standardization of telecommunications equipment. The purpose of the Union is to ensure and expand international cooperation in the regional use of all types of communications, improve technical means, and their effective operation. ITU is now officially a UN specialized agency and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, next to the UN building. In December 1992, its new structure was determined: the telecommunication standardization sector; radio communications sector; telecommunication development sector.

UN Specialized Agencies - these are independent international organizations created on the basis of international treaties with broad international responsibility in the economic, social, culture, education, health care and other similar areas and related to the UN through ECOSOC by special international agreements. Such agreements are subject to approval by the UN General Assembly. Under the UN Charter, the General Assembly and ECOSOC have certain rights in relation to the UN specialized agencies. For example, the General Assembly reviews and approves any financial and budgetary agreements with them, reviews their administrative budgets in order to provide recommendations to stakeholders (paragraph 3 of Art. 17); ECOSOC is authorized to coordinate the activities of UN specialized agencies through consultations with them and recommendations, recommendations to the General Assembly and the UN member states (paragraph 2 of article 63), to take appropriate measures to receive regular reports from specialized agencies (paragraph 1 of article 64), hold events for the participation of representatives of these institutions without the right to vote in the discussion of issues of the Council or in the commissions created by it, as well as for the participation of representatives of the Council in the discussion of issues in these institutions (Article 70).

In the legal status, the UN specialized agencies are characterized by the following features: 1) contractual basis of activity; 2) broad international responsibility as defined in the UN Charter; 3) the specialized nature of activities in the socio-economic and humanitarian spheres; 4) communication with the UN. This complex of legal factors predetermines the allocation of UN specialized agencies into a special group of international organizations.

These international organizations can be divided into three groups according to their field of activity. The first is formed by specialized UN agencies of an economic nature, that is, those that function in the field of international trade, finance, transport and communications. These include: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; International Monetary Fund; International Finance Corporation; International Development Association (IDA); International Investment Guarantee Agency (IAIG); International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID); Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO1); International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD); International Maritime Organization (IMO); International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO); The Universal Postal Union (UPU), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU); The World Meteorological Organization (WMO); United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).

The second group includes specialized UN agencies of a social nature - the International Labor Organization and the World Health Organization.

The third group of specialized agencies is formed by cultural and humanitarian organizations: the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), and the World Tourism Organization.

Let's consider the organizational and legal mechanism of the activities of some specialized UN agencies.

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Created on December 27, 1945, when 28 states signed an agreement developed at the United Nations Conference on Monetary and Financial Issues held in Bretton Woods (USA) in 1944.

Only members of the International Monetary Fund can be members of the IBRD. As of May 1, 2009, 185 countries, including Ukraine, were members of the IBRD.

IBRD Objectives: To promote the reconstruction and development of member states' territories by encouraging investment for productive purposes (in areas such as agriculture and rural development, energy, highways and railways, ports, telecommunications, education, health, family planning and nutrition ); to encourage private foreign investment and, in the event of difficulties in obtaining private capital, supplement it by providing loans for production purposes; promote long-term balanced growth of international trade and maintenance of balance of payments of member states.

MBRD finances lending operations primarily from its borrowed funds, which the Bank obtains in world markets, as well as retained earnings and through payments in repayment of loans provided. Loans are provided to the IBRD member states, their political-territorial units and private commercial structures on their territory. In addition to providing loans, the Bank provides a wide range of technical assistance services. The interest on loans is set according to the value of loans received by IBRD in the international capital markets. The states - recipients of loans are obliged to follow the recommendations of the Bank, provide it with reports on the use of loans and the necessary information.

The structure of the IBRD includes the Board of Governors (supreme body), executive directors (executive body), committees. The working language is English. The IBRD is headed by the President, who is elected by the Executive Directors for a term of five years. The IBRD is located in Washington (USA), there are also branches in Paris and Tokyo ..

It should be noted that the IBRD is a key institution of the World Bank Group, which also includes IFC, IDA, ICSID and MIG. The goal of the World Bank is to encourage the economic and social development of less developed UN members by providing them with financial and advisory assistance and assistance in training. The structural divisions of the World Bank are independent legal entities, which, however, work for one purpose and under the leadership of one administrative system.

International Monetary Fund acts on the basis of an agreement developed in parallel with the IBRD Agreement at the Bretton Woods Conference of 1944. The IMF began to function on December 27, 1945, when the agreement on its establishment entered into force.

The IMF has the following objectives: to coordinate the monetary and financial policies of the member states and to provide them with loans (short -, medium - and partially long-term) to settle the balance of payments and maintain exchange rates. The fund also seeks to promote international monetary cooperation and trade expansion.

The Fund has at its disposal a pool (from the English pool - a common pot) of financial resources provided to member states for the implementation of the program to eliminate the balance of payments deficit temporarily and on certain conditions.

Structurally, the IMF consists of a Board of Governors (supreme body), an Executive Board consisting of a managing director and 24 executive directors, a Secretariat. The Managing Director is the chief executive officer of the Foundation. In the IMF, as in the IBRD, decisions are made on the basis of a system of weighted votes. Each member state of the Fund and the Bank has a number of votes proportional to its contribution to the financial resources of these UN specialized agencies, which ultimately reflects its share in the world economy. IMF Working Speech - English. The location of the IMF headquarters is Washington (USA), offices - Paris and Geneva.

The International Labour Organization was created in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles as an autonomous institution, associated with the League of Nations. The ILO-UN liaison agreement was approved on December 14, 1946. The ILO is thus the first specialized agency associated with the United Nations. As of May 1, 2009, the ILO included 182 states. Ukraine is a member of the ILO since 1954. Along with governments, workers represented by trade unions and employers (entrepreneurs) are represented in the ILO.

Objectives of the ILO: to promote social justice for all workers; develop international policies and programs aimed at improving working and living conditions; to set international labor standards to guide national authorities in implementing relevant policies; implement an extensive program of technical cooperation to assist Governments in effectively putting such policies into practice; provide training and education and research to contribute to the success of these efforts.

One of the most important activities of the ILO is the development and adoption of conventions and recommendations. During its existence, the ILO has adopted more than 180 conventions (the 2007 Convention on Labor in the Fishing Sector - 188th in a row and the latest as of January 1, 2010) and about 200 recommendations. These documents establish international standards in the field of labor, employment and vocational training, working conditions, social security, safety and labor protection. Ukraine has ratified over 50 ILO conventions.

Another important activity of the ILO is the provision of expert advice and technical assistance on issues related to labor and social policy.

The structure of the ILO includes the International Labor Conference (supreme body); Administrative Council; International Labor Office (ILO), which is the secretariat of the ILO. The working languages \u200b\u200bof the MNP are English, French and Spanish. The seat of the ILO is Geneva.

Since June 1, 1996, an ILO office has been operating in Kiev. Similar offices also operate in the capitals of other member states.

There are two international organizations, whose activities are rather specialized, but they are not part of the UN specialized agencies. These are the International Atomic Energy Agency (MATATE) and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

International Atomic Energy Agency - an autonomous intergovernmental organization created under the auspices of the UN. The MATATE charter was adopted on October 26, 1956 and entered into force on July 29, 1957.

MATATE is the only universal international organization for the peaceful uses of atomic energy. As of May 1, 2009, 146 states were members of the Agency.

According to the MATATE Statute, the Agency's objectives are: to achieve faster and wider use of atomic energy to maintain peace, health and prosperity throughout the world; ensuring, as far as possible, that assistance which is provided to them, either at his request, or under his supervision or control, is not used in such a way as to further any military purpose.

MATATE encourages and guides the development and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, sets nuclear safety standards, assists Member States through technical cooperation and facilitates the exchange of scientific and technical information on nuclear energy.

Within the framework of MATATE, a versatile and efficient system control (safeguards) with the aim of preventing the use of nuclear materials and equipment intended for peaceful activities for military needs. This field control is carried out by MATATE inspectors. Non-nuclear states participating in the 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty must conclude an agreement with the Agency to control the peaceful nuclear activities of these states. After joining the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in 1994, Ukraine entered into such an agreement with MATATE. More than 900 nuclear installations worldwide are under Agency control. Nuclear powers such as Britain, China, Russia, the United States and France have voluntarily placed some peaceful nuclear installations under MATATE control.

MATATE consists of the General Conference (the supreme body), the Board of Governors (the executive body), the Scientific Advisory Committee and the Secretariat. The headquarters of MATATE are located in Vienna (Austria).

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade is a multilateral agreement, the basis of which is a set of legal rules governing trade relations between the participating states, as well as an international organization for negotiations and consultations on trade issues. The agreement was signed in Geneva on October 30, 1947 and entered into force on January 1, 1948.

On January 1, 1995, 128 states were full members of the GATT; even more states took part in various forms of cooperation with the GATT. U1995 GATT was renamed the World Trade Organization (WTO).

The main goal of the GATT - This is the liberalization of world trade and setting it on a stable basis, promoting this economic growth and development, improving the well-being of the peoples of the world.

The basic principles of the GATT boil down to the fact that trade should be carried out on a non-discriminatory basis (the principle of "most favored nation"); the domestic industry should be protected only with the help of customs tariffs, and not quantitative restrictions and other measures; tariffs must be reduced through multilateral negotiations and cannot be increased subsequently; member states should consult among themselves with a view to solving trade problems.

In 1963, the main issue in the activities of the GATT was the reduction of customs tariffs. As a result of five rounds of negotiations, mutual concessions of the participants were agreed to reduce customs tariffs and measures to reduce and regulate non-tariff trade barriers. In 1964-1967, the 6th round of negotiations (Kennedy round) was held. In September 1973, in Tokyo, the GATT member countries adopted a declaration that proclaimed the beginning of the 7th round of negotiations (Tokyo round). In 1986, in Punta del Este (Uruguay), the Uruguay round of multilateral trade negotiations within the framework of the GATT was launched, which ended in 1994 with the signing of an agreement on the creation on the basis of the GATT from January 1, 1995 of a new international organization - the World trade organization (WTO).

The supreme body of the GATT was the Session of the Contracting Parties (States Parties), which was held annually. GATT decisions were usually taken by consensus. If a vote was taken, each party had one vote. The Council of Representatives, the operational governing body of the GATT, operated between sessions. The seat of the GATT Secretariat is Geneva.

In connection with the creation of the WTO on the basis of the GATT, the structure of the new organization has undergone certain changes in accordance with the Agreement on the Establishment of the WTO in 1994.

international monetary and financial structures also belong to the international economic organizations of the UN system. These entities, first of all, include the World Bank, which includes the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association. The International Finance Corporation and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency. The International Monetary Fund is a well-known UN financial organization.

IBRD - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development - was established by the decision of the United Nations Conference on Monetary and Financial Issues in 1944 in Bretton Woods. The bank began its activities in 1945. Initially, 28 countries signed the "Status of the Agreement on the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development". But other countries could join the Bank if they were members of the IMF. In the late 90s, there were 180 member states of the IBRD. According to the Charter, each country wishing to become a member of the IBRD must become a subscriber of its capital, the size of which is determined by the Bank. Russia joined the IBRD and the IMF in 1992. Its contribution to the IBRD corresponds to the quota in the IMF and is 3% of the total capital of the Bank. The Russian quota of $ 33.3 million was paid in convertible currency in the amount of $ 33.3 million and in national currency - $ 299.9 million.

The purpose of the creation of the IBRD was to promote the reconstruction and development of the territories of those states that were its members, by encouraging investment for the implementation of production programs. But first, the Bank had to make sure that they could not receive the funds necessary for production purposes from other sources. An important condition for the functioning of the Bank is that decisions on granting loans must necessarily proceed only from economic considerations. With its financial resources, the Bank should contribute to the long-term balanced growth of international trade. When granting loans, IBRD is also obliged to pay due attention to the prospects of debt repayment. In addition to providing loans, the Bank provides a wide range of technical assistance services.

The main source of financing for the Bank's lending operations is contributions from member states. The Bank resorts to the use of borrowed funds from financial markets, as well as incoming payments to repay previously issued loans.

The Bank's governing bodies include the following structures:

The Board of Governors;

Executive Board of Directors, or Executive Board;

Development Committee;

Bank President.

The IBRD headquarters is located in Washington DC.

IDA - International Development Association - is an intergovernmental organization, a specialized agency of the United Nations. It was established in 1960 as a branch of the MBRD. All countries - members of the IBRD can become its participants within the terms and conditions established by the IDA.

The International Development Association was founded to promote economic development, increase labor productivity and living standards of the population of developing countries.

Although IDA in many respects does not differ from the IBRD, since both organizations finance development projects, they have the same staff, nevertheless, it has its own specifics:

First, unlike the IBRD, which is funded by states and members, IDA's funding sources are predominantly contributions from donor countries, in the role of which are industrialized countries, and only partially in this process are developing countries.

Secondly, the specificity of IDA is that it provides interest-free loans. However, IDA loans go to the poorest and least creditworthy countries. When allocating loans, the scale of the country's territory is taken into account, the annual income of which per capita and the degree of effectiveness of the economic policy of its government. Only developing countries with an annual per capita income of less than $ 1,035 are eligible for IDA loans. Loans are available for 35-40 years, and repayment begins after a 10-year grace period.

IDA has the same leadership as the IBRD. The President, Governors, and Directors of IBRD hold similar positions at IDA. IDA is headquartered in Washington, DC.

IFC International Finance Corporation. It was established in 1956 as a branch of the MBRD. However, she is independent legal entity and has its own funds that do not belong to the Bank. Only countries - members of the IBRD can be members of the IFC.

IFC Objectives:

Providing assistance in financing private enterprises that can promote development through capital investments without guarantees of reimbursement from the governments of their countries of location;

Using the opportunity to combine investments of local and foreign capital 9 advanced management methods;

Encouraging the inflow of private capital, both local and foreign, for investment, into manufacturing enterprises in the member countries of the Corporation.

The financial resources from which the IFC issues loans are made up of subscription contributions to the authorized capital, from loans and grants from the IBRD, from attracted credit resources from other financial organizations. IFC also plays a prominent role in mobilizing additional capital for developing countries from private sources through co-financing of properties, with the provision of loans, as well as through the placement of securities and the provision of guarantees.

IFC's leading bodies have the following structural divisions:

The Board of Governors;

Directorate;

The president.

The IFC headquarters is located in Washington DC. But IFC has branches, representative offices and advisory bureaus for the development of projects in many cities around the world - in London, Paris, Frankfurt am Main, Tokyo, etc.

MIG is the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency. Founded in 1988 as subsidiary IBRD. It has legal and financial independence and is considered a specialized agency of the UN system.

The objectives of the MIGA operation are as follows:

Encourage foreign investment in production needs, especially in developing countries, to complement the activities of other financial institutions of the World Bank Group;

Provide investors with guarantees for investments in developing countries against losses from non-commercial risks, i.e. provide insurance against political risk. This includes expropriation or similar measures, bans on the export of currency, violation of treaties, war and civil unrest.

The main source of financing for MAIG operations is its authorized capital.

The governing bodies of MAIG consist of the following structures:

The Board of Governors, which develops the operational framework;

Director in charge of day-to-day activities;

President of MIGA (appointed at the suggestion of the President of the IBRD and conducts current affairs under the general supervision of the Directorate).

The IMF - International Monetary Fund - is an intergovernmental monetary organization with the status of a specialized UN agency. The IMF, like the World Bank, was created at the Allied International Monetary and Financial Conference in 1944 in Bretton Woods.

The IMF has the following official goals:

Conduct and implement cooperation between member countries on international monetary issues;

Prevent competitive depreciation of currencies, promote their stability;

Establish a multilateral system of payments and transfers for current transactions and seek to remove exchange restrictions that impede the growth of world trade;

Provide loans to member countries to settle the balance of payments without taking measures that are destructive to prosperity at the national and international levels.

The fund stipulates the provision of loans with certain requirements. First of all, from an IMF member wishing to get a loan, it is necessary to obtain assurances on how to solve their problems with payments. The point is that, when providing financial assistance, the Fund requires from the occupying country to introduce austerity regime, reform tax policy, reduce budget spending by freezing the wages of government workers and employees, reduce subsidies, cut investment programs and carry out other similar measures. At the same time, since the Fund assumes that the funds at its disposal exist for all members of this organization, the borrowing country will return it as soon as its payment problems are resolved, so as not to restrict access to this currency for other members of the Fund. ...

Due to the fact that the IMF is organized on the principle of a joint-stock company, the number of votes of member countries in decision-making is determined in proportion to their share in the capital. In 1993, the USA accounted for 18.2% of the vote, Great Britain - 5.1, Germany - 5.5, France - 5.1, Italy - 3.1, Japan - 5.6, Canada - 2.9% ... These numbers indicate that the United States and countries Western Europe have full control over the decision-making process in the IMF.

The highest governing body of the Fund is the Board of Governors, which includes representatives of all member countries of this organization. The operational activities of the Fund are directed by a directorate consisting of 22 people.

(1) International Narcotics Control Board
(International Narcotics Control Board - INCB). Created in 1964 with the aim
monitoring compliance by governments with control treaties
role for narcotic drugs; assessing the needs for authorized
narcotic drugs submitted by governments; control at a time
the decided movement of psychotropic drugs. He can make decisions
on the establishment of an embargo on the import of drugs into any country and
export of these funds from it.

(2) International Atomic Energy Agency- IAEA
(International Atomic Energy Agency - IAEA). Established 1956 Statutes of the Agen
tstva entered into force in 1957. It is an independent intergovernmental
Noah organization within the UN system. Its members are 124 countries
us. The functions of the Agency include:

to encourage and promote the development of nuclear energy and the practical application of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, as well as research in this area;

to provide materials, services, equipment and technical means in order to meet the needs of research work in the field of nuclear energy and its practical use for peaceful purposes;

facilitate the exchange of scientific and technical information;

encourage exchange and training of scientists and specialists.

(3) World Tourism Organization -BOT (World Tourism Organization -
WTO). Established in 1975 to promote tourism development as a vehicle
promoting economic development, strengthening peace, prosperity
niyu, increasing mutual understanding between peoples, universal respect
and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

(4) International Trade Center UNCTAD / WTO- ITC (International
Trade Center UNCTAD / WTO, ITC). GATT was created in 1964 with the aim of

promoting export development from developing countries. Since 1968, it has been jointly run by the GATT / WTO and the United Nations through the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). ITC aims to help developing countries design and implement export promotion programs - providing them with information on export markets and terms of sale • Assistance in setting up their export promotion services and in training the required personnel (see details in 5.4).

WTo / 5 ^ world Trade organisation- WTO (World Trade Organization - in IQq! * "" Was created in 1995 on the basis of an agreement signed in Marrakech on 4). It replaced the GATT, which was transformed in accordance with the results of the Uruguay Round (see detail 5.2).

Chapter 3

International economic organizations in the system of regulation of economic cooperation and branches of the world economy

3.1. UN system organizations

Table 1

Name of the organization	Membership	Year of creation
1. United Nations Development Program
(UNDP)
2. United Nations
on Industrial Development (UNIDO)
3. International Atomic Energy Agency
energy (IAEA)
4. Food and agriculture
business organization
(FAO)
5. International Fund for Agriculture
economic development (IFAD)
6. International Maritime
organization (IMO)
7. International organization
civil aviation (ICAO)
8. World Organization
on tourism (HERE)

3.1.1. United Nations Development Program- UNDP (United Nations Development Program- UNDP)

Established in 1965 with the aim of integrating the UN Expanded Program of Technical Assistance and the Special Fund into one program. It is the largest organization in the UN system, funding diversified economic and technical assistance.

UNDP objectives:

Helping developing countries in their efforts to accelerate
economic and social development by providing them with systematic
assistance related to their national development plans;

Helping developing countries achieve higher
the level of economic and social well-being of the population of these
countries.

UNDP technical assistance activities include:

Provision of consulting and expert services, organization
seminars and training of national specialists abroad;

Innovative and effective ways to reform your operations
activities in the field of socio-economic development, as well as
ways of implementing decisions of global forums on environmental
environment and development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), population and development
(Cairo, 1994), Social Development (Copenhagen, 1995), Regulations
women (Beijing, 1995), localities (Istanbul, 1996);

Strengthening its own capacity at the center and in the field through
improving the efficiency of the UN Resident Coordinator Institute
in countries, as well as strengthening cooperation with other organizations;

Focusing on the key dimensions of sustainable human
development ”(eradication of poverty, restoration of the environment,
providing employment, helping women and socially vulnerable
groups of the population in unfavorable conditions);

Training of national management personnel, implementation of poly
tics and public sector reforms in the field of economic management,
including creating an enabling environment for the private sector, especially in
countries in transition;

Emergency relief with a focus on the transition from relief to long-term development.

UNDP assistance is provided only to or through governments. UNDP is the main organization of the UN system for providing technical assistance to developing countries and countries with economies in transition. Annual UNDP resources are based on voluntary contributions and in a five-year cycle (1992-1996) were approximately US $ 1 billion annually. The main donors of the Program from the group of industrialized countries are: the United States (199.5 million dollars), Japan (98.1 million dollars), the Netherlands (97.4 million dollars), Denmark (92.8 million dollars). dollars), Sweden (79.2 million dollars), Germany (61.5 million dollars) and Norway (75.2 million dollars). Among developing countries, the largest contributors were: India ($ 5.1 million), China ($ 2.8 million), Saudi Arabia ($ 2.0 million) and Thailand ($ 1.9 million). .).

UNDP technical assistance is generally financed from the following sources:

from the central budget of the Program since 1997 (first year

program cycle): 55% of all resources are country programs

e resources that are divided between countries in accordance with the adopted

kala, taking into account indicators of per capita income of GNP, as well as special

the nature of the political and economic situation in specific countries; 11.8% -

gzhcountry (regional, interregional and global) programs

s; 1.6% - UNDP programs financed by it through specialized

other UN agencies; 0.5% - program activities along the lines of

the technical cooperation among developing countries (TCDC);

from multilateral trust funds administered by UNDP in cooperation with other international organizations: Global Environment Facility (GEF); The Multilateral Fund for the Montreal Protocol; "Potential XXI" for the implementation of agreements within the framework of the program "Agenda for the XXI century"; United Nations Development Fund for Women; UN Capital Development Fund; Foundation for the Fight against HIV / AIDS.

An important part of UNDP's overall financial policy in recent years has been the development of a strategy to mobilize third-party funding for development projects and programs. The need to develop such a strategy was caused by an acute shortage of "basic resources". As a way out of this situation, the Program management, based on the very successful experience of the UNDP Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean in the region, developed a number of activities aimed at identifying, attracting and maximizing the use of additional funds to the allocated resources to countries for program activities. ...

The main sources of additional resources for development are:

budgetary funds of the recipient state itself, directed by it to solve priority socio-economic problems for it, the maximum efficiency of which is ensured by UNDP, which has rich experience and significant international resources in the field of development, and is also capable of providing the required services on the most competitive conditions;

already allocated on a multilateral or bilateral basis "non-working" loan funds for development, the effectiveness of which either decreases or is completely reduced to zero by the lack of experience of the recipient country in working with them, and sometimes by the clumsiness of local bureaucratic structures;

ensuring the use of financing opportunities for national development programs through targeted international programs and funds administered by UNDP (Global Environment Facility, UN Development Fund for Women, UN Capital Development Fund and etc-);

search for new donor or loan funds on a bilateral or multilateral basis for the implementation of UNDP projects;

participation in this process by UNDP, which has rich experience in conducting such negotiations, significantly increases the government's chances of obtaining such funds on the most favorable terms;

public and private investments in UNDP projects that are of significant socio-economic importance and can be profitable in the future.

In addition to those listed, depending on the specifics and realities of the country, the use of other sources is not excluded, the identification of which can

become possible as cooperation with UNDP develops. An important element of UNDP's strategy to mobilize additional resources is the reliance on the concept of cost sharing for project implementation and national project execution. Both of these points allow better use of both economic and human national potential to meet development challenges.

The governing body of the Program is the Executive Board - EC (Executive Board), consisting of representatives of 36 countries, who are elected for a period of 3 years during the organizational sessions of the Economic and Social Council. IP decisions are taken by consensus. One annual and three regular sessions are held during the year to review and approve the reports of the Administrator, as well as issues such as the budget and direction of the program of activities. The Chief Executive Officer of UNDP is the Administrator, who is appointed by the UN Secretary General after appropriate consultation with EC members. His appointment for a period of 4 years is approved by the General Assembly. The Executive Council submits reports to ECOSOC and through it to the General Assembly. The Board reviews and approves projects and programs, allocates funds, and develops general guidelines and guidelines for UNDP as a whole and for regular technical cooperation programs. The Program's activities currently cover more than 150 countries, in which more than 6500 projects are being implemented.

3.1.2. United Nations Industrial Development Organization- UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization - UNIDO)

Founded in 1966; since 1986 it is a specialized agency of the UN system. UNIDO has 168 Member States. UNIDO objectives:

Carrying out a coordinating role in the field of industrial
developments in the UN system;

Promoting industrial development and global cooperation
nom, regional, national and sectoral levels;

Promoting the industrialization of developing countries, including in
natural resource development and infrastructure development;

Providing assistance to countries with economies in transition and developing
i countries in industrial restructuring and privatization;

Providing technical assistance to developing countries through real
specific projects.

The main activities of UNIDO are:

Participation in the industrialization of developing countries; priority in
industrialization of African countries;

Assistance: the introduction of modern methods in developing countries
8 production, programming and management; dissemination of technical

nical information; rational use of natural resources; training of national personnel; raising funds for specific industrial projects;

Implementation of multilateral technical assistance to developing
xia countries by providing material and financial resources in the form
supplies of industrial equipment; engineering and consulting services
and technology; organization of international bidding for placing orders at times
developing countries; preparation of feasibility studies for projects
Comrade Technical cooperation is carried out in the following areas:

based on agricultural production (food, leather, textile, woodworking);

chemical industries (biotechnology, water management, pharmaceuticals, building materials, organic chemicals);

branches of mechanical engineering (electronics, metalworking and tool manufacturing, agricultural engineering);

Promoting the development of international industrial cooperation
by transferring information about technologies, performing targeted
operational research and long-term research programs
on various aspects of industrialization. Particular importance is attached to times
work on the following issues: the development of strategies, policies and organizations
zational forms for global economic integration; Environment
and energy; small and medium industrial enterprises; innovations,
productivity and quality as a means of increasing competitiveness
nost; industrialization, investment promotion and technology implementation
iCal programs. The Industrial and Technical Bank established within UNIDO
nological information collects and organizes a technical document
project guidance, highlighting cutting edge technology, and providing
to her countries at their request;

Providing technical assistance in the construction of industrial facilities
by sending experts and consultants;

Providing advisory assistance through conferences,
meetings and meetings of representatives of industry, trade unions, consumer
beaters. Consultations are also held in the form of meetings of groups of special
sheets on specific industries, on industrial problems
development in the region, on strengthening financial cooperation
social, technical and scientific institutions of developed and developing countries;
to mobilize financial and technical resources for industrial co
cooperation, as well as on issues of tripartite industrial cooperation
education, training and promoting entrepreneurship in
developing countries.

Key UNIDO programs are aimed at mobilizing resources and meeting the specific needs of developing countries. These programs include: “Ten

the industrial development of Africa 1993-2002 ”; special industrial development programs in the Arab countries and the APR countries; the Regional Cooperation Program for Industrial Development in Latin America and the Caribbean; the industrialization program of the 47 least developed countries; a program for the integration of women into industrial development processes. UNIDO is working to promote increased foreign investment and technology transfer through specialized offices. Such investment promotion offices are located in Athens, Cologne, Milan, Paris, Seoul, Tokyo, Vienna, Warsaw, Washington and Zurich. Industrial cooperation centers set up in Beijing and Moscow are working to encourage foreign firms to participate in joint ventures.

UNIDO works in partnership with governments, organizations and the private sector. Particular attention is paid to promoting industrial cooperation at the enterprise and firm level through the use of a trust fund mechanism and an industrial investment program.

The organization of forums, in particular on investment, technical and industrial cooperation, is of great importance in the work of UNIDO; holding meetings of expert groups, workshops, seminars. UNIDO conducts research work to summarize international business practices, publishes studies that provide forecasts of industrial development in the world, overviews by region and by country, as well as on 28 industrial sectors identified in the International Standard Classification of Economic Activities. UNIDO provides information on industry, business and technology issues through the INTIBNET network, linked to the UNIDO-INTIB Industrial and Technological Information Bank; technological information exchange system, databases, and various publications. The main organs of UNIDO are: General Conference (Conference); Industrial Development Council - DDS (Council); Secretariat, Director General; UNIDO field offices. Subsidiary bodies include: the Program and Budget Committee and technical committees.

The General Conference meets in ordinary session every two years. It defines the guidelines and policies of UNIDO, approves the budget, and controls the use of financial resources. The Industrial Development Board consists of 53 UNIDO members, of which 33 are from developing countries, 15 are from developed countries

From countries with economies in transition. The Council develops the principle and

policies to achieve UNIDO objectives; makes proposals regarding

but the implementation in practice of these principles; considers and accepts

the program of activities of the Organization; discusses the coordination of de-

the industrial development activities of the UN system; monitors the efficiency of using the resources available to the Organization; submits to the UN General Assembly through ECOSOC an annual report on the activities of the UN IDO.

The operational costs of UNIDO are financed: (a) from voluntary contributions paid by the governments of the UN Member States and members of the specialized agencies; b) by participating in UNDP on the same basis as other organizations using the services of this program; c) through the use of the appropriate resources of the regular UN technical assistance program. In addition, the Special Industrial Services Program, Trust Funds, UNIDO General Trust Fund and the United Nations Industrial Development Fund serve to finance operational activities. The total amount of technical assistance provided by UNIDO to all countries of the world in 1997 amounted to about $ 100 million.

3.1.3. International Atomic Energy Agency- IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency- IAEA)

It was created in 1957. It is an autonomous intergovernmental organization within the UN system, acting on the basis of its Charter in accordance with the purposes and principles of the UN. The Agency's members are 124 states.

Objectives of the Agency:

Promoting the development of nuclear energy and practical applications
atomic energy for peaceful purposes;

Promoting the implementation of disarmament policies throughout the world;

Providing assurance that nuclear materials and equipment
nes intended for peaceful use were not used in military
purposes; »*

Implementation of the control system for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons
to ensure that safeguarded nuclear materials are not transferred
were included in the creation of nuclear explosive devices or for other military purposes;

Assistance in carrying out research work in
the field of nuclear energy and the practical use of atomic energy
for peaceful purposes;

Providing information on all aspects of nuclear science and technology
nology.

The main activities of the IAEA are:

Implementation of the technical cooperation program related to
helping Member States achieve self-reliance
areas of application of the achievements of nuclear science and technology; security
assistance in the design of programs for the use of nuclear energy in development
branches of the economy of the member states in electricity production, rural
farming, animal husbandry, water resources development. Special attention
is paid to the industrial use of atomic energy - carrying out

drinkers that do not harm the population; radiation processing; isotope tracers production; making measurements based on nuclear technology; the creation and use of research reactors; development of radioisotope and radiopharmaceutical production. Technical cooperation is financed by: the Technical Assistance and Cooperation Fund (TFCC); extrabudgetary funds; funds allocated for gratuitous assistance and through the United Nations Development Program (UNDP);

Provision of the Agency's safeguards system, carried out on the basis of control that states do not use nuclear materials and equipment for the creation and production of nuclear weapons.

The safeguards system is based primarily on the monitoring of the use of nuclear materials and facilities carried out on the spot by IAEA inspectors. Verification can only take place on the basis of an agreement with the state in which the inspection is to be carried out. Acceptance of guarantees is voluntary. Agreements on the provision of guarantees were concluded with 118 states, including 102 countries that signed the 1968 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) (since 1995, an indefinite extension). Non-nuclear-weapon states that are parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons are required to enter into safeguards agreements with the IAEA covering nuclear materials used for peaceful purposes. The IAEA has about 80 active safeguards agreements with non-nuclear states party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The Agency has also entered into several safeguards agreements with non-nuclear weapon states that are not parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Agency safeguards in 1995 included 850 nuclear installations or installations containing nuclear material... The IAEA's control extends to dozens of countries around the world, including states with a developed nuclear industry. Nuclear installations of the USA, Great Britain, France, China and Russia were voluntarily supplied under Agency guarantees. IAEA safeguards also apply to 95% of nuclear installations outside the five aforementioned states. Strengthening the nuclear non-proliferation regime is the most important condition and prerequisite for broad international cooperation in the peaceful uses of atomic energy. The activities of the Control Agency objectively contribute to the strengthening of such cooperation. The safeguards system includes: (1) reporting - the provision by states of information on the location of fissile materials under their control; on fuel and spent fuel stocks and on processing and reprocessing of nuclear materials; (2) technical means of control over container storage;

) inspections, assuming that Agency inspectors check meter readings and logbook entries to determine the consistency of fuel availability data with the logbook entries.

The IAEA is developing basic safety standards for radiation protection and issuing regulations and standards of practice for competitive operations, including the safe transport of radioactive materials; assists in carrying out research work in the field of nuclear energy by providing materials, services, equipment and technical means; exchange of scientific and technical information; exchange of scientists and specialists and their training.

The Agency provides advice and information on all aspects of nuclear science and technology through the International Nuclear Information System in Vienna, which covers information around the world on the peaceful uses of nuclear science and technology, the economic and environmental aspects of other energy sources. The Agency also has other information systems: (1) Power Reactor Information System; (2) International Information System for Agricultural Science and Technology; (3) Nuclear Data Information System; (4) Atomic and Molecular Data Information System; (5) "Red Book" containing information on resources, production of uranium and demand for it. The IAEA advises African states on the creation of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in Africa, involving the conduct of verification checks. The IAEA cooperates with other international organizations, in particular: (1) together with UNESCO leads the activities International Center theoretical physics in Trieste (Italy); (2) with the participation of UNESCO and UNEP, manages the International Laboratory for Radioactivity in the Marine Environment (Monaco); (3) jointly with FAO conducts studies in three laboratories on the possibilities of using nuclear energy in food and agriculture; (4) jointly with WHO conducts research on radiation in medicine and biology. Within the framework of the IAEA, the African Regional Agreement on Cooperation in Nuclear Research and Development (AFRA), which entered into force in 1990, is in force. It is an international organization for the promotion and development of nuclear energy in Africa.

The IAEA's policies and programs are governed by the General Conference, which has the right to consider any issues under the Charter or related to the powers and functions of any IAEA body. The operational management of the IAEA is exercised by the Board of Governors, which reviews the Agency's programs and makes recommendations on them to the General Conference, as well as approves safety assurance agreements and publishes safety standards. The Secretariat, headed by the Director General, is responsible for the implementation of programs and activities approved by the Member States. The Secretariat consists of 5 departments: (1) guarantees; (2) research and isotopes; (3) nuclear energy and safety; (4) technical cooperation; (5) administrative.

3.1-4. Food and Agriculture Organization- FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization- FAO)

Created in 1945 as a specialized institution of the system UN.As part of FAO174 member states and one international organization - the European Union.

FAO Objectives:

Promoting the development of production, processing, marketing and distribution
management of food and agricultural products, forestry and fish
skill;

Promoting rural development;

Improving the living standards of the rural population;

Improving human nutrition and eliminating hunger;

Promotion of investment in agriculture; techno transfer
development of developing countries and promoting the development of agricultural
scientific research;

Implementation of technical cooperation programs and technical assistance
assistance in resource development;

Assisting developing countries to develop investment
on projects in the field of agriculture, forestry,
other areas;

Providing policy and planning advice
agricultural education and provision of country information
us-members.

The main areas of activity FAOare:

Promoting the implementation of the sustainable development strategy aimed at
on the rational use and conservation of natural resources in particular
the abundance of forest and fish resources, soil and water resources;

Assistance in the development of new and renewable energy sources,
especially in rural areas;

Member funding FAOregular programs aimed
to provide advice to governments on policy issues
agricultural planning and planning and service delivery
meeting development needs;

Implementation of nationally funded field programs
National Trust Funds: Joint Programs FAOand related
governments; unilateral trust fund programs; special ope
walkie-talkies FAOrelief and a number of programs funded
jointly with other institutions of the system UNand non-governmental
organizations;

Implementation with UNDPtechnical cooperation programs
quality and assistance to governments and people in rural areas
10 in; acting as a mechanism for providing technical assistance for

member countries;

Development of investment projects and development programs in cooperation

in good faith with national governments and other organizations. FAO is developing support strategies for programs such as the Food Security Promotion System, the International Code for the Distribution and Use of Pesticides. Assistance to developing countries in the development of investment projects in the field of agriculture is carried out by the Investment Center;

Collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) in
The Food Code Commission established by b1962, according to the leadership
promoting and promoting the development and establishment of standards and requirements
food and, as agreed, in order to increase the volume of international
noisy trade;

Organization and holding of international conferences on actual
important issues within the purview of FAO: 1974 -
The World Food Conference; in 1979 - World Conference
studies on agrarian reform and rural development; in 1984 - All
Peace Conference on the Development and Sustainable Use of Fish
resources; in 1994 - International Conference on Nutrition (together with
WHO). In 1996, the World Summit on
food supply;

Implementation of major technical consulting programs and
assistance to the agricultural sector on behalf of governments and
nii funding development programs;

Collection, analysis and provision of information on various issues
agriculture itself, agricultural policy, world torus
agricultural and food products.

The World Agricultural Information Center in Rome maintains FAO computer databases and has a global information and early warning system. The system provides up-to-date information on the global food situation and identifies countries at risk of food insecurity as a guide for potential food aid donors. FAO's Food Security Assistance System aims to help developing countries build national food reserves.

The highest governing body of FAO is the FAO Conference, which is convened every two years. The governing body, acting on behalf of the Conference, is the Council. The Council has three main committees (Programs; Finance; Law and Law) and five Specialized Committees (Agricultural Products; Agriculture; Fisheries; Forestry; World Food Security). The Council is responsible for compiling surveys of the world agricultural situation; for coordinating the work of intergovernmental organizations on product markets and issues related to the production, consumption and distribution of food and agricultural products.

The Secretariat, headed by the Director General, has seven departments: Agriculture, Fisheries, Forestry, Development, Economic and Social Policy, General Affairs and Information, Management and Finance.

FAO has 5 regional offices: for Africa, for the Asia-Pacific region; for Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean; for the Middle East. The joint commissions of the regional offices with the UN economic commissions for Africa, Europe and Western Asia are intended to coordinate activities in the fields of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and other regional policy issues. In addition, subregional offices have been established within FAO - for South and East Africa, for the Pacific Islands, for of Eastern Europe, for the Caribbean, for North Africa. FAO has representatives in over 100 countries.

FAO's activities are financed primarily by: (1) contributions from member states; (2) members' trust funds; (3) Development Programs (PRO-ON); (4) contributions from the World Bank. FAO works with the United Nations to lead the World Food Program, which uses UN Member States' contributions in the form of food, cash and services to support economic and social development programs as well as emergency relief.

3.1.5. International Fund for Agricultural Development- IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development- IFAD)

Created on the basis of an agreement adopted at the UN conference in June 1976, which entered into force in December 1977; crediting began in 1978. 160 states participate in the Fund, which are subdivided into three lists. List A includes 22 developed donor countries; List B includes 12 developing donor countries: Algeria, Venezuela, Gabon, Indonesia, Iraq, Iran, Qatar, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, UAE, Saudi Arabia; List C includes 126 developing countries.

Fund objectives:

Funding for projects and programs aimed at increasing
food production;

Mobilizing additional funds to assist development
other member countries of the Fund in increasing food production and
increasing the level of nutrition;

Contributing to efforts to eradicate hunger and poverty; help
cabbage soup to the poorest segments of the population.

The main activities of the Fund are:

Provision of loans and credits on favorable terms for implementation
implementation of projects and programs aimed at introducing, expanding the scale
bov and improving food production systems in member countries

onda. Projects, in particular, include: the integrated development of rural farming; livestock development, storage and marketing of products; supplies

and distribution of fertilizers; land reclamation and control over water resources; fishing. The Fund's Bank provides loans of three types: (1) loans on extremely favorable terms - no interest, with a 50-year maturity, with repayment beginning in 10 years, with an annual service fee of 1%; (2) bridging loans - with an annual rate of 4%, maturity 20 years, with a grace period of 5 years; (3) ordinary loans - with an annual interest rate of 8%, maturity in 15-18 years, including a grace period of three years. IFAD loans represent only a fraction of total project costs; member governments also contribute.

Financing the development of rural areas, human settlements and
settlements. Since 1986, there has been a Special Program for countries located
in sub-Saharan Africa, which provides assistance to victims
from drought to countries in the restoration of agriculture and livestock;

Providing financial assistance to smallholders and landless rural
people in developing countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America
Ki, Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa with the aim of
involving them in the process of agricultural development;

Implementation of projects co-financed with other fi
development financial institutions: World
bank, International Development Association, regional banks times
vitia - African, Asian, Inter-American, Islamic.

The supreme body of IFAD is the Board of Governors, which manages the operations of the Fund, periodically provides information to the World Food Council on the implementation of its programs and takes into account the recommendations of the latter in its activities. The Fund's day-to-day operations are handled by the Executive Board, which approves loans and grants to finance projects. The activities of the Fund are directed by the President under the supervision of the Board of Governors and the Executive Board. The Foundation has six departments: analysis and research; economic policy and resource strategy; program management; management and personnel services; internal audit; legal services.

The activities of the Fund are financed by contributions from member countries (entrance and ongoing contributions), as well as special contributions from non-member states. The main donors are the member countries of lists A and B. No funds are attracted on the capital market. The Foundation provides assistance only to IFAD members. The number of projects in which IFAD participates at the beginning of 1997 was 461 and was extended to software from developing countries.

3.1.6. International Maritime Organization- IMO (International Maritime Organization- IMO)

It was created in 1958. It began to function in 1959, until 1982 it was called the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO). It is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It has 155 member states.

IMO goals:

Cooperation and exchange of information between governments
authorities on technical issues related to international trade
go shipping;

Promoting the adoption of safety standards and norms
at sea, marine navigation; prevention of marine pollution from ships and

dealing with such pollution; consideration of related legal issues;

Promoting the elimination of discriminatory practices and unnecessary restrictions
regulations imposed by governments that affect international
new commercial shipping.

The main areas of activity of IMO are:

Development and adoption of conventions in different areas their full
chiy: on safety issues, prevention of sea pollution; on vop
responsibility, etc. In total, more than 40 conventions were adopted; con
vences, which were approved by governments and entered into force, before
constitute codes of international practice;

Development and adoption of recommendations in conjunction with the safety committee
and the Marine Environment Protection Committee. Recommendations
relate to issues such as: freight transportation; technology; Environment
Wednesday; shipping; search and rescue at sea; radio communication; personnel training.
While these guidelines are not legally binding, they are
set up codes of good practice and provide guidance for
governments when developing national regulations;

Assisting governments to implement conventions and re
recommendations through the implementation of technical cooperation programs;

Providing a forum for the governments of member states and stakeholders
connected organizations in which they can exchange information,
conduct discussions and make efforts to solve problems related
with technical, legal and other issues related to
shipping and prevention of marine pollution from ships;

Organization of scientific and training centers: (1) World Maritime University
versity (Sweden); (2) Maritime Transport Academy (Italy); (3) Morse
Kaya Transport Academy (Malta); (4) International Marine Institute
law (Malta);

Cooperation with intergovernmental organizations: Caribbean
community and Caribbean Common Market CARI COM; Danube Commission; Advice
- Europe; Commonwealth of Nations; EU European Commission, Arab League
donations, OECD.

The supreme body of the IMO is the Assembly, which determines the

tiku the Organization, makes the program and budget, as well as decisions on

financial management. Supervises the work of the IMO between sessions

yami Assembly The Council that coordinates the work of the IMO bodies,

reviews the program and budget, comments on the reports of the committees

before their submission to the Assembly and appoints the Secretary General. IMO has 5 committees: (1) on safety at sea (since 1978); (2) on legal issues (since 1967); (3) for the protection of the marine environment (since 1973); (4) on technical cooperation (since 1972); (5) on the provision of maritime traffic (works on facilitation of formalities in the field of maritime traffic, especially in ports). The Secretariat consists of 6 divisions: (1) ship security; (2) the marine environment; (3) legal issues and international relations; (4) conferences; (5) technical cooperation; (6) management.

3.1.7. International Civil Aviation Organization- ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization- ICAO)

Created in 1944; started its activity in 1947. It is a specialized agency of the UN system. ICAO has 185 member states.

ICAO Objectives:

Ensuring the safe and orderly development of international
civil aviation around the world;

Encouraging the construction of civil aircraft and their operation;
creation of airlines, airports and air navigation equipment for inter
international civil aviation;

Meeting the needs of the world's population for safe, regular
efficient, efficient and economical air transportation;

Facilitating international air transport by reducing
formalities, including customs, immigration and sanitary
requirements on the way of free and unimpeded aircraft crossing, its
passengers, crew, baggage, cargo and mail of international borders;

Study of the problems of international civil aviation, established

Promoting the safety of flights on international airlines;

Simplification of customs, immigration and health regulations;

Preparation of draft international air conventions.
The main areas of ICAO activities are:

Development of international standards, recommendations and practice
measures to ensure the safety, regularity and efficiency of air
flights and to facilitate air travel. These standards, reco
Recommendations and practical measures determine the activities of air transport pilots
tailoring companies, flight crews, as well as design and performance
ki of the aircraft and its equipment;

Development of flight rules (visual flight rules and
instrument flights), as well as aeronautical charts used in aviation
navigation around the world;

Aeronautical telecommunication systems management (radio frequencies and
procedures);

Assisting developing countries in the development of civil
aviation by creating or improving air transport systems
port and aviation training;

Study of the problems of international civil aviation; installed
the development of international norms and rules for it;

Promoting flight safety on international airlines pu
the standardization of technical equipment and the creation of meteorological systems
logical stations; flight control; improve the efficiency of funds
communications, radio beacons and radio bands, search and rescue organizations
tion and other means;

Preparation of draft international air conventions;

Cooperation with regional civil aviation organizations
tions in Africa, Latin America and Europe.

The supreme body of ICAO is the Assembly, which determines the principles of activity, adopts the budget, controls the technical, economic and legal activities of the Organization. The executive body of ICAO is the Council, which consists of representatives from 33 countries. He implements the decisions of the Assembly; in charge of finances; adopts standards for international air navigation; collects, studies and publishes information on air navigation issues and may act, at the request of member countries, as an arbitrator for the settlement of disputes related to international civil aviation. ICAO has 7 committees: (1) on air transport; (2) on joint support of aviation navigation services; (3) finance; (4) by personnel; (5) legal; (6) to control unlawful interference in international air travel; (7) for technical cooperation. The Council, in conjunction with the Air Navigation Commission and Committees, provides the day-to-day direction of ICAO. Its functions include the adoption of international and harmonization of national norms, recommendations and procedures, which are included in the annexes to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, developed in 1944. The Secretariat, headed by the Secretary General, has 5 bureaus: (1) for air navigation; (2) by air; (3) on technical cooperation; (4) legal; (5) for administration and services. ICAO has 6 regional offices (in Bangkok, Dakar, Lima, Mexico City, Nairobi, Paris) that oversee the development of civil aviation and compliance with ICAO decisions in the regions. Regional offices advise Member States and develop recommendations.

3.1.8. World Tourism Organization- WTO (World Tourism Organization - WTO)

Created in 1975 on the basis of the Charter. WOT became the successor to the intergovernmental organization “Official Organizations for the Promotion of Tourism” founded in 1925, which in 1947 was renamed the International Union of Official Tourism Organizations (ISOTO). Is- * an autonomous organization acting on the basis of the Agreement on Co-

cooperation and relationship between the WTO and the UN, endorsed by ECOSOC in 1977. Under this agreement, the WTO is entrusted with the responsibility and functions of the central governing body in the field of tourism. WTO is the only intergovernmental organization whose activities cover all aspects of tourism worldwide. WTO members are divided into 3 categories: category I - full member states, there are 130 of them; category II - associate members, 4 of them - Aruba, Macau, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, i.e. state territories, which are autonomies and are not responsible for their foreign policy; category III - affiliate members, there are 329. This includes governmental and intergovernmental organizations involved in tourism, as well as commercial organizations and associations operating in the field of tourism: hotels, travel agencies, restaurants, financial institutions, airlines, associations of consultants, consumers, industrialists, tourism training centers, research institutes, publishing groups. Goals HERE:

Promotion of tourism that promotes economic
the growth of countries; expanding international understanding, increasing the
the state of the people, strengthening peace, respect for human rights;

Respect for the interests of developing countries in the field of tourism;

Providing technical assistance in improving the quality of tourist services.
The main areas of WTO activity are:

Providing advisory assistance to member governments in
organization of tourism: drawing up plans and projects; development of technical
economic feasibility studies; identifying investment needs; ne
technology transfer;

Promoting regional cooperation in the field
tourism by establishing 6 regional offices overseeing
work of regional representatives to ensure liaison
between WTO and its associate and affiliate members;

Assistance in the field of environmental protection: participation in world and
regional forums on tourism and ecology; solution of practical
environmental problems (clean beaches program);

Technical cooperation in the field of improving the quality of services in the field
tourism: removing barriers and liberalizing trade in tourism services;
solving issues related to the safety and health of tourists;

Providing assistance in training: developing a global professional
grams of WTO for training personnel in the field of tourism, as well as programs for
tourism education centers, including correspondence education; prepare
training and professional development of tourism workers;

Implementation of information activities: collection, analysis and races
distribution of information about tourism in more than 180 countries and territories
pits; coordination of publishing activities and tourism campaigns in the press;
publication of statistical information on tourism.

The supreme body of the WTO is the General Assembly. The Executive Board performs the functions assigned to it by the General Assembly: submits to it its proposals, analyzes the general program of work prepared by the Secretary General, before its submission to the General Assembly. The Council consists of 5 committees: (1) the technical committee for programs and coordination (TCPC); (2) the budgetary and financial committee (BFC); (3) a facilitation committee; (4) statistical committee; (5) a committee of experts on the safety and security of tourists. The Secretariat, headed by the Secretary General, leads the implementation of resolutions and decisions taken by the governing bodies. WTO is funded by contributions from Active, Associate and Affiliate Member States.

3.2. OECD system organizations

table 2

3.2.1. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development- " OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development- OECD)

It was created in 1961 after the ratification of the Convention establishing it by all member states. It is the successor in political, organizational and legal relations of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation - PEEC, created in 1948. OECD members are 29 industrialized countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Spain , Italy, Canada, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, USA, Turkey, Finland, France, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Japan.

The Russian Federation has applied to join the OECD. In 1994, R signed a Declaration of Cooperation and an agreement on privileges and immunities with the OECD.

The work of the OECD is attended by the EU Commission (according to the protocol "signed simultaneously with the Convention establishing the OECD), as well as representatives of the EFTA, ECSC and Euratom.

The main function of the OECD is to coordinate the economic policies of the participating countries in order to mitigate the contradictions that arise in the world economic system. Among the most important directions of the OECD's activities are issues of regulation of international trade, stabilization of the currency and credit system, problems of relations with developing countries. However, decisions made on these issues are purely advisory in nature and rarely entail concerted action.

The official goals of the OECD are:

Promoting sustainable economic and social development as
participating and non-participating countries in the organization;

development of effective methods for coordinating their trade and general economic policies;

Promoting the achievement of the highest level of sustainable eco
economic growth, employment and living standards in member countries while maintaining
financial stability, thus contributing to the development of the world
howling economy;

Facilitating the development of world trade in multilateral nondiscri
a ministerial basis in accordance with international obligations;

Fostering and coordinating aid action
developing states.

The main activities of the OECD are:

Assisting member countries in formulating policy objectives
Ki aimed at achieving economic and social development;

Promoting coordinated policies, promoting
ensuring economic growth, as well as internal and external fi
financial stability;

Assistance in removing barriers to exchange of goods, service
mi, as well as current payments; further liberalization of capital flows;

Promoting the efficient use of economic resources;

Encouraging research and training in
the field of science and technology;

Promoting the development of developing countries by providing those
free assistance;

Exercising relationships with all levels state power
member countries;

Organization of the implementation of the work program and monitoring of activities
by its various directorates on behalf of the OECD:
miki; statistics, environment; development cooperation;
trade; finance; taxes and entrepreneurship; science, technology and
industry; informatics and communications; budget and financial
questions; administration and staff;

Liaising with other international organizations to
ensuring effective cooperation; cooperation with regional
mi economic organizations;

Providing the OECD with the information it needs to fulfill its
tasks, and the mutual exchange of such information between its members;

Conducting on an ongoing basis conferences, meetings, con
consultations, research; publication of information materials: monographs,
periodicals, technical and statistical bulletins, special letters
tours and conference materials.

The OECD has issued a Code of Conduct on TNC Operations, which aims to ensure that TNCs support the economic and political goals of member countries. In addition, the OECD has published several guidelines on how transnational corporations publish financial statements and intelligence. The OECD has an important function: it serves as a forum for different countries can discuss political, economic and social aspects of mutual interest and come to an agreement on issues requiring joint action.

The governing body of the OECD is the Council, which consists of one representative from each member country. The Council meets either as part of permanent representatives (about once a week), or as part of the ministers of the participating countries. Decisions and recommendations are made only with the mutual consent of all members of the Council and are usually advisory in nature. In some cases, binding regulations are adopted, which, however, do not apply to Member States that have abstained from voting and to those whose national constitutions do not allow the adoption of relevant regulations.

The Council has an Executive Committee of 14 people. Administrative and operational work is carried out by the Secretariat headed by the Secretary General, appointed by the Council for 5 years. The Secretariat is responsible for the processing and preparation of discussion papers, statistical and research papers; issues reports and notes on various economic and social issues.

In addition, the OECD has over 20 specialized committees: on economic policy, economics and development; promoting development; trade; capital flows and invisible transactions; financial markets; tax policy; competition law and policy; consumer policy; tourism; marine sports; international investment and multinational enterprises; on energy policy; industry; become; on scientific ghnological policy; information policy; computer-gerisation and communications; for education; on labor force and social policy; on issues of public administration; environmental protection; in agriculture; for fishing; by goods, etc.

the committees carry out the main practical work of the Organization: determine the general economic policy of the participating countries;

monitor their economic and financial situation;

prepare annual economic reviews for all OECD countries;

advise the governments of member countries on the provision of loans, subsidies and other financial resources to developing countries, and provide them with technical assistance.

A special group is represented by committees on various problems of foreign trade or exchange of services. Their official goal is to help expand international trade by reducing or eliminating obstacles to its development. To this end, the positions of the participating countries in the field of trade policy are being coordinated and appropriate recommendations are being developed, measures are being considered to reduce tariff and non-tariff restrictions, the procedures for granting import licenses are revised, and measures are being developed to unify and standardize various administrative and technical rules and regulations within the OECD. trade area.

An important role is played by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), which is a specialized committee whose functions include reviewing issues and policies to assist Member States; ensuring the necessary level of resources that can be provided to developing countries; providing support to countries to ensure their sustainable development, building capacity to participate in the world economy. In 1993, DAC revised the list of developing countries receiving official development assistance; it included the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. In 1995, the document "Partnership for Development in a Changed World" was adopted, which contains the main directions for supporting the efforts of member states to ensure sustainable economic and social development.