Definition of diplomacy and history of its development. Multilateral diplomacy in unilateral interests Conceptual and legal foundations of multilateral diplomacy

Multilateral diplomacy

Multilateral diplomacy- a form of diplomacy within international organizations, carried out through delegations and permanent missions of states at international organizations.

In the diplomatic dictionary multilateral diplomacy is commonly understood as "diplomatic activity with the participation of representatives of several states related to the work of international intergovernmental organizations and conferences, negotiations, consultations, etc."

Currently, most researchers call modern diplomacy conference or multilateral for the most part. Famous diplomat IN AND. Popov associates this phenomenon with:

• · The emergence global problems, in the solution of which many states are interested
• With a significant increase in the number of states in the world
• · With the need for the participation of most or all states of the world in solving emerging problems.

The now overwhelming majority international conferences carried out by one or another international organization or under its auspices. There is a tendency to view international conferences and congresses as one of the forms of regular activity of international organizations. International congresses and conferences held outside the system of international organizations are often viewed as an independent form of multilateral diplomacy.

Multilateral the negotiation process can take place both within the framework of the organizations themselves, and during the work of regular international conferences convened by them, as well as outside the framework of the organizations. As a rule, special issues are discussed in detail at international conferences. At such specialized conferences, professional diplomats may not constitute the majority of the participants. Politicians and experts are actively involved in them. International conferences are international forums of a temporary nature. They can be: according to the composition of participants - intergovernmental, non-governmental and mixed, according to the circle of participants - universal and regional, according to the object of activity - general and special.

Other characteristics modern diplomacy has been identified by foreign experts in this field. For example, K. Hamilton and R. Langhorne, speaking about the features of modern diplomacy, highlight two key points. Firstly, its greater openness in comparison with the past, which is understood, on the one hand, to involve representatives of various strata of the population in diplomatic activities, and not just the aristocratic elite, as before, on the other, extensive coverage of agreements signed by states. Secondly, the intensive, at the level of international organizations, the development of multilateral diplomacy.

The strengthening of the role of multilateral diplomacy within the framework of international organizations has been noted by many other authors. The twenty-first century, which has been called the "century of the global information society", together with its new information and communication technologies (IT), the Internet and computerization of communications, promotes the rapid exchange of information, as well as changes the previous ideas about time and space. Today the "information revolution" has a direct impact on the development of modern diplomacy.

The Central Multilateral Entity in modern world is an United Nations(UN). We can say that the UN sets the "rules of the game" for the economic diplomacy of all countries. Chapter IX of the UN Charter is called "International Economic and Social Cooperation", where it is written that the UN promotes:

• 1) improving the standard of living, full employment of the population and the conditions of economic and social progress and development;
• 2) permission international issues in the field of economic, social, etc .; international cooperation in the field of culture and education;
• 3) universal respect and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all.

Globalization processes have had a significant impact on the nature of multilateral economic diplomacy, she has acquired a number of trends:

• First, there is expansion of the mandate leading multilateral organizations and forums beyond traditionally debated issues. For example, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in last years discusses such non-traditional aspects for her as environmental and food security, population aging, the fight against corruption and others.
• Secondly, multilateral economic diplomacy has become more representative from the point of view of the participating countries. So, at the time of the creation of the World Trade Organization WTO in 1995, 125 states were its members; by 2004, their number had increased to 149.
• Third, the expansion of the mandate and the increase in the number of participants led to numerous attempts reforming institutions multilateral economic diplomacy. Thus, the WTO has a document called "The Future of the WTO", which contains proposals for organizational reform.
• Fourth, economic diplomacy in general, and multilateral in particular, has acquired open, world-wide public character... Thus, many developed countries of the world often come up with proposals addressed to the entire world community.

Bilateral diplomacy, carried out on an ongoing basis through the diplomatic mission of one state on the territory of another state.

At the present stage, bilateral diplomacy has a number of specific features:

• 1) bilateral diplomacy deals not only with individual issues of trade and economic cooperation, it directs its efforts to create an effective environment for developing such cooperation(agreements on strategic cooperation are being concluded).
• 2) Bilateral diplomacy is increasingly used as a tool for solving problems that were not settled at the multilateral level.
• 3) The number of issues on the agenda of bilateral negotiations is growing, which go beyond bilateral cooperation... For example, under development joint projects with third countries.
• 4) The involvement in the negotiation process of the economic profile is increasing senior officials.
• 5) Happened spatial shift in bilateral economic diplomacy, that is, now not only states of the same region interact, but also states geographically distant from each other.
• 6) The very concept of "bilateral diplomacy" has become somewhat conditional, since more and more often one of the parties to such diplomacy is an integration association, or both sides are associations of states.

multilateral diplomacy negotiation process

• · Bilateral diplomacy is often more effective than multilateral diplomacy.
• · Bilateral diplomacy is inherently more flexible and more efficient than multilateral, since it does not require numerous and labor-intensive agreements of various parties.
• · On the other hand, bilateral diplomacy complements multilateral and, on the one hand, serves as the basis for subsequent agreements at the multilateral level, and on the other hand, it puts the results of multilateral diplomacy into a practical plane.

Question 2. Multilateral and conference diplomacy.

Multilateral diplomacy as a separate and peculiar type of diplomatic activity can be subdivided into the following main types:

Diplomacy of international congresses and conferences

Diplomacy of multilateral negotiation processes on specific international problems

Diplomatic activities in the framework of international organizations.

Moreover, each of the varieties of multilateral diplomacy includes bilateral diplomatic work and bears all the features of bilateral diplomacy.

An important distinguishing feature of multilateral diplomacy is the need to bring to a common denominator a large number of different positions, the interaction of which can give completely unexpected results, when the point of view of a not the strongest participant or the strongest group of negotiators becomes predominant.

The difference between multilateral diplomacy lies in its greater openness - not at the request of the participants or due to the nature of the issues under consideration, but simply because with a large number of participants in the process, it can be difficult to maintain the confidentiality of the discussion. Greater openness of the decision-making process leads to greater consideration of public opinion.

The cumbersomeness of multilateral diplomatic processes predetermines their long length in time, and this entails a great dependence on the dynamics of the real international situation.

A variety of international conferences can be considered international organizations, most of which arose in the second half of the 20th century and which play an essential role in solving many issues of international relations. Their difference from conferences is primarily in the presence of permanent delegations or representations. This leaves a special imprint on the relationship between diplomats from different countries, who interact with each other on an ongoing basis, and not from time to time, as is the case at conferences.

Many scholars and researchers of diplomatic art note the special role of the personal qualities of a diplomat in multilateral diplomacy, and the more difficult the situation, the more important the personality of the negotiators, the higher the level of the meeting, the higher the rank of its participants, the more important is the personality of the leaders of the delegation, their professionalism.

Multilateral diplomacy is a "multi-layered" job. Before being submitted for consideration and approval at a high official level, any issue or document is carefully worked out and agreed upon by experts, and then at the working level.

As an independent and increasingly important type of multilateral diplomacy, it is necessary to single out multilateral negotiation mechanisms created to resolve specific international problems. Among those who continue to operate and today, the most "long-playing" is the negotiation process for the settlement of the Middle East conflict. At the same time, its participants do not raise the issue of curtailing the process, realizing that even difficult, slow and ineffective negotiations are still better than military confrontation. A well-known example of a multilateral negotiating mechanism for solving a specific international problem is the Six-Party Talks on nuclear program DPRK.

In the second half of the XX century. the forms of multilateral diplomacy have become more diverse. If in the past it was mainly reduced to the negotiation process within the framework of various congresses (for example, the Westphalian Congress in 1648, the Karlovytsky Congress in 1698-1699, the Vienna Congress in 1914-1915, the Parisian 1856, etc.), today multilateral diplomacy held within:

International universal (UN) and regional (OAU, OSCE, etc.) organizations;

Conferences, commissions, etc., convened or created to solve any problem (for example, the Paris Conference on Vietnam, the Joint Commission for the Resolution of the Conflict in South West Africa);

Multilateral summit meetings (for example, meetings of seven, and after the accession of Russia - eight leading states of the world) - the Big Eight. Nowadays, more and more meetings are being held in a more expanded format - in the G20 format.

The activities of the embassies (for example, First Deputy Secretary of State of the United States S. Talbot notes that, for example, the American Embassy in Beijing, together with Chinese and Japanese colleagues, directs a significant part of its efforts to find solutions to problems on the Korean Peninsula; similar actions are being taken in other regions - v Latin America, in southern Africa).

Multilateral diplomacy and multilateral negotiations give rise to a number of new aspects in diplomatic practice. Thus, an increase in the number of parties when discussing a problem leads to a complication of the general structure of interests, the possibility of creating coalitions, as well as the emergence of a leading country in the negotiation forums. In addition, in multilateral negotiations, a large number of organizational, procedural and technical problems arise, related, for example, to agreeing an agenda, a venue, developing and making decisions, chairing forums, accommodating delegations, providing them with the necessary conditions for work, providing a copy and other equipment, vehicles, etc. All this, in turn, contributes to the bureaucratization of negotiation processes, especially those conducted within the framework of international organizations.

International conferences classified in different ways:

Bilateral / multilateral

Special / Regular

Devoted to one question / dedicated to many questions

With / without a dedicated secretariat

For the exchange of information / for the development of contracts

By the level of publicity: open (with the media) / semi-closed (1 \ 2) / closed.

The agenda is developed in advance, the rules are approved at the beginning of the conference. Heads of delegation also have credentials (confirm that they can speak on behalf of the state)

Conference participants' rights:

Each participant has the right to speak once

Has the right to respond to criticism

Eligibility for Procedural Proposals (first)

Decisions are made on the basis of submitted proposals

Functions of the chairman of the conference:

Procedural:

Opening, closing

Summons to the rostrum

Interruption of the speech

Notes on the course of the presentation

Support of the conference

Regular:

Election of members to the new commission

Acting as a facilitator to achieve the goal of the conference

To conduct the conference, secretariats are created, which are responsible:

Transport, premises, accommodation

Translation of reports into all languages ​​and printing of their copies.

International Diplomacy Certification Answers

The concept of multilateral diplomacy

Multilateral diplomacy is the official activity of heads of state, legal special services / external relations bodies and their foreign representatives on the implementation of negotiations, correspondence of non-military practical measures, taking into account the specific conditions and nature of the tasks to be solved in order to uphold foreign policy goals.

Actors of multilateral diplomacy

Representatives of states are not the only actors in multilateral diplomacy. Delegates from TNCs (transnational corporations) and INGOs (international non-governmental organizations) vie for influence in the corridors of the UN and other IOs with professional diplomats, politicians and international officials. The role of non-state actors lobbying for the interests of their organizations among governments, the press and international officials is on the rise. Representatives of INGOs are more competent in dealing with special, very specific issues than professional diplomats. The so-called "diplomatic counter-elite" is formed from the number of non-state actors, as if opposing professional diplomatic personnel.

Differences: First concerns the knowledge and information base required for a particular type of diplomacy. In traditional diplomacy, a diplomat representing his country in the capital of another state must have a good understanding of the national interests of both sides. He must know where these interests coincide and where they differ. He needs knowledge and understanding political system and the political culture of the host country, acquaintance with its prominent people. In the field of multilateral diplomacy, diplomats must be able to adapt to the political environment and culture, where people speak many languages ​​and where it is necessary to know and take into account the national interests of a large number of countries. Second the difference between multilateral diplomacy and traditional diplomacy is that the first type is accompanied by regular personal contacts with a large number of people. Therefore, the ability to maintain business relationships and get along with their colleagues regardless of their political, economic and cultural differences is probably more important in multilateral forums than in bilateral relations, where the political and military weight of the two countries is more significant than their ideological and cultural differences.

Features of multilateral negotiation diplomacy

This is diplomacy without the imposition by some states of their value on other countries, without diktat, without confrontation and military upheavals, that is, only through negotiations within the framework of generally recognized international law.

Multilateral intergovernmental conferences and forums

M / n conference is a meeting of representatives acting on behalf of the state, which is convened for a certain period to achieve certain goals.

International conferences can be classified as follows:

♦ bilateral or multilateral;

♦ dedicated to one or several issues;

♦ special or ordinary;

♦ conferences with or without a permanent secretariat.

International conferences can be categorized by purpose to achieve which they are organized. Accordingly, they can;

♦ be forum for general discussion of one or several issues;

♦ make decisions that are binding on governments;

♦ make decisions that govern the activities of the secretariats of intergovernmental organizations, as well as the way in which programs funded by governments are implemented, such as the standing or executive committees of international organizations between plenary sessions.

There are many definitions of the concept diplomacy. Some are given, for example, in such well-known books as "Diplomacy" by G. Nicholson, "Guide to diplomatic practice" by E. Satow. The majority proceeds, firstly, from the fact that diplomacy is an instrument for the implementation of interstate relations. Illustrative in this regard is B. White's chapter "Diplomacy", prepared for the book "The Globalization of World Politics: An introduction to International Relations", published in 1997, where diplomacy is characterized as one of the forms of government activity.

Secondly, the direct connection of diplomacy with negotiation process.

An example of a fairly broad understanding of diplomacy is the definition of the English researcher J.R. Berridge (G.R. Berridge). In his opinion, diplomacy is the conduct of international affairs, rather, through negotiations and other peaceful means (collection of information, manifestation of goodwill, etc.), which imply, directly or indirectly, it is the conduct of negotiations, and not the use of force, the use of propaganda or referring to legislation.

Thus, negotiations have remained the most important instrument of diplomacy for several centuries. Moreover, answering modern realities, they, like diplomacy in general, acquire new features.

K. Hamilton (K. Natilton) and R. Langhorn (K. Langhorne), speaking about the features of modern diplomacy, highlight two key points. Firstly, its greater openness in comparison with the past, which is understood, on the one hand, to involve representatives of various strata of the population in diplomatic activities, and not only the aristocratic elite, as before, on the other, broad information about agreements signed by states. Secondly, intensive, at the level of international organizations, development multilateral diplomacy. The strengthening of the role of multilateral diplomacy has been noted by many other authors, in particular P. Sharp. Lebedeva M.M. Global politics: Textbook for universities. - M .: Aspect-Press, 2008, p.307.

In the second half of the 20th century, not only the number of multilateral negotiations, but the forms of multi-party diplomacy are also becoming more diverse. If in the past it was mainly reduced to the negotiation process within the framework of various congresses (Westphalian, 1648, Karlovitsky, 1698-1699, Vienna, 1914-1915, Paris, 1856, etc.), now multilateral diplomacy is carried out within the framework of:

* international universal (UN) and regional organizations (OAU, OSCE, etc.);

* conferences, commissions and similar events or structures convened or created to solve any problem (for example, the Paris Conference on Vietnam; Joint Commission for the Resolution of the Conflict in South West Africa, etc.);

* multilateral summit meetings ("Big Eight", etc.);

* the work of embassies in multilateral areas (for example, former US Deputy Secretary of State St. Talbott notes that the American embassy, ​​for example, in Beijing, directed a significant part of its efforts to find solutions to problems on the Korean Peninsula, jointly with Chinese and Japanese colleagues).

Multilateral diplomacy and multilateral negotiations give rise to a number of new aspects, but at the same time difficulties in diplomatic practice. Thus, an increase in the number of parties when discussing a problem leads to a complication general structure interests, coalition building and the emergence of leading countries in negotiating forums. In addition, a large number of organizational, procedural and technical problems arise in multilateral negotiations: the need to agree on the agenda, venue; development and adoption of decisions, chairmanship at forums; accommodation of delegations, etc. Ibid, p.309.

"Multilateral diplomacy"

Lecture I .

The concept of multilateral diplomacy. Brief history and main stages of formation. Increasing the relevance of multilateral diplomacy in the era of globalization.

1) Objective trends in the development of international relations. Globalization: the growing interconnectedness of the world economy. Formation of global markets and global information space.

2) The emergence of global threats and challenges. Change of concept national security, the formation of the concept of global security.

3) Multilateral negotiations and international organizations are the two main tools for finding and agreeing solutions on a global scale.

4) Negotiations of several parties or a group of states as a complex process of developing agreements, treaties, decisions.

Negotiators: a) full participants and b) observers. Fundamentals of activities and organization of international conferences. Rules of procedure. The specifics of diplomatic work at international conferences.

Lecture II .

Multilateral negotiation diplomacy Features of tactics and diplomatic work.

1) Multilateral intergovernmental conferences and other forums convened on a regular basis (sessions of universal and regional organizations). Rules of procedure, peculiarities of work. Formation of governing and coordinating bodies. Using the principle of geographical representation and rotation. Regional groups, coordinators of regional groups. Work on draft resolutions and reports, role of secretariat, bureau and regional coordinators.

2) Multilateral intergovernmental conferences and forums convened outside universal and regional organizations to consider a certain range of issues:

a) forums held with the organizational assistance of the UN or regional organizations;

b) forums convened without organizational support from the UN or regional organizations.

The procedure for choosing a venue for the forum and determining the circle of participants.

Sources of funding and organizational support.

Harmonization of rules of procedure. Features of diplomatic training: work "across capitals", with delegations, the formation of interest groups and mutual support.

Work on final documents. The procedure for drawing up a project, agreement with delegations, forms of adoption.

Lecture III .

UN. History of origin. Role at the present stage.

UN Charter. Principal organs of the United Nations.

1) History of origin. The predecessor of the UN is the League of Nations and its shortcomings. The decisions of the three powers during the Second World War to establish a peacekeeping organization. Conference in Dumbarton Oaks and San Francisco to elaborate the UN Charter.

2) UN Charter. Purposes and principles of the UN. Membership in the organization. The growth and nature of changes in UN member states from 1946 to 2000. UN Observers. Official languages, organization structure.

3) Main organs. General Assembly. Functions and powers. Sessions. Committees. Features of diplomatic work at a session of the General Assembly. Security Council. Membership, features of the status of permanent members. Functions and powers. Economic and Social Council. Membership. Functions and powers. Sessions. Subsidiary and Council-related bodies. Relations with non-governmental organizations. Guardianship Council. Membership. Functions and powers. International Court. The statute International Court of Justice... Jurisdiction. Membership. Secretariat. Functions and powers. Headquarters and offices. Secretary General. The role and place of the UN Secretary General in the modern system of international relations. UN reforms.

Lecture IV .

UN system. Programs, bodies, special institutions.

1) The concept of the UN family. ACC Administrative Coordination Committee. UN Headquarters and Offices. (UNICEF, UNCTAD.)

2) UN programs and bodies. United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and UNDP-related funds: United Nations Volunteers (UNV), United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), United Nations Fund for Science and Technology for Development (UNFRAD), etc. environment(UNEP), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), UNICEF, UNCTAD, UNIDO, etc.

3) Specialized institutions and other organizations: ILO, FAO, UNESCO, ICAO, WHO, WMO, WIPO, IMF, IBRD, etc. Peculiarities of the work of special agencies. The main bodies of special institutions. Area of ​​responsibility.

Lecture V .

1) UN Secretariat. Main Directorates and Departments: Legal, Political, Disarmament, Peacekeeping Operations, etc.

2) UN officials and personnel classification. Rules for recruiting staff to the UN Secretariat. Principles of Competence, Professionalism and Geographic Representation. The role of the size of the contribution of the Member States to the UN budget in recruiting personnel (quotas). Secondment.

3) International Civil Service Commission. Role and functions.

4) UN Administrative Tribunal. Review Committee of the Administrative Tribunal.

5) UN pension system. UN Staff Pension Committee. United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund.

Lecture VI .

Peacekeeping activities of the UN. Peacekeeping operations. Embargo and sanctions.

1) the UN Charter on peaceful settlement of disputes and actions in relation to threats to the peace, breaches of the peace and acts of aggression. Security Council as main body responsible for maintaining peace and security. Security Council capabilities: issuing ceasefire directives, sending military observers or peacekeeping forces to the conflict zone, using military force coalition of UN member states or some regional organization by agreement. The role and area of ​​responsibility of the General Assembly: recommendations to the UN member states, the Security Council, conducting diplomatic negotiations, holding special or emergency special sessions on controversial issues. Unity for Peace resolution and its implications. Role of the Secretary General. Preventive diplomacy, mediation, consultation, etc. Peacekeeping operations: decision making and execution. Arrangement of military personnel. Financing of peacekeeping operations. Cooperation with regional organizations.

2) Power solutions: embargo and sanctions. The authorization of coercive measures is the exclusive competence of the Security Council. Examples of sanctions and embargoes (South Africa, Iraq, former Yugoslavia, Libya, Liberia, etc.). Military actions. (Kuwait, operation in Somalia, Luanda.)

Differences between similar actions and peacekeeping operations.

Strengthening the world. Control over the conduct of elections. Peacemaking through development.

Ongoing peacekeeping operations.

Anti-terrorist operation in Afghanistan.

Lecture Vii .

Economic activity of the UN. The system of bodies, programs and special institutions involved in economic activity... Sustainable development strategy.

1) Coordination of development activities. Role of ECOSOC. United Nations Development Decade. UN Regional Commissions for Economic and Social Development. Executive Committee on Economic and Social Affairs and UN Development Group. Benefits of promoting development through the UN: universality, impartiality, global presence, overarching commitment.

2) Role of UNDP. UNDP Country Offices in Developing Countries (Resident Coordinators). Development lending. Role of IBRD, IDA and IFC. IMF activities. UNCTAD has a key role to play in addressing the challenges of trade, finance, technology and sustainable development. Tasks and functions of UNCTAD.

3) UNCTAD / WTO International Trade Center. Field of activity of the Center for International Trade. Scope of activities FAO, UNIDO, ILO, ICAO, IMO, etc. Concept of “sustainable development”. Agenda 21.

Lecture VIII .

Social activities of the UN. System of programs, bodies and institutions.

1) UN Social Development Program. ECOSOC is the main body that develops policy directions and priorities, and approves programs. The General Assembly raises and decides questions of social development. The Third Committee of the General Assembly includes issues related to the social sector on the agenda.

Under the auspices of ECOSOC, the main intergovernmental body dealing with social issues, is the Commission for Social Development. Consists of representatives from 46 states and advises ECOSOC on social aspects of development.

Copenhagen Social Summit 1995: Adoption of the Declaration and Program of Action. Main objectives: achieving full employment, promoting social inclusion based on the protection of human rights, equitable relations between men and women, accelerated development of Africa and the least developed countries, increased resources for social development, universal access to education and primary health care.

The main areas of UN social action: fighting hunger, fighting poverty, fighting AIDS, children's health (UNICEF activities), adequate housing (activities of the UN Center for Human Settlements), education (activities of UNESCO, UN University, Research Institute for Social Development at the UN, the rights and problems of women (Commission on the Status of Women, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women), etc.

Fight against crime and drug trafficking.

Activities of the Center for International Crime Prevention and the UN Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention.

International Narcotics Control Board. Composition, powers, activities.

Anti-drug conventions.

Lecture IX

UN and human rights. UN human rights and legal activities .

1 ... Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Covenants on Human Rights. Political and civil rights. Human rights conventions and others regulations(such as the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief, the Declaration on the Right to Development, etc.)

Organizational structure of UN human rights activities:

Human Rights Commission: composition, functions, powers. Main directions of activity;

Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities;

High Commissioner for Human Rights: terms of reference, powers, appointment procedure.

2) Legal activity of the UN.

Organizational structure legal activity UN.

Special Committee on the UN Charter. Composition and scope of activity.

UN Office of Legal Affairs.

International Court. Composition, competence. The role of the International Court of Justice in the settlement of disputes.

International Criminal Court: Short story formation, structure, field of activity.

International Tribunal. The order of creation, scope of activity.

The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia;

International Tribunal for Rwanda.

Activities of the UN Commission on Law international trade(UNCITRAL).

UN and the problems of disarmament, arms limitation and arms control.

UN Disarmament Mechanism. Mechanisms for monitoring and implementing agreements in the field of disarmament:

1) The First Committee of the General Assembly on Disarmament (specifics of work) and the UN Commission on Disarmament - powers, scope, features of work. Disarmament Conference.

United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs. Functions - servicing the General Assembly, maintaining the Register of Conventional Arms, exchange of information.

United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), field of activity, features of work.

Advisory Council on Disarmament Matters to the Secretary-General. Composition, field of activity, peculiarities of work.

UN Regional Disarmament Centers: Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean.

United Nations Disarmament Fellowship Program.

Role of the UN in advancing and supporting proposals on arms limitation and disarmament: facilitating progress in bilateral and multilateral negotiations through the adoption of General Assembly resolutions, provision of expertise and human resources in multilateral negotiations.

Zones free from nuclear weapons... Antarctic Treaty, Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (Treaty of Tlatelolco 1967), Agreements on the Establishment of a Nuclear-Free Zone: in the South Pacific (Treaty of Rarotonga 1985), in Southeast Asia (Treaty of Bangkok 1995 g.) and in Africa (Treaty of Pelendaba 1996).

Convention on biological weapons 1975 Role of the UN in its development.

The problem of antipersonnel mines.

Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons.

2) The Conference on Disarmament is the only multilateral negotiating forum in the field of disarmament. History of formation, role at the present stage. List of participants. Rules of procedure. Features of work. Contribution of the Conference on Disarmament to the achievement of real agreements (Chemical Weapons Convention, Nuclear Test Ban Treaty).

3) Mechanism for monitoring and implementing agreements in the field of disarmament.

IAEA - competence and role of a special agency in maintaining the nuclear non-proliferation regime. IAEA safeguards and inspections.

Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), history of formation, field of activity, features of work.

Register of Conventional Arms. Operating procedure.

The problem of monitoring compliance with the Biological Weapons Convention.

Lecture X 1.

WTO. Formation history. Features at the present stage. Organization structure. Negotiation rounds.

History of origin. Creation and operation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Goals and objectives of the GATT. Transformation of the GATT into a universal trade regulation mechanism. Separation of the spheres of competence of GATT and UNCTAD.

"Uruguay Round". Contradictions between the EU and the US, as well as developed and developing countries. The meaning of major trade-offs. Reaching an agreement on transforming the GATT into the WTO.

The role of the WTO in the regulation of international trade. The structure of the WTO. Balance of interests and a mechanism for developing solutions to disputable and conflict situations.

The relationship between Russia and the WTO. Features of the negotiation process.

Lecture XI 1 .

Regional international organizations.

1) OSCE. History of creation and stages of formation from Helsinki to Vienna. Scope of the OSCE. Structure and procedural rules. The procedure for the formation of organs.

Relationship with the UN.

2) Council of Europe ... History of formation. Role at the present stage. Principles for the admission of states to the Council of Europe. Organization structure. Features of the "parliamentary component" of the Council of Europe - PACE.

3) European Union ... History of formation. Principles of activity and admission of members. Relationship with pan-European structures - the OSCE and the Council of Europe. Political-military and economic component of the European Council. Prospects for the evolution of the EU. Relationship with Russia.

4) NATO. History of formation. Role at the present stage. The principles of membership in the Organization. Relationship with the UN, OSCE and EU. The evolution of the bloc and relations with Russia.

5) CIS. The main stages of formation and development. The structure of the Organization, military-political and economic components, relations with the UN, OSCE and NATO.

Lecture XIII .

Regional multilateral organizations.

1) ATEC. Stages of formation, principles of membership. The main tasks and purpose at the present stage. Role in the system of political and economic coordination.

2) ASEAN. Field of activity, structure, membership in the organization. Relationship with ATEC and other regional forums.

3) OAS. History of formation, evolution, role and objectives of the organization. Membership principles and competence. The relationship between the United States and Latin American states within the OAS. Ties with Russia.

4) OAU. Formation history. Membership principles and competence. Relationship with the UN. Contribution to peacekeeping in the African region.

5) LAS - history of formation, competence, principles of membership, role at the modern stage.

Lecture XIV .

Multilateral organizations of interest.

1) Non-Aligned Movement. History of creation and initial tasks. Features of evolution in the period from "Cartagena to Durban". Modern traffic structure. Features of the relationship between LTO and GBV 77. North-South dialogue and South-South dialogue.

2) D 8. History of creation and stages of evolution from the "Paris-Bonn axis" to the "Big Eight". Sphere of competence, principles of activity. Structure of activity: summits, ministerial meetings and meetings, sherpas. Relations with the UN, others universal organizations and with DN. Russia in G 8.

3) JIU. Formation, principles of activity, membership, role and place in the system of multilateral organizations.

4) OPEC. Aims and tasks of creation, membership, peculiarities of activities at the present stage. Relationship with Russia.

Lecture Xv .

Organization of multilateral diplomacy in the diplomatic service of Russia.

Subdivisions of the central apparatus of the Russian Foreign Ministry, engaged in the area of ​​multilateral diplomacy:

Department of International Organizations (DIO);

Department of Security and Disarmament Affairs (DVBR);

Department of Pan-European Cooperation (DOC);

Legal Department (DP);

Department of Economic Cooperation (DES);

Department of Compatriots and Human Rights (DSPHR);

The Department for Cultural Relations and UNESCO Affairs (DCSU);

Interdepartmental Commission on International Organizations. Coordinating role of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Functions of the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs for International Organizations. The procedure for determining the political line of Russia in specific multilateral organizations. Determination of contributions to the budgets of multilateral organizations. Training of personnel for multilateral diplomacy.

Lecture Xvi .

Permanent missions of the Russian Federation to international organizations.

Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the UN in New York. Structure and main divisions.

Permanent Mission to the United Nations Office at Geneva. Structure and function.

Permanent Mission to International Organizations in Vienna. Structure and function.

Features of the form of representation in Nairobi and Bangkok.

Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the OSCE.

Permanent Mission to NATO.

Permanent Delegation to the EU.

Permanent Mission to the Council of Europe.

Forms of representation at the OAS and other regional organizations.

Features of diplomatic work with multilateral organizations in which Russia participates and in which there are no permanent missions (G 8, ATEC, etc.).

Features of passing the diplomatic service when working in the secretariats of international organizations.

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Foreign policy concept of the Russian Federation. "International Affairs", 2000, No. 8-9,

A. Zagorsky, M. Lebedeva. Theory and methodology for the analysis of international negotiations. M., 1989

V. Petrovsky. Diplomacy for Good Governance. "International life", 1998, no. 5, p. 64-70.

V. Israelian. Diplomats face to face. M., 1990

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Volume 1. Section one : Chapter 2. Diplomacy of Ancient Greece.

Section two : Chapter 3. The first international congresses.

Section four : Chapter 5. Congress of Vienna 1814–15. Chapter II. Congress of Paris 1856

Volume II ... Chapter 4. Berlin Congress of 1878

Volume III . Chapter 6. Treaty of Versailles 1919, the creation of the League of Nations.

Chapter 11. Genoa and Hague Conferences of 1922

Chapter 16. The Locarno Conference of 1925

Chapter 19. "The Briand-Kellogg Pact."

Volume IV . Chapter XIII. Conference of the leaders of the three powers - the USSR, the USA and England - in Tehran.

Chapter XVII. Crimean conference.

Volume V . Chapter 2 and 3. Paris Peace Conference of 1946 Work of the Ministerial Council.

Chapter 7. Creation of the UN. The first years of her activity.

Chapter 11. Geneva agreements on Indochina.

Chapter 12. Bandung Conference 1955

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