International (peacemaking) activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are a hypermarket of knowledge. Abstract on the topic International peacekeeping activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation The status of a serviceman of the contingent of the peacekeeping forces of the Russian Federation
The protection of the national interests of the state suggests that the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation must ensure reliable protection of the country. At the same time, they should take part in peacekeeping activities both independently and in the composition international forces. The interests of ensuring the national security of Russia involve the need for the military presence of Russia in some strategically important regions of the world. The long-term goals of ensuring the national security of the country also determine the need for widespread participation of Russia in peacekeeping operations. Such operations aims to prevent or eliminate crisis situations at the stage of their origin. Currently, armed forces by the country's management are considered as a deterrence factor, as an extreme remedy, used in cases where the use of civilians has not led to the elimination of a military threat to the interests of the country. The implementation of international obligations of Russia for participation in peacekeeping promotions is considered as a new task of the Armed Forces for Peacekeeping.
The main document determining the principles of application and the procedure for use peacekeeping forces Russia is the Law of the Russian Federation "On the procedure for granting the Russian Federation of military and civilian personnel to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security." For the practical implementation of this law in May 1996, Decree No. 637 was signed by the President of the Russian Federation "On the formation of a special military contingent of the Armed Forces Russian Federation To participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security. " In accordance with this decree in the Armed Forces of Russia, a special military contingent was formed by a total number of 22 thousand people consisting of 17 motorized rifle and 4 parachute-land battalions. The military of the peacekeeping units of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation carried out the tasks of maintaining peace and security in a number of regions: Yugoslavia, Tajikistan, Transnistria, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Georgia.
The recruitment of the management and units of the Special Military contingent is carried out on a voluntary basis according to the preliminary (competitive) selection of servicemen passing military service by contract. During the period of service, as part of a peacekeeping contingent, servicemen enjoy the status, privileges and immunity, which are provided by the UN staff during operations in peacekeeping in accordance with the Convention adopted by the UN General Assembly on February 13, 1996, the UN Security Convention on December 9, 1994 ., Protocol on the status of groups of military observers and collective forces to maintain peace in the CIS of May 15, 1992. When carrying out tasks in the CIS countries, the personnel of peacekeeping units is provided by all types of contentment on the norms established in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The preparation and training of military personnel of the peacekeeping contingent are carried out in the compounds of the Leningrad and Volga-Ural military districts, as well as on the senior officer courses "Shot".
Military Thought number 6 (11-12) / 1998, p. 11-18
Peacekeeping activities of the Armed Forces of Russia
Colonel-GeneralV.M. Barynkin ,
dr. Military Sciences
Under the influence of the fundamental change in recent years in the international arena, a qualitatively new geopolitical situation has developed, characterized by a significant decrease in the threat of unleashing large-scale wars. At the same time, it is impossible not to notice increased tensions in certain regions of the world. The probability of developing crisis situations into open armed conflicts on the African continent, the Middle East, in Southeast Asia, was higher than Eastern Europe, Including in the CIS. It is enough to evite enough events in Georgia, Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan and in the Russian Federation (Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechnya).
Having experienced a period of complex socio-economic transformation, Russia has blood interested in the preservation of international, regional and internal stability. Armed conflicts both within the country and near its borders cause tangible damage to national-state interests, and therefore Russia's participation in all forms of peacekeeping activity is quite natural.
Peacekeeping activities for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - it is largely new, despite the fact that practical participation in the UN peacekeeping operations (OPM) began in October 1973, when the first group of Russian military observers was sent to the Middle East. And currently in operations to maintain peace conducted under the auspices of the UN, six groups of Russian military observers include a total number of 54 people: four in the Middle East (one person in Syria, Egypt, Israel and Lebanon), 11 in the Irako Kuwaiti border , 24 in Western Sahara, nine in the former Yugoslavia and three in Georgia and Angola.
It should be noted that the role of military observers in OPM is very limited and is mainly monitoring the implementation of the fulfillment of aggravation agreements or the cease-fire between the warring parties, as well as to prevent (without the right to use force) of their possible violations.
A completely different scale and forms of participation require peacekeeping efforts when it is necessary to extinguish the fire of a broken armed conflict between states or inside it and to force the warring parties to the termination of hostilities and peace recovery. These extraordinary tasks account for today to solve the Armed Forces of Russia in a number of regions of Europe and the CIS. Thus, in April 1992, for the first time in the history of peacekeeping activities of Russia, a Russian battalion of 900 people was sent to the former Yugoslavia (in January 1994, it was brought to 1,200 people). Decocated in Croatia, he performed tasks for the separation of conflicting parties (Serbs and Croats). In February 1994, a part of the Russian contingent of UN forces was redesigned to Bosnia and Herzegovina to ensure the separation of the warring parties (Bosnian Serbs and Muslims) and monitor compliance with the cease-fire agreement. The Russian military contingent (a separate airborne brigade of a two-block composition with combat and rear collateral units), who had 1600 people, participated in the operation of the "joint effort", conducted by the multinational forces from December 1995 and had the goal of implementing a common framework agreement on the world in This region. During the operation, a military unit of questions defined by the Dayton agreements was practically fulfilled, while some political issues remained unresolved (the problem of returning refugees to the place of previous residence, the lack of freedom of movement of citizens is not defined by the status of Barchko). The main outcome was that thanks to the presence of peacekeeping forces after almost a four-year-old civil war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the world was restored.
To date, the military contingents of the peacekeeping forces (MS) of Russia participate in OPM and in the CIS:in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova (two battalions of about 500 people), in South Ossetia (one battalion - over 500 people), in Tajikistan (motorized rifle division - about 7,000 people), in Abkhazia (three battalions - over 1600 people). Russian peacekeepers represent military personnel of two compounds and individual parts of the land and airborne troops. Since 1992, more than 70 thousand Russian servicemen became participants of the OPM (including rotation every six months).
Currently, Russia, together with OSCE representatives, is actively involved in the settlement of the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict. Much has already been done, more than four years have been maintained by the cease-fire agreement. But before a complete settlement, it is necessary to attach a lot of effort. And we are ready to establish peace in this region to introduce a military contingent of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, if the will of the Government of Armenia and Azerbaijan will be.
The initiative in solving large peacekeeping tasks is usually assumed by a group of states under the auspices of the UN or an international organization with appropriate authority, significant material and financial resources. Russia never objected to such interested participation in resolving conflicts in the CIS. However, as practice is evidenced, European states and the OSCE are not in a hurry with large-scale participation in resolving conflicts in the territory of the Commonwealth States, limiting themselves in the main functions of observation and assistance in establishing contacts between the conflicting parties. Wait when they reconsider their attitude to this problem, Russia cannot and therefore is forced to act independently, based primarily from the interests of national security and the international obligations assumed.
The peacekeeping efforts of Russia in the CIS are natural and justified. Of course, the crisis processes in our country make it difficult to fulfill the role of an authoritative arbitrator capable of conviction, and if necessary, the economic power or military power Forced the parties to resolve the conflict that has arisen by peaceful means, to ensure peace of mind and restoring stability in the region. Nevertheless, Russia is actually the only state in the territory of the former USSR, which not only shows political interest, but also has sufficient military and logistical resources for operations to maintain and restore peace. Russia's non-participation in peacekeeping activities would have deprived its ability to influence the development of events in the international arena, and in a wider plan would have affected the authority of our country in the world community.
Already the first experience of the peacekeeping activities of Russia and its armed forces in individual CIS countries and in other regions gave tangible positive results. In a number of cases, it was possible to achieve the cessation of armed clashes between opposing parties, to prevent the death of civilians and the destruction of the economy, to localize (isolate) the conflict zone and stabilize the situation. Russian duty is to do everything possible to, first of all, the former members of the same family have ceased to host each other andrestored good-neighborly relations. From how soon wounds are heard in the CIS countries, the future of our country and its international authority depends to a large extent.
The basis for the participation of the Russian Federation - the permanent member of the UN Security Council - in peacekeeping operations are the norms of international law: the UN Charter, the Decision of the Security Council and its Military Staff Committee, General Assembly Resolutions, OSCE, as well as the Charter of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the CIS Heads Agreement About groups of military observers and collective peacekeeping forces. A number of regulatory provisions in this area contain the main provisions of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation, where it is indicated that our state promotes the efforts of the world community, various organs collective security To prevent wars and armed conflicts, maintaining or restoring peace and considers it possible to apply armed forces and other troops to conduct operations to maintain or restore peace in accordance with the decision of the UN Security Council or international obligations.
To date, the Commonwealth adopted a number of documents defining in aggregate general mechanism and essential concretaceous details of peacekeeping operactions. They can be divided into three main groups.
TO firstthe provisions of the CIS Charter adopted in January 1993, which establishes fundamental approaches to resolving disputes and prevent conflicts between the participants of the Commonwealth.
Second groupdocuments are devoted to specific issues of formation and activities of collective peacekeeping forces in the CIS. On March 20, 1992, an agreement was signed at the meeting of senior executives of the CIS member states on groups of military observers and collective peacekeeping forces in the CIS, and on May 15 of the same year in Tashkent - three minutes: about the status of groups of military observers and collective forces to maintain peace in the CIS; On the temporary order of formation and involvement of groups of military observers and collective forces in the conflict zones between the CIS countries, as well as the Protocol on the acquisition, structure, logistical and financial support of these groups and forces. On September 24, 1993, an agreement was signed on collective peacekeeping forces, supplemented by documents on the status of the combined command of them and the financing scheme. Despite the fact that these documents are not included in the list of official international legal acts on peacekeeping operations in the CIS, it was based on them on the same day a decision was made to form collective peacekeeping forces in the Republic of Tajikistan. On January 19, 1996, the concept of preventing and resolving conflicts in the CIS and the Regulations on the Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the CIS was adopted at the SIS meeting.
Third groupsets the decision-making mechanism for specific operations to maintain peace on the territory of the Commonwealth, and also includes documents allowing to regularly extend the mandates of peacekeeping operations (for example, in Abkhazia, Tajikistan).
Domestic legal acts governing the participation of military contingents of the Armed Forces in the activities to maintain or restore international peace and security are: Federal Law "On the Procedure for the Provision of the Russian Federation of Military and Civil Personnel to participate in the activities to maintain or restore international peace and security" (1995 G.), Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the formation of a special military contingent inthe composition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to participate inactivities for maintaining or restoring international peace and security "(1996), Regulations on the Special Military Contingent inthe composition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security (1996) - in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation in the Ministry of Defense in June 1996 approved the list of compounds and military units Armed forces designed to participate inactivities to maintain or restore international peace and security. On December 7, 1996, the Minister of Defense signed an order "On measures to fulfill the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 19, 1996 No. 1251" On approval of the Regulation on the Special Military Contingent as part of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security " By this order, the participation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in operations to maintain or restore international peace and security is recognized as one of the important areas of their activities. At the same time, the functions and principles of using the Special Military Contingent of the Russian Federation comply with legal regulations for the use of collective peacemaking forces of the CIS.
The decision to send military contingents of Russia for its limits to participate in peacekeeping activities is made by the President of the Russian Federation on the basis of the relevant decision of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
Russia's peacekeeping forces can be involved in the permission of armed conflict on the basis of interstate agreements: as the third neutral side of the mediator (Transnistrian Region of the Republic of Moldova, South Ossetia, Georgia); as part of the collective peacekeeping forces of the CIS (Republic of Tajikistan); As part of the collective peacekeeping forces (Abkhazia); Under the auspices of the UN, OSCE, others regional organizations (former Yugoslavia).
The general management of the OPM, held in the CIS with the participation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, is carried out Council of Heads of State Parties to the CIS in combination with control by the internationally recognized, multinational political organization (UN or OSCE), and OPM conducted on the basis of bilateral agreements, specially created by the combined (mixed) control commissions. In writing, a clear mandate must be developed, denoting the goals of the operation, its expected duration responsible for its fulfillment and their powers. For example, such a mandate has a collective forces to maintain peace in Abkhazia and collective peacekeeping forces in Tajikistan.
However, the situation in local conflicts is often so dangerous that Russia has to act in essence without a carefully developed political mandate and the system of political control over the activities of peacekeeping forces. Nevertheless, in such cases, a positive effect is possible, as evidenced by the cessation of armed confrontation in South Ossetia and Transnistria, when the ceased ceasefire has created prerequisites for the political settlement of the conflict.
A prerequisite for the implementation of the OPM is the consent of the parties. Russia comes from the fact that MS can be deployed and acting only after preliminary signing by the international body and conflicting parties to the relevant agreement or receipt from the last clear guarantees, which they agree with the introduction of peacekeeping forces into the conflict zone and do not intend to oppose them. In other words, the deployment of these forces should take place, as a rule, after stabilizing the situation and in the presence of political will to resolve the conflict with political methods. This is all the more important that MS often do not have all the means to enforce their mandate and are obliged to cooperate for these purposes with opposing parties.
The deployment of peacekeeping activities in the CIS countries also begins after a political decision (issuance of the mandate on the OPM) of the Council of Heads of the CIS member states. The Council of Heads of State Commonwealth is informed by the UN Security Council and the OSCE Chairman.
The immediate motive for the involvement of Russia in the OPM in the CIS countries is to appeal to other states with a request to assist in resolving conflicts.
There are some features when deploying peacekeeping, when armed conflict proceeds within the state. As experience shows, in this case it is necessary to seek the consent to carry out the ODM of all the forces involved in the conflict, even if some of them do not represent state power. An example of this may be an agreement on the principles of peaceful settlement in Transnistria, signed by the Presidents of Russia, and Moldova on July 21, 1992. In accordance with it, mixed peacekeeping forces were created, which includes the military contingent of Transnistria, Moldova and Russia. Such an agreement was signed and in resolving the conflict in South Ossetia.
In contrast to the practice of the use of UN peacekeeping forces, MS of Russia, as well as observers in some cases, were introduced to the line of contact of the parties when the cessation of fire was not yet reached. They became like a buffer between opposing parties and formed a demilitarized zone. In this zone, the contingent of MS is currently located, while each unit has its own control area. Units from the opposing parties are stationed together with Russian, and component patrols, posts and obstacles, as a rule, have a mixed composition.
In accordance with the current international practice direct control of OPM,activated under the auspices of the UN, international peacekeeping forces are officially under the command of the UN Secretary-General, which speaks on behalf of the Security Council. Russia as a permanent member of the UN Security Council is actively involved in the implementation of its control functions by this body. With the consent of the Security Council, the UN Secretary General appoints his special representative to directly managing the operation, as well as the commander responsible for the military part of the share.
Management and control when conducting an OPM in countries- participants of the CIS somewhat different from the generally accepted international practice.
With the adoption of a political decision on a particular peacekeeping operation and the conclusion of the relevant interstate contract (agreement), i.e. obtaining a mandate for its conduct is created Mixed (United) Control Commission (CCM or OKK)on a multilateral basis. It organizes the introduction of the MS to the conflict area, and in addition, it is empowered by the necessary powers of its governments to solve political, economic, military and other issues in the areas of fulfillment of peacekeeping problems, determines the structure of the combined military command and the combined headquarters of peacekeeping forces. They include representatives of the Russian MS and military formations of conflicting parties. To ensure the security regime within the security zone, the commandants of the peacekeeping forces are created. Direct management of each specific operation is assigned to the commander appointed by the Council of the heads of the Commonwealth. With the control commission, the United Staff interacts military observers, appointed by the Parties, as well as observers from the UN, OSCE and other regional international organizations. The management of MS units is carried out by solving the combined headquarters and is not much different from the usual army scheme.
Concerning composition of peacekeeping forces,then the interests of Russia correspond to the option when on the basis of intergovernmental agreements they include military contingents from different states.The current practice of non-participation in the OPM contingents from particularly interested countries or countries, border with the state (states), in the territory of which (or between which military conflict broke out, no longer considered the norm in new realities. At the same time, agreement on the composition of the forces has its own specifics compared with the practice of the UN. For example, agreement on the principles of resolving the conflict in South Ossetia, signed on June 24, 1992 by the Russian Federation and the Republic of Georgia, a mixed control commission was formed as part of representatives of North and South Ossetia, Georgia and Russia. With it, with the consent of the parties, mixed peacekeeping forces were created, as well as mixed observer groups placed around the perimeter of the security zone. The development of the mechanism for the application of these forces was assigned to a mixed control commission. As a result of those undertaken in South Ossetia, measures managed to dilute the warring parties, stabilize the situation, and then proceed to finding ways to its political settlement.
Several words must be said about the conflict in Tajikistan, since the first attempt was made here to implement an agreement on collective peacekeeping forces signed in the CIS. Accepted after a thorough study of the trends in the development of the internal political situation in a number of republics of the former USSR, it reflects the desire of Russia and its neighbors in parallel with practical measures to eliminate conflicts to form sustainable mechanisms of peacekeeping activities within the Commonwealth to participate in possible OPM. We do not exclude the possibility of involving peacekeeping operations in the CIS of the peacekeeping forces of other countries under the Flag of the UN or OSCE, if necessary. Tajikistan became the first example of such participation, where a group of UN Observers began to work in January 1993.
International norms regulate and use of force in the OPM.Russia believes that continuing international peacekeeping forces will usually have only small arms and lightweight combat technique And to resort to the use of force only in self-defense (which is interpreted as opposition to armed attempts to prevent the implementation of the mandate of international forces).
An important principle of using international peacekeeping forces in OPM is impartiality,those. Refusal to actions that may damage the rights, the situation or interests of the Parties participating in the conflict.
International law requires maximum openness and publicitywhen carrying out peacekeeping operation (restrictions in this regard are possible only for security purposes). Single (military and political) operations and continued coordination of political and military operations should be provided.
The implementation of these principles and requirements of the international community considers a very important condition for the success of peacekeeping operations and recognition of the legality of certain shares that are conducted by groups of countries with the UN mandate, OSCE or other organizations.
The role of our country as an authoritative peacekeeping force is increasingly recognized in the world. In special decisions on Abkhazia and Tajikistan, the UN Security Council welcomed Russia's actions to resolve conflicts in these regions. In the circles of the UN, it is noted that the peacemaking of Russia enriches the international practice of peacekeeping operations.
Russia is actively involved in practical developments and consultations on peacekeeping activitieswith various international organizations (UN, OSCE, NATO and others), as well as stakeholders. Thus, in 1994, in the territory of the Totsk landfill and in 1995, the territory of Fort Riley (Kansas, USA) held joint Russian-American command-staff teachings of peacekeeping forces. They were preceded by the painstaking work of the leadership of the Ministry of Defense of Russia and the United States, experts, commanders of the divisions allocated in peacekeeping forces. A special "Russian-American manual on the tactics of the actions of peacekeeping forces during exercises" was developed and published in English and Russian. During the seminars and meetings, the parties came to a deeper understanding of the essence of peacekeeping operations, including such concepts such as maintaining and restoring peace, logistical support of operations, reviewed the issues of joint decision-making and training of personnel, developed uniform conventional signs to designate troops during holding joint exercises.
The divisions of the Russian Armed Forces of the Russian Federation took part in the multinational peacekeeping teachings of the "Bowl of Mira-96" in Ukraine, "Centracebat-97" in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. The participation of the divisions of the Russian Federation in the peacekeeping teachings "Centracebat-98" on the territory of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, within the framework of the Partnership for Peace, in Albania and in Macedonia are planned. According to the author, the practice of holding such exercises is quite justifies. It contributes to the mutual enrichment of the experience of peacekeeping activities and makes an undoubted contribution to the development international cooperation To resolve conflicts in hot spots, and also lays the foundation for planning and studying joint exercises on peacekeeping topics with NATO countries and the CIS.
Continues to evolve regulatory and legal framework of peacemaking.In June 1998, the federal law "On the procedure for providing the Russian Federation of military and civilian personnel to participate in peacekeeping activities to maintain international peace and security", which determines the status and functions of peacekeeping forces, the order of their acquisition, as well as financing peacekeeping operations. In connection with the adoption of this law, the priority task in modern conditions It is the development of an effective mechanism for its implementation capable of ensuring concerted efforts in the peacekeeping area of \u200b\u200ball interested ministries and departments.
I would like to pay special attention to fINANCING OF PREPARATION AND EQUIPMENT military formations, intended to participate in activities to maintain or restore international world. The allocation of funds for the maintenance of military personnel during the participation in peacekeeping activities in accordance with the Federal Law should be carried out by a separate line of the federal budget. However, the Ministry of Defense also carries these expenses. At best, a separate financing of peacekeeping activities can begin only from January 1999.
So, the main positions and views of Russia on the issue of participation in international peacekeeping effortsthey are as follows:
firstly,Russia, being a permanent member of the UN Security Council, seeks to take the most active and accurate participation in peacekeeping activities;
secondly,Russia gives priority to participate in peacekeeping activities in the framework of organizations such as the UN and the OSCE;
third,military peacekeeping operation should be carried out only in addition to political efforts to resolve, have clearly defined goals and political frameworks;
fourthlyRussia is ready on the basis of the UN mandate to consider the models and forms of participation of the Russian military in operations to maintain and restore peace carried out within the framework of other regional security structures.
In conclusion, we emphasize: the peacemaking of Russia meets its vital interests. Armed conflicts create a tense situation in close proximity to the borders of Russia, violate human rights, generate refugees flows, tear up the established transport communications and economic ties, lead to significant material losses, can destabilize the political and economic situation in the country. Conducting a line to ensure peace and security, fulfilling obligations under CIS countries, Russia does not oppose its peacekeeping efforts to anyone, does not require a special situation and exceptional role, and stands for the widest participation in this UN activities, OSCE, others international Institutions. The peoples of all states of the Earth are interested in this. And our task is to facilitate the implementation of their aspirations and hopes.
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Description of the presentation on individual slides:
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International (Peacemaking) Activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Presentation of the teacher-organizer of the Obzh Moi Lyceum No. 9 Volgograd Aleshina Yu.G.
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The peacekeeping tasks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation among the main tasks of the Russian Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is: participation in maintaining (restoration) of international peace and security, taking measures to prevent (eliminate) the threat of peace, the suppression of acts of aggression (violation of the world) on the basis of decisions of the UN Security Council or other authorities, authorized to make decisions in accordance with international legal struggle against terrorism; Fighting piracy and ensuring shipping security.
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Ways to implement the peacekeeping activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation independently; In cooperation with international organizations. To fulfill international peacekeeping operations on the UN mandate or the mandate of the CIS RF, provides military contingents in the manner prescribed by federal legislation and international treaties of the Russian Federation
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The international activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation today are inextricably linked with military reform in our country and the reform of the Armed Forces. The starting point for the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated July 16, 1997 "On the priorities for reforming the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the improvement of their structure". On July 31, 1997, the President approved the concept of the construction of the Armed Forces for the period up to 2000. The main goal of military reform is to ensure the national interests of Russia, which in the defense sphere are to ensure the safety of personality, society and the state from military aggression from other states.
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So far, the non-use of the force has not become the norm of international relations, the national interests of the Russian Federation are demanding sufficient military power for her defense. In this regard, the most important task of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is to ensure nuclear deterrence in the interests of preventing both nuclear and ordinary large-scale or regional war. The protection of the national interests of the state suggests that the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation must ensure reliable protection of the country. The interests of ensuring the national security of Russia are predetermined by the need for military presence of Russia in some strategically important regions of the world.
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The main document that determined the creation of the peacekeeping forces of Russia, the principles of their application and the procedure for using, is the Law of the Russian Federation "On the procedure for the provision of the Russian Federation of military and civilian personnel to participate in the activities to maintain or restore international peace and security" (adopted State Duma May 26, 1995). To implement this law in May 1996, Decree No. 637 was signed "On the formation of a special military contingent of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation for participation in the activities to maintain or restore international peace and security".
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In accordance with this Decree in the Armed Forces of Russia, a special military contingent was formed by a total number of 22 thousand people, consisting of 17 motorized rifle and 4 parachute battalions. In just May 1997, more than 10 thousand military personnel from the peacekeeping units of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation carried out the tasks of maintaining peace and security in a number of regions - in the former Yugoslavia, Tajikistan, the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Georgia.
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Regions of peacekeeping missions of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Military contingent 500 people in the conflict zone in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova (introduced on June 23, 1992); Military contingent 500 people in the conflict zone in South Ossetia (Georgia) (introduced on July 9, 1992) in the conflict zone in Abkhazia, a military contingent of 1600 people (introduced on June 23, 1994); As part of collective peacekeeping forces in the Republic of Tajikistan, from October 1993, the 201st Motion Treasury Division of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in accordance with the agreement between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan. The total number of this contingent was more than 6 thousand people.
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From June 11, 1999 russian peacekeepers 3,600 people were located on the territory of the Autonomous Region of Kosovo (Yugoslavia); Currently, the peacekeeping contingent performs the tasks of combating international terrorism and conducting humanitarian operations in Syria. The tasks of the international mission on the UN mandate in African countries (Angola, Somalia, Sier-Leone, etc.) were repeatedly performed.
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The recruitment of management bodies, military units and units of a special military contingent are carried out on a voluntary basis according to the preliminary (competitive) selection of servicemen undergoing military service under the contract. Preparation and equipment of peacekeeping forces are made at the expense of the federal budget allocated for defense.
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During the period of service, as part of a special military contingent, military personnel enjoy the status, privileges and immunity, which are provided by the UN staff during operations in peacekeeping in accordance with the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations adopted by the UN General Assembly on February 13, 1996, the Convention on UN Security dated December 9, 1994, Protocol on the status of groups of military observers and collective peacekeeping forces in the CIS of May 15, 1992
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The personnel of a special military contingent is equipped with an easy small arms. When performing tasks in the territory of the CIS countries, the personnel is provided by all types of contentment on the norms established in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Preparation and training of military personnel of the peacekeeping contingent are carried out at the bases of a number of compounds of the Central and Western Military District, as well as on the senior officers "Shot" in the city of Solnechnogorsk (Moscow region). The CIS's participating States concluded an agreement on the preparation and training of military and civilian personnel to participate in collective peacekeeping operations, the procedure for preparing and learning was determined and programs for the preparation of all categories of military and civilian personnel, allocated to the collective peacekeeping forces.
These are collective actions of international organizations (UN, OSCE, etc.) of political, economic, military and other character, carried out after the occurrence of conflict in accordance with the norms and principles of international law, aimed at resolving international disputes, preventing and termination of armed conflicts mainly in peaceful ways. In order to eliminate the threat to international peace and security. There may be intermediary activities, actions to reconcile conflicting parties, negotiations, diplomatic isolation and sanctions.
Peacekeeping operations in general are actions aimed at increasing the warring parties to the agreement.
As possible purposes of peacekeeping activities of the armed forces, at the same time:
Forcing one or more opposing parties to the termination of violent actions, the conclusion of a peace agreement among themselves or with the existing government.
shield of the territory and (or) of the population from aggression.
Isolation of territory or group of people and restriction of their contacts with the outside world.
Observation (monitoring, monitoring) for the development of the situation, collecting, processing and bringing information.
Ensuring or assisting in ensuring the basic needs of the Parties involved in the conflict.
Forcing in this context does not provide for the mandatory consent of all or any of the parties to the commissioning of a peacekeeping contingent.
The main tasks, the implementation of which in the framework of peacekeeping operations can be entrusted to the contingents of the Armed Forces are:
observation and control over compliance with the conditions of the truce and the cessation of fire;
preventive input of troops to the area of \u200b\u200bpotential conflict;
breeding of the forces of the opposing parties and control over compliance with the conditions of the truce;
maintaining and restoring order and stability;
ensuring humanitarian assistance;
ensuring the right of passage, the introduction of restrictions on movement;
establishing forbidden zones and control over them;
introduction and monitoring compliance with the sanctions regime;
forced disconnection of warring parties.
As for the compulsory disconnection of warring parties, the solution of this task actually displays peacekeeping activities to the level of "combat" operations and is a reflection of the reflection of the traditional approach to the use of the peacekeeping contingents of exceptionally light weapons and only for self-defense purposes. Similar operations for coercion to the world are expanding the possibility of resolving conflict situations, but they carry the danger of losing the peacekeeping forces of the status of an impartial arbitrator.
The history of the participation of Russia's military personnel in peacekeeping operations can be calculated since 1973, when a group of officers was included as observers to the UN Emergency Forces on Sinai. In 1992, the United Nations forces (in the Former Yugoslavia), Russian servicemen first took part in the UN peacekeeping operation for the first time as part of individual national military formations. Thus, the first Russian battalion participates in the division of Serbian and Croatian forces in Croatia. Subsequently, on the basis of the part of the forces of this battalion, a second Russian battalion in Bosnia and Herzegovina was deployed on the basis of the forces of this battalion. Currently, two Russian divisions are conducting targeted preparations for the implementation of peacekeeping missions (including on UN plans).
But in a much larger scale, Russia was involved in the implementation of peacekeeping operations in the territory of the former USSR (in South Ossetia (since 1992), Moldova (1992), Tajikistan (1993) and Abkhazia (1994)).
Several major stages can be distinguished in the development of the approaches of the international community to the implementation of peacekeeping functions.
During the first stage (from 1948 to 1956), two operations were organized, which continue to the present. Thus, within the framework of these operations, the UN Mission was formed to observe the fulfillment of the condition of the truce, created to monitor the cease-fire agreement between Israel and its Arab neighbors in 19 48, and the UN military observer group in India and Pakistan, created in 1949 to observe the line of distinction between the two countries in Kashmir.
The second stage of international peacekeeping (from 1956 to 1967) passed against the background of increasing tension in the relations of two main military-political blocks - ATS and NATO. What led to the gradual folding of peacekeeping under the auspices of the UN. During this period, not a single new peacekeeping operation was organized and only three of the previously established continued to operate.
Tretib Stage (from 1967 to 1973 between the 2nd and 3rd Arab-Israeli wars) was characterized by the most fierce rivalry of the military-political groups of the West and the East.
At the fourth stage (chronologically connected with the end of the "October" war of 1973 in the Middle East and at the end of the 1980s), peacekeeping activities began to be considered as a means capable of providing control (monitoring) for the development of the situation in the event of a crisis development of conflict situations .
Suppression of aggression.
Aggression (lat. - attack) Military violation of the sovereignty of the state, its independence and integrity of borders. Aggression may also be an economic, psychological, ideological, etc. In modern international Law There is a principle of legal liability for aggression, including compulsory measures aimed at stopping aggression and restoration of the world. Provided political and material responsibility for aggression.
Suppression of aggression - decides. Application by the state of the military. Forces in conjunction with neelen. Means of impact on the aggressor to terminate the army. attacks. It is carried out by applying response strikes according to the troops (forces) with simultaneous. using ehkon., Polit., Dipl. and others. Measures to counter early stage military. Conflict to prevent its escalation and contribute to the subsequent settlement on acceptable for the country who has attacked, conditions.
Excusted Iraq's invasion to Kuwait.
The active attempts of the global community, heading for the settlement of the crisis caused by the occupation by Iraq Kuwait, ended to no avail. On January 17, 1991, in accordance with the decision of the UN Security Council, the multinational forces of the Anti-Israis Coalition began military actions under the code name "Storm in the Desert".
The political goals of this operation were to liberate Kuwait and the return of the authorities to the legal government, restoring stability in the Persian Gulf region; Approval of the principles of "new world order", as well as in changing the composition of the leadership of Iraq and its political course. Military goals of the operation took place in the destruction of the Military potential of Iraq, threatening with his military Power Israel and some countries of the Middle East; In deprivation of Iraq, it is possible to produce nuclear, chemical and biological weapons.
The operation began on the night of January 16-17, 1991. The Allied Air Forces successfully bombarded Iraq's military facilities, which, in turn, tried to initiate an all-paraban war by applying provocative missile strikes on Israel, who was not officially participating in conflict. Saddam Hussein tried to start a kind of "ecological war", launching oil directly to the Persian bay and setting on oil towers. Offensive ground Forces Allies began on February 24, 1991, for 4 days the territory of Kuwait was released. February 28, military actions ended, as Iraq agreed with UN resolution on the liberation of Kuwait.
For 43 days of hostilities, Iraq lost 4 thousand tanks (95% of the total), 2140 guns (69%), 1865 armored personnel carriers (65%), 7 helicopters (4%), 240 aircraft (30%). The loss of the coalition was 4 tanks, 1 gun, 9 armored personnel carriers, 17 helicopters, 44 aircraft. A 700 thousand allied grouping of troops lost 148 people killed. The losses of the hemillion army of Iraq are estimated at 9 thousand people killed, 17 thousand injured, 63 thousand prisoners. About 150 thousand soldiers of the Iraqi army were deserted during battles.
System about.
Missile defense (Pro) - a set of events of an intelligence, radio engineering and fighter nature, designed to protect (defense) protected objects from rocket weapons. Anti-missile defense is very closely connected with the anti-air defense and is often carried out by the same complexes.
The concept of missile defense includes protection against a rocket threat of any plan and all means, these are carrying out (including active protection of tanks, air defense facilities that fight with wildlife rockets and so on.), However, on the household level, speaking of pro, usually mean "strategic pro" - protection against the ballistic missile component of strategic nuclear power (ICBM and BRPL).
Speaking about missile defense, you can allocate self-defense from missiles, tactical and strategic pro.
Self-defense from rocket
Self-defense from missiles is a minimal unit anti-missile defense. It provides protection against attacking missile only that military equipmenton which it is installed. Characteristic feature Self-relonal systems are the placement of all systems about directly on the protected technique, and all the placed systems are auxiliary (not the main functional purpose) for this technique. Self-defense systems from missiles are economically effective for use only on expensive types of military equipment, which carries heavy losses from rocket fire. Currently, two types of systems of self-defense systems are actively developing: complexes of active protection of tanks and anti-missile defense of military ships.
Tactical pro
Tactical pro is intended to protect limited areas of the territory and objects located on it (groups of troops, industry and settlements) from rocket threats. The objectives of this pro include: maneuvering (mainly high-precision aviation) and non-lawing (ballistic) rockets with relatively low speeds (up to 3-5 km / s) and not having tools overcome pro. The reaction time of tactical pro complexes is from a few seconds to several minutes depending on the type of threat. The radius of the protected area, as a rule, does not exceed several tens of kilometers. Complexes have a substantially larger radius of the protected area - up to several hundred kilometers, often refer to strategic pro, although they are not able to intercept high-speed intercontinental ballistic missiles, covered with powerful tools overcome pro.
Existing tactical complexes
Small radius action
Tunguska
Pole-C1
Small radius action:
MIM-104 Patriot Pac3
Middle and large radius of action:
IJIS (aegis)
gBI Rockets (English Ground Based Interceptor)
kEI rockets (eng. Kinetic Energy Interceptor)
Small radius action:
Middle and large radius of action:
Small radius action:
Iron Dome
Middle and large radius of action:
Strategic pro
The most difficult, perfect and expensive category of anti-missile defense funds. The task of strategic about is the struggle with strategic missiles - in their design and tactics of application, it is specially provided by means of difficulty interception - a large number of lungs and heavy false goals, maneuvering warheads, as well as interference formulations that include high-altitude nuclear explosions.
Currently, only Russia and the United States have strategic missile systems, while the existing complexes are able to protect only from limited impact (missile units), and in a limited territory. In the foreseeable future there is no prospects for the emergence of systems capable of protecting strategic missiles from massive strike.
The system of anti-missile defense of the territory of the United States (NPRO) (National Missile Defense - NMD) is created, according to the statements of the US administration, to protect the territory of the country from rocket-nuclear strike on the side of the so-called rogue countries, to which in the United States are in particular, in particular DPRK, Iran and Syria (previously also Iraq and Libya). Russian politicians and military repeatedly expressed the opinion that in reality the American about threatening the security of Russia and, perhaps, China, violating the nuclear parity. Deploying the Bases of Bases led to the deterioration of relations between the United States and Russia.
System about USA
The created US system includes the following items: control center, long-distance detection stations and track tracking stations, interceptor missile stations, launching carrier rockets for outputting anti-space in space for destruction ballistic missiles enemy.
At the end of 2006 - early 2007, the US intention to place the elements of the pro in Eastern Europe, in close proximity to the Russian territory, came across a sharp opposition from the Russian leadership, which gave rise to opinions about the beginning of the next turn of the rocket-nuclear weapons race and the Cold War.
In early October 2004, the United States, stating its concern about the advent of Iran's rockets of the average radius of action capable of hitting the goals at a distance of 2 thousand km., Decided to accelerate the deployment of the pro in the United States and held consultations with European allies about the placement of missiles. - Transfers in Europe and the inclusion of them in the action zone of American pro.
Countries involved in the development of US: United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany and France, Poland, South Korea and etc.
Development of Russian air defense
Moscow air defense system is included in the command special purpose (CSPN), created in September 2002 on the basis of the Moscow District of the Air Force and Air Defense as the Head section of the Country Defense.
Now the 16th air army with the headquarters in Cuba (Moscow region) is now part of the CSPN, in service with MiG-25 and MiG-31 interceptors, MiG-29 and Su-27 fighters, front-line bombers Su-24 and attack aircraft 25, as well as two air defense housings (1st in Balashikha and 5th in Rzhev), equipped anti-aircraft rocket complexes C-300PM, C-300PMU1 and C-300PMU2 "Favorit".
On August 6, 2007, the first division, equipped with an anti-aircraft-missile system of the C-400 "Triumph", which could solve problems of both anti-heart defense, and non-strategic missile defense, was assumed to the combat duty in the Electrostal Moscow region.
August 18, 2004 Commander of the Troops KSN Colonel-General Yuri Solovyev said that the Almaz-Antei air defense concern was developing a rocket that could intercept and destroy the goals "in the near Space".
November 22, 2011, as part of a response to NATO's actions on the creation of the European component of the Pro System, President of the Russian Federation D. Medvedev announced the return of the order for the immediate entry of the new RLS class 77 y6-dm "Voronezh-DM" (Object 2461) built in the western part of Russia In the city of Pioneer Kaliningrad region on combat duty. November 29, the station was introduced to the missile attack warning system. The station began experimental operation in 2011, it should block the stations responsibility zone in Baranavichi and Mukachevo located outside the Russian Federation. Its main task is to monitor the space and airspace of Europe and the Atlantic.
European security.
In the declaration approved at the meeting of heads of state and government of OSCE participants in Helsinki on July 9-10, 1992 (Helsinki-11), it was noted that the OSCE is a forum that determines the direction of the process of forming a new Europe and stimulating this process (paragraph 22). In the decision taken in the same place, the creation of OSCE anti-crisis mechanisms, including peacekeeping operations, is provided. In particular, it was determined that at the first stage of the settlement of crisis situations, the mechanism of peaceful dispute resolution, the mission of special rapporteurs and the mission to establish facts is used. In the event of a conflict growing, a decision can be made to conduct peacekeeping operation. Such a decision is made by the Council of Ministers based on a consensus or acting as its agent by the Steering Council. The consent of direct stakeholders to the operation is necessary. Operations involve sending groups of military observers or peacekeeping forces. Personal composition to participate in the OSCE operations in peacekeeping is provided by individual participating States.
Operations can be carried out in the event of conflicts both between the participating States and within them. Their main tasks are control over the cessation of fire, monitoring the conclusion of troops, providing support in the preservation of legality and order, the provision of humanitarian aid, etc. The operations do not provide forced actions and are carried out in the spirit of impartiality. General political monitoring of peacekeeping operation and management of it is carried out by the Governing Council. It is envisaged that OSCE operations are carried out with due regard to the UN role. In particular, the provision is enshrined in Helsinki solutions that the OSCE Chairman informs the UN Security Council on OSCE operations.
When carrying out OSCE peacekeeping operations can use the resources and experience of existing organizations, for example, the EU, NATO, the CIS, as well as the CIS. In each case, the OSCE decides on the use of the help of such organizations.
The OSCE has acquired a certain experience in conducting peacekeeping operations of various levels. Her mission was headed to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Estonia, Latvia, Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova, Tajikistan, Nagorno-Karabakh, the former Yugoslav Republic Macedonia, Kosovo. Their mandates were developed taking into account the specific situation in the deployment area of \u200b\u200boperations and provided for the task of establishing close contacts with representatives on the ground and further strengthen the dialogue started between the parties involved in the conflict.
In 1994, at the Budapest Meeting of the Heads of State and Government, the Code of Conduct for Military-Political Aspects of Safety, which came into force on January 1, 1995, was focused on the document to ensure national security in accordance with the general efforts to strengthen security and stability in OSCE region and beyond. It emphasizes that safety is indivisible and that the safety of each of the participating States is inextricably linked with the security of all other participating States. States have committed to develop mutual cooperation. In this context, the key role of the OSCE was emphasized. The document provides for joint and national measures in such areas of indivisible security, as disarmament, struggle against terrorism, the implementation of the right to individual and collective self-defense, strengthen confidence, the creation of healthy economic and environmental conditions, etc.
Lisbon Declaration of 1996 on the model of general and comprehensive security for Europe XXI century. laid the basics of pan-European security. It involves the creation of a single security space, the fundamental elements of which are the comprehensive and indivisible nature of the safety and commitment to shared values, obligations and norms of behavior. Safety must be based on cooperation and rely on democracy, respect for human rights, fundamental freedoms and the rule of law, market economy and social justice. None of the OSCE participating States should strengthen its security through the security of other states.
The OSCE unites in its composition 55 sovereign and independent states-in Euro-Atlantic space and considered the largest regional Organization on security issues.
Accepted in Istanbul at the OSCE Summit on November 19, 1999, the Istanbul Declaration, the Charter of European Security and the Vienna Document for Confidence and Security Connection Measure Measures laid the legal framework for the formation of a comprehensive European Security System of the XXI century.
The Charter of European Security is a unique document, which is actually a constitution for a new Europe. She recognizes the OSCE to the main organization on the peaceful settlement of disputes in its region and the main tool in the field of early warning, prevent conflicts, the regulation of crises and post-conflict recovery.
The Commonwealth of Independent States is designed to provide security at the Eurasian space of the former USSR. Within the CIS adopted important documents in this region.
The Charter of the CIS includes provisions on collective security and to prevent conflicts and dispute resolution arising from the collective security treaty of 15 May 1992 and agreements on groups of military observers and collective peacekeeping forces of March 20 of the same year. The Charter of the CIS enshrines in Art. 12 The right to use if necessary for united armed forces in the exercise of the right to individual or collective self-defense in accordance with Art. 51 UN Charter, as well as the use of peacekeeping operations.
Based on the Collective Security Treaty of 1992, whose participants were nine states: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, created a Collective Security Council (SKB). It consists of the heads of the States Parties and the Commander-in-Chief of the CIS CIS. SCB is authorized to hold consultations in order to coordinate the positions of the States Parties in the event of a threat to safety, territorial integrity and sovereignty of one or several states or the threat of peace and international security: To consider the issues of providing the necessary assistance, including the military, the state - the victim of aggression; Take the necessary measures to maintain or restore peace and security.
The situation is completely different in relation to the organization of the North Atlantic Treaty (NATO) appropriate for the main role in ensuring security and stability in Europe. NATO is founded on the Interstate North Atlantic Treaty signed on April 4, 1949, which entered into force on August 24 of the same year. Its members are 23 states: Belgium, United Kingdom, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Canada, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, USA, Turkey, France, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia.
The treaties have committed themselves to refrain in their international relations From the threat of force or its use in any way incompatible with the objectives of the UN, allow all their disputes to peaceful means, to promote further development Peaceful and friendly international relations.
To carry out the goals of the North Atlantic Treaty, complex political and military Structure. The NATO top authority is the North Atlantic Council (CAC), which operates at various levels: heads of state and governments, ministers of foreign affairs, ambassadors that are permanent representatives. In the latter case, it is considered as a permanent advice. Within the framework of the Council, broad political advice on all issues of external relations are held, issues of security, maintaining international peace, military cooperation are considered. Decisions are accepted unanimously. Created a permanent worker - the Secretariat led by the Secretary General of NATO
To ensure cooperation between the North Atlantic Union and european countriesNon-NATO members, in 1991, a partnership for the sake of peace (PRM) and the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (CASS) were created, designed to manage this program. In connection with the current transformations in NATO, a new advanced Prm program has been introduced into NATO, which could provide more active cooperation of members and non-NATO countries in defense and military regions, including in crisis conditions, as it already has a place in the organization of forces to ensure The fulfillment of Dayton agreements (IFOR) and stabilization forces (SFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is assumed to participate in the member countries and non-NATO countries in the creation of staff elements of partners (SEP) and multinational operational forces (MOS) for conducting crisis management operations.
Instead of CASS at the NATO Council session on May 30, 1997, the Council of Euro-Atlantic Partnership (SeaP) was established as part of 44 countries, including all NATO member states, all former republics USSR, all former participants in the Warsaw Treaty, as well as Austria, Finland, Sweden and Switzerland. The goal of the EAP is to conduct multilateral consultations on a wide range of issues, including issues of policies, security, crisis settlement, peacekeeping operations, etc.
The partnership of Russia and NATO was established by signing on May 27, 1997 in Paris a fundamental act on mutual relations, cooperation and security between the Russian Federation and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The act states that Russia and NATO will work together in order to contribute to the creation of general and comprehensive security in Europe, based on the commitment of common values, obligations and norms of behavior in the interests of all states. The act also emphasized that it does not affect the main responsibility of the Security Council for maintaining the international peace and security and role of the OSCE as a common and comprehensive organization in its region.
Further, on May 28, 2002, the Declaration of Heads of State and Government of the Russian Federation and NATO Member States was adopted in Rome. In it, in particular, it was noted: "As the initial steps in this regard, today we agreed to take the following efforts to cooperate.
Fight against terrorism: Strengthen cooperation on the basis of a multifaceted approach, including joint assessments of the threat of terrorism for security in the Euro-Atlantic region focused on specific threats, for example, the armed forces of Russia and NATO, civil aviation or infrastructure facilities that are critical; As a first step, conduct a joint assessment terrorist threat peacekeeping forces of Russia, NATO and partner States in the Balkans.
To date, in Europe, there are practically no foci of conflict - two serious "hot dots" at the turn of the centuries are only the Balkans and Transnistria. However, the existing trends in international relations do not hope to hope that the world even in the long run will be delivered from wars and conflicts. In addition, the negative heritage is not fully overcome Cold War - The expansion of NATO east is still perceived in Russia and a number of other states as a threat to their own security. A very sharp reaction was summoned in Moscow and US plans for the deployment of elements of missile defense in Europe. In turn, in Europe, it was very wary of Russia's military expenditures, concern caused a statement about the exit from CFE Treaty (an agreement on conventional armed forces in Europe).
War.
War is a conflict between political entities - states, tribes, political groups, etc., occurring in the form of armed confrontation, military (combat) actions between their armed forces.
As a rule, the war is aimed at imposing his will to the opponent. One subject of politics is trying to change the behavior of another, make him abandon his freedom, ideology, from the right to property, give resources: territory, water management, etc.
According to the wording of Clausevitz, "War is a continuation of politics by other, violent means." The main means of achieving the goals of the war is an organized armed struggle as the main and decisive agent, as well as economic, diplomatic, ideological, informational and other means of struggle. In this sense, war is an organized armed violence, the purpose of which is to achieve political goals. Total war is armed violence, brought to extreme limits. The main means in the war is the army.
Military authors usually determine the war as an armed conflict in which rival groups have quite equal forces to make the outcome of battles indefinitely. Armed conflicts of powerful countries in the primitive level of development of tribes are called targets, military expeditions or the development of new territories; with small states - interventions or repressions; with internal groups - uprisings, rebellion or internal conflicts ( civil War). Similar incidents if the resistance turned out to be quite strong or long in time, can achieve sufficient scope to be classified as "war"
Marxism-Leninism considers V. as a socio-political phenomenon inherent only by class socio-economic formations. With a primitive community, there was no private property, the division of society into classes was not and V. in the current sense of the word. Numerous armed clashes between childbirth and tribes, despite some of their external similarities with V. Class Society, differ in social content. The causes of such clashes were rooted in the production method based on the use of primitive guns and not ensuring the satisfaction of the minimum needs of people. It pushed some tribes to extract the existence by armed attack on other tribes in order to capture food, pastures, hunting and fishing places. An important role in relations between the communities was played by the disabilities and isolation of primitive birth and tribes, blood revenge based on blood relationship, and so on.
International peacekeeping activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
Peacemaking - unusual
the task for the military, but only the military can cope with it.
Former gene. Secretary of the UN.
Dag Hammersseld.
Objectives and objectives of the lesson:- Educational - to reveal the essence and knowledge of the peacekeeping activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Developing - to encourage interest in the life and activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, to form a sense of friendship and partnership. Rising - to educate love for homeland, form a sense of pride for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and for his country.
During the classes:
- Organizing time.
- Check your homework.
- Studying a new topic.
First, it is maintaining peace and order. Agree?
Secondly, this is the containment of conflicting parties from
meaningless bloodshed and destruction.
But in order to understand deeper, what does "peacekeeping activities mean", let's turn to the story. As we already know, humanity has constantly led various wars for his centuries-old history.The goals of these wars were the most different. This is the seizure of other people's territories, satisfying personal ambitions, liberation wars, etc. Examples can be mass.We know that in all our centuries-old history, Russia has not yet led the grip wars. But it was forced to constantly reflect the invasion of other countries. And the primitiveness of peacekeeping should be sought here.What examples we can lead from history regarding our topic.Suvorov - Balkans, Kutuzov - 1812. JohnIV Grozny (Astrakhan, Kazan). CatherineII. (Crimea, Georgia, Persia (Iran)).The Russian army has always been known for his humane traditions, which is confirmed by numerous examples from its history.The great Russian commander M. I. Kutuzov said the following words:"To earn gratitude to foreign peoples and force Europe with a sense of surprise exclaim:" Unbeaten Russian military in battles and inimitates in generosity and virtues of peaceful! Here is a grateful goal, decent heroes! "
Special status, and the very concept of peacemaking was under the impression of the serious consequences and horrors of the Second World War. The world community concludes the need to deliver the coming generation from the disasters of war. To this end, in 1945, the UN was established, which received the authority to take effective collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to the world and suppressing acts of aggression. Three years later, in 1948. Owl without. The UN for the first time decided to establish the UN mission to monitor the fulfillment of the conditions of the truce in the Middle East and attract military personnel from several countries of the world to its composition. So originated new form International military-political cooperation, which received the generalized name "peacemaking".
Currently, Russia is in friendly contractual relations with many countries of the world, participates in various international organizations. To prevent inevitable conflicts, Russia is primarily trying to use political, economic and other peaceful agents. However, sometimes the use of military force is often more efficient than persuasion and negotiations.
In addition, the need for military presence in some strategically important regions of the world is responsible for the interests of ensuring national Security Russia.
On May 26, 1996, the film was signed by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the formation of a special military contingent of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security."
Based on these documents, a special contingent consisting of 17 motorized rifle and 4 parachute battalions with a total number of 22 thousand people was formed.
The geography of the participation of peacekeeping forces of Russia is as follows:
Until 2000 - Transnistria and Abkhazia
Since 1993 - Tajikistan
Since 1999 - Autonomous Region Kosovo (Yugoslavia)
The set of MS occurs on a voluntary basis on the competitive selection of persons undergoing military service under the contract.
During the period of service, servicemen enjoy the status, privileges and immunity that are provided by the UN staff when conducting peacekeeping operations.
The personnel of the MS is equipped with light small arms.
4. Homework5. Outcome lesson.