Positions on the social issue and solutions. Socialism and ways of solving the problems of modern man. Freedom is expressed in the observance of traditions, religious humility
The role of the state in the economy - liberalism
The main value is freedom
The ideal is a market economy
The state should not interfere in the economy
The principle of separation of powers: legislative, executive, judicial
Social position - liberalism
The individual is free and is responsible for his own well-being.
All people are equal, everyone has equal opportunities
Ways to Solve Social Problems - Liberalism
Reforms carried out by the authorities
Limits of freedom - liberalism
A person from birth has inalienable rights: to life, freedom, etc.
"Everything is allowed that is not prohibited by law" - complete freedom in everything.
Only those who can be responsible for their decisions can be free, i.e. whether the owners are an educated person.
The role of the state in the economy - conservatism
The goal is to preserve traditions, religion and order
The state has the right to intervene in the economy if it is necessary to preserve traditions
The power of the state is not limited by anyone or anything
The ideal is absolute monarchy
Social stance - conservatism
Preservation of the old class layer
Do not believe in the possibility of social equality
Ways to Solve Social Problems - Conservatism
The people must obey, the state can use violence against revolutions
Reforms as a last resort to prevent social explosions
Limits of Freedom - Conservatism
The state subjugates the personality
Freedom is expressed in the observance of traditions, religious humility
The role of the state in the economy - Socialism
Destruction of private property, free market and competition
The state completely controls the economy, helps the poor
MARXISM - form of government - PROLETARIAN DICTATORSHIP (workers' power)
ANARCHISM - the state needs to be destroyed
Position on the social issue - socialism
All people should have equal rights and benefits
The state itself decides all social issues, ensuring workers' rights
Ways to solve social problems - socialism
Socialist revolution
Eliminating Inequality and the Ownership Class
Limits of freedom - socialism
Freedom is achieved by the provision of all goods and is limited by the state
Labor is obligatory for everyone
Entrepreneurship and private property are prohibited
History in the 8th grade on the topic "Liberals, conservatives and socialists: what society and the state should be like"
Lesson objectives:
Educational:
to give an idea of the main directions of social thought of the XIX century.
Developing:
develop students' ability to comprehend theoretical material, working with a textbook and additional sources;
to systematize it, highlighting the main thing, to evaluate and compare the views of representatives of different ideological and political trends, drawing up tables.
Educational:
education in the spirit of tolerance and the formation of the ability to interact with classmates when working in a group.
Basic concepts:
liberalism,
neoliberalism,
conservatism,
neoconservatism,
socialism,
utopian socialism,
Marxism,
Lesson equipment: SD
During the classes
1. Introductory part. opening speech teachers. General problem statement.
Teacher: The lesson on acquaintance with the ideological and political teachings of the 19th century is rather difficult, since it refers not only to history, but also to philosophy. Philosophers - thinkers of the 19th century, as well as philosophers in previous centuries, were worried about the questions: how is society developing? Which is preferable - revolution or reform? Where is the story going? What should be the relationship between states and the individual, the individual and the church, between the new classes - the bourgeoisie and the hired workers? I hope that we will cope with this difficult task today in the lesson, since we already have knowledge on this topic: you received home the assignment to get acquainted with the teachings of liberalism, conservatism and socialism - they will serve as the basis for mastering new material.
What goals does each of you set in class today? (guys answers)
2. Learning new material.
The class is divided into 3 groups. Group work.
Each group receives tasks: choose one of socio-political currents, get acquainted with the main provisions of these currents, fill in the table and prepare a presentation. (additional information - Appendix 1)
On the table are laid out expressions that characterize the main provisions of the teachings:
state activities are limited by law
there are three branches of government
free market
free competition
freedom of private enterprise
the state does not interfere in the economy
the person is responsible for his own well-being
path of transformation - reforms
complete freedom and responsibility of the individual
the power of the state is not limited
preservation of old traditions and foundations
the state regulates the economy, but does not encroach on property
denied "equality and brotherhood"
the state subjugates the personality
personal freedom
observance of traditions
unlimited state power in the form of the dictatorship of the proletariat
destruction of private property
elimination of competition
destruction of the free market
the state completely controls the economy
all people have equal rights and benefits
transformation of society - revolution
destruction of estates and classes
elimination of wealth inequality
the state solves social problems
personal freedom is limited by the state
labor is obligatory for everyone
entrepreneurship is prohibited
private property is prohibited
private property serves all members of society or is replaced by public
there is no strong state power
the state regulates human life
money canceled.
3. Each group analyzes their teaching.
4. Generalizing conversation.
Teacher: What do liberals and conservatives have in common? What are the differences? What is the main difference between socialists, on the one hand, and liberals and conservatives, on the other? (in relation to revolution and private property). What strata of the population will support liberals, conservatives, socialists? Why does a modern young person need to know the basic ideas of conservatism, liberalism, socialism?
5. Summing up. Summing up approaches and points of view.
What role do you agree to assign to the state?
What ways of solving social problems do you see?
How do you imagine the limits of individual human freedom?
What conclusion can you formulate on the basis of the lesson?
Conclusion: None of the socio-political doctrines can claim to be "the only truly correct". It is necessary to critically approach any teaching.
Annex 1
Liberals, Conservatives, Socialists
1. The radical direction of liberalism.
After the end of the Vienna Congress, the map of Europe acquired the new kind... The territories of many states were divided into separate regions, principalities and kingdoms, which were then divided among themselves by large and influential powers. Most European countries the monarchy was restored. The Holy Alliance made every effort to maintain order and eradicate every revolutionary movement. However, contrary to the wishes of politicians in Europe, capitalist relations continued to develop, which came into conflict with the laws of the old political system. At the same time, to the problems caused by economic development, the difficulties associated with the infringement of national interests in various states were added. All this led to the appearance in the 19th century. in Europe, new political directions, organizations and movements, as well as to numerous revolutionary actions. In the 1830s, the national liberation and revolutionary movement swept over France and England, Belgium and Ireland, Italy and Poland.
In the first half of the 19th century. in Europe, two main socio-political trends were formed: conservatism and liberalism. The word liberalism comes from the Latin "Liberum" (liberum), that is, referring to freedom. The ideas of liberalism were expressed as early as the 18th century. in the Age of Enlightenment by Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire. However, this term became widespread in the second decade of the 19th century, although its meaning at that time was extremely vague. Into a complete system political views liberalism began to take shape in France during the Restoration.
Supporters of liberalism believed that humanity would be able to move along the path of progress and achieve social harmony only if the principle of private property was put in the basis of the life of society. The common good, in their opinion, consists of the successful achievement by citizens of their personal goals. Therefore, it is necessary with the help of laws to provide people with freedom of action both in the economic sphere and in other spheres of activity. The boundaries of this freedom, as indicated in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, must also be determined by laws. That is, the motto of the liberals was the phrase that later became famous: "Everything is permitted that is not prohibited by law." At the same time, the liberals believed that only a person who is able to answer for his actions can be free. They attributed only educated owners to the category of people who are capable of taking responsibility for their actions. The actions of the state should also be limited by laws. The liberals believed that power in the state should be divided into legislative, executive and judicial.
In the economic field, liberalism advocated a free market and free competition between entrepreneurs. At the same time, in their opinion, the state had no right to interfere in market relations, but was obliged to play the role of a “watchman” of private property. Only in the last third of the 19th century. the so-called “new liberals” began to talk about the fact that the state should also support the poor, restrain the growth of interclass contradictions and strive for general welfare.
Liberals have always been convinced that transformations in the state should be carried out with the help of reforms, but in no case in the course of revolutions. Unlike many other currents, liberalism assumed that there is a place in the state for those who do not support the existing government, who think and speak differently from the majority of citizens, and even differently from the liberals themselves. That is, supporters of liberal views were convinced that the opposition has the right to legitimate existence and even to express its views. Only one thing was strictly forbidden to her: revolutionary actions aimed at changing the form of government.
In the 19th century. liberalism has become the ideology of many political parties that unite supporters of the parliamentary system, bourgeois freedoms and freedom of capitalist entrepreneurship. At the same time, there were various forms liberalism. Moderate liberals considered a constitutional monarchy to be the ideal state system. The radical liberals, who strove to establish a republic, were of a different opinion.
2. Conservatives.
The liberals were opposed by the conservatives. The name “conservatism” comes from the Latin word “conservatio” (conservation), which means “to protect” or “to preserve”. The more widely liberal and revolutionary ideas spread in society, the stronger the need to preserve traditional values: religion, monarchy, national culture, family and order became. The conservatives sought to create a state that, on the one hand, would recognize the sacred right of property, and on the other, would be able to protect the customary values. At the same time, according to the conservatives, the authorities have the right to intervene in the economy and regulate its development, and citizens must obey the instructions state power... Conservatives did not believe in the possibility of universal equality. They said: "All people have equal rights, but not the same goods." They saw personal freedom in the ability to preserve and maintain traditions. Conservatives viewed social reforms as a last resort in the face of revolutionary danger. However, with the development of the popularity of liberalism and the appearance of the threat of losing votes in parliamentary elections, conservatives had to gradually recognize the need for social transformations, as well as accept the principle of non-interference of the state in the economy. Therefore, as a result, almost all social legislation in the 19th century. was adopted at the initiative of the Conservatives.
3. Socialism.
In addition to conservatism and liberalism in the 19th century. the ideas of socialism are widely spread. This term comes from the Latin word "socialis" (socialis), that is, "public". Socialist thinkers saw the full burden of life of ruined artisans, factory workers and factory workers. They dreamed of a society in which poverty and enmity between citizens would disappear forever, and the life of every person would be protected and inviolable. Representatives of this trend saw the main problem of modern society in private property. The socialist Count Henri Saint-Simon believed that all citizens of the state are divided into "industrialists" engaged in useful creative labor and "owners" who appropriate the income of someone else's labor. However, he did not consider it necessary to deprive the latter of their private property. He hoped that by appealing to Christian morality, it would be possible to convince the owners to voluntarily share their income with “ younger brothers”- by workers. Another proponent of socialist views, François Fourier, also believed that classes, private property and unearned income should be preserved in an ideal state. All problems must be solved by raising labor productivity to such a level when wealth is provided for all citizens. State revenues will have to be distributed among the inhabitants of the country, depending on the contribution made by each of them. The English thinker Robert Owen had a different opinion on the issue of private property. He thought that only public property should exist in the state, and money should be abolished altogether. According to Owen, with the help of machines, society can produce a sufficient amount of material goods, it is only necessary to fairly distribute them among all its members. Both Saint-Simon, Fourier and Owen were convinced that an ideal society awaits humanity in the future. At the same time, the path to it should be exclusively peaceful. Socialists relied on persuading, developing and educating people.
The ideas of the socialists were further developed in the works of the German philosopher Karl Marx and his friend and colleague Friedrich Engels. The new doctrine they created was called "Marxism". Unlike their predecessors, Marx and Engels believed that in an ideal society there is no place for private property. Such a society began to be called communist. The revolution must lead humanity to a new system. In their opinion, this should happen as follows. With the development of capitalism, the impoverishment of the masses will increase, and the wealth of the bourgeoisie will increase. At the same time, the class struggle will spread more and more widely. It will be headed by the Social Democratic parties. The result of the struggle will be a revolution, during which the rule of the workers or the dictatorship of the proletariat will be established, private property will be abolished, and the resistance of the bourgeoisie will be finally broken. In the new society, political freedoms and equality of all citizens in rights will be not only established, but also respected. Workers will take an active part in the management of enterprises, and the state will have to control the economy and regulate the processes taking place in it in the interests of all citizens. At the same time, each person will receive all the opportunities for comprehensive and harmonious development. However, later Marx and Engels came to the conclusion that socialist revolution not the only way to resolve social and political conflicts.
4. Revisionism.
In the 90s. XIX century. there have been great changes in the life of states, peoples, political and social movements... The world has entered a new phase of development - the era of imperialism. This required theoretical comprehension. Students are already aware of the changes in economic life society and its social structure. Revolutions were a thing of the past, socialist thought was in deep crisis, and the socialist movement was split.
The German Social Democrat E. Bernstein criticized classical Marxism. The essence of E. Bernstein's theory can be summarized as follows:
1. He proved that the growing concentration of production does not lead to a decrease in the number of owners, that the development of a joint-stock form of ownership increases their number, that along with monopolistic associations, medium and small enterprises remain.
2. He pointed out that the class structure of society is becoming more complex: the middle strata of the population have appeared - employees and officials, whose number in percentage terms is growing faster than the number of hired workers.
3. He showed the growing heterogeneity of the working class, the existence in it of highly paid strata of skilled workers and unskilled workers, whose labor was paid extremely low.
4. He wrote that at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. the workers did not yet constitute the majority of the population and were not ready to assume the independent management of society. From this he concluded that the conditions for a socialist revolution were not yet ripe.
All of the above shook the conviction of E. Bernstein that the development of society can only proceed in a revolutionary way. It became obvious that the reorganization of society can be achieved through economic and social reforms carried out through a popularly and democratically elected government. Socialism can win not as a result of a revolution, but in conditions of expanding electoral rights. E. Bernstein and his supporters believed that the main thing is not a revolution, but the struggle for democracy and the adoption of laws that ensure the rights of workers. This is how the doctrine of reformist socialism arose.
Bernstein did not consider the development towards socialism as the only possible one. Whether development follows this path depends on whether the majority of people want it, and on whether the socialists can lead people to the desired goal.
5. Anarchism.
Criticism of Marxism was also published from the other side. Anarchists opposed him. These were the followers of anarchism (from the Greek. Anarchia - anarchy) - a political movement that proclaimed its goal to destroy the state. The ideas of anarchism were developed in modern times English writer W. Godwin, who in his book "Research on Political Justice" (1793) proclaimed the slogan "Society without a state!" A variety of doctrines were attributed to the anarchist ones - both "left" and "right", a variety of actions - from rebellious and terrorist to the movement of cooperators. But all the many teachings and speeches of the anarchists had one common feature- denial of the need for the state.
set before his followers only the task of destruction, "clearing the ground for future construction." For the sake of this "clearing", he called on the masses to protest and act of terrorism against representatives of the oppressor class. Bakunin did not know what the future anarchist society would look like and did not work on this problem, believing that the "work of creation" belongs to the future. In the meantime, a revolution was needed, after the victory of which, first of all, the state should be destroyed. Bakunin also did not recognize the participation of workers in the parliamentary elections, in the work of any representative organizations.
In the last third of the XIX century. the development of the theory of anarchism is associated with the name of the most prominent theoretician of this political doctrine Peter Alexandrovich Kropotkin (1842-1921). In 1876, he fled from Russia abroad and began to publish in Geneva the magazine "La Revolte", which became the main organ of anarchism. Kropotkin's teaching is called "communist" anarchism. He sought to prove that anarchism is historically inevitable and is an indispensable step in the development of society. Kropotkin believed that state laws hinder the development of natural human rights, mutual support and equality, and therefore give rise to all kinds of abuse. He formulated the so-called "biosociological law of mutual assistance", which supposedly determines the desire of people to cooperate, and not to fight with each other. He considered the ideal of organizing society: a federation of clans and tribes, a federation of free cities, villages and communities in the Middle Ages, modern state federations... What should cement a society in which there is no state mechanism? It was here that Kropotkin applied his "law of mutual assistance", pointing out that the role of a unifying force would be played by mutual assistance, justice and morality, feelings inherent in human nature.
Kropotkin explained the creation of the state by the emergence of land ownership. Therefore, in his opinion, it was possible to go to a federation of free communes only through the revolutionary destruction of what separates people - state power and private property.
Kropotkin considered man to be a kind and perfect creature, while anarchists increasingly used terrorist methods, explosions thundered in Europe and the United States, and people died.
Questions and tasks:
Fill in the table: "The main ideas of the socio-political teachings of the XIX century."
Comparison questions | Liberalism | Conservatism | Socialism (Marxism) | Revisionism | Anarchism |
Role of the state in economic life | |||||
Position on the social issue and ways of solving social problems | |||||
Limits of individual freedom |
Liberalism:
the role of the state in economic life: the activities of the state are limited by law. There are three branches of government. In the economy, there is a free market and free competition. The state interferes little in the economy; position on the social issue and ways of solving problems: the individual is free. The way of transforming society through reforms. New liberals came to the conclusion about the need for social reforms
limits of individual freedom: complete freedom of the individual: "Everything is allowed that is not prohibited by law." But individual freedom is given to those who are responsible for their decisions.
Conservatism:
the role of the state in economic life: the power of the state is practically unlimited and is aimed at preserving old traditional values. In the economy: the state can regulate the economy, but without encroaching on private property
position on the social issue and ways of solving problems: barol for the preservation of the old order. They denied the possibility of equality and brotherhood. But the new conservatives were forced to accept some democratization of society.
limits of individual freedom: the state subjugates the individual. The freedom of the individual is expressed in her observance of traditions.
Socialism (Marxism):
the role of the state in economic life: unlimited activity of the state in the form of the dictatorship of the proletariat. In the economy: the destruction of private property, free market and competition. The state fully regulates the economy.
position on the social issue and ways of solving problems: everyone should have equal rights and equal benefits. Solving a social problem through a social revolution
limits of individual freedom: the state itself decides all social issues. Individual freedom is limited by the state dictatorship of the proletariat. Labor is compulsory. Private enterprise and private property are prohibited.
Comparison line | Liberalism | Conservatism | Socialism |
Main principles | Granting rights and freedoms to the individual, preserving private property, developing market relations, separation of powers | Maintaining strict order, traditional values, private property and strong state power | Destruction of private property, establishment of property equality, rights and freedoms |
The role of the state in economic life | The state does not interfere in the economic sphere | Government regulation the economy |
|
Attitude towards social issues | The state does not interfere in the social sphere | Preservation of estates and class differences | The state ensures the provision of social rights to all citizens |
Ways to solve social issues | Denial of revolution, the path of transformation is reform | Denial of revolution, reform as a last resort | The path of transformation is revolution |
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"Social advertising" - State - the revival of patriotism, - the well-being of family relations, - the fulfillment of the civic duties of the population. Be careful when using humor in your ad. For respect for elders in transport and on the streets, against age-related selfishness. TV spots, print, street, transport advertising.
"Youth as a social group" - Labor activity concept youth subculture... Increasing the degree of freedom in learning is not up to everyone. The value of education - the future is associated with good knowledge acquisition. Which education is better. Terms: teenagers, infantilism, subculture, counterculture. Think of youth issues as social group in the province?
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Date: 09/28/2015
Lesson: history
Class: 8
Topic:"Liberals, conservatives and socialists: what should society and the state be like?"
Goals: to acquaint students with the main ideological methods of implementing the ideas of liberals, conservatives, socialists, Marxists; find out the interests of which strata of society reflected these teachings; develop the ability to analyze, compare, draw conclusions, work with a historical source;
Equipment: computer, presentation, materials for checking homework
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Date: 09/28/2015
Lesson: history
Grade: 8
Topic: "Liberals, conservatives and socialists: what should society and the state be like?"
Goals: to acquaint students with the main ideological methods of implementing the ideas of liberals, conservatives, socialists, Marxists; find out the interests of which strata of society reflected these teachings; develop the ability to analyze, compare, draw conclusions, work with a historical source;
Equipment: computer, presentation, materials for checking homework
During the classes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Organizational start of the lesson. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Homework check: Testing knowledge on the topic: "Culture of the XIX century" Assignment: from the description of a painting or a work of art, try to guess what it is about and who is its author? 1. The action in this novel takes place in Paris, overwhelmed by popular phenomena. The strength of the rebels, their courage and spiritual beauty is revealed in the images of the gentle and dreamy Esmeralda, the kind and noble Quasimodo. What is the name of this novel and who is its author? 2. The ballerinas in this picture are shown in close-up. Professional perfection of their movements, grace and ease, special musical rhythm create the illusion of rotation. Smooth and precise lines, the subtlest nuances of blue envelop the dancers' bodies, giving them poetic charm. ___________________________________________________________________ 3. A dramatic story about a horseman who rushes with a sick child through an unkind fairytale forest. This music paints the listener a gloomy, mysterious thicket, a frantic rhythm of the race, leading to a tragic ending. Name the piece of music and its author. ___________________________________________________________________ 4. The political situation sends the hero of this work in search of a new life. Together with the heroes, the author mourns the fate of Greece, which was enslaved by the Turks, admires the courage of the Spaniards fighting the Napoleonic troops. Who is the author of this work and what is it called? ___________________________________________________________________ 5. The youth and beauty of this actress captivated not only the artist who painted her portrait, but also many admirers of her art. Before us is a personality: talented actress, witty and brilliant companion. What is the name of this painting and who painted it? ___________________________________________________________________ 6. This author's book is dedicated to stories about distant India, where he lived for many years. Who does not remember the wonderful little hippopotamus, or the fascinating story of how a camel got a hump or a trunk from an elephant? BUT what is most striking is the adventure of a human cub, fed by wolves. What book are you talking about and who is its author? ___________________________________________________________________ 7. This opera is based on the plot of the French writer Prosper Mérimée. The main character operas - the simple-minded country boy Jose finds himself in the city where he carries military service... Suddenly, a frantic gypsy woman bursts into his life, for the sake of which he commits insane acts, becomes a smuggler, leads a free and dangerous life... What opera are we talking about and who wrote this music? ___________________________________________________________________ 8. The painting by this artist depicts rows of endless benches, on which deputies are located, called to administer justice, disgusting monsters - a symbol of the inertia of the July monarchy. Name the artist and the name of the painting. ___________________________________________________________________ 9. Once, filming street traffic, this man was distracted for a moment and stopped turning the camera handle. During this time, the place of one object was taken by another. When watching the tape, we saw a miracle: one object "turned" into another. What phenomenon are we talking about and who is this person who made this "discovery"? ___________________________________________________________________ 10. This canvas depicts a doctor who treated our hero. When the artist presented him with this picture as a token of gratitude, the doctor hid it in the attic. Then he covered the yard outside. And only chance helped to appreciate this picture. What picture are we talking about? Who is its author? ___________________________________________________________________ Quest Key:
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Communication of the topic and objectives of the lesson. (slide) Lesson objectives: Consider the specific features of the intellectual life of Europe in the 19th century; Describe the main directions European politics XIX century. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Learning new material.
(slide) Philosophers-thinkers of the 19th century were worried about the questions: 1) How is society developing? 2) Which is preferable: reform or revolution? 3) Where is the story going? They were looking for answers to the problems that had arisen since the birth of the industrial society: 1) what should be the relationship between the state and the individual? 2) how to build a relationship between the individual and the church? 3) what is the relationship between the new classes - the industrial bourgeoisie and wage workers? Almost until late XIX For centuries, European states did not fight poverty, did not carry out social reforms, the lower classes did not have their representatives in parliament. (slide) In the 19th century in Western Europe 3 main socio-political trends have taken shape: 1) liberalism 2) conservatism 3) socialism Studying new material, you and I will have to fill out this table(slide)
(slide) - consider the basic principles of liberalism. from Latin - liberum - related to freedom. Liberalism was developed in the 19th century, both in theory and practice. Let's make a guess, what principles will they proclaim? Principles:
Considering individual freedom as an important value, liberals had to define its boundaries. And this border was determined by the words:"Anything that is not prohibited by law is allowed" And how do you think which of the two paths of development of society they will choose: reform or revolution? Justify your answer(slide) (slide) The demands put forward by the liberals:
In the last third of the 19th century, a new liberalism appeared, which declared that the state should carry out reforms, protect the least significant strata, prevent revolutionary explosions, destroy hostility between classes, and strive for universal welfare. (slide) The new liberals demanded: Introduce unemployment and disability insurance Introduce retirement benefits for the elderly The state must guarantee a minimum salary Destroy monopolies and restore free competition (slide) The English Chamber of the Whigs nominated from among its midst the brightest figure of British liberalism - William Gladstone, who carried out a number of reforms: electoral, school, self-government, etc. We will talk about them in more detail when we study the history of England. (slide) - Still, the more influential ideology was conservatism. from Latin. conservatio - to protect, preserve. Conservatism - a doctrine that arose in the 18th century, seeking to substantiate the need to preserve the old order and traditional values (slide) - Conservatism began to grow in society in opposition to the spread of the ideas of liberalism. His main principle - to preserve traditional values: religion, monarchy, national culture, family and order. Unlike liberals, conservatives recognized:
(slide) - since society has already experienced many revolutionary upheavals that threatened the preservation of the traditional order, the conservatives recognized the possibility of holding "Protective" social reforms only as the most last resort. (slide) Fearing the rise of "new liberalism", the conservatives agreed that 1) society should become more democratic, 2) it is necessary to expand electoral rights, 3) the state should not interfere in the economy (slide) As a result, the leaders of the British (Benjdamine Disraeli) and German (Otto von Bismarck) conservative parties became social reformers - they had no other choice in the face of the growing popularity of liberalism. (slide) Along with liberalism and conservatism, socialist ideas about the need to abolish private property and protect public interests and the idea of egalitarian communism became popular in Western Europe in the 19th century. Social and state system, principles which are: 1) the establishment of political freedoms; 2) equality in rights; 3) participation of employees in the management of enterprises in which they work. 4) the duty of the state to regulate the economy. (slide) "The golden age of mankind is not behind us, but ahead" - these words belong to Count Henri Saint - Simon. In his books, he outlined plans for the reorganization of society. He believed that society consists of two classes - idle owners and industrial workers. Let's determine who could belong to the first group, and who to the second? The first group includes: large landowners, capitalist rentiers, military and high-ranking officials. The second group (96% of the population) includes all people engaged in useful activities: peasants, hired workers, artisans, manufacturers, merchants, bankers, scientists, and artists. (slide) Charles Fourier proposed transforming society through an association of workers - phalanges, which would combine industrial and agriculture. There will be no wages and no wage labor in them. All income is distributed in accordance with the amount of "talent and labor" invested by each. Property inequality will persist in the phalanx. Everyone is guaranteed a minimum of life. Phalanx provides its members with schools, theaters, libraries, organizes holidays. (slide) Robert Owen in his works went further, reading the necessary replacement of private property by public property and the abolition of money. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
textbook work (slide) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
teacher's story: (slide) Revisionism - ideological directions that proclaim the need to revise any established theory or doctrine. The man who revised the teachings of Karl Marx for compliance with his real life society in the last third of the 19th century, became Eduard Bernstein (slide) Eduard Bernstein saw that 1) the development of a joint-stock form of ownership increases the number of owners, along with monopolistic associations, medium and small owners remain; 2) the class structure of society becomes more complicated, new layers appear 3) the heterogeneity of the working class is increasing - there are skilled and unskilled workers with different wages. 4) the workers are not yet ready to take on the independent management of society. He came to the conclusion: The reorganization of societies can be achieved through economic and social reforms carried out through popularly and democratically elected authorities. (slide) Anarchism (- from the Greek.anarcia) - anarchy. Within anarchism, there were a variety of left and right currents: rebellious ( Act of terrorism) and cooperators. What traits characterized anarchism? (slide) 1. By faith in the good side human nature. 2. Belief in the possibility of communication between people based on love. 3. It is necessary to destroy the power exercising violence over the individual. (slide) prominent representatives of anarchism | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Summing up the lesson: (slide) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(slide) Homework: Paragraph 9-10, records, table, questions 8.10 in writing. |
Application:
In the course of explaining the new material, you should get the following table:
Comparison line | Liberalism | Conservatism | Socialism |
Main principles | |||
State regulation of the economy |
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Attitude towards social issues | |||
Ways to solve social issues |
Annex 1
Liberals, Conservatives, Socialists
1. The radical direction of liberalism.
After the end of the Vienna Congress, the map of Europe took on a new look. The territories of many states were divided into separate regions, principalities and kingdoms, which were then divided among themselves by large and influential powers. In most European countries, the monarchy was restored. The Holy Alliance made every effort to maintain order and eradicate every revolutionary movement. However, contrary to the wishes of politicians in Europe, capitalist relations continued to develop, which came into conflict with the laws of the old political system. At the same time, to the problems caused by economic development, the difficulties associated with the issues of infringement of national interests in various states were added. All this led to the appearance in the 19th century. in Europe, new political directions, organizations and movements, as well as to numerous revolutionary actions. In the 1830s, the national liberation and revolutionary movement swept over France and England, Belgium and Ireland, Italy and Poland.
In the first half of the 19th century. in Europe, two main socio-political trends were formed: conservatism and liberalism. The word liberalism comes from the Latin "Liberum" (liberum), i.e. related to freedom. The ideas of liberalism were expressed as early as the 18th century. in the Age of Enlightenment by Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire. However, this term became widespread in the second decade of the 19th century, although its meaning at that time was extremely vague. Liberalism began to take shape in France during the Restoration into a complete system of political views.
Supporters of liberalism believed that humanity would be able to move along the path of progress and achieve social harmony only if the principle of private property was put in the basis of the life of society. The common good, in their opinion, consists of the successful achievement by citizens of their personal goals. Therefore, it is necessary with the help of laws to provide people with freedom of action both in the economic sphere and in other spheres of activity. The boundaries of this freedom, as indicated in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, must also be determined by laws. Those. the motto of the liberals was the phrase that later became famous: "everything is permitted that is not prohibited by law." At the same time, the liberals believed that only a person who is able to answer for his actions can be free. They attributed only educated owners to the category of people who are capable of taking responsibility for their actions. The actions of the state should also be limited by laws. The liberals believed that power in the state should be divided into legislative, executive and judicial.
In the economic field, liberalism advocated a free market and free competition between entrepreneurs. At the same time, in their opinion, the state had no right to interfere in market relations, but was obliged to play the role of a “watchman” of private property. Only in the last third of the 19th century. the so-called “new liberals” began to talk about the fact that the state should also support the poor, restrain the growth of interclass contradictions and strive for general welfare.
Liberals have always been convinced that transformations in the state should be carried out with the help of reforms, but in no case in the course of revolutions. Unlike many other currents, liberalism assumed that there is a place in the state for those who do not support the existing government, who think and speak differently from the majority of citizens, and even differently from the liberals themselves. Those. supporters of liberal views were convinced that the opposition has the right to legitimate existence and even to express its views. Only one thing was strictly forbidden to her: revolutionary actions aimed at changing the form of government.
In the 19th century. liberalism has become the ideology of many political parties that unite supporters of the parliamentary system, bourgeois freedoms and freedom of capitalist entrepreneurship. At the same time, there were various forms of liberalism. Moderate liberals considered a constitutional monarchy to be the ideal state system. The radical liberals, who strove to establish a republic, were of a different opinion.
2. Conservatives.
The liberals were opposed by the conservatives. The name “conservatism” comes from the Latin word “conservatio” (conservation), which means “to protect” or “to preserve”. The more widely liberal and revolutionary ideas spread in society, the stronger the need to preserve traditional values: religion, monarchy, national culture, family and order became. The conservatives strove to create a state that, on the one hand, would recognize the sacred right of property, and on the other, would be able to protect the customary values. At the same time, according to the conservatives, the authorities have the right to intervene in the economy and regulate its development, and citizens must obey the orders of the state authorities. Conservatives did not believe in the possibility of universal equality. They said: "All people have equal rights, but not the same goods." They saw personal freedom in the ability to preserve and maintain traditions. Conservatives viewed social reforms as a last resort in the face of revolutionary danger. However, with the development of the popularity of liberalism and the appearance of the threat of losing votes in parliamentary elections, conservatives had to gradually recognize the need for social transformations, as well as accept the principle of non-interference of the state in the economy. Therefore, as a result, almost all social legislation in the 19th century. was adopted at the initiative of the Conservatives.
3. Socialism.
In addition to conservatism and liberalism in the 19th century. the ideas of socialism are widely spread. This term comes from the Latin word "socialis" (socialis), i.e. "public". Socialist thinkers saw the full burden of life of ruined artisans, factory workers and factory workers. They dreamed of a society in which poverty and enmity between citizens would disappear forever, and the life of every person would be protected and inviolable. Representatives of this trend saw the main problem of modern society in private property. The socialist Count Henri Saint-Simon believed that all citizens of the state are divided into "industrialists" engaged in useful creative labor and "owners" who appropriate the income of someone else's labor. However, he did not consider it necessary to deprive the latter of their private property. He hoped that by appealing to Christian morality, it would be possible to convince the owners to voluntarily share their income with their “younger brothers” - the workers. Another proponent of socialist views, François Fourier, also believed that classes, private property and unearned income should be preserved in an ideal state. All problems must be solved by raising labor productivity to such a level when wealth is provided for all citizens. State revenues will have to be distributed among the inhabitants of the country, depending on the contribution made by each of them. The English thinker Robert Owen had a different opinion on the issue of private property. He thought that only public property should exist in the state, and money should be abolished altogether. According to Owen, with the help of machines, society can produce a sufficient amount of material goods, it is only necessary to fairly distribute them among all its members. Both Saint-Simon, Fourier and Owen were convinced that an ideal society awaits humanity in the future. At the same time, the path to it should be exclusively peaceful. Socialists relied on persuading, developing and educating people.
The ideas of the socialists were further developed in the works of the German philosopher Karl Marx and his friend and colleague Friedrich Engels. The new doctrine they created was called "Marxism". Unlike their predecessors, Marx and Engels believed that in an ideal society there is no place for private property. Such a society began to be called communist. The revolution must lead humanity to a new system. In their opinion, this should happen as follows. With the development of capitalism, the impoverishment of the masses will increase, and the wealth of the bourgeoisie will increase. At the same time, the class struggle will spread more and more widely. It will be headed by the Social Democratic parties. The result of the struggle will be a revolution, during which the rule of the workers or the dictatorship of the proletariat will be established, private property will be abolished, and the resistance of the bourgeoisie will be finally broken. In the new society, political freedoms and equality of all citizens in rights will be not only established, but also respected. Workers will take an active part in the management of enterprises, and the state will have to control the economy and regulate the processes taking place in it in the interests of all citizens. At the same time, each person will receive all the opportunities for comprehensive and harmonious development. However, later Marx and Engels came to the conclusion that the socialist revolution is not the only way to resolve social and political contradictions.
4. Revisionism.
In the 90s. XIX century. there have been great changes in the life of states, peoples, political and social movements. The world has entered a new phase of development - the era of imperialism. This required theoretical comprehension. Students already know about changes in the economic life of society and its social structure. Revolutions were a thing of the past, socialist thought was in deep crisis, and the socialist movement was split.
The German Social Democrat E. Bernstein criticized classical Marxism. The essence of E. Bernstein's theory can be summarized as follows:
1. He proved that the growing concentration of production does not lead to a decrease in the number of owners, that the development of a joint-stock form of ownership increases their number, that along with monopolistic associations, medium and small enterprises remain.
2. He pointed out that the class structure of society is becoming more complex: the middle strata of the population have appeared - employees and officials, whose number in percentage terms is growing faster than the number of hired workers.
3. He showed the growing heterogeneity of the working class, the existence in it of highly paid strata of skilled workers and unskilled workers, whose labor was paid extremely low.
4. He wrote that at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. the workers did not yet constitute the majority of the population and were not ready to assume the independent management of society. From this he concluded that the conditions for a socialist revolution were not yet ripe.
All of the above shook the conviction of E. Bernstein that the development of society can only proceed in a revolutionary way. It became obvious that the reorganization of society can be achieved through economic and social reforms carried out through a popularly and democratically elected government. Socialism can win not as a result of a revolution, but in conditions of expanding electoral rights. E. Bernstein and his supporters believed that the main thing is not a revolution, but the struggle for democracy and the adoption of laws that ensure the rights of workers. This is how the doctrine of reformist socialism arose.
Bernstein did not consider the development towards socialism as the only possible one. Whether development follows this path depends on whether the majority of people want it, and on whether the socialists can lead people to the desired goal.
5. Anarchism.
Criticism of Marxism was also published from the other side. Anarchists opposed him. These were the followers of anarchism (from the Greek. Anarchia - anarchy) - a political movement that proclaimed its goal to destroy the state. The ideas of anarchism were developed in modern times by the English writer W. Godwin, who in his book A Study of Political Justice (1793) proclaimed the slogan "Society without a State!" A variety of doctrines were attributed to the anarchist ones - both "left" and "right", a variety of actions - from rebellious and terrorist to the movement of cooperators. But all the numerous teachings and speeches of the anarchists had one thing in common - the denial of the need for the state.
MA Bakunin set before his followers only the task of destruction, "clearing the soil for future construction." For the sake of this "clearing", he called on the masses to protest and act of terrorism against representatives of the oppressor class. Bakunin did not know what the future anarchist society would look like and did not work on this problem, believing that the "work of creation" belongs to the future. In the meantime, a revolution was needed, after the victory of which, first of all, the state should be destroyed. Bakunin also did not recognize the participation of workers in the parliamentary elections, in the work of any representative organizations.
In the last third of the XIX century. the development of the theory of anarchism is associated with the name of the most prominent theoretician of this political doctrine, Peter Aleksandrovich Kropotkin (1842-1921). In 1876, he fled from Russia abroad and began to publish in Geneva the magazine "La Revolte", which became the main organ of anarchism. Kropotkin's teaching is called "communist" anarchism. He sought to prove that anarchism is historically inevitable and is an indispensable step in the development of society. Kropotkin believed that state laws impede the development of natural human rights, mutual support and equality, and therefore give rise to all kinds of abuse. He formulated the so-called "biosociological law of mutual assistance", which supposedly determines the desire of people to cooperate, and not to fight with each other. He considered the federation to be the ideal of organizing society: a federation of clans and tribes, a federation of free cities, villages and communities in the Middle Ages, modern state federations. What should cement a society in which there is no state mechanism? It was here that Kropotkin applied his "law of mutual assistance", pointing out that the role of a unifying force would be played by mutual assistance, justice and morality, feelings inherent in human nature.
Kropotkin explained the creation of the state by the emergence of land ownership. Therefore, in his opinion, it was possible to go to a federation of free communes only through the revolutionary destruction of what separates people - state power and private property.
Kropotkin considered man to be a kind and perfect creature, while anarchists increasingly used terrorist methods, explosions thundered in Europe and the United States, and people died.
Questions and tasks:
- Fill in the table: "The main ideas of the socio-political teachings of the XIX century."
Comparison questions | Liberalism | Conservatism | Socialism (Marxism) | Revisionism | Anarchism |
Role of the state in economic life | |||||
Position on the social issue and ways of solving social problems | |||||
Limits of individual freedom |
- What was the vision of the path of development of society for the representatives of liberalism? What provisions of their teachings seem to you relevant for modern society?
- How did the representatives of conservatism see the path of development of society? Do you think their teaching is still relevant today?
- What caused the emergence of socialist doctrines? Are there conditions for the development of socialist teaching in the 21st century?
- On the basis of the teachings you know, try to create your own project of possible ways for the development of society in our time. What role do you agree to assign to the state? What ways do you see for solving social problems? How do you imagine the limits of individual human freedom?
Liberalism:
the role of the state in economic life: the activities of the state are limited by law. There are three branches of government. In the economy, there is a free market and free competition. The state interferes little in the economy; position on the social issue and ways of solving problems: the individual is free. The way of transforming society through reforms. New liberals came to the conclusion about the need for social reforms
limits of individual freedom: complete freedom of the individual: "Everything is allowed that is not prohibited by law." But individual freedom is given to those who are responsible for their decisions.
Conservatism:
the role of the state in economic life: the power of the state is practically unlimited and is aimed at preserving old traditional values. In the economy: the state can regulate the economy, but without encroaching on private property
position on the social issue and ways of solving problems: barol for the preservation of the old order. They denied the possibility of equality and brotherhood. But the new conservatives were forced to accept some democratization of society.
limits of individual freedom: the state subjugates the individual. The freedom of the individual is expressed in her observance of traditions.
Socialism (Marxism):
the role of the state in economic life: unlimited activity of the state in the form of the dictatorship of the proletariat. In the economy: the destruction of private property, free market and competition. The state fully regulates the economy.
position on the social issue and ways of solving problems: everyone should have equal rights and equal benefits. Solving a social problem through a social revolution
limits of individual freedom: the state itself decides all social issues. Individual freedom is limited by the state dictatorship of the proletariat. Labor is compulsory. Private enterprise and private property are prohibited.
Comparison line | Liberalism | Conservatism | Socialism |
Main principles | Granting rights and freedoms to the individual, preserving private property, developing market relations, separation of powers | Maintaining strict order, traditional values, private property and strong state power | Destruction of private property, establishment of property equality, rights and freedoms |
The role of the state in economic life | The state does not interfere in the economic sphere | State regulation of the economy | State regulation of the economy |
Attitude towards social issues | The state does not interfere in the social sphere | Preservation of estate and class distinctions | The state ensures the provision of social rights to all citizens |
Ways to solve social issues | Denial of revolution, the path of transformation is reform | Denial of revolution, reform as a last resort | The path of transformation is revolution |
Question 01. Explain the statements in the paragraph: "Everything is allowed that is not prohibited by law", "Preserve traditional values!", "The golden age of mankind is not behind us, but ahead", "Property is theft."
The phrase "Anything that is not prohibited by law is permitted" literally means that in disputable cases a person has the right to do what to do, if the law does not prohibit it. A person is free to show his own initiative. This statement is typical of liberals, who welcomed private initiative in all spheres, especially in the economy.
I suppose there is no need to decipher the appeal "Preserve traditional values!" It is characteristic of conservatives, from radical (for example, in Russia), who were hostile to almost any innovations, to moderate (for example, in Great Britain), who themselves sometimes proposed reforms, but called for weighing any decisions about changes, opposed reforms for the sake of reforms ...
Since antiquity, people have been looking for a golden age in the past, calling so one or another period of history. But in the 19th century, they began to say "The golden age of mankind is not behind us, but ahead." Thus, boundless faith in progress was expressed, in the solution of all problems in the future through progress. This belief was shaken only by I World War, which showed that progress brings not only unprecedented improvements human life, but also means of destroying people, which previously could not even be thought of.
One of the principles of the socialists was "Property is theft." This phrase directly belongs to an anarchist named Proudhon, but such convictions were also characteristic of other socialists. Socialists, especially radical ones, believed that only when all resources are under the jurisdiction of society (in practice, it turned out, the state), the distribution of benefits will be fair. Ownership means that someone can own more than they deserve and because of this, others will not have what they need.
Question 02. Describe and the main views of liberals on the development of society, the role of the state and human rights.
Answer. Liberals advocated the maximum human freedom allowed within the framework of the laws of society, but on condition that a person is responsible for his actions. They especially emphasized the importance of the individual rights of each person. In order for the state not to encroach on the rights of a citizen, it must be based on the principle of separation of powers, have other mechanisms of mutual regulation of parts and control of society over the state. In the economic sphere, in their opinion, freedom should be maximum, only then the economy will develop and regulate itself.
Question 03. List the basic principles of conservatism. Think about the differences in the views of liberals and conservatives on the role of the state in society and human rights.
Answer. While the liberals assigned the state only a minimal role of punishing criminals, the conservatives proceeded from the ancient Roman proverb "Man to man is a wolf" and argued that in order for people not to oppress each other, a strong state is needed, which should regulate relations between people. This should have been achieved, in their opinion, by preserving the traditional structure of society with inequality of rights, but also responsibilities of different strata of society.
Question 04. Tell us about the basic principles of Marxist teaching.
Answer. Marxism is a teaching on the construction of communism, in which all property should be concentrated in the hands of the entire society and distributed according to the principle: from each according to his ability, to each according to his work. Communism was to be built by the proletariat as the most progressive class, headed by the party of the proletariat, seizing power by violent means.
Question 05. Fill in the table "Basic ideas of social and political doctrines of the XIX century."