Habitat and external structure of mammals. Biology lesson - cube algorithm "General characteristics of mammals. Environment, external structure and habitat". Features of the external structure of mammals

it is necessary to determine according to the plan 1 habitat 2 features of the external structure 3 features of the internal structure 4 value in

nature and human life

proboscis

pinnipeds

equids

lagomorphs

artiodactyls

insectivores

cetaceans

each detachment urgently needs to be described according to the plan (

Help me please. Exam questions. It is desirable to be brief and the most basic. Thank you very much in advance!!!

Ticket 3
1) Zoology as a science. Signs and diversity of animals. The role of zoology in human life and practice.
2) The habitat and features of the external structure of fish. Adaptation of the external structure of fish to the habitat.
3) Name insects known to you with incomplete transformation, what role they play in nature.

1) Zoology as a science. Signs and diversity of animals. The role of zoology in human life and practice.

Habitat and features of the external structure of fish. Adaptation of the external structure of fish to the habitat.
Name insects known to you with incomplete transformation, what role they play in nature. 2) Living environments and habitats of animals. The relationship of animals in nature. Human influence on animals.
Features of the structure of systems internal organs bodies of fish and their functional significance.
Bird protection. List the birds included in the Red Book of Kazakhstan. can you answer these questions?

2. Habitat and features of the external structure of birds.

3. What are the differences in the external structure of representatives of different orders of reptiles? What is the reason for this?

The world inhabited by living organisms has an impact on them, both direct and indirect. Creatures constantly interact with environment, getting food from it, but at the same time excreting the products of its metabolism.

The environment belongs to:

  • natural - which appeared on Earth independently of human activity;
  • technogenic - created by people;
  • external is everything that is around the body, and also affects its functioning.

How do living organisms change their habitat? They contribute to a change in the gas composition of the air (as a result of photosynthesis) and take part in the formation of the relief, soil, and climate. Through the influence of living beings:

  • increased oxygen content;
  • decreased the amount of carbon dioxide;
  • the composition of the World Ocean water has changed;
  • rocks of organic content appeared.

Thus, the relationship between living organisms and their environment is a strong factor provoking various transformations. There are four distinct living environments.

Ground-air habitat

Includes air and ground parts and is great for reproduction and development of living things. This is a rather complex and diverse environment, which is characterized by a high degree of organization of all living things. Soil exposure to erosion and pollution leads to a decrease in the number of living beings. In the terrestrial world of habitation, organisms have a sufficiently developed external and internal skeleton. This is because the atmosphere is much less dense than water. Quality and structure are considered one of the most important conditions for existence. air masses... They are in continuous motion, so the air temperature can change quite quickly. Living creatures that live in this environment must adapt to its conditions, so they have developed adaptability to sharp fluctuations in temperature.

Aerial and terrestrial habitats are more diverse than aquatic ones. The pressure drops are not so pronounced here, however, there is often a lack of moisture. For this reason, terrestrial living creatures have mechanisms to help them supply water to the body, mainly in arid regions. Plants develop a strong root system and a special waterproof layer on the surface of stems and leaves. Animals have an exceptional structure of the outer covers. Their lifestyle helps to maintain water balance. An example would be migration to watering holes. The composition of the air for terrestrial living beings, which provides the chemical structure of life, also plays an important role. The raw material for photosynthesis is carbon dioxide. Nitrogen is required to combine nucleic acids and proteins.

Adaptation to the habitat

The adaptation of organisms to their habitat depends on their place of residence. Flying species have developed a certain body shape, namely:

  • light limbs;
  • lightweight design;
  • streamlining;
  • the presence of wings for flight.

In climbing animals:

  • long grasping limbs, as well as a tail;
  • thin long body;
  • strong muscles that allow you to tighten the body, as well as throw it from branch to branch;
  • sharp talons;
  • powerful grasping fingers.

Running living creatures have the following features:

  • strong limbs with low weight;
  • reduced number of protective horny hooves on the toes;
  • strong hind and short forelimbs.

In some species of organisms, special adaptations allow them to combine signs of flight and climbing. For example, having climbed a tree, they are capable of long jumps and flights. Other types of living organisms can run fast as well as fly.

Aquatic habitat

Initially, the vital activity of creatures was associated with water. Its features are in salinity, flow, food, oxygen, pressure, light and contribute to the systematization of organisms. Water pollution is very bad for living creatures. For example, due to a decrease in the water level in the Aral Sea, most of the flora and fauna, especially fish, disappeared. A huge variety of living organisms live in the expanses of water. From the water they extract everything they need to carry out life, namely food, water and gases. For this reason, the entire variety of aquatic living creatures must adapt to the main features of existence, which are formed by the chemical and physical properties of water. The salt composition of the environment is also of great importance for aquatic life.

A huge number of representatives of flora and fauna that spend their lives in suspension are regularly found in the water column. The ability to soar is provided by the physical characteristics of the water, that is, the pushing force, as well as by the special mechanisms of the creatures themselves. For example, multiple appendages, which significantly increase the surface of the body of a living organism in comparison with its mass, increase friction against water. Another example of an aquatic habitat is jellyfish. Their ability to stay in a thick layer of water is due to unusual shape a torso that looks like a parachute. In addition, the density of the water is very similar to the density of the body of a jellyfish.

Living organisms whose habitat is water, different ways adjusted to the movement. For example, fish and dolphins have streamlined bodies and fins. They are able to move quickly due to the unusual structure of the outer integument, as well as the presence of special mucus, which reduces friction against water. In some species of beetles living in the aquatic environment, the exhausted air from the respiratory tract is retained between the elytra and the body, thanks to which they are able to rapidly rise to the surface, where air is released into the atmosphere. Most of the protozoa move with the help of cilia that vibrate, for example, ciliates or euglena.

Adaptations for life of aquatic organisms

The different habitats of animals allow them to adapt and live comfortably. The body of organisms is able to reduce friction against water due to the characteristics of the cover:

  • hard, smooth surface;
  • the presence of a soft layer present on the outer surface of the hard body;
  • slime.

The limbs are presented:

  • flippers;
  • webbing for swimming;
  • fins.

The shape of the torso is streamlined and has a wide variety of variations:

  • flattened in the dorsal-abdominal region;
  • round in cross section;
  • flattened from the sides;
  • torpedo-shaped;
  • drop-shaped.

In the aquatic environment, living organisms need to breathe, therefore, the following have been developed:

  • gills;
  • air intakes;
  • breathing tubes;
  • blisters that the lung replaces.

Features of habitat in reservoirs

Water is able to accumulate and retain heat, so this explains the absence of strong temperature fluctuations, which are quite common on land. The most significant property of water is the ability to dissolve other substances in itself, which are later used both for breathing and for feeding organisms living in the water element. In order to breathe, oxygen must be present, so its concentration in water is of great importance. The temperature of the water in the polar seas is close to freezing, but its stability has allowed the formation of certain adaptations that ensure vital activity even in such harsh conditions.

This environment is home to a huge variety of living organisms. Fish, amphibians, large mammals, insects, mollusks, worms live here. The higher the temperature of the water, the less amount of diluted oxygen is in it, which is in fresh water dissolves better than seafood. Therefore, in the waters tropical belt Few organisms live, while polar waters contain a huge variety of plankton, which are used for food by representatives of the fauna, including large cetaceans and fish.

Breathing is realized by the entire surface of the body or by special organs - gills. For healthy breathing, regular water renewal is required, which is achieved by various vibrations, primarily by the movement of the living organism itself or its devices, such as cilia or tentacles. The salt composition of water is also of great importance for life. For example, molluscs and crustaceans require calcium to build a shell or shell.

Soil environment

Located in the upper fertile layer of the earth's crust. This is a rather complex and very important component of the biosphere, which is closely related to the rest of its parts. Some organisms are in the soil all their life, others - half. For plants, the land plays a vital role. What living organisms have mastered the soil habitat? It contains bacteria, animals, and fungi. Life in this environment is largely determined by climatic factors, such as temperature.

Soil habitat adaptations

For a comfortable existence, organisms have special body parts:

  • small digging limbs;
  • long and thin body;
  • digging teeth;
  • streamlined body without protruding parts.

The soil may lack air, as well as it is dense and heavy, which in turn led to the following anatomical and physiological adaptations:

  • strong muscles and bones;
  • resistance to lack of oxygen.

The integuments of the body of underground organisms should allow them to move both forward and backward in dense soil without problems, therefore the following signs have developed:

  • short coat, resistant to abrasion and able to be smoothed back and forth;
  • lack of hairline;
  • special secretions that allow the body to slide.

Specific sense organs have developed:

  • the ears are small or completely absent;
  • no eyes or they are significantly reduced;
  • tactile sensitivity was highly developed.

It is difficult to imagine a vegetation cover without land. Distinctive feature The soil habitat of living organisms is considered to be that the creatures are associated with its substrate. One of the significant differences in this environment is the regular formation of organic matter, usually due to dying plant roots and falling leaves, and this serves as a source of energy for the organisms growing in it. The pressure on land resources and environmental pollution negatively affect the organisms living here. Some species are on the verge of extinction.

Organizational environment

The practical impact of man on the habitat affects the number of populations of animals and plants, thereby increasing or decreasing the number of species, and in some cases, their death. Environmental factors:

  • biotic - associated with the impact of organisms on each other;
  • anthropogenic - associated with human influence on the environment;
  • abiotic - refer to inanimate nature.

Industry is the largest industry in the economy modern society plays a critical role. It affects the environment at all stages of the industrial cycle, from the extraction of raw materials to the disposal of products due to further unsuitability. The main types of negative impact of leading industries on the environment of living organisms:

  • Energy is the basis for the development of industry, transport, Agriculture... The use of almost every fossil (coal, oil, natural gas, wood, nuclear fuel) negatively affects and pollutes natural complexes.
  • Metallurgy. Technogenic dispersion of metals is considered one of the most dangerous aspects of its impact on the environment. The most harmful pollutants are considered: cadmium, copper, lead, mercury. Metals enter the environment at almost all stages of production.
  • The chemical industry is one of the fastest growing industries in many countries. Petrochemical plants emit hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulphides into the atmosphere. The production of alkalis produces hydrogen chloride. Substances such as nitrogen and carbon oxides, ammonia and others are also emitted in large volumes.

Finally

The world inhabited by living organisms has an impact on them, both direct and indirect. Creatures constantly interact with the environment, getting food from it, but at the same time excreting the products of their metabolism. The desert is dry and hot climate limits the existence of most living organisms, as in the polar regions due to cold weather only the most hardy representatives can survive. In addition, they not only adapt to a particular environment, but also evolve.

Plants, by releasing oxygen, maintain oxygen balance in the atmosphere. Living organisms affect the properties and structure of the earth. Tall plants shade the soil, thereby contributing to the creation of a special microclimate and the redistribution of moisture. Thus, on the one hand, the environment changes organisms, helping them to improve through natural selection, and on the other hand, the types of living organisms change the environment.

The environments (habitats) in which organisms live are different. There are four habitats - ground-air, water, soil and organismic (bodies of other organisms).

Water environment connected with water bodies: oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, etc. The waters in them are different, somewhere stagnant, somewhere with strong enough currents, salty and fresh. Many waters have little oxygen and sunlight... With depth, twilight sets in, and after 200 m depth, there is no light at all.

Therefore, plants in water can grow only at a shallow depth, where light still penetrates. The temperature in the aquatic environment does not change so sharply throughout the year and day. There is no negative water temperature, so even in the coldest places it is +4 ° C.

Most aquatic plants are algae. However, among aquatic plants there are also higher plants.

V ground-air habitat the vast majority of plants and almost all higher plants grow. Land plants form forests and meadows, steppes and tundra and others plant communities... The features of the ground-air environment are a large amount of air and light, the presence of wind, in many places there is a strong fluctuation in temperature and humidity depending on the season and day.

The ground-air environment is very diverse. Plants are adapted to specific environmental conditions. Some grow in well-lit areas, others in shaded areas. Some plants do not tolerate cold and live only in warm latitudes, others are adapted to seasonal temperature fluctuations. Because of this variety of environments, the plants of the ground-air environment differ in many different forms.

Soil habitat is located in the soil - the upper fertile layer of the earth's crust. The soil is formed as a mixture of particles of decayed rocks and the remains of living organisms (humus). There is almost no light here, so only small algae can live in the soil. However, there are plant seeds and spores, as well as roots. The soil habitat is inhabited mainly by bacteria, animals and fungi.

Plants can only live in environments to which they are adapted. If you move the plant to a different environment, then it may die.

Therefore, when a person grows cultivated plants, he creates the necessary conditions for their normal growth and development - watering them, fertilizing the soil, getting rid of pests. Wild plants are adapted to specific environmental conditions.

Sections: Biology

This form has been tested in various biology courses and is suitable for all age groups of students. Methodical assistance teachers in this lesson is to control the transformation of educational cubes, formulation and analysis of educational information on them. Lesson on the topic “General characteristics of the order mammals. Features of their structure depending on the environment ”is aimed at achieving the main goal: the formation of a culture of analysis of educational material about mammals and the identification of the dependences of their external structure on ecological habitats. As a result of a step-by-step study, the main issues of the topic are considered: general characteristics of animals, signs of the external structure of mammals, study of body parts, practical observations and advice on the care, maintenance and diversity of mammals, ecological groups of animals and features of their external structure, consolidation of the material in the form of verification of statements ... The practical part of the blocks is represented by instruction cards, which some students completed at home in the form of research projects presented to their classmates. For clarity, high-quality toys and stuffed animals were used - a fox, a goat, a wolf and a wild boar. Part of the lesson was accompanied by a computer presentation with pictures and basic terms.

Theme:« general characteristics mammals. Environment of life, external structure and habitats. "

Lesson objectives:

  • Educational:
    • examine common features class mammals;
    • to form knowledge of the features of the external structure of mammals and their habitats.
  • Developing:
    • remember and consolidate students' knowledge about the ecological characteristics of various groups of mammals;
    • repeat the sequence of work according to the dice algorithm.
  • Upbringing:
    • continue the ability to work in a group,
    • to develop a sense of collectivism and commonwealth, aesthetic perception of the surrounding world.

Didactic and material equipment of the lesson: stuffed mammals, multimedia educational complex 1c-biology, a set of educational cubes, animal figurines.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizational moment

1. Greetings from students.
2. Acquaintance with the topic of the lesson, setting the educational goal and tasks for the students.
3. Repetition of working with the dice algorithm: pointers (triangles) show the rows (horizontal or vertical), and the direction of the arrows and degrees - the angle of rotation of the rows of dice. to facilitate the work, each side has its own color scheme. in case of confusion of cubes, return to the beginning (Figure 1).

II. Updating support zones, motivational states

Warm-up - questions on side 1 ( Annex 1 )

answers: 1. Goat; 2. Yak; 3. Bear; 4. Hedgehog; 5. Tiger; 6. Elephant and horse; 7. Boar; 8. Cougar; 9. Gazelle; 10. Beaver; 11. Sable; 12. Chipmunk; 13. Cat; 14. Marten - kuna; 15. Kit.

III. Formation of new concepts, methods of action

1. "Theriology"- a section of zoology that studies the features of the structure and behavior of mammals.

2. Exploring Side 2 - general characteristics of mammals.(together with the students, all points are spoken and discussed ( Appendix 2 ).

  • mammals have a second name "beasts";
  • about 5000 modern animal species are known;
  • distributed around the globe (students watch the video clip "the origins of mammals and distribution");
  • higher vertebrates;
  • warm-blooded (constant body temperature);
  • the body is covered with hair (hairline);
  • give birth to live babies and feed them with milk;
  • sizes from 4 cm to 33 meters;
  • weight from 1.2 grams to 150 tons;
  • have a large brain with developed anterior hemispheres;
  • have varied and complex behaviors (instincts);
  • all organ systems achieve the greatest differentiation;
  • high development of the nervous system allows you to quickly adapt to environmental conditions;
  • in the class of mammals there are 19 orders, 122 families, 1017 genera, 5237 species of animals;

Famous Russian theriologists are voiced by the students (cube 16).

Project topics:

1. “We took a dog into the house” (examining the dog's fur, vibrissae, behavior and habits when executing commands).
2. "Ruminants" (watching cows, horses, goats while feeding, studying the diversity of ungulates in Kazan).
3. "My cat" (observation of the cat's behavior during pregnancy, grooming the offspring, the behavior of kittens).
4. "Mastering imitation in monkeys, as evidence of the development of the psyche" (research work)

IV. Application of new concepts, methods of action

1. Application of knowledge about the structure of mammals in the field of animal ecology (Party 5, Appendix 5 )

- What phenomenon has allowed mammals to inhabit all environments of life? (Fitness)

Students are again divided into groups in order to recall from the ecology course the signs of the external structure of various ecological groups of animals:

  • Group 1 characterizes chtonobionts and edaphobionts;
  • Group 2 determines the signs of jumping and airborne units;
  • Group 3 characterizes dendrobionts and hydrobionts.

At the end of all the characteristics, the students draw a general conclusion about the adaptability of mammals to various conditions of existence and environments of life.

2. Let's consolidate knowledge(Side 6, Appendix 6 )

Choose the correct statements:

  • Mammals are the highest warm-blooded vertebrates (Yes)
  • The external structure of mammals does not depend on the habitat (No)
  • The skin of mammals is elastic, durable, and has a hairline (Yes)
  • Caring for offspring is especially pronounced in animals giving birth to helpless young (Yes)
  • The life of mammals does not depend on the seasons of the year (No)
  • The embryo develops outside the mother's body (No)
  • Mammals move on land, underground, trees, in water, in the air (Yes)
  • Aquatic mammals descended from land ancestors (Yes)
  • Horny formations of the skin are capable of mutating (Yes)
  • There are many mammary glands, they develop regardless of the number of cubs (Yes)
  • Mammals react to loud sounds with their whole body (Yes)
  • The limbs of mammals can be modified or completely lost. (Yes)
  • The wool of mammals protects against temperature extremes.
  • The tail serves as a rudder or support.
  • Animals have populated all the environments of life on the planet

3. Mystery animal: Determine by what characteristics Cheburashka can be attributed to mammals?