Universal International Economic Organizations. Major International Economic Organizations International Organizations in the Sector of Economics
International economic integration (MEI) has gained a practical embodiment in a number of integration associations of the world, which determine the state and prospects for the further development of the global economy as a whole and international economic relations in particular. The concept of "integration", i.e. "Restoration, replenishment". It means the state of the association of individual differentiated parts and the functions of the system as a whole. This concept also means a process leading to such a state. Therefore, international integration can be determined as an objective, conscious process, aimed at rapprochement, interjunction and splicing of national farms around the region.
Integration is primarily interstate regulation of economic interdependence, as well as the formation of a regional economic complex with a structure and proportions facing the needs of the region as a whole; The process that frees the movement of goods, services, capital and labor from national partitions leading to the creation of a single domestic market, which ensures the increase in labor productivity and raising the standard of living in the countries of this integration association. The greatest maturity of MEI reached on the economic space of the European continent. Integration Process B. Western Europe After World War II, the political decisions were initiated at the level of leading countries of the European Region.
Global Financial Crisis 2007 2011 Vribs the global and regional integration process into a special phase of the survival of almost all integration unions of the world, especially the European Union.
European Union. The initial point of the creation of the EU and the formation of a pan-European economic space should be considered a Paris statement on May 9, 1950. Minister of Foreign Affairs of France R. Shuman, who offered to put all coal production and steel in Western Europe for a common interethnic leadership.
The new impetus of European integration was given in 1957 with the signing of the Roman Treaty, according to which two more unions were established - the European Economic Community (UES) and the European Community atomic energy (Eurath). Thus, the Roman Agreement united three communities: EOOS, UES and Eurath in a single economic unit, until 1992 called the European Economic Community, and then renamed the European Union.
In the European Union, from January 1, 1993, national mechanisms for control of intraregional ties were eliminated. International criterion economic activity On the entire EU area, economic feasibility was, therefore, inside the EU territory, the concepts of "export" and "imports" lost all meaning.
Over the years of the existence and development of the EU, a single financial services market has also been created. In the tax sphere, gradually, by overcoming various difficulties, the harmonization of taxes and taxation systems of the EU countries continues.
The most important component of European economic integration was the currency integration of the EU countries. The objective basis of currency integration was the achievements in the formation of a single regional economic complex. The formation of the Currency Union within the framework of the EU and the introduction of a single European currency in non-cash appeal from January 1999 demanded from EU countries and its management bodies both theoretical understanding and practical solving problems for the first time in the world of international currency integration.
For the successful development of economic integration, incredible, it was necessary to develop and constantly implement the integration policy for all EU member countries in the following areas of economic cooperation.
Agrarian policy. Agriculture is one of the most important areas of EU policies. The prevailing part of all decrees and directives concerns agricultural problems, most of the EU budget is directly or indirectly sent to this sector. Agricultural policy is based on a single price system that guarantees the establishment of a single minimum price For many agricultural products of the EU countries.
Industrial policy. It can be determined based on the EU economic policy as a whole, as a combination of interrelated decisions of EU governing bodies, seeking various business development tools to achieve quantitative and high-quality medium-or long-term goals for the European industry.
union as a whole. The effectiveness of industrial policy as such can be achieved only when it interacts with the entire complex of EU integration policy activities, and its goals should be subordinated and coordinated with general and local goals in all other areas of EU economic activities. The purpose of the industrial policy is to strengthen and update the industrial base of European states and the change in its structure to increase the share of the internal consumption of products of advanced industries at the expense of its own production and increasing the competitiveness of industrial goods of EU countries in world markets.
Foreign Economic Policy It is one of the most important tools for impact on the state and dynamics of the development of the European industry. It is based on a reasonable combination of events that eliminate obstacles to free international exchange of goods, services and factors of production, and measures to protect the internal manufacturers of the EU.
Foreign trade policy At this stage, the following opportunities are provided by national governments:
- introduce imported quotas from third countries;
- enter into contracts on the so-called voluntary export restrictions (primarily with countries having extremely low prices PA products of textile and electronic industry);
- use by agreement imported quotas for textile fibers;
- Save special trading relationships with the former colonies of Great Britain.
Competition regulation policy. Competition regulation has become one of the most important areas of EU integration policy. Officially, the purpose of this policy is not only in the elimination of obstacles on the exchange of exchanges between member countries, but also in stimulating the optimal distribution of resources and the creation of more competitive structures.
The main purpose of the EU competitive policy is to eliminate public and private barriers to the development of open and free competition, which is extremely important for stimulating the intercountry economic cooperation in the interests of international business.
Monetary policy. When creating the EU, a desire to come to a single monetary policy was expressed. However, concrete steps in this direction were not made at first. In addition, a single monetary policy determines the implementation of a single economic policy, to which the member countries of the first stages of the EU formation could not solve. The first step in the way of creating a European currency system was the introduction of a European settlement unit in 1971 - ECU. On the change of ECU in 1999, a new currency unit of United Europe was coming - euros. In this regard, the European Central Bank was established, located in Frankfurt am Main (Germany). The transition of 12 EU countries on the euro significantly facilitated international businesses as inside the EU, GAK and beyond. In 2015, the euro is used as official currency in 19 countries of Europe.
Regional policy. In the process of Western European integration in the 1990s. Roles have steadily increased regional Policy. Now we are talking about the creation of a fundamentally new education - "Europe of the regions", gradually losing to the federal Tin of the Supervisory Device.
Expansion of the European Union to the East. Since 2004, the European Union has entered a qualitatively new stage of its development, and in 2004, 2007 and 2013. The number of its members expanded at the expense of states of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), Southern Europe and the Baltic from 15 to 28. Given the associated geopolitical factors, such an event can be compared to significance with the creation of the "common market" more than 40 years ago.
The European Union from 1957 to 2013 passed the seven stages of expansion. The new quality of the last three stages is determined primarily by the fact that countries have entered the EU, a socialist society has built another 10 years ago. Some of them (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) were part of former USSR And directly interacted in the economic sector with Russia, nearby geographically and ensuring their financial, scientific and logistical support. Since 2007, Bulgaria and Romania have been adopted in the EU, and from 2013 to Croatia.
EU extension to the east will also have positive and negative consequences for Russia in the nearest and long-term perspective.
It should be noted that 2009 was marked by the adoption of the Lisbon act (agreement) providing for a radical restructuring of the EU administration structure (the introduction of the EU President, EU Foreign Minister and other changes). During the modern financial and economic crisis, the European Union has to make tense measures for the anti-crisis regulation of the economies of a number of EU countries (Greece, Ireland, Spain, Portugal) with a single European currency - euros. Despite the disagreements and discrepancies between allies in the opinion of the methods and methods of solving the problems arising from the problems of the leading EU countries (France and Germany), it is possible to restrain the onslaught of crisis gusts and keep the European ship "EU" afloat.
Nafta (North American Free Trade Agreement). Integration Process B. North America Several decades are developing, but political institutions that contribute to the formation of this process have been distributed relatively recently. This is due to the fact that the main initiator of the integration process in North America is the United States with an extremely high level. economic Development (US GDP amounted to 16.7 trillion dollars, in 2013). Until the late 1980s. The United States did not have the need to conclude agreements with any countries.
The agreement on the establishment of a free trade zone between the United States, Canada and Mexico is a new stage in the development of international economic relations in the North American continent. This three-way agreement was intended to form a single economic space through the abolition of customs barriers between states, providing free movement through their borders of goods, services, capital and labor. The effectiveness of the Agreement will be identified only after two decades of years, which is due primarily to the scale of the US economy compared to Canada and Mexico. IN last years In general, there is an increase in exports and imports between the United States and Mexico, an increase in employment and the level of income of the population of NAFTA, there is an increase in labor productivity. In addition, there is a part of the business from the US territory in Mexico while simultaneously migrating labor resources from Mexico in the United States. All this can be explained in a certain extent with the positive impact of NAFTA education for international economic cooperation in the North American continent.
Integration associations of Latin America. Integration in Latin America led to the creation in 1960 of the Latin American Free Trade Association (LAST). In 1980, the last was transformed into the Latin American Integration Association (LAI). Then the states of Latin America began to move from the practice of creating multilateral associations to the organization of small groupings. One of them is created in 1995 between Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay "General Market" (Merkosur). Later in Merkosur joined Paraguay, and then - Venezuela. In Merkosur, 95% of mutual trade do not have duties, and in the near future it is planned to cancel the remaining tariffs.
Thanks to the creation of Merkosur, a significant increase in domestic trade between the countries participating in this association has occurred, interaction with other interconnections (for example, in 1995, an agreement on cooperation with the EU) was signed, the investment activity of both the agreement and third countries increased. In addition, a preliminary agreement was signed on the establishment of a free trade zone between Merkosur and the South African Development Community.
ASEAN (Association of States of Southeast Asia). Starting from the 1980s. The Asia-Pacific region (ATP) attracts increasing attention of international business as a zone of dynamic economic growth.
ASEAN is an international integration association formed on August 8, 1967 in Bangkok. Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, then Brunei Darussalam (1984), Vietnam (1995), Laos and Myanmar (1997), Cambodia (1999) were included in it. The status of a special observer has Papua - New Guinea. ASEAN is one of the largest integration associations in the world, the cumulative population of which includes about 636 million people, and the aggregate GDP of ASEAN countries reaches 3.8 trillion dollars. (2013).
In the economic sphere of the country, the Associations conduct a line on economic integration and liberalization in the region of the Base of the Agreement on the establishment of a free trade zone of ASEAN, a framework agreement on the investment zone in ASEAN and the basic agreement on industrial cooperation scheme. In accordance with the Long-Term Development Program, the ASEAN, developed by the expert group consisting of leading politicians and scientists, military leaders and businessmen, provides for the achievement of higher integration in ASEAN than in the European Union, i.e. Full association of state banking, armed forces and police, foreign policy and scientific and technological departments and other bodies.
Special interest in cooperation with the ASEAN block is Russia, as well as ASEAN countries to partnership with our country in a wide variety of spheres. This was confirmed by this was held on December 13, 2005 in the capital of Malaysia Kuala Lumpur First in history Summit Russia - ASEAN. The main summary of this meeting at the highest level was the signing of a declaration on the comprehensive partnership of Russia and the ASEAN member countries, which includes a comprehensive part of the Action Program for the Development of Cooperation for 2006-2015. in political, economic, military-technical and cultural fields.
On the same summit, the question was raised about the creation of a new interpressure organization - Eastern-Asian cooperation, or, as it is also called, club 16.
APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation).
A fairly active efforts are being made to develop international cooperation within the framework of the APEC Forum formed in November 1989 on the initial ethai, it operated as a ministerial meeting. Since 1993, regular meetings of heads of state and governments are held. Currently, the forum participants perform 21 Country: Australia, Brunei, Vietnam, Hong Kong (as a special zone of China), Indonesia, Canada, PRC, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua - New Guinea, Peru, Republic of China, Russia , Singapore, USA, Thailand, Philippines, Chile, Japan. Thus, it presents countries with very significant and growing economic potential.
But its nature, goals and even in the composition of the APEC participants looks quite atypically. This economic association is created by states that differ strongly differing conditions and levels of economic development, economic structures, traditions, ideology and even psychology of people. However, developed and developing countries cooperate here as equal partners. In APEC countries, more than 2.5 billion people live, the cumulative GDP of these countries exceeds 26 trillion dollars. They account for more than 50% of world trade.
Russia traditionally attaches special importance to the development of relations with ATP states. Such attention is due to the direct affiliation of our country to this dynamically developing region, the need for economic lifting Siberia and Far East. Russia seeks to intensify its cooperation with the main integration structures of the region, including the APEC. At the APEC summit in November 2009, in Singapore chapter 21 of the APEC member countries signed and announced the declaration, which indicates the intention to create a free trade zone in the near future in the Pacific economic space from Chile to China.
CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States). After the collapse of the USSR, young states began to acutely to sense the insufficient development of productive forces, increasing the dependence of their economies from the West. Combining efforts in the fight against unequal division of labor, the former republics of the USSR are achieved more equitable economic relations. After the collapse of the USSR, these new problems were intended to solve the Commonwealth of Independent States - the CIS.
A very important integrating factor in the CIS is considered to be the existence of a jointly created, unified and holistic infrastructure (transport, energy, communication systems). The violation of the unity of the infrastructure existing in the USSR excludes for each of the post-Soviet spaces the possibility of its efficient operation. Essential funds, a common system of training specialists and scientific personnel in all spheres of economics, have important importance to the United States Economic Conditions and State Standards. One of the main integrating factors remains the need to restore and develop closer trade and economic cooperation within the CIS.
The unrealizations of the potential of mutual cooperation is one of the main causes of low specific gravity of the CIS in the main indicators of leading integration associations of the world.
TO at the beginning of XXI in. The CIS failed to drastically solve many vital tasks, including the organization of qualitatively new economic relations between sovereign states, the formation and preservation of the overall economic space.
In October 2000, in Astana (Kazakhstan) by the Presidents of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, a contract was signed on the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC), which is not only a form of legal and organizational design of the association of five states, but also the basis for the translating of their interstate cooperation to a new level. The community is formed on the foundation of the interaction experience gained by partners in trade and economic, social and humanitarian regions and a previously advanced regulatory framework. The goals of the EurAsEC are proclaimed: effective promotion of the process of strengthening the Customs Union and a single economic space, the implementation of other tasks defined in the basic documents previously signed by the parties.
EurAsEC existed from 2001 to 2014 and as a whole positively contributed to the formation of the Customs Union and the Unified Economic Space of the Member States. EurAsEC was eliminated in connection with the creation from January 1, 2015 Eurasian Economic Union (YelS.) As part of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia (August 12, 2015
kyrgyzstan entered him). The EAEC Treaty provides that it provides freedom of movement of goods, services, capital, labor force, as well as carrying out unified, coordinated or coordinated policies in various sectors of the economy.
So, formed during the various years of the last century of intercountry integration associations on the regional economic spaces of the five continents of the world in the XXI century. Continue to develop and strengthen their political and economic positions. As they are quantitative and high-quality growth will grow and their role in the new global economy current century. Countries consisting in one of the integration unions will be easier to jointly overcome global financial and economic crises.
The International Economic Organization is an organization established on the basis of international agreements, to unify, regulate, generate joint decisions in the field of international economic relations.
International Economic Relations (MEO) - economic relations between states, regional groups, transnational corporations and other subjects of the world economy.
Allocate the following types of MAP:
1. Interstate universal organizations, the goal and the subject of activity of which are of interest to all states of the world.
This is primarily a UN system including UN and UN specialized agencies that are independent MEO. Among them you can allocate IMF, IBRD, WTO, UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development).
2. Interstate regional and interregional organizations that are created by states to solve various issues, incl. Economic and financial. For example, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
3. MEO, functioning in separate segments of the world market.
In this case, they most often act in the form of commodity organizations that unite the circle of countries. For example, the organization of oil exporters (OPEC, 1960), the international agreement on Tin (1956), Cocoa International Agreements, Coffee, International Agreement on Textile Products (MSTT, 1974).
4. MEO, presented by seven-formal union associations (USA, Japan, Canada, Germany, France, United Kingdom and Italy).
5. Various trade and economic, currency and credit, sectoral and specialized economic and scientific and technical organizations.
UN - United Nations, established in 1945. The UN system consists of the United Nations with its main and subsidiary bodies, 18 specialized agencies, an international agency for atomic energy (IAEA) and a number of programs, councils and commissions.
UN goals:
Maintaining international Mira and security by making effective collective measures and peaceful settlement of disputes;
Development of friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principles of equality and self-determination of peoples;
Ensuring international cooperation to resolve international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems and encouraging human rights.
WTO - World Trade Organization. Began to act from 01/01/1995, it is the successor in effect since 1947. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). WTO is the only legal and institutional basis of the World Trade Organization.
The fundamental principles of the WTO are:
Providing the greatest fault regime in trade on a non-discriminatory basis;
Mutual provision of national regime and services of foreign origin;
Trade regulation is predominantly by tariff methods;
Refusal to use quantitative restrictions;
Promoting fair competition;
Resolution of trade disputes by consultation.
World Bank Group. The World Bank is a multilateral credit institution, consisting of 5 closely related institutions, the common goal of which is to increase living standards in developing countries through the financial assistance of developed countries.
1. The IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) was founded in 1945, the goal: the provision of loans with respect to rich developing countries.
2. Mar ( International Association Development) was founded in 1960, the goal: the provision of preferential loans to the poorest developing countries.
3. IFC (International Finance Corporation) was established in 1956, Objective: promoting economic growth in developing countries by providing support to the private sector.
4. Maga (International Agency for Investment Guarantees) was founded in 1988, Objective: Encouraging foreign investment in developing countries by providing guarantees to foreign investors from losses caused by non-commercial risks.
5. MCUS (International Investment Dispute Settlement Center) was established in 1966. Objective: promoting an increase in flow of international investment by providing services for arbitration and resolve disputes M / in governments and foreign investors; counseling scientific research, Information on investment legislation.
IMF - International Monetary Fund. Created in 1945
Functions:
Maintaining a common settlement system;
Observation of the state of the international monetary system;
Promoting the stability of exchange rates of currencies;
Provision of short-term and medium-term loans;
Providing advice and participation in collaboration.
Each state, entering into IMF members, makes a certain amount - a subscription quota (a richer country contributes a large quota and has a large number of votes).
To provide financial support to its members of the IMF uses the following mechanisms:
1. Ordinary mechanisms:
Tranche policy (loans in the form of shares constituting 25% of the quota of this country);
Expanded financing mechanism (lending for 3 years to overcome difficulties with the balance of payments).
2. Special mechanisms:
Lending in case of unforeseen circumstances (eg, the rise in prices for imported grain);
Financing buffer stocks (loan replenishment loan).
3. Emergency assistance (in the form of purchases of goods in order to solve the problems of the balance of payments).
Include currency and financial, trade, industrial, labor and other relationships. The leading form of international economic relations is currency and financial relations.
The modern world is particularly relevant to globalization and regionalization of international economic relations. The dominant role in the establishment of a global economic order belongs to transnational capital and international institutions, among which the important role belongs to the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
As a result of the international division of labor, global poles of economic and technological development (North American, Western European and Asia-Pacific) were formed. Among the current problems of international economic relations, problems of creating free economic zones, international transport corridors are allocated. (Scan from the book)
TNK as one of the common forms of international business.
TNCs are actually the main participants of international economic relations (MEA). TNK is the ability to combine the possibilities of a large differentiated organization with powerful production facilities into a single whole. Connecting the advantages of its foreign branches. Benefit such companies retrieves creating scientific and capacious production in Europe, and labor-intensive in countries with cheap labor. The peculiarity is that TNK is not tied to the economy of one country.
Official duties of the international manager.
The person holding the position of the International Manager has a wider range of responsibilities and responsibilities than the manager of his rank in the country's country's country.
First of all, the international manager it is necessary to undergo an adaptation period in activities in the context of the host country, as well as take measures to eliminate possible losses of assets of their corporation or control over them in the host country.
It should provide for the actions of state bodies or competitors aimed at reducing its share in the host market and eliminate the likelihood of such risk.
The international manager accounts for its service debt to communicate with high-ranking government officials, it should be not only a managers, but also a politician and diplomat. Exercising its activities and making decisions, the international manager must have reliable information about its partners.
It is necessary in order to answer two main questions:
Who do I work with?
What can you expect from your foreign partner? For relations with foreign firms to be built directly (without intermediaries):
· Do not limit funds for the study of partners, competitors and consumers, regardless of their nationality; .
· When communicating with them, special attention should be paid to the traditions, customs and culture of the country, in which the interlocutor received education, and it is necessary to respect his point of view.
The main abilities that ensure the successful performance of the functions of the International Manager:
The ability to quickly adapt to the conditions of a foreign state;
The ability to think, taking into account international differences, and overcome them in the interests of the case;
Constructive initiative;
The ability to act according to a predetermined plan;
Flexibility in communicating with foreign partners and hardness in defending the interests of the company;
Honesty;
The rationality of decisions made;
Readiness for unexpected situations;
The ability to choose the best option from the opportunities presented;
Enterprise;
Communicability;
Dedication;
Integration desire;
Lack of reluctance to carry out long-term projects;
Possession of foreign languages;
The ability to convince and work in the team;
Tolerance to the customs and culture of foreigners;
Mental stability;
Desire to work abroad.
International economic relations are determined by two key moments.:
An objective need for exercise of foreign economic relations;
Mutual interest and economic benefit of these relationships for partners from different countries.
However, in all respects arising between foreign companions, the principle of equality should be observed.
When appointing an international manager for a certain project, it should be carefully chosen by his candidacy. During the execution of the project, it is necessary to avoid replacing the manager, as this can undermine the confidence of foreign partners in stable cooperation.
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The main permanent intergovernmental organization is the United Nations (founded in 1945). According to the Charter UNit is intended to carry out international cooperation in order to resolve global economic problems (Article 1) "in order to create the conditions for stability and well-being", in order to "facilitate increased living standards, economic development and progress in the world."
The Supreme Agency of the United Nations is the General Assembly and the ECOSOS (Economic and Social Council) issues of economic cooperation.
General Assembly UNorganizes research and gives recommendations to States to promote international cooperation in the economic, social and other industries; Ha also performs guideling functions in relation to ECOSOC.
The Economic and Social Council is designed to solve the specific tasks of international economic cooperation. According to the UN Charter, the ECOSOC function includes various kinds of research and reports on international issues in areas: economic, social, culture, education, health care and similar issues.
Within the framework of the Council, draft international agreements and conventions are being developed, which are subsequently provided for approval to the General Assembly. The Functions of ECOSOS also includes the coordination of the activities of specialized UN agencies with which it concludes special agreements, as well as leadership of regional economic commissions.
The following regional economic commissions work under the leadership of the Economic and Social Council.
1. European Economic Commission(The Economic Commission for Europe) was established in 1947 for a period of five years to provide effective assistance to the divided War World War european countries. Then the life of this commission was extended indefinitely. The supreme body of the Commission are plenary sessions (convened once a year). The permanent body of the Commission is a secretariat who has departments: plans and research, industrial, transport, trading and intermediary. The Commission has ten committees: for ferrous metallurgy; on coal; electricity; by industry and inland transport; under labor; by housing; on the development of foreign trade, etc.
2. Economic Commission for Asia and Pacific(ESCAP) was established in 1947 in the quality of a temporary organization. In 1952, the Commission was reorganized into permanent. The supreme body of the Commission are plenary sessions (convened once a year). The permanent authority is the secretariat, consisting of industrial and trade, transport and communications, social issues, research and plans. In ESCAP, there are: Committee for Industry and Natural Resources, Committee on Inland Transport and Communications, Committee for Trade. With the participation of ESCAP, projects for the construction of the Transasian Railway and the construction of the Trans-Asian highway through 15 countries were developed.
3. Economic Commission for Latin America(Ecla) was established in 1948, in 1951 transformed into a permanent commission. Its members are 20 states of Latin America by the highest and permanent bodies of the Commission are, respectively, plenary sessions and the Secretariat. As part of the secretariat, six departments. With the participation of the ecla, the Latin American Economic System (LANES) has been created.
Economic Commission for Africa(ECA) was formed at the XXV session of Ecosos (1958). Functions, higher and permanent organs are similar to other economic commissions. ECA has developed projects for the construction of trancefrican, transbshar and East African highways.
5. Economic Commission for Western Asia(Execution) focused on research form activities, summarizing and predicting trends and prospects for the development of individual countries in the region. In particular, the practice of transnational corporations in the oil industry of the region is investigated.
An important subsidiary body of General AssammB-lei UN is International Trade Commission(Unistrel), which conducts work on promoting and unifying international trade rights. In particular, it has developed an Convention on the International Purchase and sale of goods adopted at the UN Conference in 1980.
One of the most significant UN authorities dealing with economic cooperation is UN Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD). It was established in 1964 as an auxiliary body of the UN, and has long been overloaded to an independent autonomous. The supreme body of UNCTAD is the conference sessions (collected once every three or four years). There is a conference between the sessions in the form of a trade and development council (collected twice a year). The Council has seven regular committees: on commodity goods; on industrial goods; according to preferences; on invisible articles and financing associated with trade; on maritime transport; According to the transfer of technology and economic cooperation of developing countries, as well as four working groups.
The resolution of the UN, which was established by UNCTAD, its functions were formulated as follows:
1) encouraging international trade, especially in terms of the acceleration of economic development, in particular trade between countries located on different levels development;
2) the establishment of principles and policies relating to international trade and relevant economic development issues;
4) consideration and promotion of coordination of the activities of other institutions within the UN system;
5) adoption if necessary measures in cooperation with the Competent UN authorities for negotiations and the approval of multilateral legal acts in the field of trade;
6) harmonizing the policies of governments and regional economic groups in the field of trade;
7) Consideration of any other issues within the competence.
The nature of UNCTAD activities, its structure, versatility, the volume of competencies The nature of the documents of the adopted documents gives all the grounds to consider it as a permanent international organization. The headquarters of the organization is located in Geneva.
United Nations Industrial Development(UNIDO) was established in 1956 to facilitate the industrialization of developing states. In 1985, she acquired the status of a specialized UN agencies. UNIDO's supreme authority is the General Conference, convened once every four years; The governing body is Council for Industrial Development,the meetings of which are held once a year. The Council consists of 45 members elected by the General Conference for a period of three years on the basis of the principle of equitable geographical representation. The Permanent Committee is a subsidiary body of the Council and is going to his sessions twice a year. The Secretariat is the administrative body of UNIDO located in Vienna (Austria). UNIDO Secretary General for the Council's submission is approved by the General Conference for a period of four years. The governing bodies also include the Committee on Software and Budgetary Affairs. Since 1981, an information bank has been operating in industry and technology.
The fundamental documents of the Organization are the Limary Declaration and Action Plan for Industrial Development and Cooperation, adopted in 1975 UNIDO develops recommendations and programs for the Government of developing countries to provide technical assistance in the design and construction of facilities.
The establishment of equal international economic cooperation in the field of science and technology should contribute World Organization intellectual property(WIPO), which is intended to assist developing countries in the formation of national systems for the protection of industrial property and copyright.
Among uN Credit institutionsallocated: International Monetary Fund (IMF);
■ International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD);
■ International Financial Corporation (IFC);
■ International Development Association (MAP).
All these organizations are intergovernmental in nature and have the status of specialized UN agencies, i.e. The UN can not give them recommendations regarding politics and the main directions of their activities.
IMFand MBRD- The largest international monetary and credit organizations - were created on the basis of agreements adopted by the Bretton Woods Conference (USA) in 1944 by members of each organization are 184 states, including the Russian Federation.
The IMF goals are to coordinate the currency and financial policy of Member States and submit loans to them to resolve balance of payments and maintain exchange rates.
The main goal of the IBRD is to promote the reconstruction and development of the territories of Member States by encouraging investments for production purposes.
IFC(Created in 1956 as a branch of the IBRD and there are 176 Member States) is engaged in funding mainly multinational projects in which local and foreign capital participates, provides loans on preferential terms and without government guarantees.
Map(Created in 1960 as a branch of the IBRD, now it includes more than 160 states) provides interest-free loans to developing countries on more preferential conditions than the IBRD. The credit period for the least developed (on the UN list) is 40 years, for the rest - 35 years.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(Gatt) is the largest intergovernmental trade agreement. It was adopted in 1948 as a temporary agreement. Throughout history (1948-1994), its most important function was the conduct of multilateral rounds of trade negotiations. Total rounds were 8. The latter, Uruguayan Round ended in April 1994 by the signing of the final act consisting of an agreement on the establishment World Trade Organizationand a number of documents that in the aggregate amounted to the WTO system.
The highest WTO body is Conference MinisterswTO member states. Its sessions take place at least once every two years. Between the sessions as necessary, the General Council of WTO participants is convened. It performs the functions of the authority to resolve disputes and mechanism for the review
politicians. The Ministerial Conference appoints the Director-General, who leads the WTO Secretariat. All solutions within the WTO are accepted by consensus. The competence of the WTO includes:
■ International trade in industrial and agricultural goods;
■ trade in textiles and clothing;
■ International Trade Services; ■ intellectual property;
■ related investments;
■ Special protective, anti-dumping and compensation measures;
■ sanitary and phytosanitary measures;
■ Rules of origin of goods;
■ Imported licensing, etc.
All WTO multilateral agreements are required for States parties, the rest of the countries are forced to follow the standards and rules developed in GATT / WTO.
In modern international economic relations, a significant role belongs to universal associations, formally not international organizations. These should, first of all, include the Paris and London Clubs of creditors.
Paris Club -interstate mechanism created to develop multilateral agreements by creditors with respect to debtor states in order to revise the consideration of debt repayment. Officially does not have the charter, the rules of reception and fixed structures.
The Russian Federation, being the context of the USSR, in connection with the membership in the club, was able to translate into a practical plane to implement significant external assets, many of which were considered "hopeless".
London Clubit was created to develop agreements with debtor countries to pay external debt and repayment of interbank debt. It unites 600 commercial creditor banks leading countries in the world. He is headed by representatives of Deutsche Bank (Germany).