Disarmament problem. Disarmament problems at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries The problem of destruction and preservation of peace on earth

The problem of disarmament and the preservation of peace on earth International cooperation for peace Addressing global security problems Program goals NPT WMD proliferation NPT goals NPT outcomes Cold war and nuclear weapons development Strengthening the non-proliferation regime NATO biological and chemical weapons NATO goals CSTO Creation of collective rapid reaction forces

International cooperation for peace All global problems are permeated with the idea of the geographical unity of mankind and require broad international cooperation for their solution. The problem of preserving peace on Earth is especially acute. From the point of view of new political thinking, the achievement of a lasting peace on Earth is possible only under the conditions of the establishment of a new type of relations between all states - relations of all-round cooperation. All global problems are permeated with the idea of the geographical unity of mankind and require broad international cooperation for their solution. The problem of preserving peace on Earth is especially acute. From the point of view of new political thinking, the achievement of lasting peace on Earth is possible only under the conditions of the establishment of a new type of relations between all states - relations of all-round cooperation.

Solving global problems of security, disarmament and conflict resolution Program " International cooperation for Peace, Solution of Global Security Problems, Disarmament and Conflict Resolution ”is intended to support and develop relations between international non-governmental organizations, between the authorities and society in the field of improving international security. This program will deal with issues such as weapons reduction mass destruction and conventional weapons. The program "International Cooperation for Peace, Solution of Global Security Problems, Disarmament and Conflict Resolution" is designed to support and develop relations between international non-governmental organizations, between the authorities and society in the field of improving international security. This program will deal with issues such as the reduction of weapons of mass destruction and conventional weapons.

Objectives of the program The objective of the program is to timely respond to the development of the political process, both in the CIS countries and around the world. Also, within the framework of the program, an analysis will be carried out contemporary problems peace and security. The goal of the program is to timely respond to the development of the political process, both in the CIS countries and around the world. Also, within the framework of the program, an analysis of contemporary problems of peace and security will be carried out. The program includes the following projects: The program includes the following projects: The structure of international security and cooperation with international institutions and non-governmental international organizations; International security structure and cooperation with international institutions and non-governmental international organizations; Disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction; Disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction;

WMD proliferation to this moment not everyone has an idea about existing danger, on the possibility and size of a disaster involving weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Humanity does not pay due attention to this problem due to ignorance and unawareness of the entire depth of the problem. In no case should we forget that, unfortunately, the threat of using WMD is present. Everyday life through active propaganda of violence At the moment, not everyone has an idea about the existing danger, about the possibility and size of a catastrophe with the use of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Humanity does not pay due attention to this problem due to ignorance and unawareness of the entire depth of the problem. In no case should we forget that the threat of the use of weapons of mass destruction, unfortunately, is present in everyday life through the active propaganda of violence.

Nonproliferation Treaty nuclear weapons(NPT). Preventing the threat of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction is recognized by Russia, the United States and other countries as one of the main tasks of ensuring their national security... Preventing the threat of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction is recognized by Russia, the United States and other countries as one of the main tasks of ensuring their national security. For the first time, the world community began to think about the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction in the 60s of the last century, when such nuclear powers like the USSR, The first time the world community thought about the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction in the 60s of the last century, when such nuclear powers as the USSR, the USA, Great Britain, France had already appeared; and China was ready to join them. At this time, countries such as Israel, Sweden, Italy and others were seriously thinking about nuclear weapons and even started developing them. The USA, Great Britain, France; and China was ready to join them. At this time, countries such as Israel, Sweden, Italy, etc. were seriously thinking about nuclear weapons and even started developing them.

Purposes of the NPT Under the terms of this Treaty, nuclear-weapon states commit themselves not to assist non-nuclear-weapon states in acquiring nuclear explosive devices. Nuclear-free states undertake not to manufacture or purchase such devices. Under the terms of this Treaty, nuclear states undertake not to provide assistance to non-nuclear states in acquiring nuclear explosive devices. Nuclear-free states undertake not to manufacture or purchase such devices. Its main goals are to prevent the further proliferation of nuclear weapons and to stimulate cooperation in the peaceful uses of the atom. Its main goals are to prevent the further proliferation of nuclear weapons and to stimulate cooperation in the peaceful uses of the atom.

Results of the NPT Work 178 states are parties to the treaty, including the existing nuclear powers (with the exception of North Korea), who advocated a missile technology control regime. There are also four countries conducting nuclear activities that have not entered into the Treaty: Israel, India, Pakistan, Cuba. 178 states are parties to the treaty, including the existing nuclear powers (with the exception of North Korea), which favored a missile technology control regime. There are also four countries conducting nuclear activities that have not entered into the Treaty: Israel, India, Pakistan, Cuba.

The Cold War and the Development of Nuclear Weapons The Cold War has been accompanied by the development and proliferation of nuclear weapons, both by the main adversaries and by various non-aligned countries. The ending cold war enabled the countries of the world community to reduce and then eliminate nuclear weapons. Otherwise, countries will inevitably be drawn into the process of nuclear proliferation. The Cold War was accompanied by the development and proliferation of nuclear weapons, both by the main opponents and by various non-aligned countries. The end of the Cold War made it possible for the countries of the world community to reduce and then eliminate nuclear weapons. Otherwise, countries will inevitably be drawn into the proliferation of nuclear weapons.

Biological and chemical weapons. Biological weapons is an effective means of achieving the goals of terrorists: it is capable of hitting large masses of the civilian population, and this is very attractive for terrorists, and can easily provoke panic and chaos. Biological weapons are an effective means of achieving the goals of terrorists: they are capable of hitting large masses of the civilian population, and this is very attractive for terrorists, and can easily provoke panic and chaos. Terrorism is very a big problem in our time. Modern terrorism takes the form of terrorist acts on an international scale. Terrorism appears when a society is going through a deep crisis, first of all, a crisis of ideology and the state-legal system. Terrorism is a very big problem in our time. Modern terrorism takes the form of terrorist acts on an international scale. Terrorism appears when a society is going through a deep crisis, first of all, a crisis of ideology and the state-legal system.

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO, North Atlantic Alliance - military-political bloc. It appeared on April 4, 1949 in the United States. Then the USA, Canada, Iceland, Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Italy and Portugal became NATO member states. It is a "transatlantic forum" for the Allied countries to consult on any issues affecting the vital interests of its members, including events that could threaten their security; provides deterrence or protection against any form of aggression against the territory of any NATO member state. North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO, North Atlantic Alliance - military-political bloc. It appeared on April 4, 1949 in the United States. Then the USA, Canada, Iceland, Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Italy and Portugal became NATO member states. It is a "transatlantic forum" for the Allied countries to consult on any issues affecting the vital interests of its members, including events that could threaten their security; provides deterrence or protection against any form of aggression against the territory of any NATO member state.

NATO Objectives NATO's primary objective is to guarantee the freedom and security of all its members in Europe and North America in accordance with the principles of the UN Charter. To achieve this goal, NATO uses its political influence and military capabilities in accordance with the nature of the security challenges faced by its member states. NATO's main goal is to guarantee the freedom and security of all its members in Europe and North America in accordance with the principles of the UN Charter. To achieve this goal, NATO uses its political influence and military capabilities in accordance with the nature of the security challenges faced by its member states.

CSTO Organization of the Treaty on collective security(CSTO) is a military-political union created by the CIS states on the basis of the Collective Security Treaty (CST), signed on May 15, 1992. The contract is renewed automatically every five years. On May 15, 1992, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan signed a Collective Security Treaty (CST) in Tashkent. Azerbaijan signed an agreement on September 24, 1993, Georgia on September 9, 1993, Belarus on December 31, 1993. The Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) is a military-political alliance created by the CIS states on the basis of the Collective Security Treaty (CST), signed on May 15, 1992. The contract is renewed automatically every five years. On May 15, 1992, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan signed a Collective Security Treaty (CST) in Tashkent. Azerbaijan signed an agreement on September 24, 1993, Georgia on September 9, 1993, Belarus on December 31, 1993. On April 2, 1999, the presidents of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan signed a protocol to extend the term of the agreement for the next five years, but Azerbaijan, Georgia and Uzbekistan refused to extend the agreement. On April 2, 1999, the presidents of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan signed a protocol to extend the term of the agreement for the next five years, but Azerbaijan, Georgia and Uzbekistan refused to extend the agreement.

Creation of Collective Rapid Reaction Forces On February 4, 2009 in Moscow, the leaders of the countries of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) approved the creation of the Collective Rapid Reaction Forces. According to the signed document, the Collective Rapid Reaction Force will be used to repel military aggression, conduct special operations to combat international terrorism and extremism, transnational organized crime, drug trafficking, as well as to eliminate the consequences of emergencies. On February 4, 2009, in Moscow, the leaders of the countries of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) approved the creation of the Collective Rapid Reaction Force. According to the signed document, the Collective Rapid Reaction Force will be used to repel military aggression, conduct special operations to combat international terrorism and extremism, transnational organized crime, drug trafficking, as well as to eliminate the consequences of emergencies.

Global problems humanity. Peace and disarmament problem

1. US leadership in global technologies.

Such a war requires not so much traditional strike weapons as competitive advantages. In such a war, weapons can be used implicitly, giving the enemy no reason to retaliate with strategic weapons. In this context, it is appropriate to recall the dictum of the ancient Chinese thinker Sun Tzu: "the true peak of superiority over the enemy is the achievement of goals without any battles at all."

did not appear to attack us. " This point of view is the basis of the new American policy of global containment, containment, which is based on the concept of active preventive defense and the absolute dominance of the US information potential.

a sharp increase in the role of space in providing nat. security.

To implement such a defense strategy, the United States needs global leadership, which is seen as the primary means of ensuring security. How does this leadership appear?

Whoever controls space and submarine cables in the ocean is uniquely positioned to dominate information.

Monitoring opponents, allies, partners and competitors, as well as control over inf. traffic provides awareness of the international environment, including international finance.

Whoever controls finances can control everything else. That is, it is a true global leader.

2. Iran and the United States: confrontation against the background of the "nuclear crisis".

all major actors are involved: UN, USA, EU, Russia, China.

First of all, we should try to find out the motives that prompted the Iranian leadership to tackle the nuclear issue in general.

All actions of the Iranian authorities create a quite definite impression: although Iran really needs to develop nuclear energy, the current program is not limited to this, but is aimed at creating conditions for creating conditions for the production of nuclear weapons.

Tehran's motivation.

1. The version of nuclear blackmail assumes that the goal of Iraq is not the production of the bomb, but the achievement of such a level of progress in this matter that makes one believe that it can be created. Then the United States and Israel will face a dilemma: either start a war or make concessions.

2. The version of the real creation of the atomic bomb proceeds from the fact that Tehran is not bluffing or blackmailing the West, but in fact intends to produce several atomic bombs... The question is - for what? It is unlikely that he does not use them against the United States. Then against whom? Against Israel? But it’s hard to imagine. The current Tehran rulers can be considered narrow-minded fanatics, but still not insane. They are unlikely to risk destroying the Jewish state, since they are well aware of all the consequences.

insure yourself against possible aggression.

based on the materials of the magazine " World economy and

3. An arrow on the nuclear dial.

Not a single country has revealed the exact numbers to the public, but according to Western experts, in 2002 Russia had 5,800 strategic warheads, the USA - more than 7,000. But there are still nuclear weapons from Great Britain, France, and China. In addition, the total plutonium reserves for Russia are estimated at 150 tons, for the USA - 99.5 tons. The reserves of highly enriched uranium are amazing. Its total reserves in Russia (1,500 tons) and the USA (about 1,000) are equivalent to 100,000 warheads.

Now let's talk about countries. It is known that India and Pakistan have declared themselves nuclear powers and are balancing on the brink of a local nuclear conflict. Israel's nuclear potential has long been no secret.

Today Russia is concerned about what is happening in foreign policy USA changes. Following the publication in the press of excerpts from the "Review of the New US Nuclear Strategy" in March 2002, where Russia is mentioned as a potential adversary. Putin's statements are known about the radical modernization of Russian nuclear forces and this upgrade has already begun.

The Bush administration argues that the new nuclear strategy is directed against the so-called rogue states, but geopolitically it allows the United States to control Russian territory as well.

It looks like many countries will have to pay their price for the new outbreak of the arms race.

Soon after the atomic destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, American scientists founded the monthly Bulletin of Atomic Scientists and featured a clock on its cover, the hands of which pointed at ten minutes to twelve. In 1963, the arrow on the cover pointed at 25 minutes to midnight. After the end of the Cold War - half past eleven. In 2000, the arrow went back completely and showed 23:00. However, in 2001, nuclear scientists stopped the needle seventeen minutes before nuclear midnight. And after the announcement by India and Pakistan of the possibility of a nuclear attack and after the announcement of Russia about the likelihood of protection by means of nuclear weapons, the arrow must stop a minute before the nuclear Armageddon.

Alexander Sharavin, Director of the Institute for Political and Military Analysis.

Leonid Ivashov, Colonel General, President of the Academy of Geopolitical Problems.

Victor Esin, Colonel General, First Vice President of the Russian Academy of Security Problems.

Who will start first?

A. Sharavin. War is possible if Russia provokes the United States. How? Active support for the opponents of the United States (China, Iran, Venezuela). Its military weakness, degradation of strategic nuclear forces and air defense systems. Finally, a policy of curtailing democracy. Moreover, all three factors must coincide. Only under this condition can the United States go for a disarming strike. precision weapons... Today all factors are present, but not to such an extent as to lead to war.

L. Ivashov. I believe that a US war against Russia is possible. Reasons: the realization of the US dream of world domination. Aggravation of the struggle for natural resources.

V. Esin: Today the probability of a war between the United States and Russia is low. Since the war, taking into account its consequences, does not meet the interests of either the United States or Russia.

And Vladimirov: War is possible in 10-15 years. The USA will be the initiator. A possible reason will be the struggle for monopoly ownership of Russia's resources. The goal of the war will be to eliminate the most powerful rival, who has the ability to wipe the United States from the face of the Earth in 30 minutes. Russia is such a rival.

Will there be a third World War?

A. Sharavin: It will already be world-wide, even if no one else enters into it.

L. Ivashov: The war between Russia and the United States will not develop into a world war. We have strategic allies.

V. Esin: it will inevitably outgrow, then, that the United States is part of NATO, the essence of which, militarily, is a system of collective security.

A. Vladimirov: It is unlikely, since everyone else will be silent and wait. The activity of small allies of the USA (Estonia, Georgia, Latvia) is possible. China will benefit from watching the battle between the two tigers.

As a result, this war will develop into a nuclear one, as a result of which “nuclear winter” will come, the death of life on Earth.

5. Moscow - Washington.

Undisclosed bewilderment in Russia caused the US intention to deploy in Europe the so-called "third site" (after Alaska and California) of interceptor missiles of the global missile defense system. In fact, the point is that American strategic weapons should appear on the territory of Europe in peacetime. Commenting on these plans, Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov stressed that their implementation "will not affect our security in any way, since our Russian Topol-M complexes are guaranteed to overcome any missile defense system." "At the same time," he continued, "we simply do not see any political, not even military, sense in this." “They are trying to convince us,” Ivanov noted, “that the creation of a missile defense system in Eastern Europe designed to intercept intercontinental missiles the so-called threshold countries. At the same time, Iran and North Korea are openly named. " “I want to assure you that the intercontinental ballistic missiles Iran and North Korea do not have and is not expected. " A natural question arises - against which countries will this system be used? Apparently, missile defense is intended not so much to shoot down missiles launched against the United States, but to shoot down any missiles launched without their authorization. In fact, we are talking about strict regulation of space travel - by analogy with nuclear technologies.

I would like to believe that we will live peacefully and calmly. And as the French observer P. Asner said, "peace is less impossible, and war is less improbable due to the almost universal spread of anarchy and the devaluation of nuclear weapons in some and their uncontrolled proliferation among others."

International cooperation for peace, solution of global security problems, disarmament and conflict resolution

All global problems are permeated with the idea of the geographical unity of mankind and require broad international cooperation for their solution. Particularly acute is the problem of maintaining peace on Earth

From the point of view of new political thinking, the achievement of a lasting peace on Earth is possible only under the conditions of the establishment of a new type of relations between all states - relations of all-round cooperation.

The program "International Cooperation for Peace, Solution of Global Security Problems, Disarmament and Conflict Resolution" is designed to support and develop relations between international non-governmental organizations, between the authorities and society in the field of improving international security. This program will deal with issues such as the reduction of weapons of mass destruction and conventional weapons.

The goal of the program is to timely respond to the development of the political process, both in the CIS countries and around the world. Also, within the framework of the program, an analysis of contemporary problems of peace and security will be carried out.

The program includes the following projects:

· The structure of international security and cooperation with international institutions and non-governmental international organizations;

· Problems of disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction;

· Assistance in improving the legislation in the field of military-civil relations;

Scientists, politicians, non-governmental organizations... In the course of work, international and regional conferences, seminars and meetings are held, reports and collections of articles are published.

At the moment, not everyone has an idea about the existing danger, about the possibility and size of a catastrophe with the use of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Humanity does not pay due attention to this problem due to ignorance and unawareness of the entire depth of the problem. In no case should we forget that the threat of the use of WMD, unfortunately, is present in everyday life through the active propaganda of violence. This phenomenon is happening all over the world. Russian President Vladimir Putin said approximately the following: We must realize that WMD nonproliferation has become one of the most important contemporary problems, if not the most important. The fact is that with the onset of a new century, qualitatively new challenges have appeared before humanity - new types of weapons of mass destruction, the phenomenon international terrorism, which complicated the problem of its non-proliferation. Non-proliferation is the prevention and non-admission of the emergence of new states with weapons of mass destruction. This can be understood as follows: Russia cannot allow the emergence of new nuclear powers.

Preventing the threat of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction is recognized by Russia, the United States and other countries as one of the main tasks of ensuring their national security.

For the first time the world community began to think about the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction in the 60s of the last century, when such nuclear powers as the USSR, the USA, Great Britain, France had already appeared; and China was ready to join them. At this time, countries such as Israel, Sweden, Italy, etc. were seriously thinking about nuclear weapons and even started developing them.

In the same 60s, Ireland initiated the creation of an international legal document that laid the foundations for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. The USSR, the USA and England began to develop the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). They became the first parties to this agreement. It was signed on 07/01/1968, but entered into force in March 1970. France and China entered into this treaty several decades later.

Its main goals are to prevent the further proliferation of nuclear weapons, to stimulate cooperation in the field of the use of the atom for peaceful purposes with guarantees from the participating parties, to facilitate negotiations on ending rivalry in the development of nuclear weapons with the ultimate goal of its complete elimination.

Under the terms of this Treaty, nuclear states undertake not to provide assistance to non-nuclear states in acquiring nuclear explosive devices. Nuclear-free states undertake not to manufacture or purchase such devices. One of the provisions of the Treaty instructs the IAEA to implement safeguards measures, including the inspection of nuclear materials used in peaceful projects by nuclear-free states parties to the Treaty. The NPT (Article 10, paragraph 2) states that 25 years after the Treaty enters into force, a conference is called to decide whether it should remain in force or not. The reports of the conference were carried out according to the terms of the Treaty every five years, and in 1995, when it came to a close 25- summer period actions, the parties - participants unanimously supported its indefinite extension. They also adopted three binding Declarations of Principles:

· Confirmation of previously assumed obligations in relation to nuclear weapons and termination of all nuclear tests;

· Strengthening disarmament control procedures;

178 states are parties to the treaty, including the existing nuclear powers (with the exception of North Korea), which favored a missile technology control regime. There are also four countries conducting nuclear activities that have not entered into the Treaty: Israel, India, Pakistan, Cuba.

The Cold War was accompanied by the development and proliferation of nuclear weapons, both by the main adversaries and by various non-aligned countries. The end of the Cold War made it possible for the countries of the world community to reduce and then eliminate nuclear weapons. Otherwise, countries will inevitably be drawn into the proliferation of nuclear weapons, as each religious "superpower" seeks to either strengthen its hegemony or equalize its nuclear power with the power of an adversary or aggressor. The threat of proliferation of nuclear weapons and, to no lesser extent, nuclear technology and know-how has grown significantly since the collapse of the Soviet Union. For the first time there was a disintegration of a state possessing nuclear weapons, a state - a permanent member of the UN. As a result, more countries emerged with nuclear weapons... This problem was taken very seriously, and after a while Russia received all the rights and obligations of the USSR related to the NPT. She also received the internationally recognized right to the eternal possession of nuclear weapons. Together with the UN, the NPT fixes for Russia the status of a great power at the level of countries such as the United States, China, England, France.

Western assistance in this area has become an important element in strengthening the nonproliferation regime. This aid shows that the West does not want to see the CIS countries as a source of spreading threats. At the G8 summit in Canada in July 2002, important decisions were made on international terrorism and the proliferation of nuclear weapons.

The most important components of the regimes for the non-proliferation of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction are:

· The system of export control, including a well-functioning national system of accounting, control and physical protection of weapons-grade materials. This also includes preventing the uncontrolled export of intangible technologies, including in in electronic format.

· Brain drain prevention system.

· Security of storage, warehousing, transportation of weapons of mass destruction and materials suitable for its production.

· A system for preventing illicit trafficking in nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction and materials.

With regard to chemical and biological weapons (CW), the main problem is the following: in their manufacture they do not require a special technological base, therefore, it is impossible to create a reliable mechanism for controlling CW. But no matter how international legal documents have been created, conferences are being held.

Biological weapons are an effective means of achieving the goals of terrorists: they are capable of hitting large masses of the civilian population, and this is very attractive for terrorists, and can easily provoke panic and chaos.

Terrorism is a very big problem in our time. Modern terrorism takes the form of terrorist acts on an international scale. Terrorism appears when a society is going through a deep crisis, first of all, a crisis of ideology and the state-legal system. In such a society, various opposition groups appear - political, social, national, religious. For them, the legality of the existing government becomes questionable. Terrorism as a mass and politically significant phenomenon is the result of a general "de-ideologization", when certain groups in society easily question the legality and rights of the state, and thus self-justify their transition to terror in order to achieve their own goals.

The main strategic conditions for the fight against terrorism:

· Re-creation of a stable bloc world;

· Blocking terrorism at the initial stage and preventing its formation and development of structures;

· Prevention of ideological justification of terror under the banner of "protecting the rights of the nation", "protecting the faith", etc .; debunking terrorism by all means of the media;

· Transfer of all management of anti-terrorist activities to the most reliable special services with non-interference in their work by any other management bodies;

· The use of an agreement with terrorists only by these special services and only to cover up the preparation of an action for the complete destruction of terrorists;

No concessions to terrorists, no impunity terrorist attack, even if it costs the blood of hostages and random people, because practice shows that any success of terrorists provokes a further increase in terror and the number of victims.

I would like to conclude this article with this address. An important role is played by issues related to the education of people, especially young people. It is necessary to develop a unified system of combating terrorism, where the main place is given to preventive measures. Education and awareness of people in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, as well as terrorism is one of the tasks that requires more attention.

International cooperation for peace, solution of global security problems, disarmament and conflict resolution

The program includes the following projects:

· The structure of international security and cooperation with international institutions and non-governmental international organizations;

· Problems of disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction;

· Assistance in improving the legislation in the field of military-civil relations;

Scientists, politicians, and non-governmental organizations are involved in security issues related to armed conflicts and solving global problems. In the course of work, international and regional conferences, seminars and meetings are held, reports and collections of articles are published.

At the moment, not everyone has an idea about the existing danger, about the possibility and size of a catastrophe with the use of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Humanity does not pay due attention to this problem due to ignorance and unawareness of the entire depth of the problem. In no case should we forget that the threat of the use of WMD, unfortunately, is present in everyday life through the active propaganda of violence. This phenomenon is happening all over the world. Russian President Vladimir Putin said approximately the following: We must realize that the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction has become one of the most important contemporary problems, if not the most important. The fact is that with the onset of a new century, qualitatively new challenges have appeared before mankind - new types of weapons of mass destruction, the phenomenon of international terrorism, which has complicated the problem of its nonproliferation. Non-proliferation is the prevention and non-admission of the emergence of new states with weapons of mass destruction. This can be understood as follows: Russia cannot allow the emergence of new nuclear powers.

Preventing the threat of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction is recognized by Russia, the United States and other countries as one of the main tasks of ensuring their national security.

Its main goals are to prevent the further proliferation of nuclear weapons, to stimulate cooperation in the field of the use of atomic for peaceful purposes with guarantees from the participating parties, to facilitate negotiations on ending rivalry in the development of nuclear weapons with the ultimate goal of its complete elimination.

Under the terms of this Treaty, nuclear states undertake not to provide assistance to non-nuclear states in acquiring nuclear explosive devices. Nuclear-free states undertake not to manufacture or purchase such devices. One of the provisions of the Treaty requires the IAEA to implement safeguards measures, including inspection nuclear materials used in peace projects by nuclear-free states parties to the Treaty. The NPT (Article 10, paragraph 2) states that 25 years after the Treaty enters into force, a conference is called to decide whether it should remain in force or not. The reports of the conference were held in accordance with the terms of the Treaty every five years, and in 1995, when it came to the end of the 25-year period, the parties - participants unanimously supported its indefinite extension. They also adopted three binding Declarations of Principles:

· Confirmation of previously assumed obligations in relation to nuclear weapons and termination of all nuclear tests;

· Strengthening disarmament control procedures;

· Creation of a nuclear-free zone in the Middle East and strict observance of the terms of the Non-Proliferation Treaty by all countries without exception.

The Cold War was accompanied by the development and proliferation of nuclear weapons, both by the main adversaries and by various non-aligned countries. The end of the Cold War made it possible for the countries of the world community to reduce and then eliminate nuclear weapons. Otherwise, countries will inevitably be drawn into the proliferation of nuclear weapons, as each religious "superpower" seeks to either strengthen its hegemony or equalize its nuclear power with the power of an adversary or aggressor. The threat of proliferation of nuclear weapons and, to no lesser extent, nuclear technology and know-how has grown significantly since the collapse of the Soviet Union. For the first time there was a disintegration of a state possessing nuclear weapons, a state - a permanent member of the UN. As a result, more countries have emerged with nuclear weapons. This problem was taken very seriously, and after a while Russia received all the rights and obligations of the USSR related to the NPT. She also received the internationally recognized right to the eternal possession of nuclear weapons. Together with the UN, the NPT fixes for Russia the status of a great power at the level of countries such as the United States, China, England, France.

Western assistance in this area has become an important element in strengthening the nonproliferation regime. This aid shows that the West does not want to see the CIS countries as a source of spreading threats. At the G-8 summit in Canada in July 2002, important decisions were made on international terrorism and the proliferation of nuclear weapons.

The most important components of the regimes for the non-proliferation of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction are:

· Brain drain prevention system.

· Security of storage, warehousing, transportation of weapons of mass destruction and materials suitable for its production.

· A system for preventing illicit trafficking in nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction and materials.

The main strategic conditions for the fight against terrorism:

· Re-creation of a stable bloc world;

· Blocking terrorism at the initial stage and preventing its formation and development of structures;

· Prevention of ideological justification of terror under the banner of "protecting the rights of the nation", "protecting the faith", etc .; debunking terrorism by all means of the media;

· Transfer of all management of anti-terrorist activities to the most reliable special services with non-interference in their work by any other management bodies;

· The use of an agreement with terrorists only by these special services and only to cover up the preparation of an action for the complete destruction of terrorists;

· No concessions to terrorists, not a single terrorist act with impunity, even if it costs the blood of hostages and random people, because practice shows that any success of terrorists provokes a further increase in terror and the number of victims.

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Slide captions:

Peace and disarmament problems. Performed by K. Labzina 11 "A"

“There will always be devastating wars on earth ... And death will often be the lot of all the fighting parties. With boundless malice, these savages will destroy many trees in the forests of the planet, and then turn their rage on everything that is still alive around, bringing him pain and destruction, suffering and death. Nothing will remain untouched and undamaged neither on earth, nor underground, nor under water. The wind will spread the land devoid of vegetation throughout the world and sprinkle it on the remains of creatures that once filled different countries with life ”- this chilling prophecy belongs to the great Italian Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci. Introduction

Today you see that the brilliant painter was not so naive in his prediction. Indeed, who today will take the liberty of reproaching the author of these words, which are not very pleasant for us, for spreading some "ridiculous fables" or inciting unnecessary passions? These are unlikely to be found, because the great Leonardo turned out to be right in many ways. Unfortunately, the whole history of human development is scary tale military action.

Blood, torment and tears were all along the human path. However, the dead and the dead were always replaced by new generations, and the future was, as it were, guaranteed. But now there is no such guarantee anymore.

1. Wars: causes and sacrifices

In the period from 1900 to 1938, 24 wars broke out, and in 1946-1979 - 130. More and more human victims became. In the Napoleonic wars, 3.7 million people died, in the first world war - 10 million, in the second (together with the civilian population) - 55 million, and for all wars of the 20th century - 100 million people. To this we can add that the First World War captured an area in Europe of 200 thousand km 2, and the second already - 3.3 million km 2.

Thus, the Heidelberg Institute (FRG) in 2006 registered 278 conflicts. 35 of them are of an acutely violent nature. Both regular troops and militant detachments take part in armed clashes. But they are not the only ones who suffer human losses: there are even more casualties among the civilian population. In 83 cases, the conflicts proceeded in a less severe form, i.e. the use of force only occurred from time to time. In the remaining 160 cases, conflict situations were not accompanied by hostilities. 100 of them were in the nature of a declarative confrontation, and 60 proceeded in the form of a hidden confrontation.

However, in none of the current armed conflicts there are clashes between different countries... The struggle is taking place within disadvantaged states. The governments are confronted by various militias of insurgents, militants and separatists. And they all pursue a variety of goals.

If until the 20th century the struggle for territories rich in minerals was fought, first of all, by states, but now numerous irregular armies of separatists and simply bandits have joined the struggle.

The UN concluded that since the end of the Cold War (1991) the number of armed conflicts in the world has decreased by 40%. Moreover, wars have become much less bloody. If in 1950 the average armed conflict claimed the lives of 37 thousand people, then in 2002 - 600. The UN believes that the merit in reducing the number of wars belongs to the international community. The UN and individual countries of the world are making significant efforts, preventing new wars from flaring up and stopping old ones. In addition, an increase in the number of democratic regimes plays a positive role: it is generally accepted that modern democracies are not at war with each other.

Renowned analyst Michael Clare, author of the book "Wars for Resources" is convinced that the world has entered an era of wars over resources, and from year to year these wars will become more frequent and violent. The reason is the growing needs of mankind and the reduction of natural resources. Moreover, according to Claire, the most likely wars will be fought for control over fresh water supplies.

Throughout human history, states have fought each other for territories rich in minerals.

Resource "component, that is, the factor of the presence in the disputed territory or in the part of the ocean belonging to it, significant reserves of minerals, as a rule, complicates the settlement of interstate disputes.

However, in the modern world, the bloodiest wars do not take place between two states, but between the inhabitants of one country. The overwhelming majority of modern armed conflicts do not occur between states, but are ethnic, religious, class, etc. According to former financier and now researcher Ted Fishman, with rare exceptions, these wars were, first of all, wars for money. In his opinion, wars began where competing clans began to fight for control over oil, gas, gold, diamonds, etc.

Mineral resources are an excellent fuel for conflict. The reasons for this are quite prosaic: an insurgent group that does not have stable sources of funding (except for minerals, it can be income from the sale of drugs, weapons, racketeering, etc.) is not able to arm a significant number of its supporters and, moreover, to conduct a systematic and a long-term military campaign. It is also important that the war is waged for control over resources that are not only easy to sell, but also easy to obtain.

As a result, the main goal of many such groups is not to overthrow the central government or acquire civil rights, which their social, ethnic, religious, etc. group was deprived of, but to establish and maintain control over resources.

William Reno, professor at Northwestern University, calls another "risk factor" - the ineffectiveness of the central government. War often begins where the powers that be seek, first of all, only for personal enrichment. Michael Renner, author of the study "Anatomy of Resource Wars" notes that quite often armed conflicts arose due to the existence of vicious schemes for obtaining income from exploitation natural resources(for example, Mobutu, the ruler of Zaire, had a personal fortune that exceeded the country's annual GDP). This problem is especially acute in Africa, where the ruling clans, through privatization, gain control over the main sources of raw materials and the largest enterprises. Offended clans and factions sometimes resort to military force to redistribute property in their favor.

David Keane, lecturer at the London School of Economics, notes that such wars are difficult to end. The reason is that the war enriches certain groups of people - officials, military men, businessmen, etc., who profit from the clandestine trade in resources, weapons, etc. into warlords doing business in the war.

Transnational corporations also play a negative role, periodically trying to make money on the conflict. According to the Worldwatch Institute, De Beers was buying diamonds supplied to the market by rebel groups, and oil companies Chevron and Elf sponsored and trained the armed forces of several African states in an effort to secure their control of the oil fields.

2. The problem of arms control

One of the most important issues in the field of strategic security is arms control and disarmament in the world. This issue has been raised since the end of the 19th century, and in the 20th, after the bloody Second World War, it acquired even greater importance. In this regard, the United Nations and other international organizations have undertaken arms control and disarmament efforts in three areas: nuclear, conventional and biological weapons. However, unfortunately, the human community still does not have a clear program of general disarmament.

The most important of the most important international bodies dealing with arms control and general disarmament is the United Nations. This organization, whose philosophy of existence is to maintain peace and ensure world security, from the very beginning of its activity, faced problems and disagreements in the interpretation of arms control and disarmament. Examining the UN's track record in this area, we see that, despite the functioning of numerous committees and commissions, it has not managed to make significant progress in curbing the arms race.

The activities of the 10-sided disarmament committee ceased in 1960. Three years later, by agreement between the United States, the Soviet Union and Great Britain, in order to limit nuclear tests, another disarmament committee was created, this time consisting of 18 countries. With the accession of the rest of the UN members to this committee, the Conference on Disarmament was formed, which operates within the framework of the United Nations. In addition to activities aimed at controlling and limiting arms around the world, other disarmament efforts were made at the international level. With the division of all weapons into nuclear and non-nuclear, between different countries contracts and agreements were concluded. The most important conventions in this regard are the Moscow Agreement of 1963 and the 1968 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.

Conclusion Summing up what has been said and looking over the entire process of arms build-up in the world, it can be noted that, despite the efforts made, within the framework of arms control and global disarmament, the arms race in the world is still continuing. More than half a century after the formation of the United Nations, the contribution of this organization to world disarmament remains negligible. During the Cold War, this circumstance assigned the UN a marginal, ineffective role in resolving world problems, while at the same time provoking a qualitative and quantitative build-up of weapons, both nuclear and conventional.

And as long as major military powers like the United States do not fulfill their obligations under disarmament agreements, all these conventions, lacking executive guarantees, remain just beautiful drafts on paper.

Disarmament problem. Disarmament problems at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries The problem of destruction and preservation of peace on earth

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