Underwater map of the black sea. The depth of the Black Sea is a useful reference. Currents have an unusual shape

“Bay” is a word derived from the German Bucht (isolated part of the land). Sections of the coast, isolated by the features of the relief, can have large bodies of water. The Crimean bays (75 in total) have a variety of attractions. Some of them have been converted into a series of comfortable beaches.

Details about bathing recreation can be found at http://hochu-na-yuga.ru/krym/. And here we will give only general information about the Tauride waters, sometimes very scanty. It should be noted that the peculiarity of the peninsula is that no one mini-bay is like another. For convenience, all bays are divided by geographic location, and the bays of Sevastopol are placed in a separate section. In the review, we move from the East Bank through the South to the West Bank.

Eastern Crimea bays

The eastern bays of the Crimea lie in two coastal landscapes - steppe (around the city of Kerch and in the Leninsky district), and also small-rocky (southwest of the city of Feodosia).

Kazantip

A huge inflow in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov - between the cape of the same name and the Chagany Peninsula. The length of the coast is 28 kilometers (it is already considered a bay, but the second largest - after Feodosia). The average depth is 8 meters. On different sides of it there are settlements such as Mysovoye and Novootradnoye. The sea edge is sandy shell. The entry into the water here is rather shallow, "childish". Inside there are small coves. About them below.

Arabat

In terms of the length of the water's edge, it is in 2nd place (in the rating eastern Crimea) - after Kazantip. Popular holiday destination. Indeed, in summer, in local shallow waters, the temperature of the Azov water reaches + 29 ° C. In the west, it rests against an elongated braid of the same name. The surface is mostly shell rock. They get here through the villages of Kamenskoye and Zavodskoye. In the east, it borders on the Aktash Upland.

Russian

This is a cove in the west of Cape Kazantip. There is a resort village on its shell rock. It is known only thanks to the elite guest house "Russian Bay" and the proximity to some beaches of the Shchelkino village. The length of the edge is only 4 kilometers.

Tatarskaya

It is located, on the contrary, in the east of Kazantip (the village of Azovskoye), also being a part of it. The shell is small. Very clean. The sea is shallow. The place was chosen by windsurfers.

Wide

This is the harbor of the resort village of Semenovka and the adjacent garden plots.

Turquoise

Southern continuation of Shirokaya Bay (still Semenovka). There is a famous hotel here. Arriving here, you can explore all the iron-ore deposits of the Kerch Peninsula. Just take a closer look at the different layers of the 20-meter pit, the "wall" of the bay.

Kitenskaya

Rest in the bays of Crimea for some tourists is to enjoy the "golden" sands. Some of them arc between the Kiten and Krasny Kut capes (between the villages of Semenovka and Zavodskoye). The highlight of the location is sandy beaches 30 m wide.

Bulganak (Rifov)

Reef Bay this place was nicknamed because of the pitfalls. Thanks to them, many ships ran aground (this point is interesting for divers). In the south and southwest, the shores are steep and steep. On the southeast side is the Yurkino farm. In the background is the city of Temir-Oba.

Marine Corps (Chokrak)

South end of the Perekop Bay

The northernmost bay of the western coast (of those that have recreational significance) is a highly dissected water area, in the north of which there is the city of Krasnoperekopsk. There are sandy beaches in the extreme south of the bay (Portovoye village, Swan Islands) And the sand here is snow-white, although it is mixed with various vegetative sediments and a shell! In fact, this is the southern section of the Perekop Bay.

Bays of Sevastopol

Those bays of the Crimea that are located within the metropolis of Sevastopol are the closest ones. No wonder the aborigines conditionally divide the city into their coastlines. The settlement was created as the largest Crimean port - just taking into account the amazing features of the local (exclusively rocky) coast.

Sevastopol

We are talking about the largest bay of the Black Sea, because its area is 8 square kilometers, and the length of the coastline is almost 25.5 kilometers. It is of strategic importance for the Russian Federation - the main base of our fleet is located here. Not the least important commercial port is also located here. There are marine factories and enterprises. Several more bays are hidden inside this area (like in a large nesting doll). The eastern end of this basin is the estuary of the Chernaya River. And in terms of navigation convenience, only the bays of Hong Kong and Sydney can compare with this corner of the world ocean.

South

The rest of the bays of Sevastopol, lying inside the bay of Sevastopol, do not have such monumental significance. This is the most prestigious place in the city (Marine and Railway stations, Grafskaya pier, Lenin street and many other business card objects are located here).

Quarantine

These bays of Sevastopol (Yuzhnaya and Karantinnaya) are separated by an insignificant Artillery Bay. Unlike the first, the second is two-section.

Sand (New)

Further to the west, the southern side of the Sevastopol Bay continues with this particular water area. The boulevard of the park named after A. Akhmatova and st. Efremova. There is a beach here. It consists of imported sand. This explains the name of the "new" harbor.

Streletskaya

The "deep" bays of Crimea continue to move to the west, the longest is Streletskaya. Around it is Rybatsky Wharf Avenue and the Presidential Cadet School.

Holland

This is the only bay of Sevastopol known to tourists, lying on the northern side of the Sevastopol Bay. On its embankments are the Poklonny Cross, the Kurchatov street square, and a bustling beach.

Cossack

Some bays of the Crimea are offshoots of the bases of larger ones. For example, the Cossack Harbor is the eastern part of the Dvoyaya Bay. Popular with the excavations of Strabonov Chersonesos, an abandoned airfield, three beaches, and also riding on "water parachutes".

Marble (Moon)

It is located far south of the center of the agglomeration - 2.5 kilometers east of Cape Fiolent. Pink limestone is mined here, very similar to marble. It resembles a sickle.

The urban district also includes four more famous bays of Sevastopol:

• Reed - coordinates 44.584000, 33.424937. Oil berths, Rybakov street.
• Salty - coordinates 44.575320, 33.404096. 4 beaches, dolphinarium, airfield museum.
• Artillery - coordinates 44.613761, 33.518766. Kornilov and Klokachev embankments, the Southern Hermitage, a dolphinarium and a zoo, 7 prestigious restaurants.
• Round - coordinates 44.601562, 33.444970. Yacht club, Parus stadium, Omega beach, Green Theater, ruins of ancient settlements, sanatorium, hotel, 3 restaurants and an arboretum (located on Heroes of Stalingrad Avenue).

So, we have selected for you the most curious (from the point of view of travelers) bays of Crimea. Photos are attached to those who are awarded the big story. And also the role of bays can theoretically be played by some lakes, abutting their ends already in the sea, but this is a completely different story ...

All sailing charts and atlases indicate that the average depth of the Black Sea is 1300 meters. From the surface of the water to the bottom of the sea basin, on average, it is almost one and a half kilometers, but what we are used to considering the sea has a depth that is several times less, about 100 meters. Below is a lifeless and deadly poisonous abyss. This discovery was made by a Russian oceanographic expedition in 1890. Measurements showed that the sea is almost entirely filled with dissolved hydrogen sulfide, a poisonous gas with the smell of rotten eggs. In the center of the sea, the hydrogen sulfide zone approaches the surface by about 50 meters, closer to the shores, the depth from where the freeze zone begins increases to 300 meters. In this sense, the Black Sea is unique, it is the only one in the world without a solid bottom. Liquid Convex Lens dead water underlies a thin top layer, where all sea \u200b\u200blife... The underlying lens breathes, swells, occasionally breaking through to the surface due to driving winds. Major breakthroughs happen less often, the last one happened during the Yalta earthquake of 1928, when even far from the sea there was a strong smell of rotten eggs and thunderous lightning flashed on the sea horizon, leaving in burning pillars in the sky (hydrogen sulfide H2S is a flammable and explosive poisonous gas). There are still disputes about the source of hydrogen sulfide in the depths of the Black Sea. Some consider the main source to be the reduction of sulfates by sulfate-reducing bacteria during the decomposition of dead organic matter. Others adhere to the hydrothermal hypothesis, i.e. inflow of hydrogen sulphide from cracks on the seabed. However, there are no contradictions here, apparently both reasons are at work. The Black Sea is designed in such a way that its water exchange with the Mediterranean Sea goes through the shallow Bosphorus sill. Desalinated by river runoff goes into the Sea of \u200b\u200bMarmara and further, and therefore lighter black sea water, and towards it, more precisely under it, through the Bosphorus threshold into the depths of the Black Sea, saltier and heavier Mediterranean water rolls down. It turns out something like a giant sedimentation tank, in the depths of which, over the past six to seven thousand years, hydrogen sulfide has gradually accumulated. You don’t know this yet. Today, this dead stratum is over 90 percent of the volume of the sea. In the 20th century, as a result of sea pollution with organic anthropogenic matter, the border of the hydrogen sulfide zone rose from a depth of 25-50 meters. Simply put, oxygen from the upper thin layer of the sea does not have time to oxidize hydrogen sulfide, which supports from below. Ten years ago, this problem was considered one of the top priorities in the countries of the Black Sea region. Hydrogen sulfide is a potent poisonous and explosive substance. Poisoning occurs at a concentration of 0.05 to 0.07 mg / m3. The maximum permissible concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the air of populated areas is 0.008 mg / m3. According to a number of experts and scientists, a charge equivalent to Hiroshima is sufficient to detonate hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea. In this case, the consequences of the catastrophe will be comparable to the one as if an asteroid with a mass 2 times less than the mass of the Moon crashed into our Earth. Total hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea is more than 20 thousand cubic kilometers. Now the problem has been forgotten due to incomprehensible circumstances. However, the problem has not disappeared from this. In the early 1950s, an upwelling current in Walvis Bay (Namibia) brought a hydrogen sulfide cloud to the surface. Up to one hundred and fifty miles inland, the smell of hydrogen sulfide was felt, the walls of houses darkened. Feeling the smell of rotten eggs already means exceeding the MPC (maximum permissible concentration). In fact, the inhabitants of South West Africa survived the "soft" gas attack. In the Black Sea, a gas attack can be much tougher. Let's say it occurs to someone to mix the sea or at least part of it. Technically, this is, alas, feasible. In the relatively shallow northwestern part of the sea, somewhere halfway between Sevastopol and Constanta, you can conduct an underwater nuclear explosion relatively low power. On the shore, only the instruments will notice him. But after a few hours there, on the shore, they will smell rotten eggs. In the most successful combination of circumstances, in a day, two-thirds of the sea will turn into a fraternal cemetery of marine organisms. In case of dysfunction, coastal settlements, where organisms are no longer marine, will turn into fraternal cemeteries. In the previous two phrases, the evaluative adjectives "successful" and "unsuccessful" can be reversed, this is from what position to look. Poisonous sea If from the position of a person or a group of people who set themselves the goal of paralyzing the peoples of half a dozen countries with horror at once, then it is necessary to change. However, the greed of oil and gas companies is worse than any Ben with his Frankincense. Feeling that the end of the era of hydrocarbon raw materials is very close, and is measured in a couple of decades, after which an era of total stagnation and a complete decline of the raw materials economy will come, businessmen from the state in agony and despair threw the high-pressure pipes for the fuel pipeline right along the bottom of the Black Sea to hell. More obscurantism could hardly have been expected. This is such a disposable weekend construction, which cannot be repaired and prevented under conditions of explosive hydrogen sulfide. Everyone still remembers the Adler-Novosibirsk passenger train, which was completely burned down due to a fuel pipeline accident. You don't need to be an expert chemist or physicist to understand what happens if a fuel pipeline breaks in the deep layers of the Black Sea hydrogen sulfide. No comments. Thousands of businessmen who make resort money on the exploitation of the Black Sea are unaware that their business will soon end, and the Black Sea coast will turn from a resort area into an ecological disaster zone dangerous for human life. This is especially true of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, where, according to scientists, a large amount of hydrogen sulfide is most likely to be released into the atmosphere. Twenty years ago, having familiarized themselves with the calculations of scientists in the Black Sea, scientists plotted a decrease in the surface layer of water from 1890 to 2020. The continuation of the curve of the graph reached 15 meters of the layer thickness by 2010. And it has already been noted near the Caucasus in 2007. This was even reported on May 30, 2007 by radio in Sochi. There were reports about mass death dolphins in the Black Sea. And the local people themselves felt a certain dead spirit from the sea. In the area of \u200b\u200bNew Athos, the sea is already different from what it was 20-30 years ago, in the afternoon the water is muddy, yellow, dead fish and even dead animals. Many businessmen understood the whole pointlessness of their ideas of participation in investing in the resort business on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. No one thinks about the fact that a catastrophe is coming, and it is not far off, but very close. Many locals have a feeling that the 2014 Olympics will be held as the farewell of an unreasonable person to the Black Sea. Millions of people living on the Black Sea coast will be forced to move farther from the coast because of the danger of dying from asphyxiation from hydrogen sulfide and lack of oxygen in the air. And before this general flight of residents from resort cities, mass diseases of residents of the coastal zone with fatal outcomes may begin. The end of the Black Sea resorts will come! This will be a worthy payback for people for their admiration for the power of the Golden Calf, for their contempt for nature, for their ignorance of environmental safety issues. Indeed, with a reasonable approach to business, it is possible to wrap up threatening troubles for the benefit of the economy and energy. The Black Sea water contains silver and gold. If you extract all the silver in the Black Sea water, then this would amount to approximately 540 thousand tons. If you extract all the gold, then this would amount to approximately 270 thousand tons. Methods for extracting gold and silver from the Black Sea water have long been developed. The very first primitive installations were based on ion exchangers, special ion-exchange resins that are capable of attaching to themselves the ions of substances dissolved in water. But in an industrial way, in its own way special technologies , silver and gold are extracted from the Black Sea water only by Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania. It is known that at a depth below 50 meters, the deep layers of the Black Sea are a colossal storehouse of hydrogen sulfide (about a billion tons). Hydrogen sulphide is a combustible gas that, when burned, provides an appropriate amount of heat. In other words, it is a fuel that can and should be used. During the combustion of hydrogen sulfide according to the reaction: 2H2S + 3O2 \u003d 2H2O + 2SO2, heat is released in an amount of about 268 kcal (with an excess of oxygen). Compare with the amount of heat released during the combustion of hydrogen in oxygen by the reaction: H2 + 1/2 O2\u003e H2O (about 68.4 kcal / mol is released). Since the first reaction produces sulfur dioxide (a harmful product), it is certainly better to use hydrogen as a fuel in the composition of hydrogen sulfide, which can be obtained by heating hydrogen sulfide by the reaction: H2S H2 + S3 To decompose hydrogen sulfide, it needs to be slightly heated. Reaction (3) will make it possible to obtain sulfur from the Black Sea water. If we carry out the reactions for the combustion of hydrogen sulfide in atmospheric oxygen: 2Н2S + 3О2 \u003d 2Н2О + 2SO2, then for the combustion of the resulting sulfur dioxide: SO2 +? O2 \u003d SO3, then according to the interaction of three sulfur oxides with water: SO3 + H2O \u003d H2SO4, then, as you know, we can get sulfuric acid with associated heat production in an appropriate amount. The production of sulfuric acid produces about 194 kcal / mol. Thus, either hydrogen and sulfur or sulfuric acid can be obtained from the water of the Black Sea, with the associated heat production in an appropriate amount. All that remains is to extract hydrogen sulphide from the deep layers of the sea. This is confusing at first. One of the scientific developments proceeds from the fact that in order to raise the deep layers of sea water saturated with hydrogen sulfide, it is not at all necessary to spend energy on pumping it. According to this scientific development, it is proposed to lower a pipe with strong walls to a depth of 80 meters and once raise water along it from a depth in order to obtain a gas-water fountain in the pipe due to the difference in the hydrostatic pressure of water in the sea at the level of the lower cut of the channel and the pressure of the gas-water mixture on that the same level inside the channel (recall that every 10 meters, the pressure in the sea rises by one atmosphere). The analogy is with a bottle of champagne. Opening the bottle, we lower the pressure in it, because of which the gas begins to evolve in the form of bubbles, and so intensely that the bubbles, floating up, push the champagne in front of them. Pumping a column of water out of the pipe for the first time is exactly the opening of the plug. It is reported that a group of scientists from Kherson, back in 1990, carried out a ground experiment confirming the operation of such a fountain until the hydrogen sulfide in the sea runs out. The full-scale marine experiment also ended successfully. A very illustrative example, when the existence of life is threatened, the planet is saved by a bunch of lonely heroes, who, in addition, are hindered by the government and everything around. And where is the whole state potential, with its scientific power, computers, programs, asked at this time? Black Sea disaster Skeptics can easily check the data on their fingers by sailing farther into the sea and dipping into the water a thick hose with a load at the end. It is not recommended only to smoke at this time, so that it does not work out, as in Chukovsky's poems. Many people probably remember the words of Korney Chukovsky's poem: "And the chanterelles took the matches, went to the blue sea, lit the blue sea." But few people know that the children's poems of Korney Chukovsky are very carefully studied by astrologers: as in the quatrains of Michel Nostradamus, these poems contain a lot of interesting predictions. Leonid Utyosov helped with the geo-referencing of the "place of arson": "The bluest in the world is my Black Sea!" Until recently, this sea was practically the only resting place for the inhabitants of the whole country - the USSR. Even the great schemer, Ostap Bender, showed up there in search of twelve chairs. And for a little he did not pay with his life in Yalta at the time of the famous Crimean earthquake of 1928. By coincidence, there was a thunderstorm at the time of the earthquake. Lightning struck everywhere. Including at sea. And suddenly something completely unexpected happened: columns of flame began to burst out of the water to a height of 500-800 meters. These are the matches and chanterelles. Chemists know two types of hydrogen sulfide oxidation reaction: H2S + O \u003d H2O + S; H2S + 4O + to \u003d H2SO4. The first reaction produces free sulfur and water. The second type of H2S oxidation reaction proceeds explosively during the initial thermal shock. The result is sulfuric acid. It was the second course of the H2S oxidation reaction that the residents of Yalta observed during the earthquake in 1928. Seismic tremors have stirred deep-sea hydrogen sulfide to the surface. The electrical conductivity of an aqueous solution of H2S is higher than that of pure sea \u200b\u200bwater ... Therefore, electrical lightning discharges most often fell precisely in the areas of hydrogen sulfide raised from a depth. However, a significant layer of clean surface water extinguished the chain reaction. By the beginning of the 20th century, the upper habitable water layer in the Black Sea was 200 meters. Thoughtless technogenic activity has led to a sharp reduction in this layer. At present, in some places its thickness does not exceed 10-15 meters. During a severe storm, hydrogen sulfide rises to the surface, and vacationers can smell a characteristic smell. At the beginning of the century, the Don River supplied up to 36 km3 of fresh water to the Azov-Black Sea basin. By the beginning of the 1980s, this volume had decreased to 19 km3: metallurgical industry, irrigation facilities, irrigation of fields, city water pipelines. The commissioning of the Volgodonsk nuclear power plant took another 4 km3 of water. A similar situation has occurred during the years of industrialization in other rivers of the basin. As a result of the thinning of the surface habitable layer of water, a sharp decrease in biological organisms occurred in the Black Sea. So, for example, in the 50s, the dolphin population reached 8 million individuals. Nowadays, it has become a rarity to meet dolphins in the Black Sea. Fans of underwater sports sadly observe only the remnants of miserable vegetation and rare schools of fish, rapana disappeared. Few people think, for example, that all sea souvenirs sold along the Black Sea coast (decorative shells, mollusks, starfish, corals, etc.) have nothing to do with the Black Sea. Traders bring these goods from other seas and oceans. And even mussels have almost disappeared in the Black Sea. Since ancient times, the sturgeon, horse mackerel, mackerel, bonito, which have been harvested, disappeared back in the 1990s as a commercial species. (That is, there are no more scows full of mullet, which Kostya brought to Odessa, and in general no one adores anyone for a long time). But this is not the worst thing! If the Crimean earthquake happened today, then everything would end in a global catastrophe: billions of tons of hydrogen sulfide are covered by the thinnest water film. What is the scenario of a probable cataclysm? As a result of the primary thermal shock, a volumetric explosion of H2S will occur. This can lead to powerful tectonic processes and shifts of lithospheric plates, which, in turn, will cause destructive earthquakes around the globe. But that is not all! The explosion will release billions of tons of concentrated sulfuric acid into the atmosphere. These will no longer be modern weak acid showers after our factories and plants. Acid rains after the explosion of the Black Sea will burn out all living and nonliving on the planet! Or almost everything. Nature is wise! The origin of life on the planet is too expensive from an energy-information point of view. Almost all biological forms on earth have a carbon base for the structure of the organism, and DNA with left polarization. But, as modern microbiologists know, there are 4 types of bacteria with right-handed DNA polarization. These bacteria "live" on the planet in conditions completely isolated from other forms. They were found in the sour boiling water of volcanoes! Apparently, it is these bacteria that will give a new impetus to the development of life on Earth if our civilization fails to become intelligent and nevertheless ends up with global suicide! P.S. In order to clarify, one more detail needs to be clarified: when reading the article, it may seem that at the depth of the Black Sea there is not a solution of hydrogen sulfide in water, but a huge bubble of pure hydrogen sulfide gas, which, for some unknown reason, cannot float to the surface by itself and can explode ... In fact, there is just a solution of hydrogen sulfide acid, ie. there is just mineral water. The same as in many hydrogen sulfide mineral springs, which hit on the surface and do not explode anything around. So, as you can see, there are many opinions on this matter.

This discovery was made by a Russian oceanographic expedition in 1890. Measurements showed that the sea is almost entirely filled with dissolved hydrogen sulfide, a poisonous gas with the smell of rotten eggs. In the center of the sea, the hydrogen sulfide zone approaches the surface by about 50 meters, closer to the shores, the depth from where the freeze zone begins increases to 300 meters. In this sense, the Black Sea is unique, it is the only one in the world without a solid bottom.

The liquid convex lens of dead water underlies the thin upper layer where all marine life is concentrated. The underlying lens breathes, swells, occasionally breaking through to the surface due to driving winds. Major breakthroughs happen less often, the last one occurred during the Yalta earthquake of 1928, when even far from the sea there was a strong smell of rotten eggs and thunderous lightning flashed on the sea horizon, leaving burning columns in the sky (hydrogen sulfide H2S is a flammable and explosive poisonous gas).

There are still disputes about the source of hydrogen sulfide in the depths of the Black Sea. Some consider the main source to be the reduction of sulfates by sulfate-reducing bacteria during the decomposition of dead organic matter. Others adhere to the hydrothermal hypothesis, i.e. inflow of hydrogen sulphide from cracks on the seabed.

However, there are no contradictions here, apparently both reasons work. The Black Sea is designed in such a way that its water exchange with the Mediterranean Sea goes through the shallow Bosphorus threshold. Desalinated by river runoff, and therefore lighter Black Sea water, goes further into the Sea of \u200b\u200bMarmara, and towards it, more precisely under it, saltier and heavier Mediterranean water rolls down through the Bosphorus threshold into the depths of the Black Sea. It turns out something like a giant sedimentation tank, in the depths of which, over the past six to seven thousand years, hydrogen sulfide has gradually accumulated.

Today, this dead mass accounts for over 90 percent of the volume of the sea. In the 20th century, as a result of sea pollution with organic anthropogenic matter, the border of the hydrogen sulfide zone rose from a depth of 25-50 meters. Simply put, oxygen from the upper thin layer of the sea does not have time to oxidize hydrogen sulfide, which supports from below.

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_More
On October 31, 1996, Bulgaria, Georgia, Russia, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine adopted a Strategic Action Plan for the Protection and Restoration of the Black Sea. In memory of this event, on October 31 in the countries of the Black Sea region, the International Day of the Black Sea is celebrated, a campaign to clean the beaches, and other environmental actions are being carried out. According to a number of experts, the ecological state of the Black Sea has worsened over the past decade, despite the decline in economic activity in a number of Black Sea countries. President of the Crimean Academy of Sciences Viktor Tarasenko expressed the opinion that the Black Sea is the dirtiest sea in the world

Ten years ago, this problem was considered one of the top priorities in the countries of the Black Sea region. Hydrogen sulfide is a potent poisonous and explosive substance. Poisoning occurs at a concentration of 0.05 to 0.07 mg / m3. The maximum permissible concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the air of populated areas is 0.008 mg / m3. According to a number of experts and scientists, a charge equivalent to Hiroshima is sufficient to detonate hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea. In this case, the consequences of the catastrophe will be comparable to that as if an asteroid with a mass 2 times less than the mass of the Moon crashed into our Earth.

Total hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea is more than 20 thousand cubic kilometers. Now the problem has been forgotten due to incomprehensible circumstances. However, the problem has not disappeared from this.
In the early 1950s, an upwelling current in Walvis Bay (Namibia) brought a hydrogen sulfide cloud to the surface. Up to one hundred and fifty miles inland, the smell of hydrogen sulfide was felt, the walls of houses darkened. Feeling the smell of rotten eggs already means exceeding the MPC (maximum permissible concentration). In fact, the inhabitants of South West Africa survived the "soft" gas attack. In the Black Sea, a gas attack can be much tougher.

Let's say it occurs to someone to mix the sea or at least part of it. Technically, this is, alas, feasible. In the relatively shallow northwestern part of the sea, somewhere halfway between Sevastopol and Constanta, an underwater nuclear explosion of relatively low power can be carried out. On the shore, only the instruments will notice him. But after a few hours there, on the shore, they will smell rotten eggs. In the most successful combination of circumstances, in a day, two-thirds of the sea will turn into a fraternal cemetery of marine organisms. In case of dysfunction, coastal settlements, where organisms are no longer marine, will turn into fraternal cemeteries. In the previous two phrases, the evaluative adjectives "successful" and "unsuccessful" can be reversed, this is from what position to look.

If from the position of a person or a group of people who set themselves the goal of paralyzing the peoples of half a dozen countries with horror at once, then it is necessary to change. However, the greed of oil and gas companies is worse than any Ben with his Frankincense. Feeling that the end of the era of hydrocarbon raw materials is very close, and is measured in a couple of decades, after which an era of total stagnation and a complete decline of the raw material economy will come, businessmen from the state of Russia, in agony and despair, threw high-pressure pipes to the bottom for a fuel pipeline right along the bottom of the Black Sea ... More obscurantism could hardly have been expected!

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Stream
Blue Stream is a gas pipeline between Russia and Turkey, laid along the bottom of the Black Sea. The total length of the gas pipeline is 1213 km. The Blue Stream pipeline was built within the framework of the Russian-Turkish agreement of 1997, according to which Russia is to supply 364.5 billion cubic meters to Turkey. m of gas in 2000—2025

This is such a disposable weekend construction, which cannot be repaired and prevented under conditions of explosive hydrogen sulfide. Everyone still remembers the Adler-Novosibirsk passenger train, which was completely burned down due to a fuel pipeline accident. You don't need to be an expert chemist or physicist to understand what happens if a fuel pipeline breaks in the deep layers of the Black Sea hydrogen sulfide. No comments.

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_stream
South Stream is a Russian-Italian-French-German gas pipeline project, which is being laid along the bottom of the Black Sea from the Anapa region to the Bulgarian port of Varna. Further, its two branches will pass through the Balkan Peninsula to Italy and Austria, although their exact routes have not yet been approved. The construction of the gas pipeline began on December 7, 2012 and is scheduled to be completed in 2015. The planned capacity of the South Stream is 63 billion cubic meters of gas per year. The estimated cost of the project is 16 billion euros. May 15 - construction of the Kazachya compressor station began in the Krasnodar Territory. The total design capacity of the Kazachya station will be 200 MW, from which gas at a pressure of 11.8 MPa (!) Will be supplied to the Russkaya compressor station, and from there it will be sent to the South Stream.

Thousands of businessmen who make resort money on the exploitation of the Black Sea are unaware that their business will end soon, and the Black Sea coast will turn from a resort area into an environmental disaster zone dangerous for human life. This is especially true of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, where, according to scientists, a large amount of hydrogen sulfide is most likely to be released into the atmosphere. Twenty years ago, having familiarized themselves with the calculations of scientists in the Black Sea, scientists plotted a decrease in the surface layer of water from 1890 to 2020. The continuation of the curve of the graph reached 15 meters of layer thickness by 2010. And it has already been noted near the Caucasus in 2007. It was even reported on May 30, 2007 by radio in Sochi. There were reports of mass deaths of dolphins in the Black Sea. And the local people themselves felt a certain dead spirit from the sea. In the area of \u200b\u200bNew Athos, the sea is already different from what it was 20-30 years ago, in the afternoon the water is muddy, yellow, dead fish and even dead animals.

Many businessmen understood the whole pointlessness of their ideas of participation in investing in the resort business on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Nobody thinks about the fact that a disaster is coming, and it is not far off, but very close. Many locals have a feeling that the 2014 Olympics will be held as the farewell of an unreasonable person to the Black Sea. Millions of people living on the Black Sea coast will be forced to move farther from the coast because of the danger of dying from asphyxiation from hydrogen sulfide and lack of oxygen in the air. And before this general flight of residents from resort cities, mass diseases of residents of the coastal zone with fatal outcomes may begin. The end of the Black Sea resorts will come!

This will be a worthy payback for people for their admiration for the power of the Golden Calf, for their contempt for nature, for their ignorance of environmental safety issues. Indeed, with a reasonable approach to business, it is possible to turn threatening troubles to the benefit of the economy and energy.

The Black Sea water contains silver and gold. If you extract all the silver in the Black Sea water, then this would amount to approximately 540 thousand tons. If you extract all the gold, then this would amount to approximately 270 thousand tons. Methods for extracting gold and silver from the Black Sea water have long been developed. The very first primitive installations were based on ion exchangers, special ion-exchange resins that are capable of attaching to themselves the ions of substances dissolved in water. But only Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania extract silver and gold from the Black Sea water industrially, according to their special technologies. (Why not Ukraine and Russia?)

It is known that at a depth below 50 meters, the deep layers of the Black Sea are a colossal storehouse of hydrogen sulfide (about a billion tons). Hydrogen sulphide is a combustible gas that, when burned, provides an appropriate amount of heat. In other words, it is a fuel that can and should be used. During the combustion of hydrogen sulfide according to the reaction: 2H2S + 3O2 \u003d 2H2O + 2SO2, heat is released in an amount of about 268 kcal (with an excess of oxygen). Compare with the amount of heat released during the combustion of hydrogen in oxygen by the reaction: H2 + 1/2 O2\u003e H2O (about 68.4 kcal / mol is released). Since the first reaction produces sulfur dioxide (a harmful product), it is certainly better to use hydrogen as a fuel in the composition of hydrogen sulfide, which can be obtained by heating hydrogen sulfide by the reaction:
H2S H2 + S3

To decompose hydrogen sulphide, it requires a slight heating. Reaction (3) will make it possible to obtain sulfur from the Black Sea water. If you carry out reactions for the combustion of hydrogen sulfide in atmospheric oxygen:
2H2S + 3O2 \u003d 2H2O + 2SO2,
then by burning the obtained sulfur dioxide:
SO2 +? O2 \u003d SO3,
then on the interaction of three sulfur oxides with water:
SO3 + H2O \u003d H2SO4,
then, as you know, we can get sulfuric acid with associated heat production in an appropriate amount. The production of sulfuric acid produces about 194 kcal / mol. Thus, either hydrogen and sulfur or sulfuric acid can be obtained from the water of the Black Sea, with the associated heat production in an appropriate amount. All that remains is to extract hydrogen sulphide from the deep layers of the sea. This is confusing at first.

http://www.aif.ru/techno/article/54243/4

One of the scientific developments proceeds from the fact that in order to raise the deep layers of sea water saturated with hydrogen sulfide, it is not at all necessary to spend energy on pumping it. According to this scientific development, it is proposed to lower a pipe with strong walls to a depth of 80 meters and once raise water along it from a depth in order to obtain a gas-water fountain in the pipe due to the difference in the hydrostatic pressure of water in the sea at the level of the lower cut of the channel and the pressure of the gas-water mixture on that the same level inside the channel (recall that every 10 meters, the pressure in the sea rises by one atmosphere). The analogy is with a bottle of champagne. Opening the bottle, we lower the pressure in it, because of which the gas begins to evolve in the form of bubbles, and so intensely that the bubbles, floating up, push the champagne in front of them. Pumping a column of water out of the pipe for the first time is just the opening of the plug.

It is reported that a group of scientists from Kherson, back in 1990, carried out a ground experiment confirming the operation of such a fountain until the hydrogen sulfide in the sea runs out. The full-scale marine experiment also ended successfully. A very illustrative example, when the existence of life is threatened, the planet is saved by a bunch of lonely heroes, who, in addition, are hindered by the government and everything around. And where is the whole state potential, with its scientific power, computers, programs, asked at this time?

Skeptics can easily check the data on their fingers by sailing out to sea and plunging a thick hose with a load at the end into the water. It is not recommended only to smoke at this time, so that it does not work out, as in Chukovsky's poems. Many people probably remember the words of Korney Chukovsky's poem: "And the chanterelles took matches, went to the blue sea, lit the blue sea."

But few people know that the children's poems of Korney Chukovsky are very carefully studied by astrologers: as in the quatrains of Michel Nostradamus, these poems contain a lot of interesting predictions. Leonid Utyosov helped with the geographic referencing of the "place of arson": "The bluest in the world is my Black Sea!" Until recently, this sea was practically the only resting place for the inhabitants of the whole country - the USSR. Even the great schemer, Ostap Bender, showed up there in search of twelve chairs. And for a little he did not pay with his life in Yalta at the time of the famous Crimean earthquake of 1928. By "coincidence", there was a thunderstorm at the time of the earthquake. Lightning struck everywhere. Including at sea. And suddenly something completely unexpected happened: columns of flame began to burst out of the water to a height of 500-800 meters. These are the matches and chanterelles. Chemists know two types of hydrogen sulfide oxidation reaction: H2S + O \u003d H2O + S;
H2S + 4O + to \u003d H2SO4.

The first reaction produces free sulfur and water. The second type of H2S oxidation reaction proceeds explosively during the initial thermal shock. The result is sulfuric acid. It was the second course of the H2S oxidation reaction that the residents of Yalta observed during the earthquake in 1928. Seismic tremors have stirred deep-sea hydrogen sulfide to the surface. The electrical conductivity of an aqueous solution of H2S is higher than that of pure seawater. Therefore, electrical lightning discharges most often fell precisely in the areas of hydrogen sulfide raised from a depth. However, a significant layer of clean surface water extinguished the chain reaction. By the beginning of the 20th century, the upper habitable water layer in the Black Sea was 200 meters. Thoughtless technogenic activity has led to a sharp reduction in this layer. At present, in some places its thickness does not exceed 10-15 meters. During a severe storm, hydrogen sulfide rises to the surface, and vacationers can smell a characteristic smell.

At the beginning of the century, the Don River supplied up to 36 km3 of fresh water to the Azov-Black Sea basin. By the beginning of the 1980s, this volume had decreased to 19 km3: metallurgical industry, irrigation facilities, irrigation of fields, city water pipelines. The commissioning of the Volgodonsk nuclear power plant took another 4 km3 of water. A similar situation has occurred during the years of industrialization in other rivers of the basin. As a result of the thinning of the surface habitable layer of water, a sharp decrease in biological organisms occurred in the Black Sea. So, for example, in the 50s, the dolphin population reached 8 million individuals.

Nowadays, it has become a rarity to meet dolphins in the Black Sea. Fans of underwater sports sadly observe only the remnants of miserable vegetation and rare schools of fish, rapana disappeared. Few people think, for example, that all sea souvenirs sold along the Black Sea coast (decorative shells, mollusks, starfish, corals, etc.) have nothing to do with the Black Sea. Traders bring these goods from other seas and oceans. And even mussels have almost disappeared in the Black Sea. Since ancient times, the sturgeon, horse mackerel, mackerel, bonito, which have been harvested, disappeared back in the 1990s as a commercial species. (That is, there are no more scows full of mullet, which Kostya brought to Odessa, and in general no one adores anyone for a long time).

But this is not the worst thing! If the Crimean earthquake happened today, then everything would end in a global catastrophe: billions of tons of hydrogen sulfide are covered by the thinnest water film. What is the scenario of a probable cataclysm? As a result of the primary thermal shock, a volumetric explosion of H2S will occur. This can lead to powerful tectonic processes and shifts of lithospheric plates, which, in turn, will cause destructive earthquakes around the globe. But that is not all! The explosion will release billions of tons of concentrated sulfuric acid into the atmosphere.

These will no longer be modern weak acid showers after our factories and plants. Acid rains after the explosion of the Black Sea will burn out all living and nonliving on the planet! Or almost everything. Nature is wise! The origin of life on the planet is too expensive from an energy-information point of view. Almost all biological forms on earth have a carbon base for the structure of the organism, and DNA with left polarization. But, as modern microbiologists know, there are 4 types of bacteria with right-handed DNA polarization. These bacteria "live" on the planet in conditions completely isolated from other forms. They were found in the sour boiling water of volcanoes!

Apparently, it is these bacteria that will give a new impetus to the development of life on Earth if our civilization fails to become intelligent and nevertheless ends up with global suicide!
Attempts to grow wiser are still hard to see. Humanity rushes headlong towards what is called a catastrophe.

Bonus: More about the secrets of the Black Sea:

The millionth treasure of the lost ship

In 1854 the ship with the romantic name "Black Prince" sailed to Black Sea... On board there was a lot of gold intended for payment to the soldiers who took part in the Crimean War. During the storm, the ship was wrecked. The news of a sunken ship with an invaluable treasure spread throughout Europe. But numerous searches were never crowned with success. Jewelry still rests at the bottom of the Black Sea. http://faktu-week.ictv.ua/ua/index/view-media/id/37647

Giant waves

As you know, the waves of the Black Sea are famous for their relatively calm nature. Their height does not exceed 1-2 m, and their length reaches a maximum of 14 m. http://faktu-week.ictv.ua/ua/index/view-media/id/37649 But in the twentieth century, the Black Sea decided to show its character - scientists recorded waves 25 m high and 200 m long. Scientists then emphasized the singularity of such waves: “The Black Sea has too small an area for waves in it to reach high speed and high altitude Others believe that strong underwater earthquakes sometimes occur on the Black Sea, which cause giant waves; the nature of such shocks has not been fully investigated by scientists to this day. " In turn, any waves over 8 meters pose a catastrophic hazard to oil and gas platforms on the Black Sea shelf.
http://faktu-week.ictv.ua/ua/index/view-media/id/37650

The material published in this post is an internet media review on the Black Sea topic. http://planeta.moy.su/blog/v_glubinakh_chernogo_morja_vozmozhen_vzryv_serovodoroda/2011-11-15-9793

The maximum depth of the Black Sea reaches 2.210 meters.

The depth is different

This can be judged, in particular, even by the resort city of Anapa, which has the status of the All-Russian health resort for family and children's recreation and treatment and one of the five resort areas of the Russian Black Sea region. And we know that in addition to Anapa, these zones also include Sochi, Gelendzhik, Tuapse, and since 2010, Taman, where the largest deposits of medicinal mud in Europe have been discovered, including in mud volcanoes, the number of which exceeds three dozen. The sixth resort area is the Crimea peninsula, which has returned under the wing of its historical homeland.
So about the depth of the sea near Anapa and its resort villages. Starting from the Anapka river and in the direction of Taman go one after another Dzhemete, Vityazevo, the village of Blagoveshchenskaya, not counting the smaller settlements such as Vinogradny or the same Pyatikhatki, which are located near sandy beaches that stretch for as much as forty kilometers and even with dunes, as in desert, overgrown with local olives and golden hills up to ten or twelve meters high. No other state in Europe that overlooks the Black Sea region has such a priceless placer of gold. And the ancient river Kuban left it in memory of people, which had flowed earlier into the Black Sea and suddenly betrayed it and turned abruptly to the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov. The sometimes strong winds that occur here constantly carry sand into the sea, and therefore it is shallow near the named resort villages and part of Anapa itself. You have to step back not a dozen meters from the shore, so that the water will become your poppy. And it is very safe for kids and adults who cannot swim. But if in Anapa you go to the beaches of the Vysoky Bereg, then be very careful and prudent! There is no shallow bottom - just depth! The same is in other places of Bolshoy and Maly Utrish or in the area of \u200b\u200bthe same Sukko.

If you count to the maximum?

It turns out that the seabed from the surface is 2250 meters. Can you imagine a depth of two and a quarter kilometers ?! Alas, only 1300 meters from the surface are suitable for the study of scientists: the environment, which is deadly for humans and all living things, goes deeper - solid hydrogen sulfide, which occupies almost 90 percent of the volume of the entire reservoir, and is also explosive. And at a depth after two hundred meters, only anaerobic bacteria can live.

Spawn of the World Ocean Tethys

It rolled its mighty waters during the Mesozoic era between 30 and 40 million years ago between the ancient continents of Gondwana and Laurasia. As a result of natural disasters, the mountains of the Caucasus and the Alps that arose from its depths shattered it, including into one of the Sarmatian seas. In its place is now the Aral, Azov, Caspian and Black seas. By the way, the world ocean Tethys is associated with the biblical world flood. Especially when the oldest fossils of their inhabitants are found at the bottom of reservoirs. And not only the underwater world. So the modern Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas are relics of the ancient world ocean Tethys. To clarify - the Black Sea is at the same time the inland sea of \u200b\u200bthe basin Atlantic Ocean... The Bosphorus Strait connects with the Sea of \u200b\u200bMarmara, through the Dardanelles Strait with the Aegean and Mediterranean seas, and through the Kerch Strait - with the Azov Sea. Such is the geography! We add to what has been said - from the north, the Crimean peninsula cuts deep into the sea. And on the surface of the sea lies the border between Europe and Asia.

Reservoir parameters

By human standards, the Black Sea is large enough. Some scientists are inclined that its area is 422,000 square kilometers, but there are other researchers who raise the named bar to 436,400 square kilometers. In time, the truth will, of course, be established. We called the maximum depth 2250 meters. But the average is much less - 1300 meters. The volume of water in the reservoir is 555 thousand cubic meters. It is maximum 580 kilometers wide. There are claims of scientists that the Black Sea was formed 7500 years ago. As a result of rising sea levels. Before that it was a fresh lake. The bottom drops gradually. A depth of one hundred meters is observed a kilometer from the shores of Odessa, the resorts of the Caucasus and Crimea, then the bottom drops sharply to a depth of up to a kilometer, and then there is a deep-water mountain basin. An explosive hydrogen sulphide environment occurs in places after a depth of 120-125 meters. Some legends are associated with it. So, according to one of them, a certain magician Ali hid his fiery sword in the waters of Tamariad. In strong earthquakes, its reflections make themselves felt. Two powerful earthquakes, for example, occurred in the Crimea in 1927. June 26 and on the night of September 11-12. The strength of the shocks on the shore was more than six points. The sea was calm before. And suddenly a terrible hum was heard. The waters seemed to go berserk. Moreover, a hellish flame burst out of them, and in places whole fiery curtains arose. And, in particular, thirty kilometers west of Sevastopol. Fiery flashes were visible in Anapa, and in Evpatoria, and in Sudak. According to scientists, methane emissions from the waters to the surface ignited. In addition, thunder rumbled in the sky and lightning flashed. Both people and all living things around were mortally frightened. And thank God that huge volumes of hydrogen sulfide are reliably covered by the depths of the sea! By the way, this was not the only destructive earthquake with fiery whirlwinds over the abyss. The oldest is marked by the 63rd year BC. Then it was in 480 AD, which lasted for forty days and destroyed entire settlements on the coast. With the same fiery curtains and separate flashes of fire on the surface of the waters. Yes, the wizard Ali, and in the next world, with his sword hidden in the depths of the sea, does not give rest to everything in his vicinity!

Black Sea countries

There are seven of them - Russia, Turkey, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Georgia and Abkhazia. In other places, the bottom near the beaches gradually decreases. In others, it drops abruptly into the abyss. But the parameters of the maximum and average depths for them remain the same as we have given - 2550 and 1300. By the way, the Black Sea did not always bear its present name. The ancient Greeks spoke with trepidation that it was not hospitable, in their language - Pontus Aksinsky. For the reason that its shores were inaccessible in places, and their inhabitants were cruel and warlike. And do not bring, Zeus the Thunderer, to be at sea during a fierce storm. Everything around seemed black-black - both the sky overhead and the waters themselves. But with the development of the shores, the establishment of trade and other ties with the tribes of the Caucasus who lived along the coast, the opinion of the descendants of the ancient Greeks has drastically changed. The Black Sea was named - Pontus Euxinsky - a hospitable sea. But there were also other names - in the tenth and fourteenth centuries - the Russian Sea. The Iranians and Scythians called the sea dark or, in their language, respectively, Ashkhaena and Teng. The current name - the Black Sea, according to scientists, was given by the nomadic Turks Central Asia - Kara Denise, that's how they sounded.

The entire coastline of the Black Sea exceeds 3400 kilometers. From north to south, it stretches in maximum terms for more than 580 kilometers. If we talk about the Russian Black Sea region, then it stretches from Adler to Taman for 1,171 kilometers plus another 750 kilometers of the coastline of the Crimean Peninsula. Most of the coast of our country is the Russian Riviera, the subtropics are, in fact, a huge resort area. In which there are more than a thousand sanatoriums, boarding houses, hotels. More than twenty million of both Russians themselves and guests from near and far abroad can relax and heal in them a year. The Black Sea is considered the warmest in our country. The average water temperature, for example, in February is 6-8 degrees, and in August - 25. But in summer it can be even higher. You can swim in it, counting, from May to October inclusive. And sometimes the summer Black Sea simply surprises vacationers. An evil north-west (northeast wind) is flying in, and the water, which last night was in plus for 25 degrees, suddenly becomes icy - at 12-14 degrees. The holidaymakers just shy away from her! But there is nothing surprising in this phenomenon: the wind blowing towards the sea drives away warm water from the coast, and instead of it, ice rises from the depths. But a day or two pass and the water temperature rises to a comfortable one.

The depths of the sea are inexhaustible

For the simple reason that it is fed by the high-water rivers flowing into it - the Dniester, the Southern Bug, the Dnieper, the Kuban (although it flows into the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, it is connected with the Black Kerch Strait), Reprua, Rioni. In addition, the Black Sea is replenished by small rivers - Mzymta, Psou, Bzyb, Kodor, Inguri, Chorokh, Kyzilyrmak, Yesilyrmak, Sakarya. The pond is fed by rains and snow melting in the mountains. The sea is surrounded by large bays - Samsunsky, Sinopsky, Feodosia, Tendrovsky, Yagorlytsky, Dzharylgachsky, Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky, Varnensky, Burgassky. By the way, there are few islands in the Black Sea. The largest Dzharylgach is 62 square kilometers. Plus two more Berezin and Zmeiny, each with an area of \u200b\u200bone kilometer.

Inhabitants of the deep sea

There are over 190 species of fish in the Black Sea. 144 of them are marine. The rest are passing and freshwater. The latter enter the sea from the rivers flowing into it. The annual catch of commercial fish exceeds 23 thousand tons. Gurnard, hamsa, sprat, gobies, sprat, sprat, mullet, pilengas, bonito, bluefish, brown trout, herring - the list goes on and on. Individual specimens of the inhabitants of the deep sea reach incredible sizes and are very decent in weight. For example, a swordfish can exceed four meters, while weighing half a ton. There is also a flounder for four meters and weighing up to three hundred kilograms. Usually, it is from seventy centimeters and weighs 17 kilograms. It is considered a delicacy, in the markets it costs from 700 rubles and more per kilogram. There are two types of sharks in the Black Sea - the katran and the cat shark. For humans, they are not dangerous. Delicious cutlets are made from katran fillet with the addition of lard. Some species of deep-sea fish are best avoided. For example, with a sea cow, which is covered with poisonous mucus. The great stingray, the sea dragon and the scorpion fish (ruff with poisonous thorns) are dangerous. In the Black Sea there are Russian sturgeon, three species of dolphins - the common dolphin, the bottlenose dolphin and the common porpoise, the sea monk seal.

Associated not only with the magic sword of Ali hidden in its depths. In strong and destructive earthquakes, they send bright curtains and flashes of hydrogen sulfide fire to the surface. The first information about the Black Sea appeared in the fifth century before new era... And even then there was rumor about the journey of the brave captain Jason to Colchis for the Golden Fleece on the famous "Argo". The inhabitants of Anapa stubbornly insist that de courageous sailors sailed past the high and inaccessible rocks of the current resort village of Bolshoy Utrish, with which another legend is also connected - by the will of Zeus the Thunderer, the hero Prometheus was chained to one of the rocks of the Big Utrish, who gave people the sacred fire of Olympus ... And the evil eagle flew to the martyr every morning to torment his liver. True, the legend is disputed by the Sochi people. Like, Prometheus was chained to one of the Eagle Rocks near their resort. And they even erected a monument to the hero - the mighty Prometheus stands with his chains torn in his hands and proudly looks into the bottomless sky! As if threatening him for the suffering he suffered. But here's the catch. Eagle Rocks are far from the sea. In addition, recently in an excavation site in the very center of Anapa, otherwise it is called the open-air museum "Gorgippia" (the ancient name of the resort city), they found a crypt with frescoes about the exploits of another hero of Hellas Hercules, and he, according to ancient Greek mythology, as a race and freed Prometheus from the chains and the bloodthirsty eagle. Who is right and who is wrong - the future will show. And the inhabitants of the Black Sea countries, including Russia, will not stop looking at their immense and deep sea - different every time: either quiet and calm under the blue sky and bright sun, then furiously raging when the sky merges with the earth and it really becomes blacker than black!

The Black Sea is a deep-water basin with relatively steep slopes. The profile, that is, the vertical section of the Black Sea, is shown in the figure. When considering this profile, it should be borne in mind that for greater clarity of the image, the vertical scale is taken much larger than the horizontal one, so the bottom profile turned out to be steep, in reality, the bottom is not inclined as much as shown in the figure.

Many people think that in the Black Sea, immediately from the coast, a sharp lowering of the bottom begins, and where speedboats and boats are clearly visible from the beach (about 500-1000 meters from the coast), depths are already measured in hundreds of meters. However, this is far from the case. The line of 100-meter depths runs at a distance of 200 kilometers from the coast in the northwestern part of the sea, 10-15 kilometers in the main part, and only in certain regions (Crimea) at a distance of one kilometer. The sea bed is mostly flat, but there are small cracks and ledges, and there are also hills with very gentle slopes.

The greatest depth of the Black Sea is 2211 meters. The area of \u200b\u200bmaximum depths is located in the central part of the sea, somewhat closer to the Turkish shores.

A man visited the bottom of the Black Sea, in one of its deepest depressions, the so-called Yalta, at a depth of over 2 kilometers, the first dive in the last century (1971) on a special deep-sea apparatus "North-2". Its length is 4 meters, its displacement is 15 tons. The device had a crew of 4 people under the leadership and with the participation of MN Diomidov, a famous Soviet designer of deep-sea vehicles.

What do aquanauts see when diving into the depths of the Black Sea? Life exists only in the surface layer - up to 100 meters. Deeper in complete darkness under the beams of a searchlight, only organic remains are shining, slowly sinking to the bottom and resembling flakes of snow. But here you can also meet human creations - sunken ships different eras rest in the darkness of the depths.

There are two types of crustal structure - oceanic and continental. In the ocean, under a layer of water, there is a layer of sediment, which gradually accumulates there, the thickness of this layer is from 2 to 5 kilometers. Then comes the basalt layer of the same thickness and, finally, magma, which comes to the surface during volcanic eruptions. There is no sedimentary layer under the continents, but the basalt layer is thicker there, up to 20 kilometers, and, in addition, there is another layer - granite, 10-15 kilometers thick, located above the basalt.

Under the Black Sea, the structure of the earth's crust resembles that of the ocean, but the layer of sedimentary rocks there is more than 10 kilometers, that is, thicker than in the ocean, and the layer of basalts is 10-20 kilometers thick (less than under the continents, but more than under the oceans). The granite layer passes only along the coast.

Since it is known that in geological terms the Black Sea is young, the structure of the earth's crust beneath it allows one to confirm one of the opposite assumptions about the formation of continents and oceans. Some scientists believe that the oceans were formed before the continents, that the primary type of the earth's crust was basaltic, therefore these rocks are shallow in the ocean. Then granite magma came along the cracks, which formed the continents. Other scientists take the opposite view. They believe that the seas are more modern than the continents. This point of view is confirmed by the oceanic structure of the bottom of the "young" Black Sea. If the continents were younger than the oceans, then under the Black Sea, as well as under other inland seas, there would be a large layer of granites.

Now, having visited the bottom of the Black Sea, we will rise higher and get acquainted with the composition of the soils that cover its bottom from above. The soils of the Black Sea were formed as a result of the interaction of three main factors: the destruction of the banks, the outflow of rivers and the deposits of organic remains. Coastal soils are composed of pebbles, gravel, sand, silt (very fine particles). The bottom at a depth of 20 to 150 meters is covered with silt with shells of mussel and phaseolin shells. Deep-sea silts are clay and calcareous. The bottom at a depth of 200 to 1500 meters is covered with dark (gray, brown, brown) silts.

Having been at the bottom of the sea, we will rise even higher and get acquainted with the bottom relief near the seashore. Before giving general characteristics coastal areas of the Black Sea bottom, it is necessary to dwell on the huge role that waves play in their change. The figure shows with a dotted line what the initial profile of the coast was. Sea waves cut off part of it, forming a steep ledge, or cliff, while the soil sank down the slope, creating deposits here, and part of the soil, under the influence of the waves, moved along the coast. Thus, the destructive and creative activity of waves in the surf zone exists simultaneously.

We now turn to the characteristics of the bottom of individual regions of the Black Sea.

Bottom characteristic

The shores of the northwestern part are shallow; on the western coast of the Crimea there are also extensive sandy beaches. On the southern coast of Crimea, the beaches are small, since the rocks there are made of very strong rocks that even the thousand-year work of the sea could not destroy. For example, the rock "Monk" stood near Simeiz for several centuries, and only in 1927 it was destroyed by an earthquake.

An interesting feature of the Caucasian coast is the huge ledges, for example, at the Pitsunda and Sukhum capes. Their base lies at a depth of 200 meters. They were formed in the process of accumulation of soil, which is carried out by rivers into the sea, and then moves under the action of waves along the coast. Approaching the ledges, the sediments dump into the sea, gradually building up the capes. A feature of the Caucasian and Anatolian coasts of the sea is the presence of submerged deltaic projections of rivers that form underwater shoals, such as Gudauta.

No less interesting feature there are canyons - deep valleys with relatively steep slopes, going from the coast to the sea and along its bottom. The canyons are located opposite the mouths of the rivers of Colchis - Inguri, Khobi and Rioni, the slope of their slopes sometimes reaches 25 degrees (400 m / km), and the longitudinal slope of 12 degrees (200 m / km). The canyons extend to a depth of 1000 meters. Scientists from many countries are working to clarify the mystery of the origin of the canyons (there are such forms of relief both near California and against the mouths of African rivers).

Perhaps these are the hollows of rivers flowing here, which were flooded during the rise in the level of the World Ocean (by hundreds of meters), caused by the melting of ice after the last glaciation. Perhaps the canyons are cracks in the earth's crust formed by earthquakes. Perhaps the canyons were formed as a result of erosion of the bottom by artesian springs.