The fall of the golden horde briefly. Political history of the Golden Horde. The origin of the title "Golden Horde"
The gold of the horde was formed in the Middle Ages, and it was a really powerful state. Many countries tried to support good relationship with him. Cattle breeding has become the main occupation of the Mongols, and they did not know anything about the development of agriculture. They were fascinated by military art, which is why they were beautiful riders. It should be especially noted that the Mongols did not take into their ranks of weak and cowardly people. In 1206, Genghis Khan becomes Great Khan, whose real name is Techova. He managed to combine many tribes. Having a strong military potential, Genghis Khan with his army defeated East Asia, the Tangutsky Kingdom, North China, Korea and Central Asia. So the formation of the Golden Horde began.
This state existed about two hundred years. It was formed on the ruins of the Empire of the Genghis Khan and was a powerful political formation in the Bapt and-Kypchak. The gold of the horde appeared after Khazar kaganat died, she was the heiress of the empires of nomadic tribes in the Middle Ages. The goal that the formation of the Golden Horde faced in front of him was to take possession of one branch (northern) of the Great Silk Road. Eastern sources say that in 1230 a large squad consisting of 30 thousand Mongols appeared in the steppes of the Caspian. It was a plot of nomadic polovtsy, they were called Kypchak. The Multiple Mongolian army went to the West. On the path of the troops won the Volga Bulgar and Bashkirov, and after that he captured the Polovetsky lands. Genghis Khan appointed in Polovtsy lands as a ulus (the area of \u200b\u200bthe Empire) Juchi his older son, who, like his father, died in 1227. A complete victory over these lands was won by the Senior Son of Cenghis Khan, whose name was Batu. He with his army completely subordinated to himself Ulus Juchi and stayed at the Lower Volga in 1242-1243 years.
During these years, the Mongolian state was divided into four days. The Golden Horde was the first state in the state. Each of the four sons of Genghis Khan was his ulus: Kulaga (here included the territory of the Caucasus, the Persian Gulf and the territory of the Arabs); Jagata (included the area of \u200b\u200bthe current Kazakhstan and Central Asia); Ughedya (he consisted of Mongolia, Eastern Siberia, North China and Transbaikalia) and Juci (this is the Black Sea and Volga region). However, the main thing was ulus Ugheda. In Mongolia, the capital was the capital of the general Mongolian Empire - Karakorum. All state events took place here, the leader of Kagan was the main man of the entire united empire. Mongolian troops were distinguished by militia, they were initially attacked Ryazan and Vladimir Principality. Russian cities again turned out to be the goal for conquest and enslavement. Alone alone was stood. In the next two years, Mongolian troops captured all the then Russia. During the fierce hostilities, Khan Bati lost half of his troops. Russian princes were disconnected during the formation of the Golden Horde and therefore suffered constant defeats. Bati won Russian lands and enjoyed the local population to tribute. Alexander Nevsky was the first one who managed to negotiate with the Horde and to suspend military actions.
In the 60s, the war occurs between uluses, which marked the collapse of the Golden Horde, which the Russian people took advantage. In 1379, Dmitry Donskoy refused to pay tribute and killed Mongolian commander. In response to this Mongolian Khan Mamay attacked Rus. The Kulikovsky battle began, in which the Russian troops won. The dependence of them from the horde has become insignificant and Mongol's troops left Russia. The decay of the Golden Horde was fully completed. Tatar-Mongolian IHO continued for 240 years and ended with the victory of the Russian people, however, the formation of a gold horde is difficult to overestimate. Thanks to the Tatar-Mongolian IGU, Russian principalities began to unite against the general enemy, which strengthened and made even more powerful Russian state. The formation of the Golden Horde of the historians is assessed as an important stage for the development of Russia.
The horde is a phenomenon, which is analogs that is simply not in history. At its essence, this is an union, association, but not a country, not a terrain, not the territory. Horde has no roots, the Horde has no homeland, the Horde has no borders, the Horde has no title nation.
The Horde created not the people, not a nation, the Horde created one person - Genghis Khan. He invented the submission system, according to which you can or die or become part of the horde, and together with it, to kill and rape! That is why the horde is a sprinkling, the union of criminals, villains and scoundrels that are equal. Horde is an army of people who are ready to sell their homeland before fear of death, their family, their nation, and together with the same as he are the orders and then carry fear, horror, pain, other peoples
All nations, peoples, tribes know what the Motherland is, everyone has its own territory, all states were created as advice, veche, glad, as an union of the territorial community, and the Horde - no! The Horde has only the king - Khan, who commands and the Horde performs his command. Whoever refuses his commandment to fulfill the dying, who wores life from the Horde - gets her, but in return gives his soul, his dignity, his honor.
First of all, the word "Horde".
The word "Horde" marked a bet (mobile camp) of the ruler (examples of its use in the value "Country" begin to meet only from the XV century). In Russian chronicles, the word "Orda" usually meant the army. Its use as the name of the country becomes constant from the turn of the XIII-XIV centuries, until that time, the term "Tatars" was used as the name. In Western European sources, the names of the "Commen", "Comanion" or "Power of Tatars", "Tatars", "Tatar" were distributed. The Chinese called the Mongols of Tatars (Tar-Tar).
So, according to the traditional version, a new state was formed in the south of the Euro-Asian continent (the Mongolian power from Eastern Europe to the Pacific Ocean - the Golden Horde, alien to Russians and inhibit them. The capital is the city of Sarai on the Volga.
Golden Horde (Ulus Juchi, self-calibration on the Turkic ulus ulus is the "Grand State") - a medieval state in Eurasia. In the period from 1224 to 1266 were part of the Mongol Empire. In 1266, at Khan Mengu-Timur, he found complete independence, retaining only a formal dependence on the Imperial Center. Since 1312, the state religion became Islam. By the middle of the XV century, the Golden Horde broke up into several independent hanses; Its central part, nominally continued to be considered the Verkhovna - a big horde, ceased existence at the beginning of the XVI century.
Golden hordes ok. 1389
The name "Golden Horde" was first used in Russia in 1566 in the historical and publicistic essay "Kazan Story", when the state itself no longer existed. Until this time, in all Russian sources, the word "Horde" was used without the adjective "Golden". Since the XIX century, the term firmly fixed in historiography and is used to designate Ulus Juchi as a whole, or (depending on the context) of its western part with the capital in Saraj. Read more → Golden Horde - Wikipedia.
In the fact that the Goldenopa and Eastern (Arab-Persian) sources did not have a single name. It was usually indicated by the term "ulus", with the addition of any epithet ("Ulug Ulus") or the ruler's name ("Ulus Berk"), and not necessarily acting, but also reigning earlier.
So, we see the Golden Horde - this is Juchi Empire, Juchiyev Ulus. Since the empire, there must be court historians. In their works, it should be described how the world shuddered from bloody Tatars! Not yet the Chinese, Armenians and Arabs describe the exploits of the descendants of Genghis-Khan.
Academician-orientalist HM Fren (1782-1851) Twenty-five years ago, I did not find it, and today it is nothing to please with the reader: "As for the actual Goldenopian medical written writing sources, we have them today are no more than in times. M. Fren, who was forced to be stated with chagrin: "In vain in continuation of 25 years I was looking for such a special history of Ulus Juchi" ... "(Usmanov, 1979. P. 5). Thus, there is no narratives in the nature of the Mongolian affairs written by the "Rogan Gold and Ordan Tatars".
We will see what the golden horde is in the representation of contemporaries A. I. Lyzlov. Golden Horde called Muscovyan. Other her name Great Horde. It included the Earth of the Bulgaria and the Volga Horde, "and on both countries of the Volga River, from the city of Kazan, it was also no feeling then, and to the Yaika River, and to the sea of \u200b\u200bHwalisskago. And Tamo inhalesing and creating hands in many, naz called: Bulgarians, Bulgarians, Kuman, Korsun, Tour, Kazan, Arc, Gormer, Arnach, Sarai Great, Chaldai, Astarajan (Lyzlov, 1990. P. 28).
Zavolzhskaya, or "factory" horde, as her foreigners called there is a Nogai Horde. It was located between the Volga, Yaik and the "White Will", below Kazan (Lyzlov, 1990. p. 18). "And about the beginning of her, those Ordintsy Sita are narrated. Yako in the countries of those, no dear, a certain widow, the breeds between them are famous. Siah once from the Likement gave rise to Son, Issue Tsyngis ... "(Lyzlov, 1990. p. 19). Thus, the Mongols-Tatars-Moavityan spread from the Caucasus to the northeast, for the Volga, from where they moved to Kalka, and from the south of the Minor Tataria, spokes of Christians approached, read, the main characters of this battle.
Empire of Chingiz-Khan (1227) according to the traditional version 
The state must have officials. They are, for example, backers. "Baskaki, I would like atamans or olders," explains us by A. I. Lyzlov (Lyzlov, 1990. P. 27). Officials have paper and feathers, otherwise they are not chiefs. In the textbooks it is written that the princes and priests (officials) issued labels for the Board. But here are the officials Tatar, not as an example of modern Ukrainian or Estonian, learned Russian, that is, the language of the conquered people in order to write documents issued by the poor on the "II". "Note ... that ... None of the written monuments of Mongolian did not survive; Not a single diploma, no label in the original. Very little reached us in translations "(Field, T. 2. P. 558).
Well, perhaps, when we were freed from the so-called Tatar-Mongolian yoke, then on joys all written in Tatar-Mongolski burned. Apparently it is on joy, you can understand a Russian soul. But another thing is the memory of the princes, their approximate, - people have urged, competent, aristocrats, and then went to the Horde, lived over the years (Borisov, 1997, p. 112). They should have left records in Russian. Where are these historical documents? And although the time does not spare documents, it is old, but it creates them (see the end of the lecture 1 and a lecture 3, the end of the paragraph "Berevian diplomas"). Still, almost three hundred years ... went to the Horde. But no documents!? Here are the words: "Russian people have always been distinguished by inquisitiveness and observation. They were interested in the life and customs of other nations. Unfortunately, not a single detailed Russian description of the Horde did not reach us "(Borisov, 1997. p. 112). It turns out that Russian curiosity dried up at the Tatar Horde!
Tatar-Mongols made raids. Departed to people. Contemporaries of these events and descendants painted paintings about this sad phenomenon. Consider one of them - the miniature from the Hungarian chronicle "Theft of the Russian Polon in Horde" (1488):
Press in the face of Tatars. Bearded men, nothing Mongolian. Dressed is neutral, suitable for any people. On the heads or turbans, or the caps, exactly like the Russian peasants, Streltsy or Cossacks.
Hijacking Russian Polon in Horde (1488)
There is an entertaining "memo" left by Tatars about his campaign to Europe. On the tombstience of the victim in the battle of Heinrich II, II depicts "Tatar-Mongol". In any case, it was explained to the Figure to the European reader (see Fig. 1). It hurts "Tatar" looks at the Cossack or Sagittarius.
Fig.1. An image on the tombstone of the Duke Henry II. The drawing is provided in the book of Hie Travel of Marco Polo (Hie Comlete Yule-Cordier Edition. V 1.2. NY: Dover Publ., 1992) and is equipped with an inscription: "Tatar's figure under the legs of Heinrich II, Duke Silesia, Krakow and Poland, placed On the grave in Breslau of this prince killed in the battle of Lignice, April 9, 1241 "(See: Nosovsky, Fomenko. Empire, p. 391)
Did you really remember in Western Europe, what did the "bloodthirsty tartars from countless Horde Batya looked"!? Where are the Mongol-Tatar features of narrow-eyed, with a rare beard ... The artist confused the so-called "Russian" with "Tatarin"!?
In addition to the "regulatory" documents from the past, other written sources remain. For example, compared acts (shortcuts), Khan letters of diplomatic character, messages (bits) remained from the Gold Horde. Although for Russian Mongols, as true polyglots, used the Russian language, there are documents and in other languages \u200b\u200bfacing non-Russian rulers ... 61 labels were in the USSR; But the historians engaged in the writing of the textbooks, by 1979, "mastered" only eight, and more than six. The rest (as it were) did not have enough time (Usmanov, 1979. P. 12-13).
And in general, not only from the junction of the ulus, but also from the whole "Great Empire" practically no documents remained.
So, in reality, the history of the Russian Empire claiming the bruscity, unity and relatives of about 140 nations (
As long as the Sarader ruled the volitional and energetic khans, the Horde seemed to be a powerful state. The first shakkish occurred in 1312, when the population of the Volga region - Muslim, merchant and anticochnoe - nominated Tsarevich Uzbek, immediately executed 70 Tsarevichi of Genghisids and all Neuons, who refused to betray the Fathers faith. The second shock was the murder of Khan Janibek his eldest son Berdibek, and two years later, in 1359, the twenty-year-old civilian - "Great Jams" began. In addition to this, in 1346 in the Volga region and in other lands, the Golden Horde was raging the plague. During the years "Great Jam", calm left the Horde.
For the 60-70s. XIV. The most dramatic pages of the history of the Golden Horde are coming. Conspiracies, killing khanov, strengthening the authorities of the chamber, which, towering together with their gender to the Khan throne, are dying from the hands of regular contenders for power, pass the rapid kaleidoscope in front of amazed contemporaries.
The most fortunate temporary was the darkness of Mamay, who last time put in the Golden Horde (more precisely in its western part) of Hanov at his own discretion. Mamay was not a Genghisid, but married the daughter of Khan Burthek. Without having the right to the throne, he ruled on behalf of the Falcane Chanov. Submitting the great Bulgars, the North Caucasus, Astrakhan, the mighty dark to the mid-70s of the XIV century. became the strongest Tatar ruler. Although in 1375, Arabians captured Saraj-Berke and the Bulgarians were postponed from Mama, and Astrakhan moved to Cherkessback, he still remained the ruler of a huge territory from the low-level Volga to the Crimea.
"At the same years (1379), - writes L.N.Gumilev, - broke out a conflict of the Russian Church with Mama. In Nizhny Novgorod, at the initiative of Dionysius Suzdal (Bishop), the ambassadors of Mamay were killed. There was a war, which became a success with a variable success, ended with the Kulikovsky battle and returning to the Horde of Chingizid Takhtamysh. In this war, which the church imposed, two coalitions were involved: the chimeric power of Maama, Genoa and the Grand Principality of Lithuania, i.e. The West, and the Moscow Block with a White Ord - a traditional union, which began to be launched Alexander Nevsky. Tver from participation in the war was evolving, and the position of Ryazan Prince Oleg is unclear. In any case, she was independent of Moscow, because in 1382 he, like the Suzdal princes, fights on the side of Tukhtamysh against Dmitry "... In 1381, a year after the Kulikovsky battle, Thtamysh took and destroyed Moscow.
"Great Jams" in the Golden Horde ended with the arrival of power in 1380. Khan Tokhtamysh, which was associated with the support of his elevation with the Grand Emir of Samarkand Aksak Timur.
But it was with the Board of Tokhtamyshe that the events were associated with the fatal for the Golden Horde. Three campaign of the ruler of Samarkand, the founder of the global empire from Malaya Asia to the borders of China, Timur crushed Ulus Juchi, were destroyed cities, the caravan paths moved to the south of Timur.
Timur consistently rushed the land of those peoples who performed on the side of Takhtamysh. The Kypchak Kingdom (Golden Orda) lay in ruins, the city was dismissed, the troops were broken and scattered.
One of the Yarya opponents of Tokhtamysh was Emir White Horde from the mangyt tribe unit (Idegi, Idikka), who took part in Timur wars against the Golden Horde. Having connected his fate with Hanom Timur-Kutyluk, who had taken from it to Han Timur-Kutyluk, continued the war with Tohtamiam. He headed by the Golden-Town troops in 1399. On the Vorskle River, the connected troops of the Lithuanian Prince Vitovt and the fledgest in Lithuania Takhtamysh.
After the death of Timur-Kutyluk in 1399, the unit actually stood up at the head of the Golden Horde. He was the last time in the history of the Golden Horde, it was possible to combine all the former Uls Juci under his authority.
The unit, like Mamai, rules on behalf of Falcane Chanov. In 1406, he killed Tokhtamysh, who was trying to settle in Western Siberia. In the desire to restore Ulus Juchi in the former borders, the unit repeated the path of Batya. In 1407, he organized a campaign to the Volga Bulgaria and defeated it. In 1408, the unit attacked Rus, ruined a number of Russian cities, besieged Moscow, but I could not take it.
His life, rich in events, the unit graduated, having lost power in the Horde, from the hand of one of the sons of Tokhtamyshe in 1419
The instability of political power and economic life, frequent devastating trips to the Bulgarian-Kazan lands of the Goldenordinian Khan and Russian princes, as well as flashed in the Volga region in 1428 - 1430. The epidemic of plague, accompanied by a strong drought, was not subject to consolidation, but rather to dispersal population. People with whole villages then go to safer northern and eastern areas. The hypothesis of the socio-ecological crisis in the steppes of the Golden Horde in the second half of the XIV - XV century holds. - That is, the crisis at the same time nature and society.
From these shocks, the Golden Horde could no longer be reconciled and for the 15th century the Horde gradually splitted and broke up to the Nogai Horde (beginning of the 15th century), Kazan (1438), Crimean (1443), Astrakhansky (1459), Siberian (end XV century), big horde and other Khanate.
At the beginning of the XV century. White Horde broke into a number of possessions, the largest of which were the Nogai Horde and Uzbek Khanate. The Nogai Horde occupied the steppe between the Volga and the Urals. "The ethnic composition of the population of the Nogai and Uzbek Khanation was almost uniform. It included parts of the same local turbine tribes and the assimilation of the sucked Mongolian tribes. On the territory of these Khantsi, Kangla, Kungrats, Kengers, Karluki, Nimanya, Mangtytes, Uyusun, Argyna, Alcins, China, Kipchak, and others were very close to these tribes in terms of its economy and culture. Their main occupation was nomadic cattle breeding. In both Khunnov, the patriarchal-feudal relations dominated. " "But in the Nogai Horde Mongol-Mangyt was more than in Uzbek Khanate." Some of her births sometimes passed to the right bank of the Volga, and in the northeast they reached Tobol.
Uzbek Khanate occupied the steppe of modern Kazakhstan to the east of the Nogai Horde. Its territory stretched from the low-level Syrdarya and the Aral Sea to the north to Yaik and Tobol and northeast to Irtysh.
The nomadic population of the Kypchak kingdom was not amenable to the effects of the ethnoosphere neither Russian nor Bulgar, leaving in the Volga, formed his ethnos with his ethnoosphere. Even then, when part of their tribes pulled the people of Uzbek Khanate to Central Asia to a settled life, they kept in the steppes, leaving the ethnonym of the Uzbek, they were proudly called - cossack (Kazakh), i.e. Free person, preferring the suffocable life of cities and villages. Fresh wind steppes.
Historically, this gigantic semi-state semi-branch has long existed. The fall of the Golden Horde, the accelerated Kulikov battle (1380) and the cruel campaign of Tamerlane in 1395, was as soon as her birth. And finally collapsed in 1502, without causing a collision with Crimean Khanate.
On the territory of Central Asia, modern Kazakhstan, Siberia and Eastern Europe in the 13th and 15th centuries. The name "Golden Orda", derived from the name of the Paradinary Khan Tent, as the designation of the state first appeared in Russian writings in the 2nd half of the 16th century.
The golden horde began to fold in 1224 in the Mongolian Empire, when Genghis Khan allocated his older son Juchi (Dynasty Dynasty) Ulus - conquered lands in East-Cheap-Kiphek and Khorezm. After Dzhuchi's death (1227), his children Horde-Ichen and Bati, who had noticeably expanded his territory as a result of the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Eastern Europe in the 1230-40s stood at the head of Ulus Juchi. The Golden Horde has become an independent state in the rule of Khan Mengu-Timura (1266-82) during the collapse of the Mongolian Empire. By the 14th century, she occupied land from Obi in the East to the Volga region, steppe territories from the Volga to the Danube in the West, the Earth from Syrdarya and the Low Eve of Amudarya in the south to Vyatka in the north. Bordered with the State Hulagaidov, Chagatai Ulus, the Grand Durability of the Lithuanian, Byzantine Empire.
Russian lands were under the Mongol-Tatar Igog, however, the question of whether to consider them part of the Golden Horde, remains unclear. Russian princes received the Khan labels for the jurisdiction, paid the Ordinian exit, participated in some wars of the Ordane Khans, etc., subject to loyalty to Khanam, the Russian princes ruled without the interference of the Ordane authorities, but otherwise their principality was subjected to punitive campaigns of Golden Horde (see Ordane raids 13-15th century).
The Golden Horde was divided into two "wings" (provinces), delated by the River YiK (now Ural), - Western, where the descendants of Batya ruled, and East led by Khana from the genus of Orda-Ichen. Inside "wings" there were uluses of numerous younger brothers Batya and Orda-Ichena. The Khans of the Eastern Wing recognized the seniority of Western Khanov, but they practically did not interfere in the affairs of oriental possessions. The administrative center (place of work of the Khan Office) in the Western "wing" of the Golden Horde was first Bulgarians (Bulgar), then Shed, in the eastern "wing" - Signak. In historiography, it is believed that at Khan Uzbek (1313-41), the second capital of the Western "wing" arose - the shed of the new (now there is an opinion that this is one of the designations of a single metropolitan shed agglomeration). Official documents of the Golden Horde before the middle of the 14th century were written in Mongolian, then in Turkic.
The majority of the population of the Golden Horde constituted the Turkic nomadic tribes (mainly descendants of the Kipchak), which were designated in medieval sources with the common name "Tatars". In addition to them, in the Golden Horde, Bartasi, Cheremis, Mordva, Circassians, Alans, and others lived in the Western "wing" in the 2nd half of the 13th - 14th centuries, the Turkic tribes were obviously merged into a single ethnic community. In the eastern "wing", a solid tribal structure was maintained.
The population of every ulus occupied a certain territory (YUrt) for seasonal movements, paid by the Podachi, was performed by various duties. For the needs of taxation and military mobilization of the militia, a decimal system was introduced, characteristic of the entire Mongol Empire, that is, the division of the people for dozens, hundreds, thousands and darkness, or tumenes (ten thousand).
Initially, the Golden Horde was a polykonfessional state: Islam professed the population of the former Bulgaria of Volzhsko-Kama, Khorezma, some nomadic tribes of the Eastern Wing, Christianity - the population of Alanya and the Crimea; There were also pagan beliefs among nomadic tribes. However, the powerful civilization effect of Central Asia and Iran led to the strengthening of Islam's position in the Golden Horde. The first Khanom-Muslim in the middle of the 13th century became Berke, and in Uzbek in 1313 or 1314, Islam was declared the official religion of the Golden Horde, but was widely distributed among the population of the Golden Town cities, nomads adhered to pagan beliefs and rites. With the spread of Islam, legislation and legal proceedings began to be increasingly based on the Sharia, although the positions and the Turkic-Mongolian customary law remained durable (Adat, Tyryry). In general, the religious policy of the rulers of the Golden Horde was distinguished by religiousness based on the covenants ("YaSa") of Genghis Khan. Representatives of the clergy of various denominations (including the Russian Orthodox Church) were exempt from taxes. In 1261, the Orthodox diocese emerged in Saraj; Catholic missionaries actively acted.
At the head of the Golden Horde stood Khan. The highest official after him was Beklerbek - the Supreme Commander and the head of the nomadic nobility. Some of the Beclebeks (Mamay, Nogai, the unit) reached such an influence that Khanov had appointed at their discretion. The highest layer of the ruling elite was representatives of the "golden kind" (chingisides) along the line of Juchi. The economy and the financial sphere were controlled by the Chase Sofa led by Vesir. Gradually, a branched official apparatus has developed in the Gold Horde, which mainly used the management techniques borrowed from Central Asia and Iran. Direct management of the subjects carried out to know the nomadic tribes (becks, emirs), the influence of which grew from the 1st half of the 14th century. Beci tribes got access to the supreme control, Beclebeks began to be appointed from their environments, in the 15th century, the chapters of the most powerful tribes (Karachi Beki) were a permanent advice at Khan. Control over the cities and peripheral settled population (including Russians) was instructed to baskakas (Darugam).
The main part of the population of the Golden Horde was engaged in nomadic cattle breeding. In the Golden Horde, its own monetary system was formed, based on the circulation of silver dirhems, copper pools (from the 14th century) and Khorezm gold dinars. An important role in the Golden Horde was playing cities. Some of them during the conquest were destroyed by the Mongols, and then restored, because They stood on the old trade caravanways and provided the Goldenordan execution of profits (Bulgarians, Jennd, Signak, Urgench). Others were again founded, including in places where the winter nomadic rates of the Khan and provincial governors were located (Azak, Gulistan, Kyrym, Majar, Saraike, Chingi Tura, Hadji-Tarkhan, etc.). Until the end of the 14th century, the city was not shared by the walls, which demonstrated the safety of life in the country. Extensive archaeological excavations in the cities of the Golden Horde, discovered the syncretic nature of their culture, the presence of Chinese, as well as Muslim (mainly Iranian and Khorezmian) elements in the construction and planning of buildings, craft production, applied art. High levels reached the architecture, production of pottery, metal and jewelry. Craftsmen worked in special workshops (often slaves) of various nationalities. Significant contribution to the culture of the Golden Horde was made by poets Kutb, a challenge, safe saint, Mahmoud al-Bulgari, and others, the lawyers and theologians Mukhtar Ibn Mahmoud Az-Zahidi, the garden of AT-Tafftazani, Ibn Bazzazi, etc.
Khan Golden Horde, conducted an active foreign policy. In order to spread its influence on neighboring countries, they made hiking to the Grand District Lithuanian (1275, 1277, etc.), Poland (end 1287), the countries of the Balkan Peninsula (1271, 1277, etc.), Byzantium (1265, 1270), and others . The main opponent of the Golden Horde in the 2nd half of the 13th - 1st half of the 14th century was the state of Hulagaidov, which challenged the Transcaucasia. There were severe wars between the two states. In the fight against Hulagueid, Khana Golden Horde enlisted by the support of Sultan Egypt.
Contradictions among the representatives of the Dynasty of Juchides were repeatedly led to internecine conflicts in the Golden Horde. In the 1st half - the mid-14th century, at the board of Khans of Uzbek and Janibek, the Golden Horde reached its highest heyday and power. However, they soon began to gradually show signs of the crisis of statehood. Separate areas have become more closed economically, which further contributed to the development of separatism in them. Great damage to the state inflicted the epidemic of plague in the 1340s. After the murder of Khan Berdibek (1359), "Great Jams" began in the Golden Horde, when various groupings of the Goldenordan nobility came to the fight for the Saradian throne, the provincial governors, who declared the capabilities of the subject regions, the magician of the eastern part of the Golden Horde. In the 1360s, the so-called Mamaeva Horde was formed (in the territory of the west of the Don River), where Mamay ruled on behalf of the nominal khanov, who was defeated by Russian troops in the Kulikov battle of 1380, and then finally divided in the same year Khan Tuchtamiam River Kalka. Tohtamysh managed to reiterate the state and overcome the consequences of the troubles. However, he entered into a conflict with the ruler of Central Asia Timur, which brought three times at the limits of the Golden Horde (1388, 1391, 1395). Tohtamysh was broken, almost all major cities were destroyed. Despite the efforts of the Beklerbeck, one to restore the state (early 15th century), the Golden Horde entered the stage of irreversible decay. In the 15th and early 16th century, Uzbek Khanate, Crimean Khanate, Kazan Khanate, Big Orda, Kazakh Khanate, Tyumen Khanate, Nogai Hunts and Astrakhan Khanate were formed on its territory.
"Ordinsky raid on Ryazan Earth in 1380". Miniature from the facial chronicle arch. 2nd half of the 16th century Russian National Library (St. Petersburg).
Easy: Collection of materials related to the history of the Golden Horde / Cons. and processing. V. G. Tisengausen and others. St. Petersburg., 1884. T. 1; M.; L., 1941. T. 2.
LIT.: Nosov A.N. Mongols and Rus. M.; L., 1940; Safargaliyev M. G. The decay of the Golden Horde. Saransk, 1960; Spuler V. Die Goldene Horde. Die Mongolen in Rußland, 1223-1502. Lpz., 1964; Fedorov-Davydov G. A. Public system Golden Horde. M., 1973; He is The gold town of the Volga region. M., 1994; Egorov V. L. Historical geography of the Golden Horde in the XIII-XIV centuries. M., 1985; Halperin ch. J. Russia And The Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History. L., 1987; Greeks B. D., Yakubovsky A. Yu. Golden Horde and its fall. M., 1998; Malov N. M., Malyshev A. B., Rakushin A. I. Religion in the Golden Horde. Saratov, 1998; Golden horde and her legacy. M., 2002; Source studies of the history of Ulus Juchi (Golden Horde). From roll to Astrakhan. 1223-1556. Kazan, 2002; Gorsky A. A. Moscow and the Horde. M., 2003; Mersekov E. P. Political History of the Golden Horde (1236-1313). Volgograd, 2003; Seleznev Yu. V. "A will change the God of Horde ..." (Russian-Ordigal relations at the end of the XIV - the first third of the XV century). Voronezh, 2006.
Shared all his own ownership between sons. Senior son, Juci, I got a huge space of land from the Syrdarya Rukovyev to the Ustyev Danube, which, however, has yet been to greatly conquer. Juci died to the death of his father and his land went into possession of five sons: hordes, Batya, Tuka-Timura, Sheiban and Tezala. The horde stood at the head of the tribes, nomadic between the Volga and the Riphells of Syrdarya, the Western ownership of Ulus Juchi. From the family of the Horde, the last khans of the Golden Horde (from 1380) and Khan Astrakhan (1466 - 1554) came out (1466 - 1554); The genus Batya managed the Golden Horde until 1380. The ownership of Khan Batiya was called the Golden Horde, the ownership of the Hana Horde - White Hordes (in the Russian chronicles).
Golden Horde and Rus. Map
On the reign of the first Khan Batya, we know relatively small. He died in 1255. He was inherited by the son of Sartak, who, however, did not rule the Horde, as he died on the way to Mongolia, where he went to receive approval for the throne. An appointed by the successor to Sartak, Minor Ulakchi, also died soon and then joined the throne Batya Berkay or Berk (1257 - 1266). Berkay followed Mengou Timur (1266 - 1280 or 1282). With it, a significant impact on the internal affairs of the Khanate was the grandson of Djuci, the Nogat, who prevailed in the Dudon steppes and partly seized even the Crimea. He is the main seeder, after the death of Mengu-Timur. After civilian and several short reigns, the son of Mengu-Timur Taht (1290 - 1312) seizes in 1290. He comes into fighting leg and obsesses the top over it. In one of the battles, Nogat was killed.
The successor of Tukhta was the grandson of Mengu-Timur Uzbek (1312 - 1340). The time of his board can be considered the most brilliant in the history of the Golden Horde . Uzbek followed the son of Janibek (1340 - 1357). With it, the Tatars are no longer sent on Russia their own backers: the princes of Russian themselves begin to collect tribute from the population and disappear in the Horde, which was much easier for the people. As a zealous Muslim, Janibek, however, did not oppose other religions. He was killed by his own son Berdibek (1357 - 1359). Then the troubles begin and changing the khan. In the continuation of 20 years (1360 - 1380) 14 khans changed in the Gold Ord. Their names are known to us only, thanks to inscriptions on the coins. At this time, the Dameman towers in the Horde (literally the head of 10,000, in general, the military leader) Mamay. However, in 1380 he was defeated from Dmitry Donskoy on the Kulikov field and was soon killed.
History of the Golden Horde
After the death of Maama, the power in the Golden Horde moved to the descendant of the eldest son of Juchi, Horde (some news however call him a descendant of Tuka-Timur) Tokhtamyshu (1380 - 1391). The offspring of Batius lost power, and the White Horde united with gold. After Tokhtamysh in the history of the Golden Horde comes the darkest period. The struggle between Tukhtamyshevichi and the golden of the Great Central Asian Conqueror of Timur begins. The enemy of the first spoke by the Nogai commander (Detaper) EDeee. Having a great influence, he constantly interferes with the civilianism, replaces the Khans and finally dies in the fight with the last Takhtamyshevichi on the shores of Syrdarya. After that, khana from other clans appear on the throne. The Horde is weakening, its clashes with Moscow are made less and less. The last khan Golden Horde was Ahmat. or seyid-ahmed. With the death of Ahmat, you can consider the end of the Golden Horde; Numerous sons of him, held on the lowland of the Volga, formed khanate Astrakhan, Never had political power.
Sources for the history of the Golden Horde are exclusively Russian and Arabic (mainly Egyptian) chronicles and inscriptions on coins.