Youth and youth policy. Youth as a social group, features of youth subculture Social amateurness of young people

Topic 12. Youth as a social group

The youth - This is a socio-demographic group allocated on the basis of the aggregate of age characteristics (approximately 16 to 25 years), singularities of social status and certain socio-psychological qualities.

Youth is a period of choosing a profession and its place in life, developing outlines and life values, choosing a satellite of life, family creation, achieving economic independence and socially responsible behavior.

Youth is a certain phase, stage life cycle man and biologically universal.

- position transition.

- High mobility.

- The development of new social roles (worker, student, citizen, family man) related to status change.

- Active search for your place in life.

- Favorable prospects in professional and career plan.

Youth is the most active, mobile and dynamic part of the population, free from stereotypes and prejudices of previous years and possessing the following social and psychological qualities: the instability of the psyche; internal contradiability; Low tolerance (from lat. Tolerantia - patience); The desire to stand out, differ from the rest; Specific existence youth subculture.

Typical for young people is to unite in informal groups which are characterized by the following features:

- emergence on the basis of natural communication in specific conditions of the social situation;

- self-organization and independence from official structures;

- Mandatory participants and different from typical, adopted in society, behavioral models that are aimed at the implementation of unmetware in ordinary forms of life needs (they are aimed at self-affirmation, giving social status, gaining protection and prestigious self-esteem);

- relative stability, a certain hierarchy among participants in groups;

- the expression of other value orientations or even the worldview, stereotypes of behavior, uncharacteristic for society as a whole;

- Attribution, emphasizing belonging to this commonality.

Depending on the characteristics of the amateurness of young people, youth can classify youth groups and movements.

Accelerating the pace of development of society determines the increase in the role of young people in public life. In addition to B. social relationsThe youth modifies them and under the influence of transformed conditions itself is improved.

Sample assignment

A1.Choose the correct answer. Are the following judgments about the psychological peculiarities of youth?

A. For a teenager, first and foremost external events, actions, friends are important.

B. In the youthful age, the inner world of man acquires greater importance, the opening of his own "I".

1) is true only

2) true only b

3) Both judgments are true

4) both judgments are incorrect

The concept of "youth" as the definition of the socio-demographic group originates from the end of the XVIII - early XIX. explosive Before that young people, they did not recognize as a special social group. Up to the end of the XIX century. The problems of young people were considered indirectly, through the problems of personality development, education of a citizen of historically concrete society, which found the scientific form of expression in philosophy, pedagogy, the psychology of the Renaissance, new time, Western philosophy XVII - XVIII centuries. The actualization of theoretical studies of young people, the creation of independent concepts of age accounted for the beginning of the XX century. and developed in the sociological theories of young people. Youth as a special social group was recognized for quite objective basics, under which it is customary to understand those major aspects and relationships that determine the functioning, the direction of the change and development of all other parties to this social education. The conference of young people in the sociocultural aspect began to be developed in the 50s. XX century Such researchers, like G. Shelsky, K. Mannheim, A. Telbrook, S. Eisenstadt.

To date, in the circles of sociologists, a look at the youth as a reference socio-demographic group, the most important signs of which most authors consider the age characteristics and related features of social status, as well as those and other socio-psychological qualities, which allows to talk about multi-level Analysis of young people as a social phenomenon. One of the researchers of the problems of the young generation S. N. Iconnikova allocated three levels of the description of young people as a social phenomenon:

─ Individually psychological - correlation with a specific person;

─ Socio-psychological - a description of the most significant properties, qualities, interests of individual groups;

─ Sociological - a description of the place of youth in the system of material and spiritual production and consumption in the social structure of society.

Young people as part of society are studied by various humanitarian sciences. Discussion about the definition of youth, the criteria for allocating it in an independent group has a long history. Scientists share various approaches to the subject of study - from the position of sociology, psychology, physiology, demographics, etc., as well as the traditions of classification, formed in various scientific schools.

Researchers Vishnevsky Yu. R., Kovaleva A. I., Lukov V. A. and others. Allocate as the most typical approaches found in scientific literature, the following:

─ Psychological: youth is the period of development of the human person between "Puberty" (sexual maturity) and "Maturity" (full maturity);

─ Social and psychological: youth is a certain age with its biological and psychological relations, and as a result of this, all the peculiarities of the age class;

─ Conflictological: youth is a difficult, full stress and an extremely important period of life, a long conflict between individual and society, a problem stage in the development of man;

─ Role: youth is a special behavioral phase in a person's life, when he no longer plays the role of a child, and at the same time is not yet a full carrier of the role of "adult";

─ Subcultural: youth are a group with its own way of life, life style, cultural standards;

─ Stratification: Youth is a special socio-demographic group limited to age frameworks, with specific positions, status, roles;

─ Socialization: youth is a period of social growth, primary socialization;

─ Inracticist: youth is one of the three states of the soul inherent in each person. "Parent" - Orientation for regulatory behavior, "adult" - Orientation for adoption of adult decisions, "youth" -spontanity, immediacy;

─ Axiology: youth is a socially significant, important stage of the human life cycle. It is at this stage that the system of valuable orientation of individuals is the formation;

─ Subjective: youth is a special globility, aspiration in the future, optimism;

─ Procedural: Young are those who are not completed, is not integrated, is in a state of formation, formation.

In accordance with these approaches, scientists are attempting attempts to make and unify "signs" of young people as a social phenomenon. Based on the analysis of the works of Russian authors, the following signs of young people can be distinguished:

─ age;

─ socio-historical;

─ sociological;

─ spiritual and cultural;

─ socio-psychological;

─ cultural;

Thus, the distinguishing social quality of each new generation of youth (or its individual groups) is determined by the peculiarities of the personal, subject and procedural parties to its specific historical existence due to the ability to inherit, reproduce and improve the social structure of society. Youth is a socio-demographic group allocated on the basis of the aggregate of age characteristics (approximately 16 to 30 years), singularities of social status and certain socio-psychological qualities. Youth is a certain phase, a stage of a person's life cycle and biologically universal. Youth is a period of choosing a profession and its place in life, developing outlines and life values, choosing a satellite of life, family creation, achieving economic independence and socially responsible behavior.

Features of the social status of youth:

Transitional position.

High mobility.

Mastering new social roles (employee, student, citizen, family man) related to status change.

Active search for your place in life.

Favorable prospects in professional and career plan.

Typical for youth is an association into informal groups that are characterized by the following features:

Emergence on the basis of natural communication in specific conditions of the social situation;

Self-organizing and independence from official structures;

Mandatory participants and differing from typical, adopted in society, behavioral models that are aimed at the implementation of unmet for the usual forms of life needs (they are aimed at self-affirmation, giving social status, gaining protection and prestigious self-esteem);

Relative stability, a certain hierarchy among participants in groups;

The expression of other value orientation or even the worldview, stereotypes of behavior uncharacteristic for society as a whole;

Attribution, emphasizing belonging to this commonality.

Depending on the features of young people, youth can classify youth groups and movements:

Aggressive activities

It is based on the most primitive ideas about the property hierarchy based on the cult of persons. Primitivism, clarity of self-affirmation. Popular in the environment of adolescents and young people with minimal level of intellectual and cultural development.

Stacking activities

It is based on the challenge standards, canons, rules, opinions both in ordinary, material forms of life - clothing, hairstyle and in spiritual - art, science. "Challenge" aggression on himself from other persons to "notice".

Alternative activity

It is based on the development of alternative systemically contrary to generally accepted models of behaviors that become an end in itself.

Social activity

Aims to solve specific social problems (environmental movements, movements for the revival and preservation of cultural and historical heritage, etc.).

Political activity

Aims to change the political system and the political situation in accordance with the ideas of a particular group.

Youth social problems that are the subject of scientific analysis are divided into two large groups. The first includes specific youth social problems: determining the essence of young people as public Group, features of its social status (status), roles and places in public reproduction of society; establishing criteria for its age boundaries; Study of the features of consciousness (needs, interests, values) and ways of activity young generation; study of the specifics of the process of socialization of young people, their socio-professional orientation and adaptation in the team; Analysis of social aspects of informal youth associations and movements.

Another important area of \u200b\u200bscientific analysis is the problems that are generallyociological and at the same time either predominantly relate to young people (problems of education, family, marriage), or find specific manifestations in the youth environment (the peculiarities of education, the development of the social and political activity of young people, its role and place in the structures of power, the specificity of social contradictions and conflicts, etc.). Numerous studies make it possible to conclude enough common fundamental contradictions inherent in modern risk societies faced young people:

wealth and poverty,

the increase in the possibilities of self-realization and unemployment,

global subculture and abundance of countercultitors,

education and complete illiteracy,

the value of health, the cult of sports and drug addiction, smoking, alcoholism - they are a consequence.

Among the youth problems of the Russian risk society are allocated:

reduced real life level,

significant stratification in the level of the material situation,

growth of morbidity, including especially dangerous diseases,

deterioration of the state of the educational infrastructure and quality of educational services,

high unemployment,

the crisis of a young family

commercialization of culture,

the growth of confusion and crime in the youth environment.

Under conditions, when the risk turns into a common foundation of modernity, the risk-risk of young people becomes promising. Its result was a reasonable conclusion that the dominant risk in behavior models is the overall characteristic of modern young generations, and the risk is one of the essential properties of young people as a social group. At each stage of its development, the Company imposes certain requirements for the younger generation expressed in the form of public norms, values, morality, etc., and also provides various opportunities for successful integration into public structures.

The problems faced by young people are associated with the position of young people in the social structure, characterized primarily by transition and instability. Social processes that occur in modern times, only aggravate these problems. Factors affecting the situation of youth:

Economic factors most affect the situation of young people. In its mass, youth is not sufficiently secured materially, has no own housing, it is forced to rely on the financial assistance of parents. The desire to get an education pushes the beginning of work on more mature age, and the lack of experience of events prevents the receipt of highly paid positions. The wage of young people is much lower than the average wage, extremely small and student scholarship.

If, in periods of social stability, these problems can generally be solved or mitigated, then in the crisis period they are significantly complicated. In a situation of economic recession, the number of unemployed in the youth environment and young becomes becoming more difficult to achieve the state of economic independence.

Spiritual factors are no less important. In modern times, the process of loss of moral landmarks, the erosion of traditional norms and values \u200b\u200bis intensified. Youth as a transitional and unstable social group is most vulnerable to negative trends in modern times. Thus, the values \u200b\u200bof labor, freedom, democracy, interethnic tolerance are gradually distinguished, and consumer attitudes towards peace come to the world, intolerance to someone else's, the studies come to replace these "outdated" values. Characteristic of the youth tracked charge in crisis periods is distorted, acquiring cruel and aggressive forms. At the same time, avalanche-like criminalization of young people occurs, the number of young people with social deviations, such as alcoholism, addiction, prostitution, is growing.

The most important problem of the spiritual plan remains the problem of "fathers and children", associated with the conflict of youth values \u200b\u200band the older generation.

But there are also deeper, hard-determined and, perhaps, more significant reasons for suicide in children. To the question: "What could cause a suicide of a teenager?" Schoolchildren usually begin to talk about problems at school, misunderstanding parents, conflicts with friends, loneliness, emptiness of life ... Suicide because of the twos and exam have become so frequent in Rossi that it's time to beat the alarm. In the meantime, the society reacts very sluggish on this misfortune, and the parents with their zeal to the violent training of their children, only create a favorable situation for the voluntary parting of children with life. Studying the problem of suicide among young people shows that in a number of cases, adolescents were solved for suicide to draw the attention of parents, teachers to their problems and protested such terrible effect against the silent, indifference, cynicism and cruelty of adults. They are solved for such a step, as a rule, closed, vanished by the nature of adolescents from the sensation of loneliness, their own unnecessaryness of stress and loss of the meaning of life. Timely psychological support, good participation, rendered to man in a difficult life situation, would help avoid tragedy.

Young people, on the one hand, is an unprotected group, which is rather a destabilizing force in society, and on the other - this is a generation on which the future of the country depends on. Such a special status of young people give rise to a need for adequate youth policy, capable of solving or mitigating any problems, as well as to send creative potential to the creative potential of young people.

The spiritual crisis obliges philosophers and sociologists to look for the foundations for competent development and education of a new generation. Young people need support and attention, because without this there will be no development of the country. This requires, in turn, understanding how the socialization of young people occurs, the assimilation of the values \u200b\u200bof society.

general characteristics

Youth, as a social group, is characterized by the dependent social status, insufficient personal independence in making decisions relating to their lives; the sharpness problem of choosing a professional path, a satellite of life, moral and spiritual self-determination; The active formation of subjectivity as self-identification, awareness of its interests, the growth of its organization, large intellectual potential.

The entry of the individual in the social group of youth is characterized by the active development of self-consciousness, reflection on itself and the world. There is an expansion of human living space. The awareness of the future comes, a life prospect appears, professional intentions arise.

The meaning of ideals

Awareness of the need for identifying personal life objectives, an exacerbated search for life or values \u200b\u200bthrough ideals and values \u200b\u200bis a feature of this age. Based on this, the psychologist Viktor Frankan considered dangerous to "fencing" young people from the value and ideological impact under the pretext of preserving the independence of their worldview and inner peace of mind (homeostasis with a social medium), since an existential vacuum is in this age in destructive forms of social activity. It is in young perception of new ideals and values, their interiorization is not an internal conflict, but satisfaction. Psychological tension associated with such interiorization contributes to the development of personality, the formation of self-confidence and ability to overcome difficulties. The findings of V. Frankl confirms the study conducted under the leadership of V.I. Chuprov and Yu.A. The teeth, according to the results of which it turned out that 64.2% of young people in Russia consider it important to have ideals, and only 28.6% believe that ideals interfere in human life.

In a study conducted by Professor V.I. Kuznetsov in 2006, carried out to the number of those who have ideals, 52% of respondents, and only 13.2% indicated that they do not have them. However, 34.8% of respondents were hampered with the answer to this question. Only 28.5% of the ideals coincide with the ideals of parents, in 31% - do not coincide, and 40.5% (!) Could not decide on that.

In search of stability

On the one hand, the orientation on social continuity is increasing, including centuries-old experience. russian culture, on the other, on innovation and evolutionism. However, in modern conditions, these two orientations often do not complement each other, and manifest themselves in parallel and can conflict. As a result, there is a discreteness of the value field of the personality, which leads to the undermining of "ontological safety", that is, according to E. Giddens, the state of confidence of people in the constancy of the surrounding social and material world in which they live and operate. Before youth, new possibilities of operating with living space, time, money, education, choice of work activity, career, but constantly present the risk to lose these goods. Such a situation enhances the relativism of values \u200b\u200bin the minds of the youth and distrust of the ideals, which prevents the formation of the meaning of life, the implementation of a sustainable life strategy, i.e. Normal functioning of personal values.

In modern conditions of the young generation, characterized by uncertainty, social innovation with the need is manifested in the form of risk. Therefore, confidence in their abilities is replaced by fear, fear of changes and the desire for stability, which society cannot provide him.

Since young people are simultaneously an object and subject of socialization, the instability of how to achieve social status is disseminated by a young man, which is reflected in the process of interiorization of values, because The alienation of young people from historical experience, traditional values \u200b\u200bthat have developed in the culture of forms and social participation methods is developing. This undermines the feeling of "ontological safety". Then the contradiction arises between the objectively inherent young people to take the corresponding positions in the social structure, to acquire a certain social status and the obstacles to its effective integration into society arising under social instability and crisis. This contradiction is possible to resolve by changing the content of socialization, in the process of which not only ready-made models of social participation, but also the ability of a discursive assessment of changes, the separation of situational on the permanent, detection of objectively destructive and constructive social processes.

Without having sufficient resources and cognitive potential, the ability to influence the transformation of social structure and institutional norms is developing latently and manifested, in most cases, in the transition to higher age groups, in which the synergy of resources, symbolic capital and sociocultural personality potential significantly strengthen the participation of an individual in Social process as a subject.

Features of further socialization

Thus, the peculiarities of the formation of young people as a social relationship agent is determined by a number of factors. First, there is an increase in uncertainty, both in the very person and in the design of relations with the outside world; Increases contradictions in structuring values \u200b\u200bassociated with the search for the meaning of life, disappointment in certain values, intrapersonal conflicts, contradictions of past stages of socialization.

Secondly, the need for the planning of a life strategy based on sustainable social relations, entry into new social groups, the formation of a long-term life position, the accumulation of social capetal.

Thirdly, the incompleteness of the interiorization of values \u200b\u200band as a result, the inconsistency of the value structure of the individual impede it to adequately design and develop social life.

Fourth, the state of the identity of a young man is characterized by the high dynamics of the value system and the active interiorization of values. Therefore, young people do not have the ability (often and desire) setting long-term goals agreed with the social environment and planning adequate ways to achieve them. As a result, the identity of a modern young man is inclined to be a conformism than to planting and achieving radical purposes, including those related to the destruction of social order.

Fifth, a young man, falling into many new social situations, may experience dissatisfaction, disagreement with circumstances or protest the established standards. However, the incompleteness of the crystallization of values \u200b\u200bimpedes the implementation of these aspirations, limits the reflection, the ability of self-assessment and sustainable self-organization. Therefore, a young man seeks to overcome the boundaries of the information field, in which the individual and the group apply to build or expand the real and symbolic space of the living world.

Transgrading of the consciousness of young people

An important characteristic of consciousness that affects the interiorization of valuables in young people is transgressive, which is expressed, as Chupps and teeth mentioned above are written, in " the system of installations of young people on the transfer of these samples into its lives due to the absence of sustainable imperatives in society, the devaluation of proclaimable value-regulatory samples and social experience» .

Thus, transgressive ideas about proper and meaningful in the future, including intuition based, the formation of the terminal values \u200b\u200band social identities of the youth.

Consequently, the formation of weight, the significance of the values \u200b\u200bof the youth is based not only on the correlation of value with the possibilities of its update in this, but also on forecasting the possibilities of incorporating values \u200b\u200bin long-term life strategies, predict the dynamics of the significance of the conditions of your life, social connections, personal properties. " Behavioral strategies of young people are focused on the requirements not so much today, already an elusive world, as long as tomorrow - not yet clear and not expressed but projected» .

Study of the Center for Sociology of Youth "Institute of Social and Political Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences conducted in 2006 in 12 regions of the Russian Federation, 2,000 people were interviewed. (Hand. Yu.A. Zubkov).

Kuznetsov V.I. Youth at the turn of centuries // Sociological studies. - Rostov-N / D: RGU, 2008. p.46.

Teeth Yu.A., Chuprov V.I. Social regulation in conditions of uncertainty. Theoretical and applied problems in the study of youth. - M.: Academia, 2008.S. 62.

Ibid. P. 65.

Alexander Ogorodnikov

Aggressive amateur

It is based on the most primitive ideas about the property hierarchy based on the cult of persons. Primitivism, clarity of self-affirmation. Popular in the environment of adolescents and young people with a minimum level of intellectual and cultural development.

Stacking (FR. Epater - amazed, amazing) amateur

Alternative amateur

It is based on the development of alternative systemically contradicting generally accepted patterns of behaviors that become an end in itself (hippie, krishnaitis, etc.)

Social amateur

Aims to solve specific social problems (environmental movements, movement for the revival and preservation of cultural and historical heritage, etc.)

Political amateur

Aims to change the political system and the political situation in accordance with the ideas of a specific group

Accelerating the pace of development of society determines the increase in the role of young people in public life. Obill with social relations, youth modifies them and under the influence of transformed conditions itself is improved.

Ethnic community

In ancient times, people lived a closed life - each group (genus, tribe) had its own habitat, their classes, special signs of differences, their own language, their beliefs. All others were considered enemies, and therefore constant clashes took place. Gradually, the situation changed - unions of tribes and other associations appeared different groups. At the same time, the special features of the former groups remained. So the interaction of ethnic groups appeared.
Ethnic Group - A group of people having special ethnic, that is, cultural, linguistic or racial traits, which combine complete or partial overall origin and which themselves are aware of their involvement in the general group. The mastered and perceived ethnic differences are language, culture, religion, racial features are inherited. As a rule, numerous ethnic groups live in modern states.
Characteristic feature of the ethnic group - The fact that its members classify themselves as a separate group having its own culture, which they want to keep in all means. You can select 4 mandatory evidence criterion to a specific ethnic group: self-determination (calculation of the Ethnic Group, the individual's own desire to belong to it, classify itself as a member of the group), the presence of related links, cultural features, availability social organization For internal contacts and to interact with others.
Thus, the ethnic group can be described as an association of people with common cultural, linguistic, religious or racial traits characterized by general origins and aware of their involvement in a single group.
The main feature of such groups is to allocate themselves from surrounding people, an understanding of the peculiarities of their culture and the desire to keep it with all ways. Most scientists allocate three main types of ethnic communityexisting in the history of mankind: tribes, nation and nation.
Studying the history of the ancient world, you often heard about childbirth and tribes . The genus was an association of blood relatives with the generality of origin, a common place of settlement, a single language, common customs and beliefs.
Next step of people's association there was a tribe - a union of several birth. Exactly tribes are considered historically the first ethnic association. Each of them had a special myth of his origin, showing originality and dissimilar to other tribes. Many kept pedigree from animal ancestors and tried to like them in every way - the habits and movements of sacred animals were trying to repeat themselves in dancing, painted themselves under tigers, bears or snakes. So the one's own position in the surrounding world was emphasized. Now there are almost no tribes in the world - they are preserved only in some areas of Africa, on the islands of the Pacific Ocean, in the forests South America. Their life remains the same as thousands of years ago, from generation to generation transmitted representations of the ancestors about the world, traditions, lifestyle, behavior manners. Representatives of these tribes have never seen cities, modern cars, do not know anything about television and cinema. Scientists study the preserved tribes and draw conclusions that he was the lives of people in ancient times.
With the emergence of states, the tribes began to turn into nathodics are larger community with the unity of the language, territory, economic and cultural ties. They often formed one state, but they themselves still remained sufficiently disunity, because the natural economy dominated, in which each village made everything necessary for life and little needed to establish trade relations. Not all the nations were able to preserve to this day - the fate of the Scythians, Etruscans, Assyrians, Khazar and many others is migrated. Nevertheless, most of them turned into a nation and exist in modern world.
Under nations are understood as a sustainable community of people who have developed on the basis of common origin, a single culture, joint residence and close communication among themselves. The most important thing in the formation of nations is the established relations - economic, political, cultural and interpersonal. Historically, they appeared with the distribution of trade relations. The formation of many of the European Nations historians refer to the XVI-XVII centuries. These groups also characterize the presence of their national idea under which their answers are understood to questions about the origin of the people, the meaning of its existence, about its place in the world, about relations with neighbors, the features of the uniqueness and features of the national character.
The community of nation is expressed in a special national culture.

Interethnic relations

In the modern world, no nation can live in complete isolation and necessarily enters into interethnic relations, establishes economic, political, ideological, cultural, legal, diplomatic and other ties. They can be stable (permanent) and unstable (periodic), based on rivalry and on cooperation, equal and non-equivance. It does not always do without conflicts. Usually their reasons are territorial disputes, historically established tensions, the oppression of small nations and peoples, the use of national feelings by individual political leaders in order to create a tense situation, the desire of individual peoples to get out of multiethnic state And create your own (in a different way it is called separatism).
There are enough examples of national conflicts in the world - a crisis and a long-term bloody war in former Yugoslavia, territorial disputes between the republics of the former Soviet Union, separatist sentiment in Northern Ireland and in the Canadian province of Quebec, the war between the Central African states and so on.
The basis of these conflicts constitutes ideas about the special role of their group in society, which since ancient times were characteristic of many nations. We give an example from one Indian myth: "To finish the device of the world, God cut three human figures from the test and put them in the oven. After some time, burning from impatience, he took out of the stove of the first little man, the appearance of which was too bright and not very pleasant. He was "impenetrable" and inside. A little later, God pulled the second, he succeeded in glory - was beautifully brown outside and "ripe" inside. With joy, God made it the founder of Indian species. Well, the third during this time burned heavily and became completely black. The first of the baked little men became the founder of the white kind, and the last - black. " This approach in its extreme forms leads to the conclusion that certain people in their biological racial qualities initially allegedly more gifted and talented, both physically and mentally, and therefore are more capable of manual and management.
The position of ethnic superiority results in discrimination - reduction or deprivation of rights and freedoms for a specific population. This is expressed by the prohibition of visiting individual restaurants, beaches, cinemas or urban areas; in the production sector - the ban on the profession, the inaccessibility of education, the impossibility of a successful career; In the psychological plan - offensive nicknames, ridicule, anecdotes about the "underdeveloped", etc. In extreme cases, minorities separately live in special settlements, conclude marriages within their group. Such a division system has existed for a long time in South Africa (South Africa), where the black population was isolated and deprived of most rights.
The twentieth century gave many examples of inciting passions on national soil. Fascist Germany assigned racist ideas about the superiority of one group of people over all the rest and existence of a special race aryans - Selected people who should manage the whole world. The embodiment of this idea to life led to the desire to completely destroy the Jews, Gypsies, Poles, and others subordinate to the "True Aryans". There were even defined external parameters of the highest race - a certain color of the hair, a physique, eye cut, face form, etc. It is curious that neither Hitler nor many of its approximate themselves approached these parameters.
There are now many neo-Nazi parties and movements that use nationalist ideas to increase their authority and popularity. Who does not want to hear that he is the best in the world, the most intelligent and noble, has the only true religion, has a heroic history, and His ancestors dominated other people? Similar ideas are used on rallies, preached in print. Located leaders declare unfair oppressions from the "Aliens" and the need to "bring order" by the force, for which special combat units are created. Usually, the smaller the person's inner culture, the easier it is to convince him of a special exclusivity and the presence of enemies that do not give it to appear. The people standing behind all these are striving for power, glory and popularity, to personal enrichment through pogroms. For their visible experiences about the fate of the nation, pronounced personal interests are worthy. It was, there is probably still preserved. How long? Much depends on the citizens themselves - as long as there is a painful national pride and the desire to impose responsibility for their personal failures on internal or external enemies, ethnic contradictions and dislike between nations will remain.

Humanity is trying to solve this problem. There are various organizations involved in the interaction of peoples - the United Nations, the League of Arab States, the Organization of African Unity, Association of Southeast Asia and others. Many conflicts were discontinued due to their assistance or with the immediate intervention of these organizations.
A reasonable decision of national problems is possible only with a combination of two main trends in the development of national relations - differentiation (The desire of the people to independence, the preservation and development of national culture, economy, politicians) and integration (Close cooperation, the exchange of cultural values, overcoming the alienation and maintaining mutually beneficial contacts). The variety of national cultures should not lead to their isolation, and the approach of nations does not mean the disappearance of the differences between them.
When solving interethnic conflicts, compliance with the following humanistic principles:
- refusal of violence and coercion;
- search for consent (consensus);
- recognition of human rights and freedoms by the most important principle;
- Readiness for the peaceful settlement of controversial issues.

Causes of interethnic conflicts:

Socio-economic - inequality in the standard of living, various representation in prestigious professions, social layers, authorities.

Cultural and linguistic - insufficient, from the point of view of ethnic minority, the use of its language and culture in public life.

Ethnodemographic - rapid change in the ratio of the number of contacting peoples due to migration and differences in the level of natural population growth.

Environmental - quality deterioration ambient As a result of its pollution or exhaustion natural resources Due to the use of representatives of another ethnic group.

Exterritorial is the mismatch of state or administrative borders with the borders of the resettlement of peoples.

Historical - past relations of peoples (war, the former relationship of subordination and so on).

Confessional - due to belonging to different religions and confessions, differences in the level of modern religiosity of the population.

Cultural - from the peculiarities of domestic behavior to the specifics of the political culture of the people.

· Provision of position

· High mobility

· Mastering new social roles (worker, student, citizen, family man) associated with status change

· Active search for your place in life

· Favorable prospects in professional and career plan

B. Youth are the most active, mobile and dynamic part of the population, free from stereotypes and prejudices of previous years and possessing the following socio-psychological qualities:

· Psychic instability

· Internal contradiability

· Low tolerance (from lat. Tolerantia - patience)

· The desire to stand out, differ from the rest

· The existence of a specific youth subculture

Typical for young people is to unite in informal groupswhich are characterized by the following features:

2. Signs of informal youth groups

· Appearance on the basis of natural communication in specific conditions of the social situation

· Mandatory participants and differing from typical, adopted in society, behavioral models that are aimed at implementing unsatisfied in ordinary forms of life needs (they are aimed at self-affirmation, giving social status, gaining protection and prestigious self-esteem)

· An expression of other value orientations or even worldviews, stereotypes of behavior not characteristic of society as a whole

· Self-organization and independence from official structures

· Relative stability, a certain hierarchy among the participants of the group

· Attributes emphasizing affiliation to this commonality

Depending on the characteristics of the amateurness of young people, youth can classify youth groups and movements.

Types of amateurness of young people

Type type	His characteristic
Aggressive amateur	It is based on the most primitive ideas about the property hierarchy based on the cult of persons. Primitivism, clarity of self-affirmation. Popular in the environment of adolescents and young people with minimal level of intellectual and cultural development
Stacking (FR. Epater - amazed, amazing) amateur	It is based on the challenge standards, canons, rules, opinions, both in ordinary, material forms of life - clothing, hairstyle and in spiritual - art, science. "Challenge" aggression on CE6 from other persons "notice you" (punk-style, etc.)
Alternative amateur	It is based on the development of alternative systemically contradicting generally accepted patterns of behavior, which becomes an inlets (hippie, krishnaitis, etc.)
Social amateur	Aims to solve specific social problems (environmental movements, movement for the revival and preservation of cultural and historical heritage, etc.)
Political amateur	Aims to change the political system and the political situation in accordance with the ideas of a specific group

Ethnic community

1. Modern humanity is a complex ethnic structurecomprising several thousand ethnic communities (nation, nation, tribes, ethnic groups, etc.), characterized in both the number and level of development. All ethnic community of land is part of two hundred and excess states. Therefore, most of the modern states are polyethnics. For example, several hundred ethnic communities live in India, in Nigeria there are 200 nations. As part of modern Russian Federation More than 100 ethnic groups, including about 30 nations.

2. Ethnicity - It is a stable totality of people (tribe, nationality, nation, people), possessing a stable set of people in a certain territory. common features and stable features of culture, language, mental warehouse, self-consciousness and historical memory, as well as awareness of their interests and goals, their unity, differences from other detailed entities.

BUT.

Types of ethnic community

Rank

Tribe

Nativity

Nation

A group of blood relatives leading their origin on one line (maternal or paternal)

A combination of labor related to the common traits of culture, awareness of common origin, as well as the generality of a dialect, the unity of religious representations, rites

Historically, there is an obstacity of Lu-dei, combining the name of the overall terrorist, a language-coming psychic warehouse, culture

Historically, the established community of people characterized by the developed economic relations, the overall territory and the generality of the language, culture, ethnic self-consciousness

2. The concept of "ethnic minorities" is widely used in sociology, which includes not just quantitative data:

· His representatives are at a disadvantage compared to other ethnic groups due to discrimination (rejection, diminishing, infringement) from the rest of ethnic groups

· His members are experiencing a certain sense of group solidarity, "belonging to one whole"

· It is usually to some extent physically and socially isolated from the rest of society

3. Ethnic Sheet Folding Backgrounds

· Natural prerequisite for the folding of one or another ethnos served commonness of the territorySince it has created the necessary conditions for the joint activities of people. However, later, when the ethnos was formed, this sign loses its main importance and may be completely absent. So, some ethnic groups and in conditions diaspora (from Greek. Diaspora - scattering) retained their identity without having a single territory.

· Another important condition for the formation of an ethnic common language. But this sign cannot be considered universal, as in some cases (for example, the United States), the ethnic group is developing in the course of the development of economic, political and other relations, and general languages are the result of this process.

· The more stable sign of ethnic community is the unity of such components of spiritual culture as values, norma and samples of behavioras well as related to them socio-psychological characteristics of consciousness and people's behavior.

· The integrative indicator of the current socio-ethnic community acts ethnic self-consciousness - Feeling belonging to a certain ethnic group, awareness of its unity and differences from other ethnic groups. An important role in the development of ethnic self-consciousness is played by ideas about the generality of origin, history, historical fate, as well as traditions, customs, rites, folklore, i.e. Such elements of culture that are transmitted from generation to generation and form specific ethnic culture.

National interests. Thanks to the ethnic self-consciousness, a person acutely feels the interests of his people, compares them with the interests of other peoples, the global community. The awareness of ethnic interests encourages the person to activities, in the course of which they are implemented.

We note two sides national Interests:

5. Ethno national community Develop from kind, tribe, nation, reaching the level of nation-state.

Derived from the concept of "nation" is the term " nationality", Which is used in Russian as the name of the face affiliation to any ethnic group.

Many modern researchers consider the classical nation of inter-ethnic, in which civilian qualities come to the fore.

Inter-ethnic, Civil Nationis an a combination (community) of citizens of a state.Part of the scientists believe that the formation of such a nation means the "end of the nation" in the ethnic dimension. Others, recognizing the nation-state, believe that it is not necessary to talk about the "end of the nation", but about its new quality state.

Interethnic relationships, ethnosocial conflicts, paths of their permission

1. An interethnic relationship due to their multi-term represents a complex phenomenon.

A. They include two varieties:

B. Methods of peaceful cooperation are quite diverse.

Youth and youth policy. Youth as a social group, features of youth subculture Social amateurness of young people

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