Portugal is a multinational country. The state is multinational. Features of multinational states
Uninational, bi-national, multinational states
Countries with a sharp predominance of one nation, but with more or less significant national minorities: Great Britain, France, Spain - in Europe. In foreign Asia - China, Mongolia, Vietnam. In Africa - Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania.
Binational countries. This type is rare, including Belgium, Canada and some others.
Countries with a complex national composition, but relatively homogeneous ethnically, are more common in Asia (Iran, Afghanistan. Pakistan, Malaysia, Laos), in Central, Eastern and South Africa is in Latin America.
Multinational countries with a diverse ethnic composition. The brightest countries of this type are India and Russia. Also, Switzerland, Indonesia, the Philippines, some countries of West and South Africa can be attributed to this type.
Basic principles for the placement of the engineering industry
Mechanical engineering differs from other industries in a number of features that affect its location.
First, in the era of the scientific and technological revolution, the development of mechanical engineering is unthinkable without the widespread introduction of scientific developments. Therefore, the production of products of knowledge-intensive industries is increasingly focused on areas with a highly developed scientific base.
Secondly, the production of machine-building products requires much more labor time than in other industries, therefore, the industry's labor intensity is high.
Thirdly, the metal consumption of the industry is quite high, therefore, machine-building enterprises are often guided by its centers.
But in the era of scientific and technological revolution, the orientation of factories towards metal has significantly decreased, due to an increase in labor intensity and science intensity. Mechanical engineering is increasingly becoming a ubiquitous industry.
Fourthly, the stages of production of engineering products are carried out, as a rule, at separate specialized enterprises - in mechanical engineering, the role of specialization of cooperation is great. But as a result of this, the transport factor becomes of exceptional importance.
Fifthly, due to the specifics of many mechanical engineering enterprises (for example, those producing harvesters or equipment for the mining industry, etc. - which are difficult to transport), many of them are consumer-oriented.
The leaders in the world mechanical engineering are the USA, Japan and Germany. The most diverse products are produced in these countries. The top ten also includes France, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, which have a very wide range of mechanical engineering, China, Canada and Brazil.
Features of the location of the leading branches of the chemical complex
The main features of the location are similar to the features of the location of mechanical engineering: there are 4 main regions in the world chemical industry.
The largest of them is overseas Europe (produces about 2/5 of the industry's products). The chemical industry began to develop at an especially rapid pace in many countries of the region after World War II, when petrochemistry began to lead in the structure of the industry. As a result, the centers of petrochemistry and oil refining are located in seaports and on the routes of main oil pipelines.
The second most important region is the United States, where the chemical industry is characterized by great diversity. The main factor in the location of enterprises was the raw material factor, which largely contributed to the territorial concentration of chemical industries.
The third region is East and Southeast Asia, with Japan playing a particularly important role (with a powerful petrochemistry based on imported oil). The importance of China and the newly industrialized countries, which specialize mainly in the production of synthetic products and semi-finished products, is also growing.
The fourth region is the CIS countries, which have a diverse chemical industry, focused on both the raw material and the energy factor.
V modern world more than three thousand different ethnic units live, and there are a little more than two hundred states. This means that, with some exceptions, the majority are multinational countries.
Terms and concepts
In order to understand the issue in detail, it is necessary to highlight the key concepts that researchers use when studying a particular country. Concepts such as are quite close in meaning, but at the same time have certain nuances. It is quite clear that all these terms are the result of the historical complication of various elements that characterize this or that ethnic community. Economic development, expansion of the territory led to an increase in the area of residence of the tribe, which gradually turned into a nationality or people. And the formation and emergence of a nation can be distinguished as the highest stage of an ethnic unit. Many scientists agree that the determining factors in the formation of this community are one language, territory, culture and economic ties. However, as a nation develops, these factors lose their paramount importance, and it can continue to exist even when divided.
Formation of national identity
Indeed, confirming this statement, one can turn to the example of such a multinational giant as the USSR. Many nations that existed in this state, after its collapse, found themselves on different sides borders, but have not lost their identification. Therefore, having formed once, they continue to exist, except in cases of physical disappearance. Language as one of the fundamental features of a nation may cease to be such. As the number of people increased, the role of kinship diminished, and it could happen that two or more languages appeared in one nation. With the unification of the former ethnic groups into more and more numerous, language variations (dialects) persisted, sometimes differing quite strongly from the former single language. The most striking example is the Swiss Confederation. The multinational countries of Europe were formed along this path. However, not only European countries followed this path development of national relations. The multinational countries of Asia also could not immediately emerge as full-fledged polyethnic formations. A series of revolutions and other metamorphoses led them to the necessity of coexistence, and one of the many Asian states - China - was also formed according to this principle.
Different interpretations of the concept of "nation"
When using the term "nation", one must bear in mind its double meaning. First, scientists regard it as a collection of citizens of a certain state. That is, it is a multicultural, socio-political, territorial and economic community of representatives of different nationalities that form the state. In the second case, this definition is used as a designation higher form ethnic unity. The multinational countries that developed according to the first scenario in the modern geopolitical world account for more than half of all state entities... The most prominent example is the American nation. For centuries, the United States has been called the "melting pot" that successfully dissolves the ethnic diversity of American citizens, turning them into a single nation. This course of events was dictated by historical realities, the emerging industrial type of society presented stringent requirements, primarily of an economic nature, and many nationalities had to unite in order to successfully compete in international scene... This is how the multinational countries of the world took shape.
Russian-style integration
The globalization of the economy has influenced the ways of integrating state-national entities. The dynamically developing industry has led to the formation of new options for interethnic cooperation. The USA and the Russian Federation are multinational countries, both of them are federations in their structure. However, the way they are organized is fundamentally different. Russian Federation built on the basis of the national-state principle of the subjects that make it up. They have a certain degree of independence in internal affairs and jointly represent the Russian nation.
An alternative way of national cooperation
The American states also have a certain internal autonomy, but are formed along territorial lines. Russia in this way of organization guarantees the development of the peoples inhabiting it. The United States of America, on the basis of democratic laws, also enshrines the right of each ethnic unit to national and cultural independence. These two types of state associations are represented all over the world.
Globalization and nations
The entry of the world into the information age has further intensified interstate competition, respectively, and interethnic. Therefore, the main trend is the emergence of supranational state formations. They are formed according to the principle of confederation and have a great national and cultural diversity. The most typical example is European Union, which includes more than twenty countries, and the inhabitants speak, according to the most rough estimates, 40 languages. The structure of this association is as close as possible to the prevailing economic and political realities. A common legal system, currency, citizenship operates on its territory. If we look closely at these signs, we can conclude that a European supernation has practically taken shape. The number of new EU members is growing. Similar processes, but with a lesser degree of cooperation, are taking place all over the world. The initial economic and political blocs are prototypes of future supernations. It seems that it is for such large state-national formations that the future of all human civilization lies.
The guarantor of the preservation of unity is in the states united into multinational countries. The list of these countries is quite extensive and includes the overwhelming number of state entities located on our planet. National policy includes a set of measures to ensure equal existence and development of ethnic units of the state. The most multinational country in the world - India - is an example of this. Only a balanced and careful policy of this country allows it to be a leader and successfully compete with its giant neighbor China.
Modern trends in interethnic relations
It is the legislative consolidation of rights that serves as a connecting "solution" for these countries. The development paths of nationalities and the state did not always coincide. History shows many examples of this. Multinational countries are most susceptible to disintegration precisely because of their multi-ethnicity. The twentieth century was the period of the collapse of many such states: the USSR, Yugoslavia, and even binational Czechoslovakia. Therefore, maintaining the parity of nationalities becomes the basis for cooperation and integration. For the last two decades, the process of separatism has acquired some tendentiousness, this also applies to the well-established European states, such as, for example, Great Britain, from which Scotland announced its intention to secede, as well as the states of Asia and Africa artificially created as a result of the colonial policy.
Ethnos (Greek ἔθνος - people) is a group of people united by common features: objective or subjective. Various trends in ethnology include in these features origin, language, culture, territory of residence, self-consciousness, etc.
In the Russian language, the term “people” has long been synonymous with the term. The concept of "ethnos" was introduced into scientific circulation in 1923 by the Russian scientist-emigrant S. M. Shirokogorov.
The main conditions for the emergence of an ethnos - a common territory and language - subsequently act as its main features. At the same time, an ethnos can also be formed from multilingual elements, take shape and gain a foothold in different territories in the process of migration (Gypsies, etc.). In the context of the early long-distance migrations of "homo sapiens" from Africa and modern globalization, ethnic groups are becoming increasingly important as cultural and linguistic communities freely moving throughout the planet.
Additional terms the addition of an ethnic community can be a community of religion, the closeness of the components of an ethnic group in racial terms, or the presence of significant mestizo (transitional) groups.
During ethnogenesis, under the influence of characteristics economic activity in certain natural conditions and other reasons, features of material and spiritual culture, everyday life, and group psychological characteristics that are specific for a given ethnos are formed. Members of the ethnos develop a common self-awareness, a prominent place in which is the idea of the commonality of their origin. The external manifestation of this self-awareness is the presence of a common self-name - an ethnonym.
The formed ethnic community acts as a social organism, self-reproducing through predominantly ethnically homogeneous marriages and transmission to a new generation of language, culture, traditions, ethnic orientation, etc.
Humanity is usually divided into three main races:
Caucasoid (countries of Europe, America, South-West Asia, North Africa);
Mongoloid (countries of Central and East Asia, America);
Negroid (most African countries).
There is also an Australoid race, whose representatives are settled in the southeast of Asia, Oceania and Australia.
30% of the world's population belongs to intermediate racial groups (Ethiopians, Malagasy, Polynesians, etc.). The mixing of races led to the formation of special groups of mestizos, mulattoes and sambo in America.
2. The ethnic composition of the population is the result of a long historical process of mixing and resettlement of representatives of different races and ethnic groups.
Ethnicity (people) is an established stable group of people, characterized by a common language, territory, peculiarities of life, culture and ethnic identity.
In total, there are 3-4 thousand ethnic groups in the world. Some of them have turned into nations, others are nationalities, tribes.
3. Classification of ethnic groups is carried out according to various criteria, the main of which are the number and language.
In terms of numbers, the peoples of the world are different. The overwhelming majority of peoples are small. Only 310 peoples have more than 1 million people, but they account for about 96% of the world's population.
The largest nations in the world are:
Chinese (1,120 million people);
Hindus (219 million people);
Americans of the USA (187 million people);
Bengalis (176 million);
Russians (146 million people);
Brazilians (137 million people);
Japanese (123 million people).
More than 30 million people include the following peoples: Biharians, Punjabis, Mexicans, Germans, Koreans, Italians, Vieta, French, British, Ukrainians, Turks, Poles, etc.
By language, peoples are united into language families, which, in turn, are divided into language groups. In total, there are 20 language families in the world. The largest of them are:
Indo-European, the languages of which are spoken by 150 peoples (about 2.5 billion people). It includes Romance languages (French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian), Germanic (German, English, Yiddish, Dutch), Slavic (Russian, Polish, Ukrainian), Indo-Aryan (Hindi, "Marathi, Punjabi), Iranian (Persian, Tajik ) and etc.;
Sino-Tibetan, the languages of which are spoken mainly in China, Nepal, Bhutan (over 1 billion people).
The linguistic classification of peoples differs significantly from the national one, since the spread of languages does not coincide with ethnic boundaries. For example, in the former colonies of Spain, Great Britain, France in Africa, Asia, Latin America, the languages of the metropolises are spoken.
4. Depending on whether ethnic and state borders coincide or not, the countries of the world are divided into single-ethnic and multi-ethnic.
About half of the countries are single-national. These are countries whose state borders coincide with ethnic ones and the main nationality is 90% of the total population. Most of them are in Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East. These countries include Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Poland, Italy, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, most of Latin America.
Multinational - these are countries within the state borders of which several ethnic groups live. They can be divided into four groups:
with a sharp predominance of one nation in the presence of more or less significant national minorities (Great Britain, France, Spain, China, Mongolia, Turkey, Algeria, Morocco, USA, Australian Union);
bi-national (Canada, Belgium);
with a complex but ethnically homogeneous ethnic composition (Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Laos);
with a complex and ethnically diverse ethnic composition (Russia, India, Switzerland, Indonesia).
V recent times Watching the news feeds, I often see an unjustified tendency of the leaders of Foreign Europe to implant multiculturalism. Of course, it is necessary to help other peoples in difficult situations, but there is also an unjustified increase in diversity. national composition just for the sake of the very principle of diversity. I consider this approach to be wrong, as the purity of the nation is "eroded".
National composition of the countries of foreign Europe
According to the type of national composition, demographic scientists distinguish three types of state:
- Uninational (one nation).
- Binational (two indigenous peoples prevail).
- Multinational (three or more ethnic groups).
Based on the data indicated in the table, we can conclude that the totality of nationalities for each country is determined by its historically established borders. The table shows data typical for nationalities living in the territory of more than 10 generations. Accordingly, when the migrated peoples live more than this period, then they can be included in the nat. composition of the country.
Trends of multinationalism in Europe
As a rule, multinational countries become those that are more developed, in which Better conditions life, and who are in a favorable climatic zone... At first, the actions of the developed countries of Europe to increase the population were quite justified, since an influx of labor was needed. This was well seen in Germany, when a stream of immigrants from Turkey poured into it in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The French population began to replenish with residents of its former colonies, for example. Algeria, whose population was granted preferential treatment of French citizenship.
At the same time, small countries oriented not towards industry, but towards a “white-collar” (banking) economy (eg Belgium and Switzerland) cannot employ unskilled labor resources of immigrants and, accordingly, have retained their low ethnicity.
multinational state- A state that includes several ethnic groups with different religions, language or skin color, for example, in Spain - Castilians, Catalans and Basques, in Russia there are dozens of different nationalities ... Geography Dictionary
Plurinational State- Countries in which the presence of an ethnically heterogeneous population is a factor that has a decisive influence on the formation and functioning of national languages and the linguistic situation. According to the ethnic composition, M.g. can be divided into two groups ...
multinational state Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Plurinational State- A country in which the presence of an ethnically heterogeneous population is a factor that has a decisive influence on the formation and functioning of national languages and the linguistic situation. According to the ethnic composition, M.g. are divided into two groups: 1) ... ... General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Reference Dictionary
Austrian plurinational state- Austria at and at the beginning of modern times was part of the "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation." However, already in the Middle Ages, it took shape in a special state. At the end of the XIV century. Austria ranked among the largest principalities of the empire. Since the 15th century ... ... The World History. Encyclopedia
State- (Country) The state is a special organization of society that provides unity and integrity, guaranteeing the rights and freedoms of citizens The origin of the state, signs of the state, form government, the form of the state ... ... Investor encyclopedia
Single national state- (Mono-national state) Such countries are considered to be mono-nationals, in which a relatively small number of people of different nationalities live, which do not have a noticeable effect on the national linguistic situation in ... ... Dictionary of Sociolinguistic Terms
RUSSIA (Russian Federation) state in Eastern Europe and in North Asia (occupies most of them); borders with Korea, China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Mono-ethnic state (or single-national) state, on the territory of which they may reside different nations, however, the bulk of the inhabitants are representatives of one ethnic group. This concept is antonymic to the concept ... ... Wikipedia
Coordinates: 11 ° 20'00 ″ s. NS. 123 ° 01'00 ″ in. d. / 11.333333 ° N NS. 123.016667 ° E etc ... Wikipedia
Books
- History of the Soviet State - 2nd ed. , Ustinov V.M., Munchaev Sh.M .. 720 Art. In the early 90s. XX century. the Soviet multinational state, which existed for more than 70 years and, undoubtedly, had a huge impact on the course of world history, left the international ...
- Wonders of the world. Complete encyclopedia, Natalia Petrova. From the book "Wonders of the World. Complete Encyclopedia" an inquisitive reader learns a lot of new and incredible interesting facts about our planet, its inhabitants, structures created by nature, and ...