Natural areas. The originality of the organic world. The organic world of the Atlantic Ocean: features and description

1.
Describe the savannahs of Africa. What explains the diversity of his animal
the world?
2.
What are the signs that underlie the division of the earth into parts? What is the difference between parts
light from the continents ?.

Ticket number 10

1.
What is the reason for the formation of currents? What is the role of ocean currents in
formation of the climate of the continents? (give examples)

2.
The climate of Antarctica is called harsh. What is included in this concept?
Ticket number 11

1.
Each of the continents has its share of deserts. Which one and why are they
occupy the largest area?

2.
What is unique about the organic world of Australia?
Ticket number 12

1.
Give examples of the positive and negative impact of economic
activities of the population on the nature of Eurasia.

2.
Oceania. Geographical location, origin of the islands, features
organic world.
Ticket number 13

1.
The peoples of Africa.

2.
Deserts. Features of nature.

Answer the question) It is very necessary) 1. how people discovered and studied the earth 2. The continents. Parts of the world 3. Name and show on the map large

landforms

4 what the geography of continents and oceans studies

5.Hypotheses of the origin of continents and oceans

6.determine the geographic coordinates of the extreme points of australia

7.the history of the discovery of Antarctica

8.describe the major river systems of South America from a map

9.Give a characterization climatic zone

10 regularities of the geographic envelope

11 systematic belts of the earth

12.determine the geographic coordinates of the extreme points of the mainland of Africa

13History of discovery and exploration of Central Asia

14 characterize the Arctic Ocean

15 Determine the extent of Africa from north to south

16climatic maps of the features of the distribution of heat and moisture on the earth's surface

17 African reserves

18Describe the Amazon River

19physical and geographical characteristics of the Pacific Ocean

20 the value of natural resources (mineral, climatic, water, land, biological)

21show seas surrounding mainland eurasia

22 main types air masses their influence on the climate

23necessity international cooperation in the use of nature

24Pissing the Nile River according to plan

25constant winds and conditions for their formation

26characteristics of southern european countries

27describe the population of mainland australia

28 oceans

29features of nature uk

30determine the geographical coordinates of Italy

31natural areas africa

32future of the oceans

34determine the geographical coordinates of the extreme points of the continent of Eurasia

35the uniqueness of the organic world Australia

36 formations of currents and their types

37description of italy according to plan

38changing nature of mainland south america under the influence of human efficacy

39 characterize any natural zone

40determine the length of the mainland of Australia from west to east in kilometers

41 maps - the second language of geography

42inland waters of eurasia

43determine the geographical coordinates of the extreme points of the continent of South America

45nature of antarctica

46 relief features of Australia

47 seas washing mainland north america

48 human land development

49continent and oceanic crust

50show on political map

51 features of the nature of Antarctica

52 change of nature under the influence economic activity human

53characteristic of the Don River according to plan

54natural land and ocean complexes

56modern exploration of the mainland Antarctica

57show on map large lithospheric plates

Australia separated from the "mother" of the ancient continent of Gondwana earlier than other continents. For a long time she had almost no connection with the world. This explains the uniqueness of its flora and fauna. A large number of representatives of the organic world that existed on Earth 50 million years ago have survived here. The first Europeans seemed to be in a huge reserve with extraordinary species of plants and animals. Indeed. 75% of the mainland plants are found only in Australia.

The dominant plant is eucalyptus. Out of every four Australian trees, three are eucalyptus, there are about 600 species of them in Australia, some are very large (up to 100 m in height and 10 m in thickness), others are undersized, like a shrub. In some species of eucalyptus, the bark hangs down like locks, in others, on the contrary, it is smooth, and there are trees with "iron" tough bark. The bluish-gray foliage of the eucalyptus trees gives the forests a slightly sad look. Even in the driest periods, these trees do not shed their leaves, but turn them with their edge towards the sun.

The fauna of Australia is not at all like animal world other continents. This is a country marsupial animals, of which there are 600 species. Cubs of marsupials are born very small, and the female carries them out in a pouch - a leather fold on the belly. A characteristic marsupial animal is kangaroo (rice. 93). Here you can see both large kangaroos (up to 3 m in height) and dwarf animals up to 30 cm in size.Interesna are also primitive mammals that hatch young from eggs like birds, and feed them with milk like a milk -nourishing. These animals are echidna (fig. 94) and platypus (Fig. 95).Material from the site

Rice. 93. Kangaroo

Rice. 94. Echidna

Rice. 95. Platypus

In terms of species composition, the organic world of Australia is much inferior to other continents, excluding Antarctica. New species of plants and animals were introduced by settlers from Europe and spread throughout Australia, pushing back the indigenous inhabitants, which in some cases led to environmental issues... So, foxes and ermines destroy the rarest representatives of the local fauna. The rabbits, which were brought in in 1859, became a real disaster. Until the end of the century, they filled the motherland, devastating crops, orchards, and, most importantly, sheep pastures. They began to destroy the rabbits. The fight against them continues to this day.

So, in Australia there are such natural zones: tropical deserts and semi-deserts, savannas and woodlands, humid tropical evergreen forests, monsoon and subequatorial forests.

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Topic: The natural originality of the organic world of Australia. Objectives of the lesson: -To get acquainted with the peculiarities of the nature of Australia and the classes of first animals and marsupial mammals. - Expand the horizons of students within the framework of the topic. - To educate attention, observation, to involve in the search for new knowledge.

The originality of the organic world Nature in Australia is a huge reserve, where many plants and animals have been preserved, close to those that inhabited the Earth in ancient times and disappeared on other continents. The species composition of plants and animals is characterized by poverty and originality. The organic world developed in isolation. In the interior desert areas, thickets of dry shrubs are widespread, consisting of low-growing thorny acacias, eucalyptus. Such thickets are called scrub

Vegetation of Australia Up to 75% of the mainland plant species are found only in Australia. These include many types of eucalyptus trees that are very diverse. There are giant eucalyptus trees, more than 100 m high. There are undersized eucalyptus trees and eucalyptus trees - shrubs. Eucalyptus trees are well adapted to dry climates. Eucalyptus trees make solid wood a good building material. The leaves are used for the production of oils, paints, medicines.

An amazing symbol of Australia The marsupials, or lower animals, include opossums, kangaroos, marsupial wolf, koala, marsupial mole, etc. The national emblem of Australia is easy to distinguish, if only because it is the only one that depicts a kangaroo. Giant kangaroos reach 3 m. There are dwarf kangaroos, 30 cm in size. Cubs of marsupials are born very small, and the mother carries them out in a bag representing a fold of skin on the belly.

The ostrich emu lives in dry savannas and semi-deserts. The emu is characterized by a uniform gray coloration and a relatively fully feathered head and neck. They keep in small groups of 4 - 6 individuals. Only the male takes care of the offspring.

Plant Conservation Australians love and care for the nature of their mainland. They pay a lot of attention to plant protection. In each large city Australia definitely has its own Botanical Garden... On the site of a natural eucalyptus forest, the Canberra Botanical Garden was created. It also contains a section of wet rain forest. Sydney's oldest botanical garden in Australia contains a particularly rich collection of tropical plants. Each state of the Commonwealth of Australia has its own botanical emblem.

Animal protection Australians also love their unique animals, taking care of their preservation. Attention to the animal world is manifested even in the fact that some of its representatives are depicted on Australian coins (echidna, platypus, lyrebird bird). In Australia, a number of legislative measures have been adopted to effectively rescue and protect their rarest animals: they banned their export, captivity, limited or completely banned hunting for certain species.

Answer the questions. What are the features of the placement of natural areas in Australia? How are they explained? What is the originality of the flora and fauna? Explain the reasons for this peculiarity? Why are there many endemics in Australia? How can you explain the absence of primates? What is scrub? Where does he meet? Which island off the southern coast of Australia is called a large Australian animal? Why was a law passed in Australia in the 19th century prohibiting the import of wild plants and animals into the mainland?

Natural areas. If you compare the location of the natural zones of Australia and Africa, you will find that in Australia, as well as in Africa, a large area is occupied by zones of savannahs and tropical deserts. Tropical deserts and semi-deserts are located in the central and western parts of the mainland. Savannahs border this area from the north, east, southeast and southwest.

The originality of the organic world. Although Australia has the same natural areas as South Africa with Madagascar, except regions altitudinal zonality, but the organic world is completely different here. Nature has created a huge nature reserve in Australia, where many plants and animals have been preserved, close to those that inhabited the Earth in ancient times and disappeared on other continents. The species composition of plants and animals is characterized by poverty and originality. This is due to the fact that Australia and the adjacent islands separated from other continents long ago.

The organic world has developed in isolation for a long time. Up to 75% of mainland plant species are found only in Australia. These include many types of eucalyptus trees that are very diverse. There are giant eucalyptus trees with a height of more than 100 m. The roots of such trees go 30 m into the ground and, like powerful pumps, pump moisture out of it. There are undersized eucalyptus trees and eucalyptus shrubs. Eucalyptus trees are well adapted to dry climates. Their leaves are located with an edge to sunlight, the crown does not shade the soil, so the eucalyptus forests are light. In eucalyptus trees, hardwood is a good building material. And their leaves are used for the production of oils, paints, medicines.

In addition to eucalyptus, Australia is characterized by acacias, casuarins with leafless filamentous branches, which are not found on other continents.

In subequatorial forests, among tall grasses, together with other trees (palms, ficuses, etc.), peculiar bottle trees grow .. - with a thick trunk at the base, sharply tapering upward. Salient feature subtropical forests - dominance different types eucalyptus, intertwined with vines, many tree ferns.

In the interior desert regions, thickets of dry shrubs are widespread, consisting mainly of low-growing thorny acacias, eucalyptus. Such thickets are called scrub. There is almost no vegetation on mobile sandy ridges and stony placers. In contrast to Africa, there are no oases in Australia, but the deserts do not look as lifeless as, for example, the Sahara.

The fauna of Australia is also very peculiar. Only here live the most primitive mammals - the echidna and the platypus. They are interesting in that they hatch young from eggs, and feed them with milk, like mammals. There are many marsupials in Australia. Their babies are born very small, and the mother carries them out in a bag representing a fold of skin on the belly.

The vast majority of marsupial families are found only in Australia. Among them, the kangaroo family is especially common. Giant kangaroos reach 3 m. There are dwarf kangaroos, 30 cm in size. There are also wombats resembling marmots. In eucalyptus forests, you can find the koala marsupial. He lives in trees and leads a sedentary nocturnal lifestyle, he is also called the Australian sloth. A very rare predator, the marsupial devil, has survived on the island of Tasmania.

The world of birds is rich, varied and also unique. There are especially a lot of parrots. The forests are home to a beautiful lyrebird, birds of paradise with bright plumage, in dry savannas and semi-deserts - the emu. There are lizards Poisonous snakes, crocodiles are found in the waters of Northern Australia.

Australians love and care for the nature of their mainland. They pay a lot of attention to the protection of plants and animals and their study. The emu and kangaroo are depicted on the national emblem of the country, and the echidna, platypus, lyrebird bird are depicted on Australian coins.

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Geographical location of Africa

And Frica is the second largest continent after Eurasia, washed by Mediterranean Sea from the north red from the north east the Atlantic Ocean with .. extreme points north ben secca .. south cape needle ..

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Target:

• study the features of the organic world of Australia, learn to explain these features, compare the flora and fauna of Australia and Africa.

Tasks:

Educational:

• to form students' knowledge about the features of the organic world of Australia;
• teach to explain the features of the organic world of Australia;
• teach to compare the organic world of two continents;
• to form new concepts.

Developing:

• development logical thinking;
• continue the formation of skills to compare objects, work with the text of the textbook and its drawings;
• develop practical skills and the ability to draw conclusions;
• teach to analyze and systematize information, creatively process it.

Educational:

• development of interest in knowledge, culture of mental work;
• development of a culture of communication and reflexive personality traits;
• creating conditions for emotionally pleasant intellectual activity of students, with high cognitive activity of students;
• show the importance of geographical knowledge;
• development of cognitive activity and independent activity of students;
• the formation of information culture;
• creating a situation of intellectual difficulty in the lesson, using non-standard questions and problematic tasks;
• the formation of communicative competence and tolerance;
• creation psychologically comfortable environment: students' feelings of joy and creativity and pleasure from intellectual tension.

Lesson type: combined

Types of student activities:

1. Solving problematic issues and tasks that contain contradictions require comparing the known with the unknown, an unconventional view of familiar facts and phenomena, and the advancement of hypotheses.
2. Mutual verification of knowledge.
3. Self-test.
4. Independent work.

During the classes

Organizational stage

1. Mutual greeting of the teacher and students, fixing the absent, checking the external state of the classroom, checking the readiness of students for the lesson, organizing attention: internal readiness, psychological organization of attention.
2. Prepare students for work in the lesson, determine the goals and objectives of the lesson.
3. Recording the topic of the lesson.

The stage of updating students' knowledge is carried out in the form frontal survey.

Question: What do we already know about mainland Australia?
Question: How many knows what animals and plants live on this continent?
Question: In what natural conditions do they have to live?
Question: What should the animals and plants of this continent be adapted to?

Exercise: on the map "Natural areas of the world" determine in which natural areas Australia is located. Compare the placement of natural areas in Australia and Africa.

Answer: In Australia, as well as in Africa, a large area is occupied by the savanna zones of the tropical deserts.

Stage of learning new material

Although Australia has the same natural areas as Africa, the organic world is completely different here. Nature has created a huge nature reserve in Australia, where rare species plants and animals.

Let's define and record the features of Australia's organic world.

1. In Australia, relict species of plants and animals have been preserved.

(New concept) Relics are animals and plants that have survived from ancient geological eras. These include primitive mammals belonging to the order of oviparous - echidna and platypus.

2. 75% of the mainland plant species are found only in Australia.
3. 90% of animal species are not found anywhere else on Earth.

These types of plants and animals are called - Endemics (New concept)

4. The kingdom of the marsupials.
5. Plants and animals are adapted to do without water for a long time. (Why?)
6. There are no predators in Australia.
7. Most birds are flightless. (Why?)
8. Poor species composition.

Question: How can you explain such a unique world of this continent?

Answer: By the fact that Australia and the adjacent islands have long been separated from other continents and the animal world has been developing separately for a long time.

Question: Compare with Africa.

In the middle of the twentieth century, rabbits were brought to Australia; after a few years, the unique organic world of this continent was threatened with extinction due to these harmless animals. Why?

Assignment: Using the text of the textbook (§37), write out the endemics of Australia.

Fill out the answer in the form of a table:

Assignment: Test work to compare the animal and flora Africa and Australia. Distribute the indicated organisms across continents.

(Students fill out the table on pre-issued cards, distributing the images of animals and plants seen on the screen across continents.)

After completing the work, the students carry out a self-test.

Assignment: remove the unnecessary and explain your choice.

A) eucalyptus, baobab, bottle tree, tree ferns, casuarines.
B) kangaroo, koala, zebra, elephant, leopard, okapi, chimpanzee.

a) baobab
b) kangaroo

Consolidation of knowledge

Verification work “True-False”.

A number of statements are presented to students. On correct statements they raise hand, but do not react to the unfaithful.

1. Koala is a marsupial bear living in trees,
2. Kiwis are temporary drying up rivers.
3. The echidna and the platypus are primitive mammals found only in Australia.
4. Kangaroo is a rare marsupial animal of the island of Tasmania.
5. The dingo dog is Australia's only major carnivore.
6. The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest cluster of coral islands off the east coast of Australia.
7. Scrubs are deserts in western Australia.
8. Marsupials are animals that store food in a fold on their belly.
9. Eucalyptus is the tallest and fastest growing tree in the world.

Question: Why was a law passed in the 19th century to ban the import of plants and animals into Australia from other continents?

Lesson summary

Analyze, assess the success of achieving the goal and outline the future. Self-assessment and assessment of class and individual student performance. The teacher asks students questions:

• What was the purpose of the lesson?
• Have we reached the goal?
• Are you satisfied with the result of your work?
• Today I found out ...
• The most interesting thing in the lesson was ...

Homework

§37 prepare messages about animals or plants you are interested in.
Prepare a memo for a tourist traveling in Australia.
Grading and their argumentation.

Assignment: Compare the flora and fauna of Africa and Australia. Distribute the indicated organisms across continents.

1. Cheetah. 2. Koala. 3. Kangaroo. 4. Gorilla. 5. Okapi. 6. Zebra. 7. Ostrich emu. 8. Elephant. 9. Baobab. 10. Lyrebird. 11. Eucalyptus. 12. Ebony. 13. Bottle tree. 14. Giraffe. 15. Platypus. 16. Palm.

Africa	Australia