International peacekeeping activities. The peacekeeping activity of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. UN Maintenance Operations International Peacekeeping Activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Military Thought number 6 (11-12) / 1998, p. 11-18

Peacekeeping activities Armed Forces of Russia

Colonel-GeneralV.M. Barynkin ,

dr. Military Sciences

Under the influence of what happened in last years on the international arena Cardinal changes have developed a qualitatively new geopolitical situation, characterized by a significant decrease in the threat of unleashing large-scale wars. At the same time, it is impossible not to notice increased tensions in certain regions of the world. The probability of developing crisis situations into open armed conflicts on the African continent, the Middle East, in Southeast Asia, was higher than Eastern Europe, Including in the CIS. It is enough to evite enough events in Georgia, Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan and in the Russian Federation (Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechnya).

Having experienced a period of complex socio-economic transformation, Russia has blood interested in the preservation of international, regional and internal stability. Armed conflicts both within the country and near its borders cause tangible damage to national-state interests, and therefore Russia's participation in all forms of peacekeeping activity is quite natural.

Peacekeeping activities for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - it is largely new, despite the fact that practical participation in the UN peacekeeping operations (OPM) began in October 1973, when the first group of Russian military observers was sent to the Middle East. And currently in operations to maintain peace conducted under the auspices of the UN, six groups of Russian military observers include a total number of 54 people: four in the Middle East (one person in Syria, Egypt, Israel and Lebanon), 11 in the Irako Kuwaiti border , 24 in Western Sahara, nine in the former Yugoslavia and three in Georgia and Angola.

It should be noted that the role of military observers in OPM is very limited and is mainly monitoring the implementation of the fulfillment of aggravation agreements or the cease-fire between the warring parties, as well as to prevent (without the right to use force) of their possible violations.

A completely different scale and forms of participation require peacekeeping efforts when it is necessary to extinguish the fire of a broken armed conflict between states or inside it and to force the warring parties to the termination of hostilities and peace recovery. These extraordinary tasks account for today to solve the Armed Forces of Russia in a number of regions of Europe and the CIS. So, in April 1992, for the first time in the history of peacekeeping activities in Russia former Yugoslavia A Russian battalion was a number of 900 people (in January 1994, it was brought to 1,200 people). Decocated in Croatia, he performed tasks for the separation of conflicting parties (Serbs and Croats). In February 1994, a part of the Russian contingent of UN forces was redesigned to Bosnia and Herzegovina to ensure the separation of the warring parties (Bosnian Serbs and Muslims) and monitor compliance with the cease-fire agreement. The Russian military contingent (a separate airborne brigade of a two-block composition with combat and rear collateral units), who had 1600 people, participated in the operation of the "joint effort", conducted by the multinational forces from December 1995 and had the goal of implementing a common framework agreement on the world in This region. During the operation, a military unit of questions defined by the Dayton agreements was practically fulfilled, while some political issues remained unresolved (the problem of returning refugees to the place of previous residence, the lack of freedom of movement of citizens is not defined by the status of Barchko). The main outcome was that thanks to the presence of peacekeeping forces after almost a four-year-old civil war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the world was restored.

To date, the military contingents of the peacekeeping forces (MS) of Russia participate in OPM and in the CIS:in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova (two battalions of about 500 people), in South Ossetia (one battalion - over 500 people), in Tajikistan (motorized rifle division - about 7,000 people), in Abkhazia (three battalions - over 1600 people). Russian peacekeepers represent military personnel of two compounds and individual parts of the land and airborne troops. Since 1992, more than 70 thousand Russian servicemen became participants of the OPM (including rotation every six months).

Currently, Russia, together with OSCE representatives, is actively involved in the settlement of the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict. Much has already been done, more than four years have been maintained by the cease-fire agreement. But before a complete settlement, it is necessary to attach a lot of effort. And we are ready to establish peace in this region to introduce a military contingent of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, if the will of the Government of Armenia and Azerbaijan will be.

The initiative in solving large peacekeeping tasks is usually assumed by a group of states under the auspices of the UN or an international organization with appropriate authority, significant material and financial resources. Russia never objected to such interested participation in resolving conflicts in the CIS. However, as practice is evidenced, European states and the OSCE are not in a hurry with large-scale participation in resolving conflicts in the territory of the Commonwealth States, limiting themselves in the main functions of observation and assistance in establishing contacts between the conflicting parties. Wait when they reconsider their attitude to this problem, Russia cannot and therefore is forced to act independently, based primarily from the interests national Security And international obligations assumed.

The peacekeeping efforts of Russia in the CIS are natural and justified. Of course, the crisis processes in our country make it difficult to fulfill the role of an authoritative arbitrator capable of conviction, and if necessary, in the economic power or military force to force the parties to resolve the conflict that has arisen with peaceful means, to ensure peace of mind and restoring stability in the region. And nevertheless, Russia is actually the only state in the territory former USSRwhich not only shows political interest, but also has sufficient military and material and technical resources for operations to maintain and restore peace. Russia's non-participation in peacekeeping activities would have deprived its ability to influence the development of events in the international arena, and in a wider plan would have affected the authority of our country in the world community.

Already the first experience of the peacekeeping activities of Russia and its armed forces in individual CIS countries and in other regions gave tangible positive results. In a number of cases, it was possible to achieve the cessation of armed clashes between opposing parties, to prevent the death of civilians and the destruction of the economy, to localize (isolate) the conflict zone and stabilize the situation. Russian duty is to do everything possible to, first of all, the former members of the same family have ceased to host each other andrestored good-neighborly relations. From how soon wounds are heard in the CIS countries, the future of our country and its international authority depends to a large extent.

The basis for the participation of the Russian Federation - the permanent member of the UN Security Council - in peacekeeping operations are the norms international law: The Charter of the United Nations, Decisions of the Security Council and its Military Staff Committee, General Assembly Resolutions of the UN General Assembly, OSCE, as well as the Charter of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Agreement of the Heads of the CIS states on groups of military observers and collective peacekeeping forces. A number of regulatory provisions in this area contain the main provisions of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation, where it is indicated that our state promotes the efforts of the world community, various organs collective security To prevent wars and armed conflicts, maintaining or restoring peace and considers it possible to apply armed forces and other troops to conduct operations to maintain or restore peace in accordance with the decision of the UN Security Council or international obligations.

To date, the Commonwealth adopted a number of documents defining in aggregate general mechanism and essential concretaceous details of peacekeeping operactions. They can be divided into three main groups.

TO firstthe provisions of the CIS Charter adopted in January 1993, which establishes fundamental approaches to resolving disputes and prevent conflicts between the participants of the Commonwealth.

Second groupdocuments are devoted to specific issues of formation and activities of collective peacekeeping forces in the CIS. On March 20, 1992, an agreement was signed at the meeting of senior executives of the CIS member states on groups of military observers and collective peacekeeping forces in the CIS, and on May 15 of the same year in Tashkent - three minutes: about the status of groups of military observers and collective forces to maintain peace in the CIS; On the temporary order of formation and involvement of groups of military observers and collective forces in the conflict zones between the CIS countries, as well as the Protocol on the acquisition, structure, logistical and financial support of these groups and forces. On September 24, 1993, an agreement was signed on collective peacekeeping forces, supplemented by documents on the status of the combined command of them and the financing scheme. Despite the fact that these documents are not included in the list of official international legal acts on peacekeeping operations in the CIS, it was based on them on the same day a decision was made to form collective peacekeeping forces in the Republic of Tajikistan. On January 19, 1996, the concept of preventing and resolving conflicts in the CIS and the Regulations on the Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the CIS was adopted at the SIS meeting.

Third groupsets the decision-making mechanism for specific operations to maintain peace on the territory of the Commonwealth, and also includes documents allowing to regularly extend the mandates of peacekeeping operations (for example, in Abkhazia, Tajikistan).

Domestic legal acts governing the participation of military contingents of the Armed Forces in the activities to maintain or restore international peace and security are: Federal Law "On the Procedure for the Provision of the Russian Federation of Military and Civil Personnel to participate in the activities to maintain or restore international peace and security" (1995 G.), Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the formation of a special military contingent inthe composition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to participate inactivities for maintaining or restoring international peace and security "(1996), Regulations on the Special Military Contingent inthe composition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security (1996) - in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation in the Ministry of Defense in June 1996 approved a list of compounds and military units of the Armed Forces intended for participation inactivities to maintain or restore international peace and security. On December 7, 1996, the Minister of Defense signed an order "On measures to fulfill the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 19, 1996 No. 1251" On approval of the Regulation on the Special Military Contingent as part of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security " By this order, the participation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in operations to maintain or restore international peace and security is recognized as one of the important areas of their activities. At the same time, the functions and principles of using the Special Military Contingent of the Russian Federation comply with legal regulations for the use of collective peacemaking forces of the CIS.

The decision to send military contingents of Russia for its limits to participate in peacekeeping activities is made by the President of the Russian Federation on the basis of the relevant decision of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.

Russia's peacekeeping forces can be involved in the permission of armed conflict on the basis of interstate agreements: as the third neutral side of the mediator (Transnistrian Region of the Republic of Moldova, South Ossetia, Georgia); as part of the collective peacekeeping forces of the CIS (Republic of Tajikistan); As part of the collective peacekeeping forces (Abkhazia); Under the auspices of the UN, OSCE, other regional organizations (former Yugoslavia).

The general management of the OPM, held in the CIS with the participation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, is carried out Council of Heads of State Parties to the CIS in combination with the control of the internationally recognized, multinational political organization (UN or OSCE), and the OPM conducted on the basis of bilateral agreements is specially created by the combined (mixed) control commissions. In writing, a clear mandate must be developed, denoting the goals of the operation, its expected duration responsible for its fulfillment and their powers. For example, such a mandate has a collective forces to maintain peace in Abkhazia and collective peacekeeping forces in Tajikistan.

However, the situation in local conflicts is often so dangerous that Russia has to act in essence without a carefully developed political mandate and the system of political control over the activities of peacekeeping forces. Nevertheless, in such cases, a positive effect is possible, as evidenced by the cessation of armed confrontation in South Ossetia and Transnistria, when the ceased ceasefire has created prerequisites for the political settlement of the conflict.

A prerequisite for the implementation of the OPM is the consent of the parties. Russia comes from the fact that MS can be deployed and acting only after preliminary signing by the international body and conflicting parties to the relevant agreement or receipt from the last clear guarantees, which they agree with the introduction of peacekeeping forces into the conflict zone and do not intend to oppose them. In other words, the deployment of these forces should take place, as a rule, after stabilizing the situation and in the presence of political will to resolve the conflict with political methods. This is all the more important that MS often do not have all the means to enforce their mandate and are obliged to cooperate for these purposes with opposing parties.

The deployment of peacekeeping activities in the CIS countries also begins after a political decision (issuance of the mandate on the OPM) of the Council of Heads of the CIS member states. The Council of Heads of State Commonwealth is informed by the UN Security Council and the OSCE Chairman.

The immediate motive for the involvement of Russia in the OPM in the CIS countries is to appeal to other states with a request to assist in resolving conflicts.

There are some features when deploying peacekeeping, when armed conflict proceeds within the state. As experience shows, in this case it is necessary to seek the consent to conduct the ODM of all the forces participating in the conflict, even if some of them do not represent state power. An example of this may be an agreement on the principles of peaceful settlement in Transnistria, signed by the Presidents of Russia, and Moldova on July 21, 1992. In accordance with it, mixed peacekeeping forces were created, which includes the military contingent of Transnistria, Moldova and Russia. Such an agreement was signed and in resolving the conflict in South Ossetia.

In contrast to the practice of the use of UN peacekeeping forces, MS of Russia, as well as observers in some cases, were introduced to the line of contact of the parties when the cessation of fire was not yet reached. They became like a buffer between opposing parties and formed a demilitarized zone. In this zone, the contingent of MS is currently located, while each unit has its own control area. Divisions OT. opposing Parties We are deployed together with Russian, and components of patrols, posts and outposts, as a rule, have a mixed composition.

In accordance with the current international practice direct control of OPM,activated under the auspices of the UN, international peacekeeping forces are officially under the command of the UN Secretary-General, which speaks on behalf of the Security Council. Russia as a permanent member of the UN Security Council is actively involved in the implementation of its control functions by this body. With the consent of the Security Council, the UN Secretary General appoints his special representative to directly managing the operation, as well as the commander responsible for the military part of the share.

Management and control when conducting an OPM in countries- participants of the CIS somewhat different from the generally accepted international practice.

With the adoption of a political decision on a particular peacekeeping operation and the conclusion of the relevant interstate contract (agreement), i.e. obtaining a mandate for its conduct is created Mixed (United) Control Commission (CCM or OKK)on a multilateral basis. It organizes the introduction of the MS to the conflict area, and in addition, it is empowered by the necessary powers of its governments to solve political, economic, military and other issues in the areas of fulfillment of peacekeeping problems, determines the structure of the combined military command and the combined headquarters of peacekeeping forces. They include representatives of the Russian MS and military formations of conflicting parties. To ensure the security regime within the security zone, the commandants of the peacekeeping forces are created. Direct management of each specific operation is assigned to the commander appointed by the Council of the heads of the Commonwealth. With the Control Commission, the United Staff interacts military observers, appointed by the Parties, as well as observers from the UN, OSCE and other regional international organizations. The management of MS units is carried out by solving the combined headquarters and is not much different from the usual army scheme.

Concerning composition of peacekeeping forces,then the interests of Russia correspond to the option when on the basis of intergovernmental agreements they include military contingents from different states.The current practice of non-participation in the OPM contingents from particularly interested countries or countries, border with the state (states), in the territory of which (or between which military conflict broke out, no longer considered the norm in new realities. At the same time, agreement on the composition of the forces has its own specifics compared with the practice of the UN. For example, agreement on the principles of resolving the conflict in South Ossetia, signed on June 24, 1992 by the Russian Federation and the Republic of Georgia, a mixed control commission was formed as part of representatives of North and South Ossetia, Georgia and Russia. With it, with the consent of the parties, mixed peacekeeping forces were created, as well as mixed observer groups placed around the perimeter of the security zone. The development of the mechanism for the application of these forces was assigned to a mixed control commission. As a result of those undertaken in South Ossetia, measures managed to dilute the warring parties, stabilize the situation, and then proceed to finding ways to its political settlement.

Several words must be said about the conflict in Tajikistan, since the first attempt was made here to implement an agreement on collective peacekeeping forces signed in the CIS. Accepted after a thorough study of the trends in the development of the internal political situation in a number of republics of the former USSR, it reflects the desire of Russia and its neighbors in parallel with practical measures to eliminate conflicts to form sustainable mechanisms of peacekeeping activities within the Commonwealth to participate in possible OPM. We do not exclude the possibility of involving peacekeeping operations in the CIS of the peacekeeping forces of other countries under the Flag of the UN or OSCE, if necessary. Tajikistan became the first example of such participation, where a group of UN Observers began to work in January 1993.

International norms regulate and use of force in the OPM.Russia believes that continuing international peacekeeping forces will usually have only small arms and lightweight combat technique And to resort to the use of force only in self-defense (which is interpreted as opposition to armed attempts to prevent the implementation of the mandate of international forces).

An important principle of using international peacekeeping forces in OPM is impartiality,those. Refusal to actions that may damage the rights, the situation or interests of the Parties participating in the conflict.

International law requires maximum openness and publicitywhen carrying out peacekeeping operation (restrictions in this regard are possible only for security purposes). Single (military and political) operations and continued coordination of political and military operations should be provided.

The implementation of these principles and requirements of the international community considers a very important condition for the success of peacekeeping operations and recognition of the legality of certain shares that are conducted by groups of countries with the UN mandate, OSCE or other organizations.

The role of our country as an authoritative peacekeeping force is increasingly recognized in the world. In special decisions on Abkhazia and Tajikistan, the UN Security Council welcomed Russia's actions to resolve conflicts in these regions. In the circles of the UN, it is noted that the peacemaking of Russia enriches the international practice of peacekeeping operations.

Russia is actively involved in practical developments and consultations on peacekeeping activitieswith various international organizations (UN, OSCE, NATO and others), as well as stakeholders. Thus, in 1994, in the territory of the Totsk landfill and in 1995, the territory of Fort Riley (Kansas, USA) held joint Russian-American command-staff teachings of peacekeeping forces. They were preceded by the painstaking work of the leadership of the Ministry of Defense of Russia and the United States, experts, commanders of the divisions allocated in peacekeeping forces. A special "Russian-American manual on the tactics of the actions of peacekeeping forces during exercises" was developed and published in English and Russian. During the seminars and meetings, the parties came to a deeper understanding of the essence of peacekeeping operations, including such concepts such as maintaining and restoring peace, logistical support of operations, reviewed the issues of joint decision-making and training of personnel, developed uniform conventional signs to designate troops during holding joint exercises.

The divisions of the Russian Armed Forces of the Russian Federation took part in the multinational peacekeeping teachings of the "Bowl of Mira-96" in Ukraine, "Centracebat-97" in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. The participation of the divisions of the Russian Federation in the peacekeeping teachings "Centracebat-98" on the territory of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, within the framework of the Partnership for Peace, in Albania and in Macedonia are planned. According to the author, the practice of holding such exercises is quite justifies. It contributes to the mutual enrichment of the experience of peacekeeping activities and makes an undoubted contribution to the development international cooperation To resolve conflicts in hot spots, and also lays the foundation for planning and studying joint exercises on peacekeeping topics with NATO countries and the CIS.

Continues to evolve regulatory and legal framework of peacemaking.In June 1998, the federal law "On the procedure for providing the Russian Federation of military and civilian personnel to participate in peacekeeping activities to maintain international peace and security", which determines the status and functions of peacekeeping forces, the order of their acquisition, as well as financing peacekeeping operations. In connection with the adoption of this Law, the Priority Task in modern conditions is the development of an effective mechanism for its implementation capable of ensuring concerted efforts in the peacekeeping area of \u200b\u200ball interested ministries and departments.

I would like to pay special attention to financing the preparation and equipping of military formations,intended to participate in activities to maintain or restore international world. The allocation of funds for the maintenance of military personnel during the participation in peacekeeping activities in accordance with the Federal Law should be carried out by a separate line of the federal budget. However, the Ministry of Defense also carries these expenses. At best, a separate financing of peacekeeping activities can begin only from January 1999.

So, the main positions and views of Russia on the issue of participation in international peacekeeping effortsthey are as follows:

firstly,Russia, being a permanent member of the UN Security Council, seeks to take the most active and accurate participation in peacekeeping activities;

secondly,Russia gives priority to participate in peacekeeping activities in the framework of organizations such as the UN and the OSCE;

third,military peacekeeping operation should be carried out only in addition to political efforts to resolve, have clearly defined goals and political frameworks;

fourthlyRussia is ready on the basis of the UN mandate to consider the models and forms of participation of the Russian military in operations to maintain and restore peace carried out within the framework of other regional security structures.

In conclusion, we emphasize: the peacemaking of Russia meets its vital interests. Armed conflicts create a tense situation in close proximity to the borders of Russia, violate human rights, generate refugees flows, tear up the established transport communications and economic ties, lead to significant material losses, can destabilize the political and economic situation in the country. Conducting a line to ensure peace and security, fulfilling obligations under CIS countries, Russia does not oppose its peacekeeping efforts to anyone, does not require a special situation and exceptional role, and stands for the widest participation in this UN activities, OSCE, others international Institutions. The peoples of all states of the Earth are interested in this. And our task is to facilitate the implementation of their aspirations and hopes.

To comment, you need to register on the site

International peacekeeping activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Peacemaking - unusual

the task for the military, but only the military can cope with it.

Former gene. Secretary of the UN.

Dag Hammersseld.

Objectives and objectives of the lesson:

Educational - to reveal the essence and knowledge of the peacekeeping activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Developing - to encourage interest in the life and activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, to form a sense of friendship and partnership.

Rising - to educate love for homeland, form a sense of pride for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and for his country.

Equipment: laptop, projector.

During the classes:

Organizing time.

Checking for learning.Bringing the procedure for holding a classes.

Check your homework.

Test "How to become an officer of the Russian army." Issues are projected to the screen, students studying on leaves, give the right answers.Test."How to become an officer of the RA"1. The people in the Russian military school consider ......A) John IV (Terrible)B) Alexander NevskyC) A. V. SuvorovD) Peter IE) M. I. Kutuzov.2. The first military school was created in ......A) 1698B) 1701C) 1819g.D) 17323. A. V. Suvorov, Ramnica Count:A) General - AnnefB) ColonelC) Lieutenar GeneralD) Generalissimus4. Higher military schools prepare:A) SergeantsB) generalsC) officersD) Michmanov5. At the end of military school graduates get:A) Average - special educationB) Higher Military EducationC) Higher Military - Special EducationD) average - special military education6. The term of study in military educational institutions is:A) 4 - 5 yearsB) 6 yearsC) 3 - 4 years7. Academic year In military educational institutions begins:A) August 1B) October 1C) September 1D) January 18. In the military educational institution have the right to enter citizens who have reached ageA) 16 - 22 yearsB) 14 - 20 yearsC) 16 - 24 yearsD) 18 - 22 years

Studying a new topic.

The theme of today's international peacekeeping activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Let's deal with together, which means the very concept of "peacemaking". How do you understand this word?

First, it is maintaining peace and order. Agree?

Secondly, this is the containment of conflicting parties from

meaningless bloodshed and destruction.

But in order to understand deeper, what does "peacekeeping activities mean", let's turn to the story. As we already know, humanity has constantly led various wars for his centuries-old history.The goals of these wars were the most different. This is the seizure of other people's territories, satisfying personal ambitions, liberation wars, etc. Examples can be mass.We know that in all our centuries-old history, Russia has not yet led the grip wars. But it was forced to constantly reflect the invasion of other countries. And the primitiveness of peacekeeping should be sought here.What examples we can lead from history regarding our topic.Suvorov - Balkans, Kutuzov - 1812. JohnIV Grozny (Astrakhan, Kazan). CatherineII. (Crimea, Georgia, Persia (Iran)).The Russian army has always been known for his humane traditions, which is confirmed by numerous examples from its history.The great Russian commander M. I. Kutuzov said the following words:

"To earn gratitude to foreign peoples and force Europe with a sense of surprise exclaim:" Unbeaten Russian military in battles and inimitates in generosity and virtues of peaceful! Here is a grateful goal, decent heroes! "

Special status, and the very concept of peacemaking was under the impression of the serious consequences and horrors of the Second World War. The world community concludes the need to deliver the coming generation from the disasters of war. To this end, in 1945, the UN was established, which received the authority to take effective collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to the world and suppressing acts of aggression. Three years later, in 1948. Owl without. The UN for the first time decided to establish the UN mission to monitor the fulfillment of the conditions of the truce in the Middle East and attract military personnel from several countries of the world to its composition. So there was a new form of international military-political cooperation, which received the generalized name "peacemaking".

Currently, Russia is in friendly contractual relations with many countries of the world, participates in various international organizations. To prevent inevitable conflicts, Russia is primarily trying to use political, economic and other peaceful agents. However, sometimes the use of military force is often more efficient than persuasion and negotiations.

In addition, the need for military presence in some strategically important regions of the world is responsible for the interests of ensuring the national security of Russia.

On May 26, 1996, the film was signed by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the formation of a special military contingent of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security."

Based on these documents, a special contingent consisting of 17 motorized rifle and 4 parachute battalions with a total number of 22 thousand people was formed.

The geography of the participation of peacekeeping forces of Russia is as follows:

Until 2000 - Transnistria and Abkhazia

Since 1993 - Tajikistan

Since 1999 - Autonomous Region Kosovo (Yugoslavia)

The set of MS occurs on a voluntary basis on the competitive selection of persons passing military service by contract.

During the period of service, servicemen enjoy the status, privileges and immunity that are provided by the UN staff when conducting peacekeeping operations.

The personnel of the MS is equipped with an easy small arms.

4. Homework5. Outcome lesson.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Introduction

1. International activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

2. Peacekeeping operations

3. Operation in the former Yugoslavia

4. On the status of military personnel

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The nature of international relations depends on the plurality of various factors, one of which is the international activities of the Armed Forces. The main purpose of this activity is to ensure the national interests of Russia, which in the defense sphere are to ensure the safety of personality, society and the state from military aggression by other states.

The protection of national interests of the country suggests, as well as the reliable safety of citizens and independent peacekeeping activities in order to avoid conflicts, on the need to be present in strategically important points of the world.

On the this moment The armed forces are an extreme means applied in cases where the military threat could not be avoided peacefully, since the world has a constant tension of relations between leading powers

1. International (peacekeeping) the activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

armed Forces Russian Federation

The international activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation today are inextricably linked with military reform in our country and the reform of the Armed Forces.

As you know, the starting point for the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated July 16, 1997. "On the priorities for reforming the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the improvement of their structure". On July 31, 1997, the President approved the concept of the construction of the Armed Forces for the period up to 2000.

Military reform relies on a solid theoretical base, the results of the calculations carried out, the accounting of the changes in the early 90s. In the geopolitical situation in the world, the nature of international relations and changes that occurred in Russia itself. The main goal of military reform is to ensure the national interests of Russia, which in the defense sphere are to ensure the safety of personality, society and the state from military aggression by other states.

Currently, to prevent war and armed conflict in the Russian Federation, preference is given to political, economic and other non-violent means. At the same time, it is taken into account that, while the non-use of the force has not become the norm of international relations, the national interests of the Russian Federation are demanding sufficient military power for its defense.

In this regard, the most important task of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is to ensure nuclear deterrence in the interests of preventing both nuclear and ordinary large-scale or regional war.

The protection of the national interests of the state suggests that the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation must ensure reliable protection of the country. At the same time, armed forces should ensure the implementation of the Russian Federation of peacekeeping activities both independently and as part of international organizations. The interests of ensuring the national security of Russia are predetermined by the need for military presence of Russia in some strategically important regions of the world.

The long-term goals of ensuring the national security of Russia also determine the need for widespread participation of Russia in peacekeeping operations. The implementation of such operations aims to prevent or eliminate crisis situations at the stage of their origin.

Thus, currently armed forces by the leadership of the country are considered as a deterrence factor, as an extreme remedy used in cases where the use of civilians has not led to the elimination of a military threat to the interests of the country.

The main document that determined the creation of the peacekeeping forces of Russia, the principles of their application and the procedure for using, is the Law of the Russian Federation "On the procedure for the provision of the Russian Federation of military and civilian personnel to participate in the activities to maintain or restore international peace and security" (adopted State Duma May 26, 1995).

To implement this law in May 1996, Decree No. 637 was signed "On the formation of a special military contingent of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation for participation in the activities to maintain or restore international peace and security".

2. Peacemaking O.perats

In accordance with this Decree in the Armed Forces of Russia, a special military contingent was formed by a total number of 22 thousand people, consisting of 17 motorized rifle and 4 parachute battalions.

While April 2002, one thousand military personnel from the peacekeeping units of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation carried out the tasks of maintaining peace and security in two regions - the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova, Abkhazia.

The military contingent in the conflict zone in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova was introduced on June 23, 1992 on the basis of an agreement between the Republic of Moldova and the Russian Federation on the principles of the peaceful settlement of armed conflict in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova. The total number of peacekeeping contingent was about 500 people.

On March 20, 1998, negotiations were held in Odessa to resolve the Transnistrian conflict with the participation of the Russian, Ukrainian, Moldavian and Transnistrian delegations.

Military contingent in the conflict zone in South Ossetia (Georgia) was introduced on July 9, 1992 on the basis of the Dagomysk Agreement between the Russian Federation and Georgia to resolve the Georgian-Ossetian conflict. The total number of this contingent was more than 500 people.

In the conflict zone in Abkhazia, the military contingent was introduced on June 23, 1994 on the basis of an agreement on the cease-fire and separation of forces. The total number of this contingent was about 1600 people.

As part of collective peacekeeping forces in the Republic of Tajikistan, from October 1993, there was a 201st motorized rifle division of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in accordance with the agreement between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan. The total number of this contingent was more than 6 thousand people.

From June 11, 1999, Russian peacekeepers were located on the territory of the Autonomous Region of Kosovo (Yugoslavia), where in the late 90s. There was a serious armed confrontation between Serbs and Albanians. The number of the Russian contingent was 3,600 people. The individual sector occupied by Russians in Kosovo, equalized the Russian Federation in the Rights in solving this interethnic conflict with five leading NATO countries (USA, Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy).

The recruitment of management bodies, military units and units of a special military contingent are carried out on a voluntary basis according to the preliminary (competitive) selection of servicemen undergoing military service under the contract. Preparation and equipment of peacekeeping forces are made at the expense of the federal budget allocated for defense.

During the passage of the service, as part of a special military contingent, servicemen enjoy status, privileges and immunity. The privileges are provided by the UN staff in conducting peacekeeping operations in accordance with the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, adopted by the UN General Assembly on February 13, 1996, also the Convention on the UN Security Convention of December 9, 1994, the Protocol on the status of military observer groups and Collective peacekeeping forces in the CIS of May 15, 1992

The personnel of a special military contingent is equipped with a light rifle weapon. When performing tasks in the territory of the CIS countries, the personnel is provided by all types of contentment on the norms established in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Preparation and training of military personnel of the peacekeeping contingent are carried out at the bases of a number of compounds of the Leningrad and Volga-Ural Military District, as well as on the top officer courses "Shot" in the city of Solnechnogorsk (Moscow region).

The CIS's participating States concluded an agreement on the preparation and training of military and civilian personnel to participate in collective peacekeeping operations, the procedure for preparing and learning was determined and programs for the preparation of all categories of military and civilian personnel, allocated to the collective peacekeeping forces.

The international activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation include joint exercises, friendly visits and other events aimed at strengthening the common world and mutual understanding.

On August 7-11, 2000, a joint Russian-Moldovan teaching of the peacekeeping forces "Blue Shield" was held.

3. Operation in the former Yugoslavia

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation participate in the operation of multinational forces from April 1992 in accordance with UN Security Council resolutions No. 743 of 26. 02. 1992 and on June 10, 1999 No. 1244. Currently, the Russian military contingent takes part in peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Big) and in the autonomous region of Kosovo of the Union of the Republic of Yugoslavia. The main tasks of Russian peacekeepers:

Preventing the resumption of hostilities;

Creating safety conditions to return refugees and displaced persons;

Providing public security;

Implementation of supervision of demining;

Support, if necessary, international civil presence;

Fulfillment, as necessary, duties for the implementation of border control;

Ensuring the protection and freedom of movement of their forces, the international civil presence and staff of other international organizations.

4. On the status of military personnel

On the status of military personnel participating in peacekeeping operations.

The legal status of military personnel participating in peacekeeping operations is complex. It is governed by a complex of legal principles and norms belonging to various legal systems and having a different legal nature.

In the legal status of military personnel, its specificity is reflected primarily as a composite level of the functional interstate mechanism - an international organization. The main legal basis for regulating the activities of international organizations and their employees is the international legal framework, the form - international legal principles and norms. In this regard, the status of personnel is primarily international and limited to the functional framework.

A feature of the legal status of military personnel participating in peacekeeping operations is that they do not come to the service in the United Nations, they do not become UN staff as such. The servicemen are temporarily incended to the UN peacekeeping mission.

After graduating from the citizens of one state to the service to the body of the International Organization, located on the territory of another state, respectively, and legal relations arise between employees and these states. Servicemen remain and become participants in legal relations, which are governed by the norms of relevant national legal systems.

In addition, an international organization whose activities are subject to the will of Member States, to achieve their goals, is endowed with Member States and well-known independence. The independence of the Organization is embodied in the functional law of subjectivity and materializes through the functional competence, in particular, to create the norms of law, including those regulating personnel. These norms have unconditional legal obligations, however, they are not internationally legal, they have special legal nature and sources.

From the above, it follows that all the rules and principles governing the legal status of personnel can be separated by the nature of their sources and belong:

1) to the norms of international law contained in the UN Chartrencies and its specialized institutions, in special agreements, in acts of organizations and other international legal acts;

2) to standards having a domestic nature of sources contained in acts of those or other domestic bodies of the host country, transit, business trips.

3) to the norms of the so-called UN domestic right, created and used within the organization;

4) to standards having a domestic nature of sources contained in acts of certain domestic bodies.

Inhomogeneous legal regulation The status of military personnel participating in the UN peacekeeping operations reflects the specifics legal status such military personnel as a special category of participants in international legal relations. This specificity has determined the definition of sources of norms on the legal status of staff and thereby the features of its regulation in various legal spheres.

Currently, the active participation of Russian citizens in peacekeeping efforts of the World Community requires the development of the "status of a participant in peacekeeping operations", which meets international legal norms, which would define legal rights and obligations and ensured social guarantees of all participants in this process.

Conclusion

Summary of the above, it can be concluded that in modern conditions the greatest threat of international peace and security both at the regional level and on a global scale are armed conflicts, which should be resolved primarily by political means and only as an extreme measure - carrying out operations on Maintaining peace. However, it should be noted that no peacekeeping action will bring the desired result, if there is no political will and the desire of the opposing parties to resolve the contradictions themselves.

As for the prospects for the participation of Russia in peacekeeping activities, the fact that, if in the first 40 years of its existence of the UN, there were 13 peacekeeping operations, then since 1988, 28 new operations were initiated.

It should be especially noted the organization of peacekeeping activities with CIS countries. Commonwealth regional organizationThe functions of providing international peace and security, opens up new horizons of peacekeeping.

For newly educated states issued from the former USSR, peacekeeping becomes one of the main forms of conflict resolution policies in the post-state space. Unresolved national, territorial and other problems, mutual claims, led to the development of well-known events in Dneprovye, Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh Tajikistan, North Ossetia.

Bibliography

1. Smirnov A. T., Basics of Safety of Life: Proc. For students of 11 cl. general education. Institutions / A. T. Smirnov, B. I. Mishin, V. A. Vasnev. - 3rd ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 2002. - 159 p. - Il.

2. Xunkova V. Ya., Basics of life safety: studies. For students of 10-11 cl. general education. Institutions / V. Ya. Xunkova. - M., 1998;

Posted on Allbest.ru.

Similar documents

The concept and essence of peacekeeping operations, the participation of the Armed Forces of Russia. The status of military personnel who performed tasks in the UN peacekeeping operations; stimulating the role of monetary content in their material support; Personal composition and payment of payment.

thesis, added 10/29/2012

List of military ranks of military personnel of the Armed Forces (Sun) of the Russian Federation. Compliance with posts and titles. Form and signs of differences in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Clarity and clarity in the relationship and subordination of servicemen. Signs of the differences of servicemen in the Russian army.

abstract, added 24.02.2011

Entity and Legal Basics social protection servicemen. The implementation of measures of socio-economic support of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and foreign countries. The structure of monetary content of US military personnel. Problems of realization of the rights in the housing area.

thesis, added 10/29/2012

Legal service as a structural division of the Ministry of Defense. Legal work in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation as the main task of the legal service. Powers, organization of work and main areas of activity of divisions.

coursework, added 04/02/2014

Military work, its and meaning in modern conditions. Comparative analysis of the current monetary system of military personnel of the Russian army and leading foreign countries. Paths and methods Improving the mechanism of the Motivation of servicemen.

thesis, added 10/29/2012

Legal basis for the behavior of military personnel. The concept of the military charters of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The value of the statutes in the life and activities of the military team. The essence and significance of military discipline, the responsibilities of servicemen on its observance.

course work, added 10/19/2012

The role of the Soviet Armed Forces in the protection of the Motherland. The main types of armed forces. Organization of a motorized rifle regiment. Structure ground Forces. The tasks of organizing combat training of the Navy of Russia. The main content of Military reforms of Peter I.

presentation, added 03/13/2010

The transformation of the Armed Forces of Georgia after the "Rose Revolution" 2003. Number of personnel Air force states. Map scheme for hostilities in the area of \u200b\u200bTskhinval 08-12.08.2008. Boots of Russian aviation in Georgian troops.

presentation, added 06/26/2014

Tasks of the officers on the information support of reform. Constitution, legislation of the Russian Federation on the defense of the country. Legal base of the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Traditions of the spiritual culture of the officer's corps of the Russian army.

course of lectures, added 02.06.2009

Service in the Armed Forces of Israel as the sacred debt of every citizen of the country and the relationship of the political and military elite. The level of military personnel in administrative and business circles. Military strategic situation in the Middle East.

\u003e\u003e International (peacemaking) activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

5.6. International (peacemaking) activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

The international activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation today are inextricably linked with military reform in our country and the reform of the Armed Forces.

The national interests of the state assumes that the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation must ensure reliable protection of the country. At the same time, armed forces should ensure the implementation of the Russian Federation of peacekeeping activities both independently and as part of international organizations. The interests of ensuring the national security of Russia are predetermined by the need for military presence of Russia in some strategically important regions of the world.

Thus, at present Armed forces The leadership of the country is considered as a containment factor, as an extreme remedy applied in cases where the use of civilians has not led to the elimination of a military threat to the interests of the country. The implementation of international obligations of Russia for participation in peacekeeping operations is considered as a new task of the Armed Forces for Peacekeeping.

The main document that determined the creation of the peacekeeping forces of Russia, the principles of their application and the procedure for use is the Law of the Russian Federation "On the procedure for the provision of the Russian Federation of military and civilian personnel to participate in the activities to maintain or restore international peace and security" (adopted by the State Duma on May 26, 1995 .).

On March 20, 1998, negotiations were held in Odessa to resolve the Transnistrian conflict with the participation of the Russian, Ukrainian, Moldavian and Transnistrian delegations.

The recruitment of management bodies, military units and units of a special military contingent are carried out on a voluntary basis according to the preliminary (competitive) selection of servicemen undergoing military service. by contract. Preparation and equipment of peacekeeping forces are made at the expense of the federal budget allocated for defense.

During the period of service, as part of a special military contingent, military personnel enjoy the status, privileges and immunity, which are provided by the UN staff during operations in peacekeeping in accordance with the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations adopted by the UN General Assembly on February 13, 1996, the Convention on UN Security dated December 9, 1994, Protocol on the status of groups of military observers and collective peacekeeping forces in the CIS of May 15, 1992

Preparation I. training The peacekeeping contingent military personnel are carried out at the bases of a number of compounds of the Leningrad and Volga-Ural Military District, as well as on the Sunshit's Sunshit Courses in the city of Solnechnogorsk (Moscow region).

The international activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation include joint exercises, friendly visits and other events aimed at strengthening the common world and mutual understanding.

On August 7-11, 2000, a joint Russian-Moldovan teaching of the peacekeeping forces "Blue Shield" was held.

Questions and tasks

1. The value and role of international activities of the Armed Forces of Russia in conducting military reform.
2. Legal database of the peacekeeping activities of the Armed Forces of Russia.
3. The status of a serviceman of the contingent of Russia's peacekeeping forces.

Smirnov A. T., Basics of Life Safety: Proc. For students of 11 cl. general education. Institutions / A. T. Smirnov, B. I. Mishin, V. A. Vasnev. - 3rd ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 2002. - 159 p. - Il.

Help Schoolboy online, lies for grade 11 download, calendar and thematic planning

Design of lesson Abstract lesson reference frame presentation lesson accelerative methods interactive technologies Practice Tasks and exercises self-test Workshop, trainings, cases, quests Home tasks Discussion issues Rhetorical questions from students Illustrations Audio, video clips and multimedia Photos, pictures, tables, Schemes of humor, jokes, jokes, Comics Proverbs, sayings, crosswords, quotes Supplements Abstracts Articles Chips for Curious Cheat Sheets Textbooks Basic and Additional Globes Other Terms Improving textbooks and lessons Fixing errors in the textbook Updating fragment in the textbook. Innovation elements in the lesson replacing outdated knowledge new Only for teachers Perfect lessons Calendar Plan for a year guidelines Discussion programs Integrated lessons

At the end of the twentieth century as a result of the end cold War"And the collapse of the socialist bloc happened a fundamental change in the current balance of power and spheres of influence, the process of active decay began. multinational statesThere were trends to revise well-established post-war borders. The United Nations (UN) is constantly involved in resolving numerous disputes and conflicts in various regions of the world.

In a number of missions, quite large military contingents of UN forces, called the "peacekeeping forces" (MS), took part in a number of missions.

After the collapse of the USSR, the Russian Federation as its successor continued to participate in a number of world peacekeeping missions. Representatives of Russia were part of the five groups of UN military observers who were part of peacekeeping forces: in the Middle East (in Egypt, Israel, Syria, Lebanon; in the Irako Kuwaiti border); In Western Sahara, Cambodia, Yugoslavia. Later, Russian observers began to be sent to Angola and a number of other countries and regions.

In April 1992, for the first time in the history of the peacekeeping activities of Russia, on the basis of the UN Security Council resolution and the Resolution of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, the Russian 554th United UN Battalion was sent to the Union of Yugoslavia. Russian peacekeepers We have adequately represented our armed forces and made a significant contribution to the first peacekeeping operation in the Balkans, held in 1992-1995.

The second peacekeeping operation of the United Nations in April 1995 was the continuation of the UN peacekeeping operation. military unit - 629th United UN Battalion. Within two years, this military contingent was in Sarajevo.

The International Peacekeeping Operation in Bosnia, which began with the creation in 1996 for the implementation of the agreement (IFOR), subsequently replaced by stabilization (SFOR) forces entered the story as an example of successful actions of the global community to terminate the armed conflict. The Russian separate airborne brigade of peacekeeping forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was formed in accordance with the decree of the President of Russia and the Defense Minister of Defense Minister of December 11, 1995, participated in the tasks of

Since 1992, Russia has been actively involved in the peacekeeping process on the territory of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Russian military personnel perform peacekeeping functions, both as part of the UN troops and as part of the collective peacekeeping forces (CSPM) or independently in the former republics of the Soviet Union.

Conflict in Transnistria . Transnistria is a strip of land in the east of Moldova along the Dniester River. Until 1940, the river passed the border: the lands to the West were called Bessarabia and belonged to Romania, and Transnistria was part of the Soviet Union. After the entry of Soviet troops in Bessarabia, the Moldovan SSR was formed. Already in our time, when Moldavia, like other Soviet republics, came out of the Union, Transnistrians in Tiraspol announced that they were separated from Moldova, based on the fact that most residents of this territory are Russian and Ukrainians, and in 1940 they were forcibly united With Moldovans. Chisinau authorities tried to restore the integrity of the republic. The armed conflict began. Active fighting was carried out in the spring of 1992. On July 21, 1992, the Russian-Moldovan Agreement was signed "On the principles of peaceful settlement of armed conflict in the Transnistrian Region of the Republic of Moldova". In accordance with it, a Russian peacekeeping contingent of 6 battalions was introduced into the conflict zone for observing compliance with the conditions of truce and promote the maintenance of legality and law enforcement.

At the end of 1996, due to the stabilization of the situation, the total number of Russian peacekeeping forces in the region decreased to 2 battalions.

The purposeful and coordinated actions of Russia to resolve the conflict situation in Transnistria led to stabilization and monitoring of the development of the situation in the region. The result of the actions of peacekeepers in a five-year period: more than 12 thousand neutralized explosive objects, about 70 thousand seized units of ammunition. Local residents, leaders of self-government bodies, enterprises and organizations of Transnistria and Moldova as a whole were provided to great help of "Blue Kasam" in ensuring their vital activity. Thanks to the joint efforts, the situation in the security zone and currently remains controlled and controlled. The final conclusion of Russian troops from the region will be determined in the course of further negotiations and in close constructions with the political settlement of the Transnistrian conflict.

Conflict in South Ossetia began in 1989, the most acute phase came to the end of 1991 - early 1992, he touched not only Georgia, but in most directly Russia. The arrival of tens of thousands of refugees from the south fell severe burden to the North Ossetian Republic. Many of them were resettled on the lands, from which Ingush were sent at one time. At the same time, there was a movement among Ossetians for the creation of a single Ossetian state, independent or as part of the Russian Federation, which could even more complicate the situation on both sides of the Greater Caucasian Range.

The conflict situation in South Ossetia developed as follows. On June 24, 1992, in Dagomys, it was possible to conclude a three-way agreement on the cease-fire and the direction to the conflict area of \u200b\u200bmixed peacekeeping forces to monitor the cessation of fire, the withdrawal of armed formations, the dissolution of the self-defense forces and the security regime in the control zone. The Russian contingent of these forces (500 people) is numerically approximately equal to Georgian and Ossetian battalions (450 people). Mixed forces to maintain peace in the zone of the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict are conducting measures to prevent and suppress the armed clashes and breeding of conflicting parties.

After coming to power in Georgia, the new president M. Saakashvili The situation around South Ossetia was again punished, since the Georgian leadership increasingly inclues to the military solution to the problem of the unrecognized republic. The region maintains a complex setting. Fragile stability in South Ossetia is supported only by the presence of Russian peacekeeping forces. In case of their withdrawal, the situation can instantly exit from under control.

Conflict in Abkhazia . In Abkhazia, armed conflict only from August to December 1992 buried 2 thousand lives. For Russia, we are talking about the fate of tens of thousands of ethnic Russians, whom in Abkhazia in peace times there are approximately the same as abhaz (100 thousand). It is also about the position of parts russian armyfound in the conflict zone.

In conditions of deep distrust between the parties, the implementation of any peace plan requires the presence of peacekeeping forces. The situation in the conflict zone required immediate actions, but repeated appeals of conflicting Parties and Russia to the UN on the need for an immediate adoption by the Safety Council's decision to carry out peacekeeping operations led only to the direction of the UN Mission in Georgia. In this regard, in June 1994, military units of the collective peacekeeping forces were introduced into the conflict zone.

The core of these forces was Russian units with the total number of more than 1800 people introduced on June 13, 1994 on the basis of the decision of the Council of Heads of the CIS states. They were put in blocking the conflict area, observation of the conclusion of troops and their disarmament, the protection of important objects and communications, accompanied by humanitarian goods, etc. Legal basis The placement of the CSPM in the conflict zone was the Georgian-Abkhaz Agreement on the cease-fire and the separation of forces of 14 May 1994. It must be emphasized that in agreement it is about the peacemaking forces of the CIS. However, no state determined the form and degree of its participation in the operation and actually in the composition of the forces was involved only by the military contingent of Russia.

During the fulfillment of peacekeeping tasks, a special military contingent of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in the zone of the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict has been done to prevent the escalation of armed conflict, partial demining the area, to assist the local population in establishing life and life after the end of the hostilities.

At the same time, the Russian servicemen had to act in conditions when the parties instead of finding a political compromise tried to raise confrontation and distrust between neighboring peoples. There was no outpatient organ over the opposing parties.

The position around the Abkhaz problem was aggravated after the adoption on January 19, 1996 by the Council of Heads of the CIS states of the decision "On measures to resolve the conflict settlement in Abkhazia", \u200b\u200bwhich prescribed some restrictions on the economic and other relations of the CIS participating countries with Abkhazia. The situation complicated an increasingly convicted desire of the Georgian leadership to solve the Abkhaz problem with force methods. In particular, the Georgian Parliament essentially demanded to change the mandate of the collective forces to maintain peace in Abkhazia, give them police, forced functions.

Russia, when conducting a peacekeeping mission in Georgia, it sought to strictly follow the three basic principles of peacemaking: impartiality, neutrality, openness; Supported Georgian leadership in question territorial integrity Georgia; Actively connected to the Abkhaz settlement of the State Parties to the CIS, UN and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), while continuing the peacekeeping operation in the conflict zone.

In March 1997, the Council of Heads of the CIS states gave a positive assessment of the activities of the collective forces to maintain peace in Abkhazia, while noting the important role that peacekeepers are performed "in stabilizing the situation, creating refugee security conditions and promoting the speedy settlement of the conflict." At the same time, it was emphasized that about 80% of the population on both shores of Inguri consider peacekeepers the only guarantor of peace, calm and stability in the region.

However, in mid-1997, the situation in Abkhazia again aggravated. It was partly touched on Russian peacekeepers, the next mandate of which was expired on July 31, 1997. Each of the conflicting parties began to "in its own way" to evaluate the prospects for their activities and the final conclusion (if the decision of the Council of Heads of the CIS heads). The refusal of official Tbilisi to sign the Protocol on the Georgian-Abkhaz settlement has already agreed with the mediation of Russia only strengthened tensions. Soon the leader of Georgia E. Shevardnadze spoke about the need for a peacekeeping operation in Abkhazia for the so-called Bosnian (Dayton) version, based on not to maintain peace, but on coercion to him. But the world community did not support similar initiatives.

As for the position of the second party, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Abkhazia sees in the Russian peacekeeping forces the main stabilizing factor in the conflict zone. The presence of the peacekeeping forces of the Russian Federation, emphasize Abkhaz diplomats, creates favorable conditions for promoting the negotiation process on a full-scale settlement. Only due to the stabilization of the situation in the security zone, controlled by the CSPM, about 70 thousand refugees returned to the Gali district of Abkhazia. And the Abkhaz side does not intend to change the Russians on someone else.

Conflict in Tajikistan . Armed conflict in the country developed the most dramatic manner and acquired very fierce forms. According to different estimates, the number of those killed in the course of the Civil War in this country amounted to from 20 thousand to 40 thousand people. About 350 thousand were forced to leave their homes, of which approximately 60 thousand fled to Afghanistan.

The leaders of the Central Asian states (primarily Uzbekistan) and the Russian military seriously perceived the threat of Islamic extremism, hung over Tajikistan. In accordance with the agreement of the Council of Heads of the CIS states of September 24, 1993, special coalition peacekeeping forces of the CIS were created, which included the 201th motorized rifle division of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the unit (from a separate company to battalion) from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. The following tasks were identified by collective peacekeeping forces: promoting the normalization of the situation at the Tajik-Afghan border in order to stabilize the general situation in the country and creating conditions for the dialogue between all parties on the paths of political resolution of the conflict; Ensuring the delivery, protection and distribution of emergency and other humanitarian aid; Creating conditions for the safe return of refugees to the places of their permanent residence and protection of national economic and other vital objects. At the end of 1996, the grouping of troops in Tajikistan also included a group of the FSB of Russia and the National Border Service of Tajikistan.

The use of MS in Tajikistan was a very painful problem for Russia due to the fact that Russian troops stationed in this state (their number is the largest in the territory of the CIS), on the one hand, began to act as a guarantor of the power existing in Dushanbe - and on the other hand , ensure the protection of the borders of Tajikistan and at the same time the entire Central Asian region. Nowhere, peacekeeping forces do not protect the borders of the state in which they are directly. In Tajikistan, the actions to resolve conflicts are conjugate with the intervention of neighboring states, therefore the protection of the borders of this state is forced to be the necessary measure. In many ways, the containment of gangs occurs due to the construction of defensive structures, mining of the terrain and the use of weapons. In the event of an attack, border guards are assisted by the division of the 201st Division, with which the issues of interaction have been developed in detail.

With all the explanatory difficulties in the economy of Central Asian states, the risk of disseminating Islamic extremism forces the governments of these countries to consider Russia's efforts as their national interests. It is also characteristic that in relation to the movement of the Taliban in Afghanistan, almost all leaders of the Central Asian republics expressed a negative assessment, seeing one of the manifestations of Islamic extremism and the threat of stability in the region, in particular, in connection with the real previous opportunity to support the Taliban Government of the Radical Tajik Opposition . At the same time, it is emphasized by the need to more actively search for ways to resolve the Tajik conflict with the involvement of the circles of moderate Tajik opposition. Certain steps in this direction are made. In particular, the Russian government continues to measures aimed at resolving the conflict in order to create conditions for the dialogue between the government and representatives of moderate opposition with the simultaneous insulation of the extremist camp funded from abroad, attracting representatives of the Muslim clergy, the CIS partners directly affected by the crisis, - Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan.

Of particular concern among the heads of the CIS and the command of peacekeeping forces, not only the overall instability in the region, but also the problem of drug business. Russian peacekeepers are actively fighting drug transfer from Afghanistan to Russia. In recent years, the amount of potions are recreated through the southern borders have increased repeatedly. Therefore, it is still premature to talk about reducing the role of peacekeeping forces in the region.

Thus, collective forces operate in the interests of national security not only Tajikistan, but also the entire Central Asian region. Their activities in Tajikistan are the first and very valuable experience of the actions of coalition forces on the localization of the Civil War, which has taken tens of thousands of lives. Peacemakers are dying. For example, only in the five months of 1997, 12 Russian servicemen were killed in the republic.

Over time, in Tajikistan, the form of the Russian military presence will change. Currently, within the framework of the 1999 Treaty between the Republic of Tajikistan and the Russian Federation, a Russian military base was established on the basis of the 201th motorized rifle division.

However, until the whole world in the republic is far away.

In addition to purely peacekeeping functions, outside the Russian Federation, armed forces, together with the military forces, had to carry out tasks to maintain legality, law enforcement and breeding of conflicting parties directly in the territory of the Russian Federation.

Ossetian-Ingush conflict . The armed conflict in the suburban area of \u200b\u200bVladikavkaz in October-November 1992 was a practically inevitable consequence of the processes that began in the late 1980s. And sharply accelerated with the collapse of the USSR. The ethnic opposition of local Ossetians, Ossetians - refugees from South Ossetia and translated from Chechnya Ingush turned into an armed conflict. At the same time, the actions of the army during the conflict period are rated rather positively than negatively. At the same time, the facts indicate the insufficient ability of manuals in the center and on the ground to control the situation. The lack of clear and timely political decisions forced the command of the 42nd Army Corps deployed in this region, to make independent decisions to curb the unlawful actions of extremists.

For the cessation of bloodshed and maintaining the rule of law, a consolidated military group of about 14 thousand people (March 1994) from the troops of the North Caucasus Military District and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation was formed in North Ossetia and Ingushetia.

Despite some decline in the conflict in this region, the passions of passions still existed. This was required in the summer of 1997 the immediate intervention center. Consultations were held with the leaders of the republics, a special working group Within the framework of the Security Council of the Russian Federation to resolve the situation, a decree was prepared on priority measures to normalize the situation in the suburban area, a number of steps were taken on "religious reconciliation" in the republics. The conflict is localized. Attempt international terrorism To blow up the world in this region - an attack on school and hostage seizure in the North Ossetian city of Beslan in September 2004 - was not crowned with success as a result of the decisive actions of Moscow.

The main positive result of the introduction of peacekeeping contingents of the Russian Federation to the districts of conflicts in most cases is the separation of the warring parties, the termination of bloodshed and unrest, the implementation of control over the disarmament of the opposing parties, the restoration of the normal life of peaceful people. As a result, favorable conditions were created to solve controversial issues by peaceful means, through negotiations.

International peacekeeping activities. The peacekeeping activity of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. UN Maintenance Operations International Peacekeeping Activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar documents

Last

It is necessary to know