1 international economic organizations. List of leading international economic and social organizations. International economic organizations

The globalization of the world economic processes of the world economy, the strengthening of the interdependence of national economies, leads to the need to establish international organizations to control, coordinate, promote and unify socio-economic issues arising between countries and expressed in formal and semi-formal structures.

International organizations fall into two categories:

1. Intergovernmental organizations - members of which are directly states that act on the basis of relevant treaties and have international legal personality.

2. Non-governmental organizations - they include various associations, they are not subjects of international law, but have the status of legal entities, but this does not prevent some of them from having a specialized status in intergovernmental organizations. For example, the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) is a non-governmental trade organization that has consultative status at the UN. About 7000 international non-governmental organizations are registered.

Intergovernmental organizations.

I. The UN system consists of principal and subsidiary bodies, 18 specialized agencies and a number of programs, councils and commissions, which are represented by:

1. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) - is the main body for the coordination of the economic and social activities of the UN, 54 members. ECOSOC has regional economic commissions for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), Western Asia (ESCWA), Africa (ECA), Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE). The purpose of their activities is to facilitate the implementation of coordinated actions on economic cooperation within the framework of the respective region.

2. The Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is an organ of the UN General Assembly, a trade and economic organization designed to promote the development of international trade between developed and developing countries; coordinate the policies of individual states and integration groupings in international trade; to develop recommendations for the development of international economic relations. The members of this organization are 186 states, including Russia.

3. United Nations Development Program (UNDP).

4. United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).

5. World Food Council (WFS).

6. World Food Program (WFP),

7. International Trade Center (ITC).

Specialized institutions:

1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - founded in 1945. The members of this organization are 169 states and European Union... FAO Objectives:

Elimination of the problem of hunger;

Improving nutrition and quality of life;

Improving agricultural production;

Promoting rural development and improving the living conditions of the rural population.

2. World Bank. Represented by a group of institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) - the main institution of the World Bank. Founded in 1945, it provides loans mainly to industrialized countries. International Development Association (IDA) - formed in 1960; provides loans to developing countries. International Finance Corporation (IFC) - founded in 1956; assists the private sector in developing countries. International Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) - formed in 1966; provides arbitration and dispute resolution services between governments and foreign investors.

3. International Organization civil aviation (ICAO).

4. International Foundation Agricultural Development (IFAD).

5. International Labor Organization (ILO) - founded in 1919. It unites governments, entrepreneurs and workers on equal terms. Consists of 170 states, including Russia. Objectives of the ILO:

Employment provision;

Promotion of economic and social programs;

Respect for fundamental human rights;

Protection of the life and health of workers.

6. International Monetary Fund (IMF) - established in 1944. One of the leading financial and credit organizations. Includes 182 countries, including Russia since 1992. The IMF provides loans in exchange for conducting such an economic policy in which the country can accumulate foreign exchange reserves and repay debts to creditors. The base of the loan amounts is the quota of the authorized fund of the IMF, which falls on the member country of the organization. The Russian quota is 2.99% (SDR 4.3 billion).

7. International Maritime Organization (IMO).

8. International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

9. World organization Intellectual Property (WIPO) - established in 1970, since 1974 - a specialized agency of the UN system. The members of this organization are 156 states, including Russia. The main goal is to promote the protection of intellectual property.

10. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) - founded in 1967, has 166 member states, including Russia. Objectives of UNIDO:

Coordination of industrial development of countries within the UN system;

Industrialization of developing countries, with the priority development of African countries;

Assistance in restructuring the economies of countries in transition.

11. World Trade Organization (WTO). The legal basis of the WTO, in force since January 1, 1995, is the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) in the 1994 edition. The main goal of the WTO is to further liberalize trade in goods and services by improving trade rules. Location - Geneva (Switzerland). Currently, the WTO includes 128 states, over 30 countries, including Russia and China, have observer status and are negotiating accession.

Autonomous organizations:

1. International Agency for atomic energy (IAEA) - is an independent intergovernmental organization. Part of the UN system. Membership - 123 states, including Russia. The Agency establishes and provides guarantees against the use of nuclear energy for military purposes.

2. The World Tourism Organization (WTO) is a specialized organization.

II. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), founded in 1961. As of January 1, 1999, it consisted of 29 countries, most of them developed. Location Paris (France). Russia has been cooperating with the OECD since 1994 after signing the Declaration of Cooperation and the Agreement on Privileges and Immunities. In May 1996 Russia applied to join the Organization as a full member.

Main tasks:

Analysis of the state of the economies of the member countries, making twice a year a forecast of their development for the next year and a half

Coordination of financial assistance to developing countries;

Preparation of materials for major international relations.

The OECD makes two types of decisions: regulations, which are binding on all member countries, and so-called gentlemen's decisions, which are voluntary in nature, but usually followed.

III. The World Customs Organization - founded in 1952, unites 139 states, since 1991 Russia has been a member of the organization. The content of the activity is the development and dissemination of uniform customs rules, assistance in the harmonization of customs systems and customs legislation.

IV. Bank for International Settlements - (BIS) was founded in 1930, unites the central banks of 33, mainly European states. Main functions - coordinates the activities of the central banks of the leading industrialized countries; makes settlements between EU member states; acts as an agent for many types of operations of central banks.

V European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) - It includes 59 countries. Created in 1991 to provide assistance to the countries of Central and of Eastern Europe and the former USSR at the stage of market transformations.

Non-governmental organizations

International non-governmental organizations that bring together manufacturers of a specific product (industry associations), for example, the International Air Transport Association, the International Business Communications Association; or representatives of certain professions (professional associations), for example, the International Association of Translators, the International Society of Accountants; set themselves tasks such as information exchange, research, promotion of goods and services, training, etc.

These organizations are non-profit, international non-governmental organizations hold various conferences, meetings and seminars to solve their problems.

The most authoritative international non-governmental organization in the world - the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) - was founded in 1919. The organization unites over 6 thousand companies, 1.5 thousand national unions of entrepreneurs in 110 countries. The objectives of the ICC:

Promotion of entrepreneurship development;

Adoption of economic and legal measures in the settlement of international trade;

Protection of the private enterprise system.

In 1993, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation was admitted to the ICC. Organization endowed with consultative status at the UN

The growth of interdependence between countries, the collision of the interests of numerous subjects of the international economic relations in the world market, the emergence of global problems of mankind led to the need to regulate international relations by the joint efforts of the countries of the world, i.e. at the multilateral level.

As a result, in the middle of the 20th century, a system of international regulation of world economic relations was formed, which is based on the norms of international law.

International regulation of the IEE is carried out within the framework of international economic organizations.

International organizations are an organizational form of international cooperation that brings together members from different countries.

International Organization -it is an organization established by a treaty of the member states, a subject of international law, having goals agreed upon by its participants, competent authorities, charter, membership order and other attributes.

An international organization is created through the conclusion of an international treaty, which is the constituent document of the organization. The date of its signing is considered the date of creation of the organization. The termination of the existence of the organization occurs by signing a protocol of dissolution.

By joining one or another international organization, states lose the right to take actions that are within the competence of an international organization, and are obliged to obey its decisions.

Only sovereign states are members of international organizations. They participate equally in the work of the organization and are responsible for its activities, make contributions, forming the budget of the organization. Incomplete (associated) membership is also possible, when the country does not have the right to vote and be elected to executive bodies.

Non-member states may send their observers to participate in the work of the organization, if so prescribed by the rules.

The main phases of the organization's activities are discussion, decision-making and control over its implementation. Hence, there are three main types of functions of an international organization :

1. Regulating function consists in defining the goals, principles and rules of conduct of the member countries, which are fixed in resolutions. These decisions (resolutions) of organizations are not binding (i.e. they do not create international legal norms), but they have a significant impact on the formation of international law.

2. Control functions consist in monitoring the conformity of the behavior of states with the norms of international law, as well as resolutions. For these purposes, organizations have the right to collect and analyze relevant information, discuss it and express their opinion in resolutions. In many cases, states are obliged to regularly submit reports on their implementation of the organization's norms and acts in the relevant field.

3. Operational function is to achieve goals by the organization's own means. That is, they provide economic, scientific, technical, consulting and other assistance to member countries.

International organizations classifyby a number of criteria:

- by the nature of membership and the legal nature of the participants

· Intergovernmental - an association of states, established on the basis of an international treaty to achieve common goals.

· Non-governmental - is created on the basis of an association of individuals or legal entities in the form of associations, federations and acts in the interests of members to achieve specific goals (unions of entrepreneurs, an international chamber of commerce, etc.).

- depending on the circle of participants

· Universal (universal) - designed for the participation of all states (UN and its specialized agencies, WTO);

· Limited composition - can be regional (CIS, Council of Europe, League of Arab States), or depending on another criterion (OECD - only industrialized countries participate, OPEC - countries for which the main export product is oil).

- depending on the nature of the competence

General competence - their activities cover all spheres of relations between countries: political, economic, social, cultural, etc. (UN, Council of Europe)

· Special competence - cooperating in one area (Universal Postal Union, International Labor Organization, International Atomic Energy Agency, etc.)

- by organizational basis

Included in the UN system (UNCTAD, IMF, WTO)

Non-UN members (OECD, ICC, M / n Energy Agency)

Regional economic organizations

- depending on the scope of international regulation, there are international organizations that regulate

· Economic and industrial cooperation and DOE sectors (UNDP - United Nations Development Program, World Trade Organization for Tourism, International Maritime Organization, etc.);

· The sphere of world trade (WTO, UNCTAD - the UN conference on trade and development, IOC - the international organization for coffee, etc.);

· Monetary and financial relations (IMF, WB group, EBRD);

Cooperation in the field of intellectual property and scientific and technical cooperation (WIPO)

· Entrepreneurial activity (UN Commission on TNCs);

Cooperation in the field of certification and standardization of products (m / n organization for standardization - ISO)

The sphere of international investment

Cooperation in the field of international commercial practice

- by the ratio of the scope of competence transferred by states to an international organization

· Intergovernmental organizations performing coordination functions in which the redistributed competence remains joint for the state and the organization;

· International organizations performing individual supranational functions, possessing exclusive competence on a number of issues and limiting the functions of member states in their solution. An example is the obligation to comply with the decisions of the IMF and the World Bank in the monetary sphere for member countries.

· Supranational organizations created to formulate rules that are binding on member states, and mechanisms for monitoring and enforcing participants to comply with these rules. The supranational bodies of the European Union are endowed with similar functions: the European Council, the European Parliament, etc.

- according to the status

Formal

· Informal.

The leading role in the system of international economic organizations belongs to organizations belonging to the UN system.

UN - established in 1945. The UN includes 192 states. The headquarters is located in New York (USA).

UN goals:

Maintaining peace and security through collective action and the peaceful settlement of disputes

Development of friendly relations between countries based on respect for the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples

Implementation of m / n cooperation in resolving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature, promoting respect for human rights without distinction of race, gender, language, religion;

Acting as a central body for coordinating the efforts of different countries aimed at achieving these goals.

UN principles:

Sovereign equality of all members

Resolution of m / n disputes by peaceful means

Assistance by UN members in all its activities.

The UN is a universal international organization, both in terms of membership and issues within its competence.

The UN system includes:

1) main and subsidiary bodies

2) specialized agencies and organizations

3) autonomous organizations

UN structure:

1. General Assembly – main body UN. Consists of representatives from all member states. It determines the UN policy, its program, approves the budget, develops the main directions of activity. The Assembly meets in regular annual session from September to December and thereafter as needed.

The UN General Assembly has special bodies, the most significant of which are:

Ø In 1964. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) ... The headquarters is located in Geneva. It is designed to consider issues related to the participation of developing countries in international trade, issues of external debt, financing of development projects, transfer of new technologies to them. This organization pays significant attention to the least developed countries. UNCTAD publishes a number of globally recognized studies (World Investment Report, etc.)

Ø United Nations Development Program (UNDP) - established in 1965, headquartered in New York, 166 countries participate. The main task is to assist countries in making use of knowledge and world development experience in order to improve social and economic development... Prepares and publishes the Human Development Report annually.

Ø International Trade Law Commission (UNCITRAL - UN Commission on International Trade Law) - founded in 1966. for the purpose of harmonization and unification of legal norms in international trade.

Ø Other.

2. Security Council bears primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security; all UN members are obliged to obey its decisions. Five permanent members of the Security Council (RF, USA, Great Britain, France, China) have the right of veto (i.e. they can block any decision made by the Council).

3. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) - carries out the functions of the UN in the field of economic, social, cultural and humanitarian international cooperation. ECOSOC includes:

5 regional commissions - Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean pool (ECLAC). The objectives of the regional commissions are to study the economic and social problems of the respective regions of the world, to develop measures and means of assistance.

6 functional commissions - for social development, on drugs, on science and technology for development, on development assistance, on statistics, on transnational corporations

ECOSOC coordinates the activities of 18 specialized institutions:

· M / n Telecommunication Union, ITU - 1865.

· UPU - Universal Postal Union - 1874.

· ILO - M \\ n labor organization - 1919.

· ICAO - M \\ n Civil Aviation Organization - 1944.

· FAO - food and agricultural organization of the united nations - 1945.

· UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization - 1945.

· IMF - M \\ n Monetary Fund - 1945.

· WHO - World Health Organization - 1948.

· WMO - World Meteorological Organization - 1951.

· IMO - International Maritime Organization - 1959.

· UNIDO - United Nations Industrial Development Organization - 1966.

· WIPO - World Intellectual Property Organization - 1970.

· IFAD - M \\ n Fund for Agricultural Development - 1977.

World Bank Group

o MBRD - M \\ n Bank for Reconstruction and Development - 1946.

o IFC - M \\ n financial corporation - 1956

o IDA - International Development Association - 1960.

o ICIUS - M / n Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes - 1966.

o MIGA - M / n Investment Guarantee Agency - 1988

UN-affiliated organizations (autonomous institutions)

ü IAEA - M \\ n Atomic Energy Agency

4. Guardianship council is authorized to review and discuss reports of the Administering Authority concerning the political, economic and social progress of the peoples of the Trust Territories and progress in education, as well as, in consultation with the Administering Authority, to consider petitions from the Trust Territories and to arrange periodic and other special visits to the Trust Territories.

5. International Court UN - the main judicial organ of the UN.

6. Secretariat are international staff working in agencies around the world and performing the various day-to-day work of the UN. It serves the other major UN bodies and implements the programs and policies they have adopted. The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary General, who is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a term of 5 years, with the possibility of re-election for a new term. Ban Ki-moon took over as Secretary General on January 1, 2007.

The GATT / WTO plays a fundamental role in the regulation of MT.

GATT - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

The treaty establishing the GATT entered into force in 1948.

On January 1, 1995, the GATT ceased to exist, being modified into the World Trade Organization (WTO).

GATT is a multilateral m / n agreement containing principles, legal norms, rules of conduct and state. regulation of mutual trade of the participating countries. It mainly dealt with the liberalization of mutual trade in goods between the participating countries.

The WTO was created as a response to the changed conditions in the world practice of MT: the growth of trade in services, the emergence of a specific segment on the goods market - the market of intellectual products (formally, the WTO is based on three councils: the Council for Trade in Goods, Council for Trade in Services and Council for Trade Aspects of Security intellectual property rights).

The WTO consists of 153 states, which account for almost 97% of world trade.

The legal mechanism of the GATT / WTO is based on a number of principles and norms:

Mutual provision of most favored nation (MFN) treatment in trade;

Mutual provision of national treatment (NR) for goods and services of foreign origin;
- regulation of trade mainly by tariff methods;

Refusal to use quantitative and other restrictions;

Trade policy transparency;

Settlement of trade disputes through consultation and negotiation, etc.

Over the years of its existence, the GATT / WTO managed to reduce the level of import tariffs of the PRS from 40-50% in the late 40s to 8-10% by the early 70s and to 4-5% at the present time.

Russia is negotiating to join the organization.

UNCTAD - UN Conference on Trade and Development:

1964 - creation. Headquarters - Geneva. In total - 193 member countries.

RF and former USSR countries are members of UNCTAD.

purpose - to promote the development of MT and stimulate the development of member countries through MT.

The supreme body - the Conference - meets once every 4-5 years, all members of the organization are represented at it.

UNIDO - United Nations Industrial Development Organization:

Headquarters - Vienna. 173 member states, including the Russian Federation. 1966 - creation.

Initially, UNIDO was the arena of the struggle for a new economic order, since it included the G-77 group: the countries of the rich North had to voluntarily transfer 1% of GDP annually to developing countries. The USA refused, the USSR agreed at first, but then it turned out that the G-77 refers the USSR to the countries of the “rich North”. On the part of the USSR, a refusal of the conditions followed, since it never owned colonies in the south.

purpose - to promote the industrial development of the member countries, as well as assistance in finding investors.

Structure:

The supreme body is the Conference; meets once every 2 years.

The UNIDO Council meets twice a year. It examines individual situations in industry, develops recommendations for developing countries, carries out an examination of the investment attractiveness of projects (+ implements programs to increase the investment attractiveness of states), collects and processes information.

Example: in the Republic of Sakha, UNIDO promoted cooperation between foreign capital and the republic and supported several investment projects.

The UNIDO examination system is taken as a basis in many countries, including the Russian Federation.

IMF - International Monetary Fund (International Monetary Fund), an intergovernmental organization designed to regulate monetary relations between member states and provide them with fin. help with currencies. difficulties caused by the balance of payments deficit by providing short- and medium-term loans in foreign. currency. The IMF, a specialized agency of the United Nations, was established in 1944 at the Bretton Woods conference.

The capital of the fund is formed on the basis of contributions from the participating countries. The number of votes in making decisions depends on the size of the country's contribution. The largest contributions (subscription quotas) have the ORS. The largest peo size: USA, Germany, Japan, France, UK, China, Saudi Arabia.

The IMF carries out all operations (primarily credit) only with the authorities of the member countries.

IMF loans are issued, as a rule, in credit shares (tranches) of 25% of the loan amount, the receipt of which is associated with the fulfillment of macroeconomic obligations recommended by the experts of the fund (failure to fulfill them leads to the suspension of the next tranche).

Russia is a member of the IMF.

World Bank Group or - an intergovernmental financial institution whose main purpose is to help developing countries increase productivity and incomes and fight poverty.

Established in 1944 at the Bretton Woods conference.

Consists of 5 organizations.

IBRD - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (“World Bank”). Created in 1944, 184 countries.

IDA stands for International Development Association. Created in 1960, 163 countries.

IFC - International Finance Corporation. Established 1956 175 countries.

MIGI - Multilateral Investment Guarante Agency. Founded in 1980 by 158 countries.

ICSID - International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes. Created in 1966, 134 countries.

Russia participates in all organizations of the World Bank Group except ICIUS.

A very influential organization in the world belongs to organizations outside the UN system OECD -Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, which was established in 1961 at the initiative of the United States. Headquarters in Paris.

It includes 34 countries, primarily countries with developed market economies. OECD member countries:

Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Chile, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway , Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, United States. OECD member countries produce about 2/3 of the income centers.

The annual budget is about $ 328 million. USA. The amount of the country's contribution depends on the volume of the country's GDP. Largest size contributions from the USA and Japan.

The condition for joining the OECD is the country's commitment to the principles of democracy and market economy. Russia has observer status.

The OECD is primarily a forum through which member governments have the opportunity to discuss, develop and improve economic and social policies. Within its framework, they exchange experience, look for ways to solve common problems and develop a coordinated internal and foreign policy... The OECD Secretariat collects data, tracks trends, analyzes and forecasts economic processes, studies social shifts, the structure of trade relations, environment, agriculture, technology, taxation, etc.

Most of the OECD research and analysis materials are published in the open press.

OECD evolution

The OECD arose on the basis of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, created to distribute American and Canadian aid directed by the Marshall plan to the post-war reconstruction of Europe. The main goal of the OECD, which was established as the legal successor of the PEEN in 1961, is to build a healthy economy in the member states, improve its efficiency, harmonize their market systems, spread free trade and contribute to the further development of both industrialized and developing countries. ...

Over the thirty years of the Organization's existence, the focus of its analytical work has gradually shifted from the member states proper to the analysis of the development of countries - at present, practically all of the members of the world community - professing the principles of a market economy. For example, the Organization offers all of its experience to the services of states engaged in the construction of a market economy, especially those that are making the transition from a centrally planned economy to a capitalist system. The OECD is also engaged in increasingly concrete policy dialogue with the dynamic economies of Asia and Latin America.

However, the OECD's work profile is expanding not only geographically. From analyzing the development of specific areas of economic and social policy in specific OECD member states, it is moving on to studying their interaction, not only within the framework of the Organization itself, but also on a global scale. The area of \u200b\u200binterest of the Organization included such problems as, for example, the impact of the current social policy on the functioning of the economy, or the impact on the economies of individual countries of the processes of globalization, which can both open up new prospects for growth and provoke a defensive reaction expressed in the strengthening of protectionism.

As the OECD expands its contacts around the world, its sphere of interest is also expanding. The goal of the OECD in the coming post-industrial era is to closely interweave the economic ties of the member countries with the future prosperous world economy based on scientific principles.

Organization structure

Committees

The representatives of the OECD member countries meet among themselves and exchange information within the framework of the relevant specialized committees. These committees are attended by representatives of national governments or the respective permanent missions of the member countries, located, like the Secretariat, in Paris. All work is carried out under the guidance of a Council with decision-making powers. The Council consists of one representative from each member state, as well as a representative of the European Commission. The Council meets on a regular basis at the level of the ambassadors of the member countries to the OECD, at these meetings the general directions of the Organization's activities are developed. Once a year, the Council meets at the level of heads of ministries, when ministers of foreign affairs, finance, etc., take part in its work, who raise the most important issues and draw public attention to them, and also set priorities for the OECD's work for the coming year ...

Specialized committees meet to generate new ideas and assess progress in narrower areas such as trade, public sector enterprise management, development assistance, financial markets, etc. The OECD bodies include more than 200 committees, working and expert groups. About 40,000 high-ranking officials from national governments come to their meetings annually to organize, review the results and participate in the work of the OECD Secretariat. Thanks to electronic communications, they have the ability to remotely access the Organization's documents and exchange information through the OECD data networks.

Secretariat

Secretariat staff (1,900) directly or indirectly support the work of the OECD committees. About 700 economists, scientists, lawyers and representatives of other professions, who are employees of the respective directorates, carry out research and analytical activities.

The work of the Secretariat is led by the OECD Secretary General and his four deputies. The Secretary General also presides over Council meetings, serving as an essential link between the OECD Country Offices and the Secretariat.

The official languages \u200b\u200bof the OECD are English and French. The staff is recruited in the OECD countries, however, at the time of their work, they are considered international employees and do not represent the interests of the respective states. When hiring employees, the OECD does not apply any national quotas, and it is the Organization's human resources policy to recruit people who are highly qualified in their respective fields, taking into account their work experience and nationality.

Financing

The work of the OECD is funded by contributions from member countries. The size of the annual contribution of the Member States to the budget of the Organization is calculated according to a certain formula based on the relevant economic indicators. The United States is the largest contributor, contributing 25 percent of the OECD's budget, followed by Japan as the second largest contributor. With the approval of the Council, member countries are entitled to additional funding for individual programs or projects.

The size of the annual budget, currently about $ 300 million, and the OECD work plan for the year are determined by member states at Council meetings.

Results of work

Unlike the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, the OECD does not distribute funds. The organization is primarily a forum for generating new ideas based on scientific research and analysis of socio-economic policies and their discussion with the aim of assisting national governments in developing both common policies agreed within the OECD and national policies of the respective states, both in internal affairs and in other international forums.

Despite the fact that the role of the OECD in these matters is not always decisive, in the eyes of member governments it is nevertheless extremely important. Work within the OECD is a highly effective process, starting with data collection, and includes both an analysis phase and a brainstorming phase of policy. The OECD's performance is based on cross-checking of proposed solutions by national governments, multilateral monitoring of their implementation and the mutual influence of countries in adhering to commitments made or implementing reforms. It was the backstage work within the OECD that made it possible to determine the cost of agricultural subsidies, which later became a decisive factor for the conclusion of agreements on their agreed reduction. Interdisciplinary research into the causes of the rise in unemployment and the fight against this phenomenon has served as the impetus that forced governments to develop appropriate measures to combat it. Identifying barriers to efficient operation, economic growth and modernization and their consequences often prompts national governments to make tough policy decisions aimed at improving economic efficiency. The analytical work of the OECD and its efforts to build consensus on trade in services issues contributed to the successful conclusion of the Uruguay Round of negotiations under the GATT.

In some cases, discussions initiated within the OECD lead to full-scale negotiations under the auspices of the organization, as a result of which member countries come to an agreement on the development of certain rules for cooperation on an international scale. These negotiations can end both with the conclusion of formal agreements (for example, on the fight against corruption, on export credits, capital flows and foreign direct investment), and the development of certain standards and models in international taxation, or recommendations and main directions of policy in the field of environmental protection. ...

Most of the material collected and analyzed by the OECD's work is made public through a wide range of publications: from press releases and regularly published compilations of data and forecasts to one-off publications (or monographs) on specific issues, from annual economic reviews for each of the member countries to regularly published reviews on education systems, science and technology and environmental policy issues. The Economic Outlook compilation is published twice a year, the Employment Forecast and the OECD International Aid Policy Report are published annually. OECD publications enjoy a well-deserved prestige, and, perhaps, it is by them that the public judges the activities of the Organization.

Secretariat structure

The activities of the Secretariat are structured according to the structure of the committees; the committees are organized into directorates, which also include working groups and subgroups formed by the committees. It should be noted, however, that the work of the OECD is increasingly based on interdisciplinary and “horizontal” research that transcends specific sectors. For example, the OECD's International Future program, which aims to proactively identify emerging economic and social policy issues, involves a wide range of disciplines. Specialists in macroeconomics, taxation, entrepreneurship and technology work in conjunction with labor market and social policy researchers on employment and unemployment. It is already inconceivable to study separately the problems of environmental protection and economic processes. The problems of trade and investment are inextricably linked. The development of biotechnology affects agricultural, industrial, scientific, environmental and economic development policies. Studying the problems of globalization will inevitably require the involvement of specialists from almost all areas of socio-economic policy.

A number of m / n organizations have been established by developing countries. The most famous was Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), created by the oil-producing powers in 1960. The members of this organization are countries whose economies largely depend on revenues from oil exports.

OPEC currently has 12 members: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Libya, United United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, Angola. In 2008, Russia announced its readiness to become a permanent observer in the cartel.

The goal of OPEC is to coordinate activities and develop a common policy regarding oil production among the member countries of the organization, maintain stable oil prices, ensure stable oil supplies to consumers, and receive returns on investments in the oil industry.

In the 70s. OPEC has made significant progress, but in the future its importance has weakened for a number of reasons. But, at present, it again plays a crucial role in the world energy market, regulating the volumes of production and trade in oil and oil products by member countries.

A characteristic feature of world economic development is the growing role of informal economic organizations :

1) World Economic Forum - an international non-governmental organization whose activities are aimed at developing international cooperation. The forums are held in Davos (Switzerland).

Created in 1971. The WEF members are about 1000 large companies and organizations from around the world, including Russia. The permanent executive body is the Board of Directors. The headquarters is located in the suburb of Geneva - Cologne. The budget is formed at the expense of annual membership fees and funds contributed by the Forum participants. The list of participants is reviewed annually.

The founder and permanent leader of the WEF is Professor Klaus Schwab from Switzerland. On his initiative, the first symposium was held in 1971, bringing together about 450 CEOs of leading European companies to discuss the prospects for the global economy and develop a common strategy. At the first meetings, which were held under the auspices of the Commission of the European Communities (now - the European Commission), they mainly discussed issues of improving positions Western Europe in the competition. Over the years, the topics have gradually expanded, the agenda included political and economic issues affecting other regions, problems of improving the mechanism of world trade, and correct partnership. In the mid-70s, influential people from all over the world (members of governments and business leaders) began to be invited to Davos, and in the next decade the forum acquired the status of one of the main events of the year.

The main event of the WEF is the annual meetings, which are traditionally held at the world famous ski resort of Davos in late January - early February (with the exception of the session in New York in 2002, held in solidarity with the United States after the September 11, 2001 attacks).

By tradition, here, in an informal atmosphere, key issues of our time, prospects for economic development, strengthening stability and peace, the situation in "hot spots" are discussed. Resolutions or other documents are not adopted here, but the Forum provides an opportunity to meet and discuss in an informal setting many key issues for the world economy, establish new business contacts, and hold informal meetings "face to face" and "without ties."

Since 1979, WEF experts have been compiling an annual report "Global Competitiveness", which evaluates more than 100 countries of the world according to two main indicators - the index of potential growth and the index of competitiveness. IN recent times The WEF began to issue additional ratings for individual regions and sectors of the economy. In particular, in 2005 the Arab World Competitiveness report was released, the first study of its kind for the Arab region; by the 60th anniversary session of the UN General Assembly, the WEF report on partnership between government and business in solving such problems as the problem of poverty in the world was published; in the framework of the "Global Governance Initiative" WEF presented a report on the success in solving global problems in 2005.

Within the framework of the Forum, groups or clubs of professional interests have been created and operate. For example, recently formed associations "Pioneers of high technologies" (includes leaders of the most advanced companies in the field of scientific and technological progress), as well as the "Forum of New Global Leaders", uniting well-known leaders not older than 40 years, "have demonstrated a commitment to improving the situation in the world ".

The beginning of cooperation between Russia and the WEF was laid in 1986. Since 1987, Russian delegations have been constantly participating in the annual meetings of the Forum, and visiting sessions of the EEF are regularly held in Russia.

Big Eight - an international club uniting the governments of the seven most industrially developed countries of the world and Russia. The G8 is not an international organization, it is not based on an international treaty, has no charter and no secret

International economic organizations (IEEs) regulate the work of transnational corporations, draw up cooperation agreements, develop legal norms and simplify work in the global market.

The globalization of the economy and the emergence of new industries increases the number of international agreements and the specifics of cooperation between countries. International economic organizations (IEEs) regulate the work of transnational corporations, draw up cooperation agreements, develop legal norms to make work in the world market easier and more profitable.

The number and composition of the MEO changes depending on the political situation, the specifics of the development of the global market and the goals of cooperation in the organization. For example, the UN was created to maintain peace at the end of World War II, but over time, the organization's powers have expanded significantly. Dozens of specialized MEOs working under the auspices of the UN have been added to the organizational structure.

Varieties

Depending on the range of tasks to be solved, such associations of states are divided into universal and specialized.

• Specialized ones regulate certain areas of international activity: trade (WTO, UNCTAD), currency relations (IMF, EBRD), export of raw materials and materials (OPEC, MSST), agriculture (FAO).
• Universal organizations are large associations that contribute to the development of international relations in general and facilitate access to the world market. For example, OECD - Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation.

Depending on the international legal status, MEOs are divided into interstate and non-governmental organizations.

• Interstate ones are formalized by agreements concluded between several countries (or their associations) to solve the established list of tasks. For example, the UN system includes dozens of specialized international organizations that issue legislation for member states.
• Non-governmental organizations are associations of countries that do not imply the conclusion of agreements between the authorities. This type of MEO pursues humanitarian goals (Committee of the Red Cross), investigates human rights violations (Committee for Oversight of Human Rights), fights against caesura (Committee Reporters without Borders), preserves cultural heritage (Committee Memorial).

Functions

All international organizations are created to form a single world market adapted to national legislation and their specifics. Individual states or their associations can be the subjects (participants) of the MEO, and economic relations become the objects (subjects of cooperation) of such organizations.

Depending on the legal status and the list of tasks to be solved, there are five main functions of the MEO.

• Solving problems that are urgent for all countries of the world: fighting hunger, epidemics, poverty, unemployment, ensuring stable economic development. Such issues are decided by the UN and its specialized organizations, World Bank Group, Eurasian Economic Union.
• Solving economic, legal and social problems relevant to the region. For example, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development is financing structural changes in the economies of Central and Eastern Europe.
• Creation of comfortable conditions for doing business in a separate market segment. Such organizations unite several countries that produce one group of goods for the world market. For example, OPEC is an association of oil exporting states that coordinates the sale of raw materials and controls the price level on the market.
• Informal and semi-formal groupings that have been created by several countries to solve narrow problems. For example, the Paris Club of Creditors is a financial union of leading economies for settling the payment of debts of individual states.

Most MEOs are formed and developed as markets expand, national borders in trade disappear, and new industries are created. For example, the massive introduction of Internet technologies has led to the creation of the European Regulation on the Protection of Personal Data (GDPR) of the user.

International economic organizations in the field of foreign trade began to develop in the 20th century. During this period, the productive forces of society, the social division of labor go beyond national borders, the importance of international economic relations is growing.

The growth of international trade after World War II (from 1950 to 1947 the world external trade turnover increased 10 times) led to the creation of new international organizations (both under the UN and outside it), the main direction of which is the search for ways of a universal settlement international economic relations, and primarily international trade, in view of their special importance. The number of international organizations reached three thousand by 1977.

International organizations are a stable institution of multilateral international relations, created in most cases by at least three states and having goals, competence and permanent bodies agreed upon by its participants, as well as other specific political and organizational institutional norms, including a charter, a procedure, membership, decision making procedures, etc.

Among international economic organizations one should distinguish: interstate (intergovernmental), of which the states are members; non-governmental, members of which are certain domestic organizations or bodies, public organizations or individuals.

In addition, international economic organizations should be distinguished:

by the nature of their activities: permanently operating (such organizations are created on the basis of economic contracts); temporary (i.e. acting in the process of convened conferences, meetings);

by level of competence: organizations competent in general issues international trade; organizations competent for certain types of goods.

The main permanent intergovernmental organization is the UN (founded in 1945) According to the Charter, the UN is called upon to carry out international cooperation in order to resolve global economic problems (Article 1) "in order to create conditions of stability and prosperity", with the aim of "promoting an increase in the standard of living , economic development and progress in the world ”.

Economic cooperation is dealt with by the supreme body of the UN - the General Assembly and the ECOSOC (Economic and Social Council) headed by it.

The UN General Assembly usually convenes in session once a year and, as necessary, for special and extraordinary sessions, the GA organizes research and makes recommendations to states to promote international cooperation in the economic, social and other sectors (Article 13 of the Charter). The GA carries out leading functions for in relation to ECOSOC, Its recommendations to the council have a mandatory sip (Articles 60, 66 of the Charter). ECOSOC consists of 54 members, one third of which are re-elected by the GA annually, ECOSOC meets twice a year. ECOSOC is called upon to solve specific problems of international economic cooperation. According to the UN Charter, the functions of ECOSOC include conducting various kinds of research and reports on international issues in the fields of: economic, social, culture, education, health care and similar issues. Within the Council, draft international agreements and conventions are developed, which are subsequently submitted for approval to the GA. The functions of ECOSOC also include the coordination of the activities of the UN specialized agencies with which it concludes special agreements, as well as the leadership of regional economic commissions.

ECOSOC activities are carried out through a number of its subsidiary organizations, committees and commissions.

The following regional economic commissions operate under the direction of the Economic and Social Council:

The European Economic Commission (Economic Commission for Europe) was established in 1947 for a period of 5 years to provide effective assistance to the European countries ravaged by the Second World War. Then the term of this commission was extended for an indefinite period. The supreme body of the commission is plenary sessions (convened once a year). The permanent body of the Commission is the Secretariat. The Secretariat has departments: plans and research, industrial, transport, trade and intermediary. The Commission has ten committees: on ferrous metallurgy; for coal; for electricity; on industry and inland transport; by labor force; on the housing issue; for the development of foreign trade and others.

Economic Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), established in 1947 as a temporary organization. In 1952, the commission was reorganized into a permanent one. The supreme body in the Commission is the plenary sessions (convened once a year). A permanent body - the Secretariat, consisting of the departments of industry and trade, transport and communications, social issues, research and plans. ESCAP includes: Committee on Industry and Natural Resources, Committee on Inland Transport and Communications Committee on Trade. With the participation of ESCAP, projects were developed and (work on their implementation is being coordinated): construction of a trans-Asian railway, construction of a trans-Asian highway across 15 countries;

The Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) was established in 1948 and registered permanently in 1951. Its members are 20 Latin American states. The supreme and permanent bodies of the Commission are the plenary sessions and the Secretariat, respectively. The Secretariat consists of six divisions. With the participation of ECLA, the Latin American Economic System (LNPP) was created;

Economic Commission for Africa (ECA). Created at the XXV session of ECOSOC (1958) by decision of the UN General Assembly (XII session on November 26, 1957) Functions, supreme and permanent bodies are similar to other economic commissions. ECA has developed a number of projects for the construction of trans-African, trans-Saharan and East African highways;

The Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA) focused on the research form of activity, summarizing and forecasting trends and development prospects of individual countries in the region. In particular, it examines the practice of TNCs in the oil industry of the region.

An important subsidiary body of the UN General Assembly is the International Trade Commission (UNISTRAL), which works to promote and unify international trade rights. In particular, she developed the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, adopted at the UN conference in 1980.

One of the most significant UN bodies dealing with the problems of economic cooperation is UNCTAD - the UN Conference on Trade and Development was established in 1964 as a body of the UN General Assembly. Created as a subsidiary organ of the GA, it has long since grown into an independent autonomous organization with numerous subsidiary bodies. The supreme body of UNCTAD is the sessions of the conference (it meets every three to four years). Between sessions, the conference works in the form of the Council for Trade and Development (meets twice a year). The Council has seven standing committees: on commodities; for industrial goods; by preferences; on invisible items and trade-related finance; for sea transportation; on Technology Transfer and Economic Cooperation of Developing Countries; and four working groups.

In the UN General Assembly Resolution, which established UNCTAD, its functions were formulated as follows:

1) the promotion of international trade, especially in terms of accelerating economic development, in particular trade between countries at different levels of development ...;

2) the establishment of principles and policies concerning international trade and related economic development issues;

4) consideration and facilitation of coordination of activities of other agencies within the UN system ...;

5) taking, if necessary, measures in cooperation with the competent UN bodies to negotiate and approve multilateral legal acts in the field of trade ...;

6) harmonization of the policies of governments and regional economic groupings in the field of trade ...;

7) consideration of any other issues within the competence:

Already the first Conference (UNCTAD-1) adopted the Principles of International Trade Relations and Trade Policy prepared by the USSR, Poland and Czechoslovakia. This document was extremely important for the development of the UNCTAD Charter on Economic Rights and Duties of States (1974)

UNCTAD VI adopted a resolution on the abandonment of economic coercion measures, which condemned the policies and practices of trade restrictions, blockades, embargoes and other economic sanctions.

UNCTAD-IV has developed and adopted international agreements on natural rubber, cocoa, sugar, tropical timber, jute, and tin. The Agreement on the Establishment of the Common Fund for Commodities was developed and adopted.

UNCTAD conferences were held: in Geneva - in 1964 (UNCTAD-I), New Delhi - 1968 (UNCTAD-II), Santiago de Chile - 1973 (UNCTAD-III), Nairobi - 1976. (UNCTAD-IV), Manila - 1979 (UNCTAD-V), Belgrade - 1983 (UNCTAD-VI), Geneva - 1987 (UNCTAD-VII).

The nature of UNCTAD's activities, its structure, universality, scope of competences, the nature of the adopted documents give every reason to consider it as a "permanent international organization".

UNCTAD is headquartered in Geneva.

UNIDO - the United Nations Industrial Development Organization - was established in 1956 to promote the industrialization of developing countries. In 1985 it acquired the status of a UN specialized agency. The supreme body of UNIDO is the General Conference, convened once every four years, the governing body is the Industrial Development Board, which meets once a year. The Council consists of 45 members, elected by the General Conference for a term of three years on the basis of equitable geographical representation. The Standing Committee, which is a subsidiary organ of the Council, meets twice a year. The Secretariat is the administrative body of UNIDO located in Vienna (Austria). The Secretary General of UNIDO, upon the recommendation of the Council, is approved by the General Conference for a period of four years. The governing bodies also include the Program and Budget Committee. An information bank for industry and technology has been operating since 1981.

The fundamental documents of the organization - the Lima Declaration and Plan of Action for Industrial Development and Cooperation, adopted in 1975, contain important provisions aimed at implementing such principles of the NIEP and international economic law, such as the assertion of sovereignty over their own natural resources and all economic activities, etc. etc. At the General Conference of UNIDO in 1980 in Delhi, a Declaration and Plan of Action for further industrialization in the framework of the UN international development strategy for the third decade were developed and adopted.

The establishment of equitable international economic cooperation in the field of science and technology should be promoted by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), which aims to assist developing countries in establishing national systems for the protection of industrial property and copyright.

In addition to the above, the following UN specialized agencies can also be named: the International Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).

Among the monetary and credit institutions of the UN stand out: the International Monetary Fund (IFAC) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), as well as the International Finance Corporation - IFC and the International Development Association - IDA. All these organizations are of an intergovernmental nature, have the status of UN specialized agencies, i.e. The UN cannot provide policy advice and guidelines for their activities.

The IMF and the IBRD - the largest international monetary organizations - were created on the basis of agreements adopted by the Bretton Woods Conference (USA) in 1944. As of January 1, 1990, 151 states were members of each organization; currently the Russian Federation is also a member of these organizations. IMF and IBRD are specialized agencies of the UN, they have agreements on relations with the UN (since 1947)

The objectives of the IMF are to coordinate the monetary and financial policies of the member states and provide them with loans to settle the balances of payments and maintain exchange rates.

The main goal of the IBRD is to promote the reconstruction and development of the territories of the member states by encouraging capital investments for production purposes.

IFC (established in 1956 as a branch of the IBRD; as of 01.01.90 - 133 members) is mainly engaged in financing multinational projects in which local and foreign capital participates, and provides loans on concessional terms and without government guarantees.

IDA (established in 1960 as a branch of the IBRD, as of 01.01.95 - 137 members) provides interest-free loans (to developing countries) on more favorable terms than the IBRD. The loan term is 40 years for the least developed countries (according to the official UN list) and 35 years for the rest.

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the largest intergovernmental trade agreement, was adopted in 1948 as an interim agreement. Initially, the participating countries worked on a draft charter of a trade organization (MTO), which has never been ratified.

The set of rules that collectively make up the multilateral trading system known as the GATT consists of the General Agreement itself (38 articles), as well as the later GATT is the settlement of international trade disputes.

GATT members are 110 countries, the Russian Federation has observer status.

The headquarters of the GATT is located in Geneva (Switzerland). The supreme body of the GATT is the sessions of the Contracting Parties held on an annual basis.

Within the framework of the GATT, 7 rounds of multilateral trade negotiations were held, during which the rates of customs tariffs of the participating countries were consistently carried out, agreements were developed on standards and other non-tariff measures for regulating foreign trade, public procurement, trade in civil aviation equipment and textiles.

The result of the negotiations in the framework of the "Uruguay Round" of the GATT is the General Agreement on Trade and Services - GATS. The largest economic and political organization in Europe is the European Union (EU), created on the basis of the European Communities: the European Economic Community (EEC); The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURAATOM), created in accordance with the Paris (1951 - ECSC) and the two Rome treaties (1957). In 1987, these treaties were supplemented by the Single European Act, and on February 7, 1992, the member states of the European Community signed an agreement on the European Union (MAA Treaty), and on November 1, 1993, it entered into force.

The European Union includes 12 countries: Germany, France, Italy., Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg (founders), Great Britain, Denmark, Ireland, Greece, Portugal, Spain (joined in 1973-1986).

One of the objectives of the Treaty is to ensure the efficient operation of EU mechanisms and institutions.

In accordance with the Treaty, the following are considered the main objectives of the Union:

to promote economic and social progress, by creating a space without internal borders ...;

to assert their status and appointment in the international arena;

to strengthen the protection of the rights and interests of citizens of states by introducing citizenship of the Union;

develop close cooperation in the field of justice and home affairs;

maintain and, if necessary, revise and improve the system of connections and relations.

The most important features cooperation procedure is the transition to the coordination of positions by passing the project "shuttle" between the commission. Council, EP and granting the EP (European Parliament) the right to veto on a set range of issues (Article 189 of the EEC Charter).

The main executive body of the Council is the EU Commission. The highest body of the EU is the European Council, which consists of the heads of state and government of the member states of the Community.

The European Parliament is elected directly by the citizens of the EU member states on the basis of universal and direct suffrage. Based on the above, international economic organizations can be classified on the following grounds:

1. The form of the constituent act (based on treaties; international acts other than treaties (UNCTAD, established by the UN General Assembly); not having a single formal legal act (GATT);

2. Scope of powers - ordinary and supranational (EU);

3. The order of access - limited (for reasons of a regional or other nature) and unlimited ("open").

An important factor characterizing international economic organizations (IEORGs) is the “nature of membership”, which shows the differences between the IEORG with a single status of UN member states and the IEORG with different categories of member states (FAO, GATT, OPEC). Art. II of the FAO Constitution distinguishes between plenipotentiary and associate members, the latter cannot hold any office or vote (Article III).

The species diversity of the MEORG can be seen when analyzing the subject of their activity. According to the subjects of competence, there are:

1. Organizations of general competence dealing with e. Including economic issues (UN, OEA);

2. Economic Integration Organization (EU);

3. General economic organizations that coordinate the economic policy of the member states in all major areas of economic cooperation;

4. Specialized IEORGs:

(a) Trade organizations (UNCTAD); international trade organizations (International Cocoa Organization); the Organization of the Exporting Countries (OPEC);

b) monetary and financial organizations (IMF, IBRD);

c) investment authorities (International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes);

d) agricultural cooperation organizations (FAO);

e) industrial cooperation organizations (UNIDO);

f) organizations in the field of transport and communications (Universal Postal Union);

g) other organizations carrying out activities of an economic nature (World Intellectual Property Organization).

Modern IEORGs use different decision-making procedures:

The classification allows one to see the false organized system of MEORG from different points of view, to highlight their general and specific properties, which determine the species diversity.

Output:

The growing importance and complication of international economic relations make it necessary to strengthen their management by joint efforts of states through international organizations, which leads to an increase in the number of international organizations and their role in the development of economic interstate cooperation. As a result, international organizations are important subjects of international economic law.

International organizations operating in the field of economic relations seem to be divided into two groups. The first includes organizations that by their action cover the entire sphere of economic relations; the second group includes organizations operating within certain subsectors of international economic law (for example, trade, financial, investment, transport, and others).

Conclusion

The complexity of the object of regulation of international economic law lies in the fact that it covers various types of relations, differing in their content, associated with various aspects of economic relations. These include trade, transport, customs, financial, investment and other relations. Each of them has its own specific content, giving rise to the need for special legal regulation, resulting in the formation of sub-branches of international economic law: international trade law; international transport law; international customs law; international financial law, international investment law, international technology law.

Each sub-sector is a system of international legal norms regulating interstate cooperation in a specific area of \u200b\u200beconomic relations. All of them are united into a single branch of international law - international economic law - by a common object of regulation, common goals and principles. In addition, a number of institutions of international economic law are elements of other branches of international law: the law of international organizations, the law of treaties, the law of the peaceful resolution of international disputes, etc.

The vital interests of Russia depend on the solution of economic problems. The State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation, approved by the President's Decree, reasonably proceeds from the need to effectively realize the advantages of the international division of labor, the sustainability of the country's development in the context of its equal integration into world economic relations. It is practically impossible to solve any of the tasks facing the country, both domestically and internationally, without ensuring economic security.

See: V.E. Grabar. Materials for the history of literature of international law in Russia (1647 - 1917). Moscow: Publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1958.

Nigerian professor T.Elaejes writes that modern international law "dates back to the end of the Second World War, primarily with the emergence of the United Nations." American professor J. Koontz, Indian supreme judge R. Patak and others wrote about this.

V.P. Yakovlev Social time. Rostov-on-Don, 1980, p. 96.

See Art. 6 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; see Art. 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; see Art. 8 of the 1990 Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.

In situ conservation refers to the conditions in which genetic resources exist within ecosystems and natural habitats, and, for domesticated or cultivated species, in the environment in which they have acquired their distinctive characteristics.

Ex situ conservation means the conservation of components of biological diversity outside of their natural habitats.

Vasilenko V.A. Foundations of the theory of international law. Kiev, 1998.S. 10.

History of International Law. Baskin, Feldman. 1995.S. 32.

History of International Law. Baskin, Feldman. 1995.S. 266.

The eye of all great Russia. M., 1980.S. 28.

Collection of treaties, agreements and conventions concluded by the USSR with foreign states. Issue XXIII. No. 1138. M., 1970.

In the same place. Issue XXXIII. No. 2480. M., 1979.

Ortolan T. Maritime international law. SPb., 1875.C.11.

Higgins and Colombos. International maritime law... M .: Iz-vo Foreign Literature, 1953, p. 49.

Tarkhanov I.E. Freedom of navigation is one of the main components of freedom of the high seas. Proceedings of the Soyuzmorniiproekt. M., 1973. S. 89-93.

Chronicle of the UN. July 1995.T. XXXII. # 1. Department of Public Information. New York. P. 9.

(MEO) - education system of various kinds, created on the basis of agreements between governments or state bodies, economic organizations of interested countries for the coordination of economic activities, cooperation or joint production and economic activities in certain areas of economics, science and technology. MEOs are created through shared contributions, act on the basis of the charter, have governing bodies with equal representation of the participating parties.

Currently, there are more than 4 thousand international organizations, of which more than 300 are intergovernmental. The key and most universal of them are organizations that emerged almost simultaneously in the late 1940s. and act today as the most important forums for coordinating economic policies between countries:

International Monetary Fund (macroeconomic policy) - is a compact international organization performing, among others, the function of overseeing the development of the international economy in general and the macroeconomics of each of its 184 member countries in particular.

World Bank Group (Structural Policy) -consists of five organizations: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (184 members), International Association Development (163 members), the International Finance Corporation (178 members), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (167 States) and International Center for the settlement of investment disputes (134 members). Their main task is to provide loans to developing countries and countries with economies in transition for the implementation of structural policies such as financial sector reforms, labor market support, improving the environment, improving the education system, etc.

World Trade Organization (trade policy), of which 149 states are members, focuses on regulating a key area of \u200b\u200bthe international economy - trade in goods and services.

United Nations system (social policy)itself is a system of many organizations that is in the process of reorganization. Officially, the UN system includes: UN programs (UN Children's Fund, UN Development Program, World Food Program, etc.). Specialized agencies(International Labor Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), World Bank, International Monetary Fund, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), etc.). UN Autonomous Organizations(International Atomic Energy Agency, International Tourism Organization).

Among the international organizations responsible for monitoring and regulating certain spheres of the international economy, the following main functional groups can be distinguished:

1. Country Advisory Groups -relatively permanent mechanisms for the coordination of economic policies of countries, usually not formalized in a permanent international organization, but often having their own secretariat, provided at their disposal by a member country or some permanent international organization. For example: the Group of Seven (G5 + Canada and Italy) united before Russia joined it in 1997.

2. Universal international organizations - unite the vast majority of countries in the world, collect information and regulate specific forms of international economic relations. These include the IMF, the World Bank Group, the UN system, the WTO, the International Labor Organization.

3. Sectoral international organizations - regulate certain branches of production of goods or services and their trade in the international arena. The most significant of these is the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), which is a forum of 12 oil-exporting states, whose main task is to establish and monitor compliance with oil production quotas, which is considered a mechanism for maintaining world oil prices.

4. Regional international organizations -numerous associations of small groups of countries that have not turned into an integration form and serve as a forum for them to discuss regional problems of mutual interest, agree regional policy in matters of production and foreign trade, collection and generalization of information about the region.

5. Banking international organizations -include organizations such as the Bank for International Settlements, the Scandinavian Investment Bank ... A separate group here are international development banks - the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), African Development Bank (ADB), West African Development Bank (EADB), etc. etc. A characteristic feature of development banks is that they are regional in nature and their activities are aimed at jointly financing projects in member countries with other banks.

Classification of international economic organizations:

1. By the nature of membership and the legal nature of the participants:

· Interstate (intergovernmental) - an association of states established on the basis of an international treaty to achieve common goals;

Non-governmental - are created on the basis of an association of individuals or legal entities in the form of associations, federations and acts in the interests of members to achieve specific goals (Association of International Law, League of Red Cross Societies).

2. In a circle of participants:

· Universal - open for participation of all countries (UN and its specialized divisions);

· Regional - created at the regional level, members can be members of one region (Organization of African Unity, Organization of American States).

3. In terms of competence:

· Organizations of general competence - cover all spheres of relations between member states: political, economic, social, cultural (UN, Council of Europe);

Organizations of special competence - carry out cooperation and regulation in one area (IAEA - International Atomic Energy Agency, International Labor Organization (ILO)).

4. By the nature of the powers:

· Interstate - includes almost all MEOs, the purpose of which is the implementation of interstate cooperation;

· Supranational organizations - carrying out integrations, their solutions apply directly to physical and legal entities Member States (EU).

5. According to the terms of participation in membership:

· Open - any state can become a member at its discretion;

· Closed - where the reception is at the invitation of the original founders (NATO).

Main functions.1. Promotion - organization of international conferences, collection and analysis of statistical and factual materials, publication and dissemination of statistics and research, provision of premises and a secretariat for multilateral and bilateral negotiations.

2. Observation - assistance with the possibility of formulating and publishing the official point of view of the organization on certain problems, which is a way to create public opinion and thereby influence the economic policy of the country. The most typical example of an organization performing a monitoring function is the UN; the UN does not have any real levers of influence, except for the power of persuasion.

3. Supervision - a more stringent form of observation associated with the obligation of countries to report on a regular basis and in the prescribed form data on their economic situation and listen to recommendations on the merits of current economic development. A typical example is the IMF, the main function of which is precisely to strictly monitor the economic policies of member countries in order to provide them with recommendations based on international experience to prevent potential macroeconomic imbalances and the most effective solution existing problems.

4. Regulation - supervision, based on forcing countries to implement the recommendations of the international community through the development of relevant international norms and mechanisms for enforcing them. An example is the WTO, within the framework of which certain rules of international trade are established, with which more than a hundred countries have agreed, as well as strict anti-dumping and other procedures that are applied against violators of the agreed rules.

The objectives and functions of the MEO, both at the global and regional levels, are:

Study and take action on the most important problems in the field of international economic organizations; - Adoption of resolutions and recommendations in the field of regulation of world economic relations; - Promotion of economic reconstruction and development in developing countries; - Ensuring the stabilization of currencies; - Assistance in the elimination of trade barriers and ensuring a broad exchange of goods between states; - Allocation of funds in addition to private capital to assist technological and economic progress; - Stimulating the improvement of working conditions and labor relations.