Weapon prohibition: biological weapons. Weapon prohibition: Biological Weapons Biological Weapons Classification of Infectious Diseases

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Moscow Aviation Institute

National Research University

Military Department

Cycle of social training

Biological weapons. Purpose. Classification

Performed: Kondrashov A.

group student 20-202s

Leader: Lieutenant Colonel

Sergienko A.M.

Moscow 2013

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Introduction

1. Methods of application

2. Basic factors

3. Classification

4. History of application

6. Properties

7. Features of the defeat

8. Bioterrorism

9. List of the most dangerous types of biological weapons

Used Books

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Biological weapon is a weapon mass lesion People, agricultural animals and plants. Its action is based on the use of the pathogenic properties of microorganisms (bacteria, rickettsis, fungi, as well as toxins produced by some bacteria). The composition of biological weapons includes the recipes of pathogenic microorganisms and the means of delivering them to the target (rockets, aviation bombs and containers, aerosol sprayers, artillery shells, etc.). This is a particularly dangerous weapon, as it can cause massive hazardous diseases of people and animals in extensive territories, to have an impact for a long time, has a long hidden (incubation) period of action. Microbes and toxins are difficult to detect in the external environment, they can penetrate along with air into leakage and infect people and animals in them.

The main sign of the use of biological weapons is symptoms and manifested signs of mass disease of people and animals, which is finally confirmed by special laboratory studies.

As biological tools, pathogens of various infectious diseases can be used: plague, Siberian ulcers, brucellosis, supa, tularemia, cholera, yellow and other fever, spring-summer encephalitis, raw and abdominal typhoid, influenza, malaria, dysentery, natural smallpox and Dr. For the defeat of animals, along with the pathogens of the Siberian ulcers and the Sapa, it is possible to use emptyra viruses, plague cattle and birds, cholera pigs and others; For the damage to agricultural plants - the pathogens of the rust of bread crops of phytoofluorosis of potatoes and other diseases.

Infection of people and animals occurs as a result of inhalation of infected air, contacting microbes or toxins on the mucous membrane and damaged skin, eating contaminated food and water, bitees of infected insects and ticks, contact with infected objects, injured by fragments of ammunition equipped with biological agents, as well as as a result of direct communication with patients with people (animals). A number of diseases are rapidly transmitted from sick people to healthy and causes epidemics (plague, cholera, typhoid, influenza, etc.).

The main means of protecting the population from biological weapons include: vaccine-serum drugs, antibiotics, sulfamed and other drugs used for special and emergency prevention of infectious diseases, means of individual and collective protection used to neutralize causative agents Chemicals. The focus of biological damage is considered cities, settlements and objects of the national economy, exposed to the direct effects of bacterial (biological) funds that create a source of distribution of infectious diseases. Its boundaries are determined on the basis of data from biological intelligence, laboratory testing of samples from objects of the external environment, as well as identifying patients and distribution of infectious diseases.

Armed guard is established around the focus, prohibit entry and departure, as well as the removal of property. To prevent the spread of infectious diseases among the population in the lesion, a complex of anti-epidemic and sanitary and hygienic measures is carried out: emergency prevention; Sanitary processing of the population; Disinfection of various infected objects. If necessary, destroy insects, ticks and rodents (disinsection and deratization). The main forms of combating epidemics are observation and quarantine.

Signbiologicaldanger

Introduction

Throughout its difficult history, humanity led a great many wars and experienced an even more devastating epidemics. Natural way People began to think about how to adapt to the first one. Any commander of the past was ready to admit that his most successful operation is fusing to the smallest epidemic. Attempts to put on military service, the legions of merciless invisible killers committed many times. But only in the 20th century the concept of biological weapons appeared.

The term biological weapons, oddly enough, causes many attempts to various interpretations. I came across, for example, people who tried to interpret it as wide as possible, calling biological weapons and dogs with a charge of explosives on the back, and bats with phosphor grenades, and combat dolphins, and even horses in cavalry. Of course, there is no reason for such a interpretation and it cannot be initially curious. The fact is that all those listed (and similar) examples are not a weapon, but the means of delivery or movement. The only, perhaps, by successful examples from all those encountered by me (and then in Curise), might be fighting elephants and protective guard service dogs. However, the first remained in the depths of the centuries, and the second simplicity does not make sense to classify such a strange way. So, what should be understood under biological weapons?

Biological weapons are a scientific and technological complex, which includes means of production, storage, maintenance and operational delivery of a biological striking agent to the site. Often, biological weapons are called bacteriological, implying not only bacteria, but any other pathogens. In this regard, the definition should be given some more important definitions related to biological weapons.

Biological formulation is a multicomponent system containing pathogenic microorganisms (toxins), fillers and stabilizing additives, ensuring an increase in their stability during storage, applying and finding in an aerosol state. Depending on the aggregate state of the formulation, there may be dry or liquid.

According to the effect of exposure, biological agents are divided into lethal (for example, based on the pathogens of plague, natural smallpox and Siberian ulcers) and outlining (for example, based on the causative agents of Brucellize, Ku-Fells, cholera). Depending on the ability of microorganisms to be transmitted from a person to a person and thereby cause the epidemics of biological agents based on them can be of contagious and non-contagia action.

Biological striking agents; Pathogenic microorganisms or toxins that perform the functions of the defeat of people, animals and plants. In this capacity, bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, fungi, bacterial toxins can be applied. There is a possibility of applying prions (possibly as a genetic weapon). But if we consider the war as a set of actions that overwhelm the enemy's economy, then insects can be attributed to the biological weapons that can quickly and effectively destroy agricultural crops.

1. Methodsapplications

Methods of using biological weapons, as a rule, are:

· Combat parts missiles

· Aviation bombs

· Artillery mines and shells

· Packages (bags, boxes, containers) discharged from airplanes

· Special devices scattering insects from airplanes

· Pulse aviation devices (VAP)

· Sprayers

In some cases, for the spread of infectious diseases, the enemy can leave the infectious binding items: clothing, products, cigarettes, etc. The disease in this case may occur as a result of direct contact with infected objects. It is also possible to deliberately leaving the waste of infectious patients so that they are the source of infection among the troops and the population. When gaping ammunition, equipped with bacterial recipe, a bacterial cloud is formed, consisting of the smallest droplets of liquid or solid particles suspended in the air. The cloud, spreading through the wind, dissipates and settles on the ground, forming an infected area, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich depends on the number of recipes, its properties and wind speed.

Delivery facilities combat devices that provide the delivery of technical means to the lesion object (aviation, ballistic and winged rockets). This also includes sabotage groups delivering special confountainers in the applying area equipped with radio commands or timer opening systems.

2. Maintenancefactors

Pathogenic - This is the species property of the infectious agent to cause the disease of the body, that is, pathological changes in organs and tissues with a violation of their physiological functions. The combat applicability of the agent is determined not so much the pathogenicity as the severity of the caused disease and the dynamics of its development. Pumplace, for example, causes the grave defeat of the human body, but the disease develops for many years and therefore unsuitable for combat use.

Virulence - This is the ability of the infectious agent to infect a certain organism. Virulence should not be confused with the pathogenicity (the ability to cause a disease). For example, a simple herpes virus of the first type has a high virulence, but low pathogenicity. Numerically virulence can be expressed in the amount of units of the infectious agent necessary to infect the body with a certain probability.

Contantagiosity - The ability of the infectious agent is transmitted from the diseased organism to healthy. The contagiousness is unevenly aware of virulence, since it depends not only on the susceptibility of a healthy body to the agent, but also on the intensity of the spread of this agent with a sick. Not always high contagiousness is welcome too large the risk of loss of control over the spread of infection.

Sustainability Environmentally important factor in the environment when choosing an agent. Here it is not about achieving the maximum or minimum stability, it must be required. And sustainability requirements are determined, in turn, the specifics of the use of the climate, the time of the year, the density of the population, the estimated exposure time.

3. Classification

In addition to the properties listed, the incubation period is considered, the possibility of cultivating the agent, the presence of treatments and prevention, the ability to sustainable genetic modifications.

There are many classifications of biological weapons of both offensive and defensive. However, in my opinion, the most strategic defensive classification is a strategic defensive classification that uses an integrated approach to the means of conducting a biological war. A package of criteria used in creating known samples of biological weapons has given the opportunity to assign a certain amount of points that characterize the likelihood of combat application to each biological agent. For simplicity, military doctors divided all agents into three groups:

1-J.group

High probability of use. This includes genuine smallpox, plague, Siberian ulcers, tularemia, raw typhus, fever Marburg.

2ndgroup

Use is possible. Cholera, brucellosis, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, tetanus, diphteria.

3rdgroup

Use is unlikely. Frenzy, abdominal typhoid, dysentery, staphylococcal infections, viral hepatitis.

The influenza virus would be an excellent sample of biological weapons if it settled not only on the mucous respiratory tract.

4. Historyapplications

The use of peculiar biological weapons was known in the ancient world, when under the siege of cities for the fortress walls, the corpses of the dead from the plague were transferred to cause the epidemic among the defenders. Such measures were relatively effective, as in closed spaces, with high population density and with a tangible disadvantage of hygiene, similar epidemics developed very quickly. The earliest case of the use of biological weapons belongs to the 6th century BC.

The use of biological weapons in modern history.

· 1763 - The first specific historical fact of the use of bacteriological weapons in the war is the deliberate distribution of smallpox among the Indian tribes. American colonizers moved the blankets in their camp, infected with the causative agent of smallpox. Among the Indians broke out an epidemic of smallpox.

· 1934 - German saboteurs are accused of an attempt to infect the metro in London, but such a version is untenable, since at that time Hitler considered England as a potential ally.

· 1939--1945 - Japan: Manchurian detachment 731 against 3 thousand people - within the framework of development. As part of the tests - in combat operations in Mongolia and China. Also prepared plans for use in the districts of Khabarovsk, Blagoveshchensk, Ussuriysk, cheats. The data obtained was based on the basis of developments in the bacteriological center of the US Army Fort Detriton (Maryland) in exchange for protection against the persecution of squad staff 731. However, the military-strategic result of combat use was more than modest: according to the report of the International Scientific Commission for the Investigation of Bacteriological Facts Wars in Korea and China (Beijing, 1952) The number of victims of artificially induced plague from 1940 to 1945 amounted to approximately 700 people, that is, it turned out even less than the number of prisoners ruined in the framework of the development of prisoners.

· According to Soviet data, during the Korean War, bacteriological weapons The United States applied against the DPRK ("Only from January to March 1952, in 169, the DPRK, 804 cases of the use of bacteriological weapons were occurring (in most cases - bacteriological air bombs), which caused epidemic diseases"). A few years after the war, Assistant Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, Vyacheslav Ustinov studied the existing materials and came to the conclusion that the use of bacteriological weapons cannot be confirmed.

· According to some researchers, the epidemic of the Siberian ulcers in Sverdlovsk in April 1979 was caused by a leak from the Sverdlovsk-19 laboratory. According to the official version, the cause of the disease was the meat of infectious cows. Another version is that it was the operation of the US Securities

5. Views

Bacteria - This is a single-celled organisms of plant nature, the dimensions of which range from 0.3-0.5 to 8 -10 mkm (10-6 cm). Thus, Tularemia causative agent has a size from 0.7 to 1.5 microns, and Siberian ulcers are from 3 to 10 microns. The mass of one cell with a size of 2-3 microns is 3 * 10-9mg. It is estimated that 1,550 billion bacteria may be contained in 1 ml of liquid formulation. The reproduction of bacteria occurs through their division. Under favorable conditions, the bacterial cell is divided into 2 every 20-30 minutes.

By appearance There are three main forms of bacteria: ball (cocci), rowing and crazy. Typical representatives of bacteria are the pathogens of the Siberian ulcers, Tularemia, plague, cholera and others. Separate pathogenic bacteria in the process of vital activity are distinguished by products with toxic properties - toxins (protein vents) bacteria are very sensitive to high temperature, sunlight, sharp fluctuations in humidity Disinfectants, retain sufficient stability at reduced temperatures to -15-25 ° C. Some types of bacteria are able to be covered with a protective capsule or form a dispute. Microbes in dispute shape have very high resistance to drying, disadvantage of nutrients, the action of high and low temperatures and disinfectants.

1 - Bacteria viruses (bacteriophages);

2 - Viruses, striking higher plants;

3 - Viruses, pathogenic for humans and animals.

In nature, there are two forms of viruses: 1 - cubic, 2 - chopkidoid. Viruses are the cause of more than 200 diseases, representatives of viruses - pathogens of such infectious diseases as about a, yellow fever, Venezuelan encephalomyelitis of horses (VEL).

The pathogens of ku-fever, spotted fever, rocky mountains, rapid typhoids and other diseases represent a group of ricketer diseases. Rickettsii Spore do not form, resistant to drying, freezing and fluctuations in relative humidity, are quite sensitive to the action of high temperatures and disinfectants. Ricketsiosis is transferred to a person mainly through bloodsowing arthropods.

Fungi - A very extensive and diverse group of smallest organisms belonging to lower plants and not halvorophilla. According to physiological properties, they are close to bacteria, but their structure is more complicated than in bacteria, and the method of reproduction (spores of 2-3 μm) is specific. The length of the fungi cell reaches 100 or more microns. Among the fungi, there are both unicellular * types (yeast) and multicellular organisms for military purposes, the most likely to use microorganisms that cause diseases such as coccidomycosis, blastomycosis, histopommosis, etc. fungi can form disputes with high resistance to freezing, drying, action sun ray and disinfectants. According to foreign specialists, fungi can be applied to damage to agriculture. Microbial toxins are the products of the vital activity of some types of bacteria with respect to humans, animal extremely high toxicity. Once with food, water in the human body, animals, these products cause very severe lesions (intoxication), often with fatal. In a liquid state, toxins are rapidly destroyed, in the dried form they retain their toxicity for a long time, resistant to freezing, oscillations of relative humidity and do not lose their affecting properties in the air to 12 hours.

Toxins are destroyed with long-term boiling and exposure to disinfectants. Many toxins are currently obtained in pure form (botulinum, diphtheria, tetanus). The greatest attention of foreign specialists attract botulinum toxin and staphylococcal enterotoxin, which are currently attributed to Ho.

Toxins have a high biological activity, the deadly dose of botulinum toxin is 0.005-0.008 mg. However, with the inhalation path of the defeat, as foreign experts believe, the deadly doses for a person will be much big.

biological weapon strikes bioterrorism

In recent years, the attention of military specialists has been drawn to such varieties of biological warfare, both toxins, herbicides, defoliatants and desiccants. This means of means, due to its pronounced toxic properties, occupies an intermediate position between biological agents and poisoning substances. So toxins are highly protein connections of bacterial, plant or wildlife. The greatest danger congratulate the exotoxins, which are products of the vital activity of bacteria of herbicides, defolients and desiccants are typical representatives of chemical compounds are used to destroy weeds, focusing and drying vegetation. On the combat impression of clear differences between these substances Mass application This group of funds for military purposes leads to the sterilization of the soil and the ignition of vegetation, and their side toxic effect leads to the defeat of people and animals. The use of herbicides in large quantities in South Vietnam led in 1963 to poison 2000 people (from them with fatal outcome), and in 1969, 28,500 people (500 with fatal outcome).

The herbicides penetrate the plants through the leaves and roots, violate the process of absorption of carbohydrates and thereby growth processes. Modern microbiological science and practice have enormous potential for mass production of microorganisms and toxins. This largely contributes to the development of the production of antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes and other microbic metabolism products.

The listed properties of the main microbiological groups give the general idea of inner structure, sizes and features of the vital activity of microorganisms, but do not sufficiently understand the danger of this or that type of pathogens. Therefore, each type of BS is additionally characterized by the indicators of the half-life, incubation period, the duration of disabling and mortality.

Analysis of these characteristics shows that the most danger in the case of use is the pathogens of Siberian ulcers, tularemia and yellow fever. It is these types of BS that will apply mass mortgage defeats. In turn, the causative agents of Brucellize, Ku-fever, Val and Cocidiodomicosis will be used to temporaracting personnel. Nevertheless, the duration of treatment of these diseases significantly affects the combat capability of parts that has been subjected to a biological attack.

Currently, special attention of military specialists has been drawn to a group of microorganisms that can destroy military materials and techniques. Thus, a fundamentally new pathogens of infectious diseases and toxins may be created by means of genetic engineering and toxins that meet the requirements for arms not deadly (ONSD). An obstacle to the development and implementation of this type of funds are existing international agreements. Among the latest UNDC concepts, the concept of using the latest achievements of biotechnology, especially gene and cellular engineering occupies a special place.

In the course of research aimed at developing new biomaterials, cleaning by biological environmental methods, environmentally friendly utilization of weapons and military equipmentForeign scientists have achieved certain results in theory and practice of using microorganisms and their livelihoods, they may be based on the development of potentially effective ONSD tools. Thus, in the United States and other countries, the bacterial strains and other microorganisms, and other microorganisms, and other microorganisms, effectively decomposing petroleum products (converting oil hydrocarbons in fatty acids digestible by natural microorganisms), were created and experimentally tested during cleaning of pollution on military facilities. To "infection" storage facilities of the enemy's fuel and lubricants in order to make the fuel there are unsuitable. The whole process can take several days. Bacteria utilizing lubricants can also cause the internal combustion engines, blocking their fuel lines and fuel supply systems.

In the course of work on environmentally friendly utilization of reduced rockets of medium and smaller range in the United States, biological (using microorganisms) methods of decomposition of perchlorate ammonite (component of solid rocket fuel) were successfully used. With the "infection" by such microorganisms of the enemy's combat missilers in their solid filling, shells, cavities, areas with uneven characteristics may arise, which can lead to an explosion of rockets at the start or to a significant deviation of the trajectory of its flight from the calculated parameters.

In addition, microbiological removal methods have been developed in the USA from military facilities of old paint coatings. To a certain extent it can be used in the interests of creating ONSD.

Known big number Microorganisms and insects capable of rendering harmful effects on elements of electronic and electrical devices (destruction of insulation, materials printed circuit board), filling compounds, lubrication and drives of mechanical devices. Foreign specialists do not exclude that you can get microorganisms that have these properties are so developed that they will allow them to use them as OCD. To utilize the defective integrated circuits in the United States, for example, a strain of bacteria, decomposing gallium arsenide. A lot of biometallurgical processes are known, in which valuable metals (including uranium) are known using microorganisms from poor ores and dumps.

Bacillus of Siberian Ulcers:

6. Properties

The main combat properties and features of Bo include the following:

The presence of an incubation period

High combat efficiency

Contacts of bacterial money

High selectivity of action

The ability to defeat in large territories

Relatively high resistance to environmental factors

The difficulty of establishing the fact and type of the applied pathogen

The ability to penetrate leakage

The possibility of the production of pathogenic microorganisms in mass quantities

High psychological impact on man

Under high combat efficiency means the ability of the BS to defeat the alive force under the condition of its weak security in minor quantities, i.e. This property is associated with a high pathogeneity (mortality) of microbes. Foreign specialists believe that only those that have a high degree of pathogenicity can be used as possible BS. The higher this degree, the smaller dose of BS is able to cause diseases ending with either the death of affected or the loss of combat capability at any time. High efficiency Bo is inversely proportional to the immunosochetism of the object of application, its ability to use the PPE, the availability and effectiveness of funds and methods of treatment.

Immuno-proof is determined by the presence of immunity, the method of protecting the body based on the formation of antibodies in it in case of foreign microorganisms and proteins, polysaccharides, toxins and other substances.

There are two main types of immunity of hereditary (species) and acquired, which, in turn, is divided into natural and artificial.

The damaging effect Bo is not manifested immediately after hitting the BS in the body due to the hidden (incubation) period in the development of disease. The incubation period is the period from the moment of infection until the first clinical symptoms of the lesion. Man throughout this period is almost healthy and efficient. In addition, with most diseases, the patient is not infected into the incubation period. Therefore, Bo is called a slowdown weapon. Consequently, the affected personnel will fail at the system not immediately, but only after a while, equal to the incubation period. So, for Tularemia, for example, this period will be 1-20 days, for ku-fever - 15 days, etc. The pathogens of the plague, Tularemia, the Siberian ulcers, the saip and botulinum toxin belong to the pathogens with a short incubation period, and the causative agents of the smallpox, rapid typhoids, ku-fever - to the group with a long incubation period. According to foreign military specialists, the duration of the incubation period determines the goals and objectives of the combat use of a pathogen.

The high selectivity of the action is determined by the ability of biological means to defeat only the live strength or higher plants and agricultural animals, while maintaining the intact material tools that may be, according to American specialists, are subsequently used by the attacker.

The ability to apply defeat on a large area is characterized primarily by the technical capabilities of the use of the use, the ability of a number of diseases to be transmitted from the patient to healthy (contagiousness) and the complexity of organizing events related to restriction or even the cessation of combat and daily activities of troops (observation and quarantine).

Observation is a system of insulating-restrictive and anti-epidemic measures aimed at preventing the proliferation of infectious diseases among the personal composition of troops and the population without stopping the fulfillment of the combat mission. It is set for divisions and parts by order of the commander of the part (compound) when the fact of the use of Bo is identified.

Quarantine is a system of anti-epidemic and regime measures aimed at the complete isolation of the focus of bacteriological infection or the area of \u200b\u200bthe new dislocation of troops undergoing attacking, and the elimination of infectious incidence in it. It is introduced and removed by the indication of the commander of the troops of the front (army) usually with the termination of the combat task for the entire quarantine period.

Resistance to the Factors of the External Environment of the BR is determined by the ability of pathogenic microorganisms to maintain their pathogenic properties over a long period of time under adverse conditions of the external environment. This property is due to the high resistance of the BR, especially under reduced temperatures and in the presence of spore forms of pathogenic microorganisms in the formulations of pathogenic microorganisms, according to American printing, can be maintained in an external environment sunlight No more than a few hours (2-4), at overcast time up to 8-12 hours, the steady vegetative forms of microbes retain their affect properties, up to day and more. The duration of the afflicting action Bo may be associated with the formation of persistent natural epidemic foci (when using an opponent of infected carriers) and, finally, the period of the existence of an epidemic that arose in the event of an opponent's contagious pathogens. The epidemic (Greek. Epidemia is a painful disease) are called significant diseases in this area. The intensity of epidemics is different. If the epidemic covers many countries and even continents, it is called a pandemic (example of influenza pandemic in 1918-1914. And in 1957-1959)

Characterize combat Properties Bo, it is necessary to indicate the difficulty of establishing the fact and the type of pathogen applied, which is primarily due to the secure method of Bo, the difficulty of identifying the BS in field conditions and the duration of determining the species of the pathogen even with express laboratory analysis (up to several hours).

The problem of rapid detection and identification of the used BS is practically not solved and now. Existing express methods reduce identification time up to 4-5 hours

The ability to penetrate the leaks is characterized by the aerodynamic properties of biological aerosols obtained by translating the BR in combat state.

Biological aerosols are called dispersed systems consisting of droplets or solid particles carrying viable microorganisms or toxins. By origin and the formation mechanism, natural and artificial aerosols distinguish. The high stability of biological aerosols in the atmosphere is favorably influenced: the maximum degree of dispersion (fragmentation) of particles (from 5 to 1 μm); Wind speed from 1 to 4 m / s; cloudy weather without precipitation, relative humidity from 30 to 85%; The air temperature is below + 10 ° C; The degree of vertical air resistance is isothermia or inversion. The preservation of the striking properties of biological aerosols in favorable climatic and meteorological conditions, a high degree of dispersibility significantly increases the likelihood of this aerosol into lesions and objects.

The high psychological effects of Bo is determined primarily by the influence that has a healthy human gravity of the external picture of the disease manifested by the affected. The command of the American army believes that several victims of the use of Bo can cause horror and panic. The massive use of Bo can disorganize and keep in fear of people. The strengthening of psychological impact contributes to the weak knowledge of the properties of Bo, the lack of skills in the use of occasional, violations of anti-epidemic discipline and disbelief into the effectiveness of existing health care products.

7. Featureslesions

When damaged by bacterial agents, the disease does not occur immediately, almost always there is a hidden (incubatory) period during which the disease does not show itself by external signs, and the amazed does not lose their combat capability. Some diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera) are able to be transmitted from a sick person healthy and, quickly spreading, cause epidemics. To establish the fact of the use of bacterial agents and determine the type of pathogen is quite difficult, since neither microbes nor toxins have neither color, no odor, nor taste, but the effect of their action can manifest itself through a large period of time. Detection of bacterial agents is possible only by conducting special laboratory studies, which requires considerable time, and this makes it difficult to carry out measures to prevent epidemic diseases. Modern strategic means of biological weapons use mixtures of viruses and bodies of bacteria to increase the likelihood of deaths when applied, however, they are used, as a rule, strains are not transmitted from person to person to geographically localize their impact and avoid due to this own loss.

The simplest analysis of the relationship of the propagation of infectious diseases and changes in environmental factors gives reason to believe that the affecting effect depends on the virulence (degree of pathogens) BS, as well as from anato-physiological properties of the affected object.

Distinguish several ways to hit the BS inside a man in combat settlement:

1-y.way (main) - through respiratory organs (inhalation),

2-y.way - through the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, nose, eye, as well as skin covers (skin),

3rdway - through the digestive tract (alimentary).

The high vulnerability of the respiratory system for the overwhelming majority of pathogenic organisms, the possibility of creating favorable conditions to defeat the conditions in battle gives reason to believe that the greatest danger for a person is the inhalation path.

Ceramic bombs:

8. Bioterrorism

Biological weapons resembles a fabulous genie locked in a bottle. Sooner or later, the simplification of its production technologies will lead to the loss of control and put humanity before the new security threat.

Such facilities can easily be used by biological terrorists for the production of recipes.

The development of chemical, and then nuclear weapons led to the fact that almost all states refused to further finance the development of biological weapons that were conducted for decades. Thus, the accumulated scientific data and technological developments turned out to be "suspended in the air." On the other hand, development in the field of protection against dangerous infections is carried out at the global level, and research centers receive very decent financing. In addition, the epidemiological threat exists worldwide. Consequently, even in poor and underdeveloped countries, sanitary and epidemiological laboratories are obliged, equipped with everything necessary for work related to microbiology. Even a common beer plant is easy to reload enough to produce any biological recipes.

The most likely for use in sabotage-terrorist purposes is considered a natural smallpox virus. As you know, a collection of natural smallpox virus on the WHO recommendation is securely stored in the United States and in Russia. However, there are information that the virus is uncontrolled in some countries and can be spontaneously (and even deliberately) go beyond the limits of laboratories.

Today it is easy to buy any equipment for microbiology - including such cryogenic storage containers for biopreparations.

In connection with the abolition of vaccination in 1980, the population of the planet has lost immunity to the OPP. For a long time, vaccines and diagnostic serum were produced. Effective treatments do not exist, mortality is about 30%. The Sharp virus is extremely virulent and contagious, and a long incubation period in combination with modern means of movement contributes to the global dissemination of infection.

With proper use, biological weapons in efficiency exceeds even nuclear - one skillful attack on Washington with sputtering over the city of Siberian ulcers is quite capable of carrying as many lives as the explosion of the atomic ammunition of the middle strength. The terrorists do not pay attention to any international conventions, they are not bothering the indiscrimination of pathogens microorganisms. Their task is to sow fear and seek such a way. And for this purpose, biological weapons fit perfectly - nothing causes such a panic as a bacteriological threat. Of course, it did not cost without literature, cinema and media that surrounded this topic by the halo of inevitability.

There is another aspect that will definitely take into account potential bioterrorists when choosing a weapon - the experience of predecessors. Chemical attack in the Tokyo metro and attempts to create a knens nuclear charges It turned out to be failed due to the lack of a competent approach and high technologies at terrorists. At the same time, biological weapons at a proper attack continues to work without the participation of performers, reproducing itself.

9. Listselfdangerousspeciesbiologicalarms

2) Siberian ulcer

3) Hemorrhagic Ebola Fever

5) Tularemia

6) Botulic Toxin

7) rice pyrical

8) cattle plague

9) virus nips

10) Chimera virus

Usedliterature

1. Supotritsky M.V., "Microorganisms, toxins and epidemics", head "Biological terrorist act"

2. Plague from the devil (China 1933-1945) This is the chapter from the book "Essays of the History of Plague" Supotitsky M.V., Supotornaya N.S.

3. Simonov V. "On the myth of biological weapons"

4. L.A. Fedorov. "Soviet biological weapons: history, ecology, politics. Moscow, 2005.

5. Supotritsky M.V. "The development of biological weapons"

Posted on Allbest.ru.

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Ban

Biological weapons were prohibited on the basis of a document that entered into legal force on March 26, 1975. By January 2012, 165 states are participants in the Convention on the Biological Weapon.

The main prohibiting document: "Convention on the prohibition of the development, production and accumulation of bacteriological (biological) weapons, as well as toxins and its destruction (Geneva, 1972). The first attempt was made back in 1925, we are talking about the Geneva Protocol, which entered into force on February 8, 1928.

The subject of the ban: Microbes and other biological agents, as well as toxins, regardless of their origin or methods of production, types and in quantities that are not intended for prevention, protection and other peaceful purposes, as well as ammunition that are intended to deliver these agents or toxins to The enemy during armed conflicts.

Biological weapons

Biological weapons are a danger to people, animals and plants. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, rickettsia, bacterial toxins can be used as pathogenic microorganisms or toxins. There is the possibility of using prions (as a genetic weapon). At the same time, if we consider the war as a set of actions aimed at suppressing the enemy's economy, then insects can be attributed to the types of biological weapons, which are able to effectively and quickly destroy agricultural crops.

Biological weapons are inextricably linked with technical use and delivery means. The technical means of use include such funds that allow secure transportation, storage and translation into combat condition of biological agents (destroyable containers, capsules, cassettes, airbabers, sprayers and tight aviation devices).

The means of delivery of biological weapons include combat devices that provide the delivery of technical means to the objects of the enemy lesion (ballistic and winged rockets, aviation, shells). This also includes groups of saboteurs that can deliver containers with biological weapons to the area of \u200b\u200buse.

The biological weapons possesses the following features of affecting:

High efficiency of the use of biological agents;
- the difficulty of timely detection of biological infection;
- the presence of a hidden (incubation) period of action, which leads to an increase in the installation of biological weapons, but at the same time reduces its tactical efficacy, since it does not allow to ensure immediate conclusion;
- a wide variety of biological agents (BS);
- the duration of affecting actions, which is due to the stability of certain types of BS to the external environment;
- flexibility of affecting actions (the presence of pathogens of temporarily disabling and mortal);
- the ability of some types of BS to epidemic distribution, which appears as a result of the use of pathogens, which are able to transmit from a patient to a healthy person;
- selectivity of action, which manifests itself in the fact that some types of BS affect exclusively people, other animals, and third - and people, and animals (SAP, Siberian ulcer, brucellosis);
- The ability of biological weapons in the form of aerosols to penetrate the lesions, engineering structures and combat technology facilities.

The advantages of biological weapons, specialists usually include the availability and low cost of production, as well as the possibility of emergence in the army of the enemy and among its civilian population of large-scale epidemics of dangerous infectious diseases, which can sow panic everywhere, fear, and reduce the combat capability of the army parts and disorganize the work of the rear.

The beginning of the use of biological weapons is customary to belong to the ancient world. So, in 1500 BC e. Hetta in Malaya Asia rated the power of infectious disease and began to send a plague on enemy lands. In those years, the scheme of infection was very simple: they took the sick people and littered them into the mill of the enemy. Hitty for these purposes used people who were sick Tularemia.

In the Middle Ages, the technology received some improvement: the corpses of the dead people or animals from any terrible disease (usually from the plague) with the help of a variety of varietary guns threw through the walls in a deposited city. An epidemic could be blocked inside the city, in which the defenders died with packs, and the survivors covered the real panic.

The controversial remains one fairly famous case that occurred in 1763. According to one of the versions, the British transferred the tribe of American soil and blankets, which previously used patients with genuine smallpasses. It is not known, this attack was planned in advance (then this is the most real case of using Bo), or this happened by chance. In any case, according to one of the versions, among the Indians there was a real epidemic that took hundreds of lives and almost completely undermined the combat capability of the tribe.

Some historians even believe that the famous 10 biblical ulcers that Moses "convened" against Egyptians could be campaigns of a certain biological war, and not at all divine attacks. Since then, many years have passed, and the achievements of people in the field of medicine have led to a significant improvement in the understanding of the actions of harmful pathogens and how the human immune system is able to fight them. However, it was a stick about two ends. Science gave us modern methods of treatment and vaccination, but also led to the further militarization of a number of the most destructive biological "agents" on Earth.

The first half of the 20th century was marked by the use of both Germans and the Japanese of biological weapons, both countries used a Siberian ulcer. Subsequently, it began to be used in the USA, Russia and the UK. The Germans still during the First World War tried to provoke epizootia of the Siberian ulcers among the horses of the countries of their opponents, but they could not do it. After signing in 1925, the so-called Geneva Protocol to develop biological weapons was more difficult.

However, the protocol stopped far from all. Thus, in Japan with biological weapons during the Second World War, a whole special part was experimed - the secret detachment of 731. It is reliable that during the war years, the specialists of this part are purposefully and quite successfully infected the population of China by Bubony Chuma, from which he died in total About 400 thousand people. And Nazi Germany was engaged in the mass spread of malaria carriers in the Pontic swamps in Italy, the losses of allies from malaria reached about 100 thousand people.

From all this it follows that biological weapons are a simple, effective and ancient way to destroy the wide masses of people. However, such weapons have very serious disadvantages that significantly limit the possibilities of combat use. A very big minus of such a weapon is that the pathogens of hazardous diseases are not amenable to any "training".

Bacteria and viruses can not be made to distinguish their own from others. Blowing out to freedom, they are harmful to everything alive on their way without a special parsing. Moreover, they can run the process of mutation, and these changes are very difficult to predict, and sometimes it is simply impossible. Therefore, even the antidote prepared in advance can become ineffective against mutating samples. The viruses are most susceptible to mutations, it is enough to recall that there are still no vaccines from HIV infection, not to mention that periodically humanity is experiencing problems with the treatment of ordinary flu.

Currently, protection against biological weapons is reduced to two large groups of special events. The first of them are preventive. Preventive actions include vaccinations to military personnel, population and agricultural animals, the development of early detection of Bo and SanEpidadzor. The second events are therapeutic. These include emergency prevention after the detection of the fact of use of biological weapons, specialized assistance to the sick and their isolation.

Simulation of situations and teachings have repeatedly proved the fact that states with more or less developed medicine can cope with the consequences of the current species of Bo. But the story with the same flu every year proves to us the opposite. In the event that someone succeeds in creating a weapon based on this very common virus, the end of the world can become much more real than it seems to many.

To date, as biological weapons can be used:
- bacteria - pathogens of Siberian ulcers, plague, cholera, brucellosis, tularemia, etc.;
- Viruses - causative agents of tick-borne encephalites, natural smallpox, ebola fever and Marburg et al.;
- Ricketsia - pathogens of fragile rocky mountains, rapid typhoid, ku-fever, etc.;
- fungi - pathogens of histoplasmosis and nocardiosis;
- botulinum or other bacterial toxins.

For the successful spread of biological weapons can be used:

Artillery shells and mines, aviation bombs and aerosol generators, distant and near radius rockets, as well as any unmanned means of attacks carrying biological weapons;
- Aviation bombs or special containers styled by infected arthropods;
- a variety of ground cars and air infection equipment;
- Special equipment and various devices for sabotage contamination of air, water indoor, food, as well as for the spread of infected rodents and arthropods.

It is the use of artificially infected with bacteria and viruses of mosquitoes, flies, fleas, ticks, lice seems to be almost a win-win option. At the same time, these carriers can maintain the ability to transfer the pathogen to people actually throughout their life. And the duration of their lives can be from several days or weeks (flies, mosquitoes, lice) up to several years (ticks, fleas).

Biological terrorism

In the post-war, biological weapons were not used during large-scale conflicts. But at the same time they began to be interested in terrorist organizations very actively. Thus, since 1916, a minimum of 11 cases of planning or committing terrorist attacks using biological weapons were documented. Most. known example It is a story with sending letters with Siberian spores in the United States in 2001, when 5 people died from letters.

Today, biological weapons most reminiscent of Ginna from a fairy tale, which was locked in a bottle. However, sooner or later, the simplification of the technologies for the production of biological weapons can lead to the loss of control on them and put humanity before another threat to its safety.

The development of chemical, and later and nuclear weapons led to the fact that almost all countries of the world abandoned the further financing of work on the creation of new samples of biological weapons that continued for decades. Thus, technological developments and scientific data that were accumulated during this time turned out to be "suspended in the air."

On the other hand, work that is aimed at creating means of protection against dangerous infections have never stopped. They are conducted at the global level, while research centers receive decent financing volumes for these purposes. The epidemiological threat is preserved today around the world, which means that even in undeveloped and poor countries, sanitary and epidemiological laboratories are necessarily present, which are equipped with all necessary for work related to microbiology.

Today, even ordinary brewing plants can be quite easy to refill for the release of any biological recipes. Such objects along with laboratories may be of interest to biological terrorists.

At the same time, the natural smallpox virus is called the most likely candidate for use in sabotage-terrorist purposes. Currently, a collection of natural smallpox virus on recommendation World Organization Health is reliably stored in Russia and in the United States. It has information that this virus can be uncontrolled in a number of states and may be spontaneously (a, perhaps, and deliberately) leave the limits of storage sites.

It is necessary to understand that the terrorists do not pay any attention to the international conventions, they are also not disturbed by the indiscrimination of pathogens microorganisms. The main task of terrorists is to sow fear and seek this way of desired goals. For these purposes, biological weapons seems to be almost the perfect option. Little can compare with that panic that the use of biological weapons can cause. Of course, it was not without the influence of movies, literature and media that surrounded such an opportunity for a halo of some inevitability.

However, without mass media, there are prerequisites for the possible use of such weapons in terrorist purposes. For example, accounting for potential bioterrorists of errors made by their predecessors. Attempts to create portable nuclear charges and a chemical attack, which was carried out in the Tokyo metro due to the lack of high technologies and the competent approach, terrorists were dips. At the same time, the biological weapon with the right attack will continue to continue its effect without the participation of performers, reproducing itself.

Due to this, on the set of parameters, it is confident to say that it is the biological weapon that can be selected by terrorists in the future as the most suitable to achieve the targets facing them.

Their action is unequal. One of the most dangerous species is biological weapons. It is viruses, fungi and microbes, as well as animals infected with these viruses. The purpose of the use of this weapon is the defeat of people, plant and animal world. The composition of the biological weapons includes a means of delivering it to the destination.

Weapons do not harm buildings, subjects and materials having value. It is striking and infects animals, people, water, vegetation, etc.

Biological weapons are divided into several species depending on the materials used.

The first view is the use of bacteria. These include plague, cholera and other infectious diseases.

The following appearance are viruses. Here they distinguish the causative agents of smallpox, encephalitis, different species Fever and some other diseases.

The third appearance is Ricketsia. This includes pathogens of some kinds of fever, etc.

And the last - fungi. They cause diseases by histoplasmosis, blastomycosis and some other diseases.

It is the presence of a certain type of pathogens and determines the type to which biological weapons belongs.

Unlike other species or chemical), this species is a source of infection, getting into the body even in minimal doses. Another feature of this weapon is its ability to spread. That is, there is an opportunity to transfer a disease from a person to man and from the animal to a person.

It is also very steadily for destruction. Finding into the soil or to another external environment, it remains for a long time. Its action can manifest itself through a certain time interval and cause an outbreak of infection.

The next feature, which has a biological weapon of mass lesion, can be attributed to its sweeping. The period from infection to the first signs of the disease can undergo asymptomatic, which leads to its distribution. To identify diseases and infections at the initial stage can only be laboratory. This is a very time-consuming and long process. And if we talk about countering biological weapons, the measures must be taken immediately.

To reveal the fact of applying this type of weapon, some features of its structure should be taken into account. Typically, round fragments are found in places. At the time of breaking, a deaf sound is heard. An explicit feature is the formation of vapors and clouds that disappear very quickly. Also, the appearance of liquid droplets on the surface in the area of \u200b\u200bfall or substances in the form of a powder may be observed. A sign of the use of biological weapons is also a trail from the fluttering aircraft, the appearance of a large number of rodents or insects, which is not atypically for this time or terrain. Also, the consequence of its use is the massive case of animals and a large number of people at the same time.

The usual method of spreading viruses and bacteria is a respiratory system. In this case, aerosol means are used. They settled on the surface of the skin, clothing, soil, plants and penetrate the human body through or cuts. Also carriers may be animals and animal husbandry products. Biological weapons are the most dangerous type of weapons of mass lesion.

In this regard, humanity is developing funds against its impact. Protection against biological weapons must be immediate enough to disseminate it. Such means include vaccine and serum. Also subject to immediate destruction infected animals, items and food.

It is one of the most important factors affecting the development of the modern world. The danger that this type of OMP traces the leadership of states to make serious adjustments in the security concept and allocate funds for protection against this type of weapons.

The concept and main characteristics of biological weapons

The biological weapon, according to the international classification, is a modern means of lesion that has a negative impact of both directly per person and the surrounding flora and fauna. The use of this weapon is based on the use of animals and vegetable toxins allocated by microorganisms, mushrooms or plants. In addition, biological weapons include basic devices with which these substances are delivered to the target target. This should include air bombs, special rockets, containers, as well as shells and aerosols.

Bacteriological weapons

The main danger in the use of this type of OMP is the impact of pathogenic bacteria. As you know, there are quite a lot of varieties of a wide variety of microorganisms, which are capable of making diseases of people, plants and animals as soon as possible. This is a plague, and the Siberian ulcer, and cholera, which often end with a fatal outcome.

Basic signs of biological weapons

Like any other type of weapons, biological weapons have certain features. First, it can have a negative impact on all living things in a radius of several tens of kilometers as soon as possible. Secondly, this type of weapons has toxicity, which significantly exceeds the similar indicator of any poisoning substances obtained by a synthetic method. Thirdly, it is practically impossible to fix the start of the action of this OMP, since the shells, and the bombs in the explosion publish only the muffled cotton, and the microorganisms themselves have an incubation period that can last up to several days. Finally, fourthly, the beginning of the epidemic is usually accompanied by the strongest psychological stress in the population, which flows into panic and often does not know how to behave.

Basic ways to transfer bacteriological weapons

The main ways by which the biological weapon is striking people, plants and animals are the contact of microorganisms on the skin, as well as eating infected products. In addition, various insects are a great danger, which are an excellent carrier for most diseases, as well as direct contact between patients and healthy people.

Methods for protection against biological weapons

Protection against biological weapons includes a whole range of activities, the main purpose of which is to protect people, as well as representatives of flora and fauna from the effects of pathogenic bacteria. The main means of protection includes a variety of vaccines and serums, antibiotics and other medicines. Biological weapons are powerless to the means of collective and individual protection, as well as before the influence of special chemicals that destroy all the causative agents of the disease in vast territories.