The most multinational country in the region. National composition of the world population and ethnic processes. Features of location of the leading branches of the chemical complex

More than six dozen live in foreign Europe different peoples. For many, this territory became native even before the formation of the modern map of the world.

Factors in the formation of the national composition of foreign Europe

Relief . Since ancient times, the tribes of people united in the plains. Therefore, the Paris Basin and the North German Plain are considered the very first inhabited regions. The fusion of ethnic groups can be clearly seen in countries with a predominantly mountainous area - in the Balkans and in the Alps.
Migration . Europe has experienced waves of migration more than once in its history. In fact, the processes of migration of peoples to more developed countries have been going on for 4 centuries. But the largest influx of people occurred at the beginning of the 20th century, after the end of the First World War and the liquidation of the colonies. The continent was settled by people from Central Asia, Latin America, Africa and Oceania. Ethnic diasporas of these people still exist in France, Germany, England, Switzerland and a number of other countries. But people have taken root and merged with the ethnic people so much that it is almost impossible to single out purebred Arabs or Mexicans.
Inter-special conflicts and civil wars . The national composition of foreign Europe was constantly changing. Only for the last 60 years has Europe been at peace. In its history of existence, it is difficult to list all the conflicts and wars. Countries united, divided, and only since 1918 a basis was formed, which is now depicted on the world map. The final formation of states occurred as recently as 1990, after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Fig.1. Map of Europe before the First World War, 1914

There is no such ethnic group as the Spaniards; in the tenth century of our era, several nationalities united into one. They were: Arabs, Celts, Jews, representatives of the Romanesque culture. It took several centuries to complete the merger process. The Bulgarians also lost their original culture, because they were under the rule Ottoman Empire over 4 centuries.

The composition of the population of foreign Europe

According to the number of peoples within the country, all states are divided into three types: single-national, bi-national and multinational, i.e. those with large national minorities.

Rice. 2. Ethnic composition of Europe

14 single-national countries of Foreign Europe are presented in the table:

Fig.3. Indigenous percentage

Germany, and its neighbors from the west and east - Austria and the Netherlands, are conditionally considered one-national, despite mass migrations to these countries.

The most multinational countries of foreign Europe can be conditionally divided into two groups: the first will include the states: Great Britain, Spain and Switzerland, and the other - all the countries of the Balkans.

The indigenous people of Germany are Germans. The largest diaspora is made up of Turks, Russians, Italians and Greeks.

Binational countries:

Baltic Sea States : Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. In addition to the national indigenous population, the Russian diaspora prevails in these countries.
States of Scandinavia : Finland, Sweden. In addition to the indigenous peoples, who make up the first group of the national majority (Finns and Swedes), in these countries there is a second group - immigrant.
Slavic countries : Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria.
France . Despite the fact that the majority of the population calls themselves French, the following nationalities have survived: Basques, Lorraine, Flemings, Jews.

What have we learned?

In the making European Union, all countries have gone through a difficult path of formation of their ethnic groups. Today, there are practically no purebred nations left. But scientists still divide the states of Europe into three groups: with one predominant nation, with two, and multinational.

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7. Foreign Europe: aggravation of interethnic relations

Overseas Europe has for a long time been a region of numerous ethnic conflicts, which are largely rooted in the distant historical past. The discrepancy between political and ethnic boundaries is also characteristic of modern Europe, but in different countries and subregions it is expressed differently. Therefore, it is logical to begin the consideration of interethnic contradictions in the region with a description of the ethnic composition of the population of its individual countries.

In turn, it can be based on a four-term grouping of countries with their subdivision into single-national, countries with significant national minorities, binational and multinational. At the same time, it must be noted that only quantitative criteria are not always sufficient, so that following them would be somewhat formal; in some cases, other circumstances must be taken into account. For example, it would be more correct to include countries where the proportion of national minorities does not exceed 5%, but sometimes it can be higher (Table 6), into the group of single-ethnic ones.

Table 6 shows that the category single-national can be attributed to 17 countries, not counting the microstates. The countries with the most homogeneous national composition are Iceland and Portugal.

Another 10 countries in the region would be more correctly classified as though not multinational, but with a significant proportion of national minorities (Table 7).

Along with this, in foreign Europe there are binational countries such as Belgium. With some degree of conditionality, Macedonia can also be included in this category, the main population of which is Macedonians and Albanians. Finally, among the actual multinational countries should include Switzerland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro.

A priori, it can be assumed that national contradictions in uninational countries should not be expressed relatively sharply. Basically, this is how it is, although individual manifestations of separatism (partly on ethnic grounds) are also possible in them.

Table 6

FOREIGN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES WITH A MORE OR LESS HOMOGENEOUS POPULATION

Examples of this kind are the repeated attempts of the Faroe Islands, which already enjoy wide autonomy, to secede from Denmark or the idea of proclaiming the Padana Republic in Northern Italy.

V a group of countries with a large proportion of national minorities interethnic relations are, as a rule, much more complex. This can be shown in the examples of such countries as Great Britain, Spain and France.

In the UK, the main national problems are related to Scotland and Northern Ireland (Ulster).

The dispute between England and Scotland has been going on for centuries. At the beginning of the XVIII century. Under the military and economic pressure of England, the Scottish Parliament agreed to conclude a union with her, which actually meant the elimination of the independence of this historical region of the country: the Parliament was abolished, and only small elements of autonomy remained. Since then, there has been an independence movement in Scotland, which only at the very Lately achieved tangible success. In 1997, a referendum was held in Scotland, in which 3/4 of the population voted for the restoration of parliament. Thus, after 300 years, it was revived. True, the affairs of the economy, foreign policy, defense, welfare throughout the UK is still in charge of Parliament in London, so that the Scottish Parliament is left only to agriculture, education, healthcare, police, tourism and sports; but this also greatly improved the political situation. It can be added that the reform in Scotland was carried out in full accordance with the policy of the British Laborites in power, which is called the policy of devolution, that is, the partial transfer of the functions of the central government to local governments. (By the way, Wales, another historical region of the country with national characteristics, was also established its own parliament.) However, the most radical Scottish nationalists still advocate complete separation from England and the creation of an independent state.

The situation in Northern Ireland is even more acute and conflict-prone. The prehistory of this conflict has its roots in the early modern era.

The indigenous people of Ulster (Northern Ireland) are the Irish. But in the XVII-XVIII centuries, during the period of intensive colonization of this area by the English government, people from England and Scotland were resettled here, who occupied not only the best lands, but also key positions in economic and political life. The indigenous population fell into the position of tenants and farm laborers and lost most of their political rights. Such national and social stratification is exacerbated by religious differences. The native Irish population professes Catholicism, while those from England and Scotland are adherents of the Anglican and Presbyterian churches. Religious patchwork exacerbates the situation even more, turning Ulster into a complex knot of socio-economic, national and religious contradictions.

Table 7

FOREIGN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES WITH A SIGNIFICANT SHARE OF NATIONAL MINORITIES

Since the main part of Ireland finally withdrew from Great Britain in 1949, becoming no longer a dominion, but an independent state, the main efforts of Irish Catholics have been aimed at joining Northern Ireland to the Republic of Ireland. At the same time, the struggle was carried out not only by political methods, but also in the form of armed resistance to the British, which is carried out by a paramilitary group called the Irish Republican Army (IRA). As a result of its terrorist actions, thousands of people died, and the British government was forced to send its troops to the territory of Ulster. Only in 1998 did the government manage to reach an agreement with the Ulster Nationalists, which was then approved in a referendum held in Ulster. After that, the direct rule of London in Ireland, introduced a quarter of a century ago, was abolished. The government of Ulster was also restored. And the Republic of Ireland excluded from its basic law articles in which the northern counties were considered an integral part of this country. In other words, autonomy was also restored in Ulster. But the disarmament of all IRA militants has not yet been completed, and the threat of a new aggravation of interethnic contradictions has not been completely removed.

In SPAIN, the national problem arose after the Catalans, Galicians and Basques were deprived of some of the administrative, financial and legal privileges they used to enjoy and were forcibly subjected to the central government in Madrid. During the 40 years of Franco's reign, any manifestation of their national feelings was severely persecuted. It was not allowed to hang out the Catalan and Basque flags, speak the national language and even perform national dances. The national problem was declared non-existent. But it existed, and after the end of the Francoist regime, Spain took several important steps towards its resolution. In 1978, a new constitution was adopted in the country, in which national question much attention is given. While proclaiming the unity and indivisibility of the Spanish nation, it at the same time recognized the right to autonomy for nationalities and regions. In accordance with this principle, by 1983, 17 autonomous regions were formed in the country, including Catalonia, Galicia and the Basque Country. This largely removed the former tension in interethnic relations. However, in Catalonia, and especially in the Basque Country, it still remains.

In Catalonia, as the most economically developed part of the country, which has also retained its national language, separatist tendencies still have great power. At the same time, some parties are ready to limit themselves to wider autonomy, while others insist on complete separation from Spain.

But the main pain point interethnic relations in Spain was and remains the Basque Country, covering an area of 17.5 thousand km 2 with a population of 2.5 million people, which up to late XIX v. maintained independence. Here, too, the vast majority nationalist parties they demand greater autonomy from the government, and if they achieve complete independence, then by means of parliamentary struggle. But extreme nationalists and separatists insist on the formation of their own state called Euskadi (Euskal is the self-name of the Basques), and not only in the northern provinces of Spain, but also in the border area of France, the separation of which took place in the early Middle Ages (Fig. 7). The main armed force of the extreme Basque separatists is an organization called ETA (Euskadi ta askata-suna, which means "Euskadi and freedom"), which arose during the reign of Franco and is a paramilitary wing of one of the most radical nationalist parties in the Basque Country. ETA has announced many times the cessation of the terrorist struggle - and each time has found a reason to resume it. Despite the fact that at the present time there has been some political calm in the Basque Country, it still remains one of the main "hot spots" of foreign Europe.

FRANCE also belongs to the group of countries with a significant proportion of national minorities.

Rice. 7. Basque country

The French make up 86% of its population, while the rest are from other ethnic groups. They differ from the native French in cultural and linguistic terms and are settled in the outlying regions of the country. These are the Alsatians in the east, who speak one of the Upper German dialects, the Bretons in the northwest, whose language belongs to the Celtic group and is related to the languages \u200b\u200bof the Welsh and Irish, the Corsicans on about. Corsica speaking dialects of Italian, Flemish speaking far north countries using Flemish, a language close to Dutch. In addition, these are Basques and Catalans living in the Pyrenees. All these peoples are actually bilingual. While maintaining knowledge of their native language, they also widely use French, which is usually used for training, business and cultural communication. In France, as in many other countries, the national self-awareness of ethnic minorities, who are fighting to preserve their traditional culture, has recently become aggravated. The separatist movement is strongest in Corsica, which the French Parliament decided in 2001 to grant limited autonomy.

Of the other countries in this group, we can mention Romania, where the restoration of autonomy has long been sought by the Hungarians, who live compactly in Transylvania, Croatia, where significant contradictions separate Croats and Serbs. The Baltic countries stand somewhat apart, where the most acute problem is the preservation of political and other rights of the Russian-speaking population.

The most striking example bilingual country BELGIUM can serve in foreign Europe, where interethnic relations have become a complex problem almost since the formation of this independent state in 1830. The motto is inscribed on the state emblem of Belgium: “Strength is in unity”. But it was not possible to achieve such unity for many decades. The fact is that Belgium is a binational and bilingual country, populated mainly by Flemings and Walloons; in addition, a small part of the population in the east of the country speaks German (Fig. 8). The Flemings live in the north of the country, in Flanders. Their language is very close to that spoken in the neighboring Netherlands. The Walloons live in the southern half of the country, in Walloon and their native language is French. But for a long time there was a linguistic disparity in Belgium, which reflected the differences in the socio-economic development of its two parts.

During the 19th and first half of the 20th century. Wallonia was the economic core of the country. Here coal was mined, metal was smelted, trade and crafts flourished, the bourgeoisie grew rich and multiplied, the aristocracy and bureaucracy concentrated. Not only state, but also literary language was considered to be Walloon, on which they created such world-wide famous writers and poets like Charles de Coster, Maurice Maeterlinck, Emile Verhaern. Flanders also served as an agricultural appendage to the rapidly developing industrial south. Its population was subjected to cultural and national discrimination. Suffice it to say that the Flemish language was recognized as the second state language only in 1898.

But after the Second World War, both parts of the country kind of switched roles. In Wallonia, where mainly coal, metallurgy and other old industries were represented, an economic decline began that affected Liège and other big cities. At the same time, the potential of Flanders has grown significantly, mainly through the development of new and innovative industries. The importance of Antwerp, Ghent and other cities also grew. It can be added that, thanks to the higher birth rate, Flanders increased its preponderance over Wallonia in the population of the country. Now 58% of all inhabitants live in it, while in Wallonia - 33%; the rest falls mainly on the metropolitan area of Brussels, which is part of the province of Brabant. All this again sharply aggravated the contradictions between the Walloons and the Flemings.

To overcome the crisis, it was decided to implement transition to a federal state structure, which was carried out in several stages and ended in early 1993, when the Belgian Parliament approved the constitutional reform. From now on, the central (federal) government retains powers in the field of foreign relations, defense, security, financial and monetary policy, while all issues of the economy, scientific research, protection environment, education, culture, health, sports and tourism came under the jurisdiction of Flanders and Wallonia. At the same time, Flemish became the official language in Flanders, and French in Wallonia. As for trade, services, transport, etc., there is no regulation here, and both languages can be used.

A special status has been introduced for the Brussels region, where 80% of the population speaks French and 20% Flemish. In order not to infringe on the rights of the Flemish minority, bilingualism is guaranteed in all institutions. Street names, road signs, signs are made in two languages. They are also used in trade and consumer services. In addition, a small area with a German-speaking population has been allocated in the east of the country, which also enjoys equal rights with the Flemings and Francophones (as French speakers are called here).

Rice. eight. Ethnolinguistic boundaries in Belgium

With the creation of a two-part federation in Belgium, instead of the former unitary state, a basis arose for the normalization of relations between the Flemings and the Francophones. But this did not solve all the problems of this long-standing ethnic conflict. Its bottlenecks still include the Flemish position regarding Brussels, and the Francophone position regarding the area around Brussels (the so-called frontier) and the linguistic border between the two parts of the federation. Some Flemish politicians still push for self-determination, or at least a transition from federation to confederation. In 2008, this conflict again escalated so much that it began to threaten the division of Belgium into three parts.

multinational countries in foreign Europe, as already noted, there are not so many, and the severity of interethnic conflicts in them is not the same.

A good example of a country that has managed to solve its national problems without conflict is SWITZERLAND. There are four indigenous peoples in this country: German-Swiss (65% of the total population), Franco-Swiss (18%), Italian-Swiss (10%) and Romansh (about 1%), living in compact groups in historically developed national areas (Fig. . 9). The German-Swiss speak one of the Upper German dialects, the Franco-Swiss - the dialect of the adjacent regions of France, the Italian-Swiss - the northern dialects of the Italian language. Romansh - the descendants of Roman legionnaires who settled in the area of the canton of Graubünden at the beginning of our era, speak Romansh languages.

Rice. 9. Ethnolinguistic boundaries in Switzerland

All four languages in the Swiss Confederation are recognized as state languages. They conduct state legislation and office work, common to all of Switzerland. Along with this, in each of the four ethnic areas of the country, the German-Swiss, Franco-Swiss, Italian-Swiss and Romansh languages and dialects are accepted as official and colloquial, respectively. They are also used in the press, television and radio broadcasting, school teaching. In addition, bilingualism and even trilingualism have been developed in the country. In such conditions, any acute ethnic conflicts are not typical for Switzerland. Although in this country, a movement for the autonomy of the French-speaking part of the canton of Bern (with a population of about 60 thousand people) unfolded, which ended in 1979 after 19 referendums (!) with the creation of a new canton of Jura.

A completely different example is the multinational countries that emerged on the site of the former SFRY.

national ethnos humanity

Depending on whether ethnic and state borders coincide or not, the countries of the world are divided into single-national and multinational.

About half of the countries are mononational. These are countries whose state borders coincide with ethnic ones and the main nationality is 90% of the total population. Most of them are in Europe, in Latin America, in the Middle East. These countries include Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Poland, Italy, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, most of Latin America.

Multinational - these are countries within the state borders of which several ethnic groups live. They can be divided into four groups:

1) with a sharp predominance of one nation in the presence of more or less significant national minorities (Great Britain, France, Spain, China, Mongolia, Turkey, Algeria, Morocco, USA, the Commonwealth of Australia);
2) binational (Canada, Belgium);
3) with a complex but ethnically homogeneous national composition (Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Laos);
4) with a complex and ethnically diverse national composition (Russia, India, Switzerland, Indonesia).

Conclusion

People - a certain group of people who have a common series of historical features - culture, language, religion, territory. Traditionally, a stable common feature of a people is its language. However, in our time, there are cases when different peoples speak the same language.

Recently, watching the news feeds, I often see the unjustified tendency of the leaders of foreign Europe to plant multiculturalism. Of course, it is necessary to help other peoples who find themselves in a difficult situation, but there is also an unjustified increase in the diversity of the national composition only for the sake of the very principle of diversity. I consider this approach to be wrong, since the purity of the nation is being "washed out".

The national composition of the countries of foreign Europe

According to the type of national composition, demographers distinguish three types of state:

Uninational (one nation).
Binational (two indigenous peoples prevail).
Multinational (three or more ethnic groups).

Based on the data shown in the table, we can conclude that the totality of nationalities for each country is determined by its historically established borders. The table shows data typical for nationalities living in the territory for more than 10 generations. Accordingly, when the migrating peoples live more than this period, then they can be included in the nat. composition of the country.

Trends in multinationalism in Europe

As a rule, those countries that are more developed, in which Better conditions life, and who are in a favorable climate zone. At first, the actions of the developed countries of Europe to increase the population were fully justified, because. needed an influx of labor. This was clearly seen in the example of Germany, when a stream of immigrants from Turkey poured in there in the late 80s and early 90s. The French population began to replenish with residents of its former colonies, for example. Algeria, whose population was granted preferential French citizenship.

At the same time, small countries focused not on industry, but on the “white-collar” (banking) economy (for example, Belgium and Switzerland), cannot employ unskilled labor resources of immigrants and, accordingly, have retained their small-ethnic composition.

Historically, multinational states were formed where the state unity of more or less extensive territories took place before the formation of nations began and national movements developed (a number of countries of Eastern Europe, including Russia, and Asia), as well as during colonial expansion (countries in Africa, where many ethnic groups were separated by borders between states); and as a result of intensive migrations (for example, the USA).

Plurinational State consists of more than one ethnic group as opposed to ethnically homogeneous societies. In fact, almost all modern national communities are multinational. David Wilsh (David Welsh) in the article " Domestic politics and ethnic conflicts” (“Domestic politics and ethnic conflict”, Brown, Michael E.), published in 1993 at Princeton University in the work “Ethnic conflicts and international security” (“Ethnic Conflict and International Security”), argued that less than 20 out of 180 independent states can be called ethnically and nationally homogeneous, but they can only be called such if national minorities in it make up less than 5% of the total population. Therefore, Sajit Choudry () argued that: "the growth of ethno-culturally homogeneous states, if it was, it ended."

In Russia, the educational standard for secondary (complete) general education (profile level of the subject "geography") by "multinational" means states, within the state borders of which several ethnic groups live and subdivided into countries:

Examples of multinational states

many African countries

Due to active migration to Europe, countries Western Europe gradually turn into multinational states.

Multinational states in the past

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Notes

An excerpt characterizing the Plurinational State

- Thank God! All thanks to God! just ate now! Let me see you, Your Excellency!
- Is everything all right?
- Thank God, thank God!
Rostov, completely forgetting about Denisov, not wanting to let anyone warn him, threw off his fur coat and ran on tiptoe into a dark, large hall. Everything is the same, the same card tables, the same chandelier in a case; but someone had already seen the young gentleman, and before he had time to run to the living room, something swiftly, like a storm, flew out of the side door and hugged and began to kiss him. Another, third, similar creature jumped out of another, third door; More hugs, more kisses, more cries, more tears of joy. He could not make out where and who is dad, who is Natasha, who is Petya. Everyone was screaming and talking and kissing him at the same time. Only his mother was not among them - he remembered that.
- But I didn’t know ... Nikolushka ... my friend!
- Here he is ... ours ... My friend, Kolya ... He has changed! No candles! Tea!
- Kiss me then!
- Darling ... but me.
Sonya, Natasha, Petya, Anna Mikhailovna, Vera, the old count, embraced him; and people and maids, having filled the rooms, sentenced and gasped.
Petya hung on his feet. - And then me! he shouted. Natasha, after she, having bent him to her, kissed his whole face, jumped away from him and holding on to the floor of his Hungarian, jumped like a goat all in one place and squealed piercingly.
From all sides there were tears of joy shining with tears, loving eyes, from all sides there were lips looking for a kiss.
Sonya, red as red, also held on to his hand and beamed all over in a blissful look fixed on his eyes, which she was waiting for. Sonya was already 16 years old, and she was very beautiful, especially at this moment of happy, enthusiastic animation. She looked at him, not taking her eyes off, smiling and holding her breath. He looked at her gratefully; but still waiting and looking for someone. The old countess hasn't come out yet. And then there were footsteps at the door. The steps are so fast that they couldn't have been his mother's.
But it was she in a new dress, unfamiliar to him, sewn without him. Everyone left him and he ran to her. When they came together, she fell on his chest sobbing. She could not raise her face and only pressed him against the cold laces of his Hungarian coat. Denisov, not noticed by anyone, entered the room, stood right there and, looking at them, rubbed his eyes.
“Vasily Denisov, your son’s friend,” he said, introducing himself to the count, who looked at him inquiringly.
- Welcome. I know, I know,” said the count, kissing and hugging Denisov. - Nikolushka wrote ... Natasha, Vera, here he is Denisov.
The same happy, enthusiastic faces turned to the shaggy figure of Denisov and surrounded him.
- My dear, Denisov! - Natasha squealed, beside herself with delight, jumped up to him, hugged and kissed him. Everyone was embarrassed by Natasha's act. Denisov also blushed, but smiled and took Natasha's hand and kissed it.
Denisov was taken to the room prepared for him, and the Rostovs all gathered in the sofa near Nikolushka.
The old countess, without letting go of his hand, which she kissed every minute, sat next to him; the rest, crowding around them, caught his every movement, word, glance, and did not take their eyes off him with enthusiastic love. The brother and sisters argued and intercepted places from each other closer to him, and fought over who would bring him tea, a handkerchief, a pipe.
Rostov was very happy with the love he was shown; but the first minute of his meeting was so blissful that it seemed to him that his present happiness was not enough, and he kept waiting for something more, and more, and more.
The next morning the visitors slept off the road until 10 o'clock.
In the previous room, sabers, bags, carts, open suitcases, dirty boots were lying around. The cleaned two pairs with spurs had just been placed against the wall. Servants brought washstands hot water shaving and brushed dresses. It smelled of tobacco and men.
- Hey, G "bitch, t" ubku! shouted the hoarse voice of Vaska Denisov. - Rostov, get up!
Rostov, rubbing his eyes that were stuck together, lifted his tangled head from the hot pillow.
- What's late? “It’s late, 10 o’clock,” answered Natasha’s voice, and in the next room there was a rustle of starched dresses, a whisper and laughter of girlish voices, and something blue, ribbons, black hair and cheerful faces flashed through the slightly open door. It was Natasha with Sonya and Petya, who came to see if he got up.
- Nicholas, get up! Natasha's voice was heard again at the door.