Lesson "Climatic belts and land regions. Climate card. §fourteen. Climatic belts and land regions designate on the contour map of climatic belts

Appeared in the 70s of the XIX century and had a descriptive character. According to the classification of Professor MSU B.P. Alisova, there are 7 types of climates on earth climatic belts. 4 of them are the main, and 3 transition. The main types include:

Equatorial climatic belt. For this type of climate, the domination of Equatorial during the whole year is characterized. In the days of Spring (March 21) and the autumn (September 21), the Sun is equinox in the zenith and heats up the land. Air temperature in this climatic belt is constant (+ 24-28 ° C). At sea, temperatures fluctuations can generally be less than 1 °. The annual precipitation amount is significant (up to 3000 mm), at the winding slopes of precipitation can fall out to 6000 mm. The amount of precipitation here exceeds evaporation, therefore in the equatorial climate is wetted, and they grow thick and high. The climate of this belt is influenced by the Passats, bringing the abundance of precipitation here. Equatorial type of climate is formed over the northern regions; on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, above the pool and therapy, including the shores in Africa; Above most of the Indonesian archipelago and the adjacent part of the Pacific Oceans in Asia.
Tropical climatic belt. This type of climate forms two tropical climatic belts (in the northern and southern hemisphere) over the following territories.

In this type of climate, the condition of the atmosphere over the mainland and the ocean is different, so the mainland and ocean tropical climate differ.

Mainland climatic belt: The region dominates over a significant territory, therefore very few precipitation falls here (from 100-250 mm). The mainland tropical climate is very hot in summer (+ 35-40 ° C). In winter, the temperature is significantly lower (+ 10-15 ° C). Daily daily fluctuations (up to 40 ° C). The absence of clouds in the sky leads to the formation of clear and cold nights (the clouds could delay the heat coming from the Earth). Sharp daily and seasonal temperature differences contribute to the weight of sand and dust. They picked up and can be transferred to significant distances. These dust sandstairs are a big danger for the traveler.

Mainland tropical climates Western and eastern coarse continents are very different from each other. Along Western shores South America, Africa and are cold flows, therefore the climate here is characterized by a relatively low air temperature (+ 18-20 ° C) and a small amount of precipitation (less than 100 mm). Along the eastern coasts of these continents, warm currents pass, so the temperatures here above and precipitation falls more.

Ocean tropical climates Similar to equatorial, but differs from it less and resistant winds. Summer over the oceans is not so roast (+ 20-27 ° C), and the winter is cool (+ 10-15 ° C). The sediments fall predominantly in summer (up to 50 mm). Summer. There is a significant influence of Western winds bringing precipitation all year. Summer in this climatic belt is moderately warm (from + 10 ° C to + 25-28 ° C). Winter is cold (from + 4 ° C to -50 ° C). Annual precipitation from 1000 mm to 3000 mm in the outskirts of the mainland and up to 100 mm in the inner areas. Vividly manifest differences in season seasons. This type of climate also forms two belts in the northern and southern hemispheres and is formed over the territories (from 40-45 ° Northern and to the polar circles). Above these territories the area of \u200b\u200blow pressure, active cyclonic activity is formed. Moderate climate is divided into two subtypes:

1. nauticalwho prevails in western parts North America, South America, is formed with the immediate effects of Western winds from the ocean on the mainland, therefore it has a cool summer (+ 15-20 ° C) and warm winter (from + 5 ° C). The precipitate, brought by Western winds, falls out all year round (from 500 mm to 1000 mm, in the mountains up to 6000 mm);
2. continentalThe dominant in the central regions of the mainland differs from him. Cyclones here penetrate less frequently than in the seaside areas, so summer is warm (+ 17-26 ° C), and the winter is cold (-10-24 ° C) with stable multi-month. Due to the significant length of Eurasia from the west to the east, the most bright continental climate is observed in Yakutia, where the average January temperatures can be lowered to -40 ° C and there are little precipitation. This is because the inner areas of the mainland are not subjected to such an influence of the oceans as the coast, where the wet winds not only bring precipitation, but also soften the heat in summer and frost in winter.

The monsoon subtype, prevailing in the east of Eurasia to Korea and in the north, in the northeast, is characterized by a change in stable winds (monsoons) for the seasons, which affects the amount and mode of precipitation. In winter, the cold wind is blowing here from the continent, so winter is clear and cold (-20-27 ° C). Summer wind with a warm rainy weather. In Kamchatka, drops from 1600 to 2000 mm of precipitation.

In all subtypes moderate climate Only moderate are dominated aerial masses.

Polar type of climate. Above 70 ° North and 65 ° south latitudes dominates the polar climate forms two belts: and. All year the polar air masses are dominated here. Sun for several months does not appear at all (polar night) and several months does not go beyond the horizon (polar day). Snow and ice emit more heat than it is obtained, so the air is very cooled, does not melt all year. Throughout the year over these territories, the area of \u200b\u200bhigh pressure is dominated, so the winds are weak, there are almost no clouds. The precipitation falls very little, the air is saturated with small icy needles. Sundaying, they give in the amount of only 100 mm of precipitation per year. The average temperature of the summer does not exceed 0 ° C, and winter -20-40 ° C. For summer, a typical continuous crust.

Equatorial, tropical, moderate, polar climate types are considered basic, since air masses characteristic of them are prevalent within their belts. Between the main climatic belts there are transitional, having a "sub" prefix in the title (Lat. "Under"). In transient climatic belts, air masses change over the seasons. They come here from adjacent belts. This is due to the fact that as a result of the movement of the Earth around its axis, there is a shift of climatic belts to the north, then to the south.

Three additional climate types are distinguished:

Sub-screen climate. In the summer, equatorial air masses dominate this belt, and in winter - tropical.

Summer: a lot of precipitation (1000-3000 mm), average + 30 ° C. The sun is still in the spring reaches zenith and mercilessly palette.

Winter is cooler than summer (+ 14 ° C). The precipitates falls little. Soil after summer rains enhanced, therefore, in the subequatorial climate, unlike, rarely there are swamps. The territory is favorable for population people, therefore, it is here that many centers of the emergence of civilization are located. According to N.I. , It is from here that many varieties of cultivated plants occurred. The northern subequatorial belt includes: South America (Panaman End,); Africa (Sachel belt); Asia (India, Indochina, South China,). The southern sub-digitory belt includes: South America (lowland,); Africa (Center and East of the Mainland); (North Coast of the mainland).

Subtropical climate. Here, in summer, air tropical masses dominate, and in winter, air masses of moderate latitudes are invaded here, bearing precipitation. This determines the following weather in these areas: roast, dry summer (from +30 to + 50 ° C) and relatively cold winter with precipitation, stable snow cover is not formed. Annual precipitation of about 500 mm. Inside the continents in the sub tropical latitudes precipitation little and winter. It is dominated by the climate of dry subtropics with hot summer (up to + 50 ° C) and unstable in winter, when frosts are possible to -20 ° C. In these areas of precipitation drops 120 mm and less. In the western parts of the mainland dominates, which is characterized by hot, inhabitable summer without precipitation and cool, windy and rainy winter. In the Mediterranean climate, precipitation falls more than in dry subtropics. The annual precipitation amount here is 450-600 mm. The Mediterranean climate is extremely favorable for a person's life, so it is here that the most famous summer resorts are located. Square subtropical cultures are grown here: citrus, grapes, olives.

The subtropical climate of the eastern shores of the mainland is monsoon. Winter here is comparatively with other climates cold and dry, and the summer is roast (+ 25 ° C) and wet (800 mm). This is explained by the influence of monsoons that flow in winter from sushi to the sea, and in the summer from the sea to land and bringing sediments in the summer. Monsoon subtropical climate It is well expressed only in the northern hemisphere, especially on the eastern coast of Asia. Abundant sediments in summer make it possible to develop lush. Fruent soils are developed here, supporting life more than a billion people.

Subolar climate. In summer, wet air masses come here from moderate latitude, so summer is cool (from +5 to + 10 ° C) and about 300 mm of precipitation falls (in the northeast of Yakutia 100 mm). Like everywhere, the precipitation increases on the above-ground slopes. Despite the small amount of precipitation, the moisture does not have time to evaporate completely, therefore, in the north of Eurasia and North America, small lakes are scattered in the subepolar belt, large territories are swallowed. In winter, the weather in this climate is influenced by the Arctic and Antarctic air masses, therefore there are long, cold winters, the temperature can reach and -50 ° C. Subolar climatic belts are located only on the northern outskirts of Eurasia and North America and in the navaltarctic waters.

1. Sign the world climatic belts on the map, emphasize the names of the main climatic belts. Indicate what the difference between the main and transient climatic belts.
2. Sign the names of the mainland. Indicate, on which of them the climate is the coldest, on which is the hottest, on which is the most dry, on what is the most wet. What continued all the climatic belts are presented?
3. Highlight different species Hatching areas where the annual amplitude of the air temperature can achieve maximum values \u200b\u200band where it is equal to "C.
4. Indicate the areas of the globe, where the Western winds dominate during the year (blue arrows), and where - the winds of the Passat (red arrows).
5. Highlight from the boundaries of the solar illumination belts and sign their names. What is the associated uneven lighting and heating ground surface?
6. Specify on the map of the letter indexes "B" and "H" belt of high and low atmospheric pressure. Where does more precipitation fall? Select the color areas with a maximum amount of precipitation.

Answers:

answer to the task of geography

Climatic belts They are solid or intermittent areas that are located parallel to the latitudes of the planet. Among themselves, they differ in circulation of air flow and the amount of solar energy. The terrain, proximity to or is also important climate-forming factors.

According to the classification of the Soviet climatologist B. P. Alisov, there are seven main types of climate of the Earth: Equatorial, two tropical, two moderate and two polar (one in and hemispheres). In addition, Alisov highlighted six intermediate belts, three in each hemisphere: two subequatorial, two subtropical, as well as subarctic and subanctic.

Arctic and Antarctic climatic belt

Arctic and Antarctic climatic belt on world map

The polar region adjacent to the North Pole is called the Arctic. It includes the territory of the Arctic Ocean, the outskirts and Eurasia. The belt is represented by ice and, which are characterized by protracted harsh winters. The maximum summer temperature is + 5 ° C. Arctic ice affect the climate of the land as a whole, not letting it overheat.

Antarctic belt is located in the south of the planet. Under its influence is the nearby islands. On the mainland there is a pole of cold, so winter temperatures are on average - 60 ° C. Summer indicators are not raised above -20 ° C. Territory is in the zone arctic desert. The mainland is almost completely covered with ice. Sushi plots are found only in the coastal zone.

Subarctic and subnutrctic climatic belt

Subarctic and subnutrctic climatic belt on world map

Subarctic zone includes Northern Canada, South of Greenland, Alaska, North Scandinavia, Northern regions of Siberia and Far East. The average temperature of the winter temperature is -30 ° C. With coming short summer The mark rises to + 20 ° C. In the north of this climatic belt dominates, which is characterized by high humidity, wetting and frequent winds. South is located in the Zone of Fundra. The soil has time to warm up for the summer, so shrubs and palpal shrubs grow here.

Within the South Ocean's Islands near Antarctica are within the sub-autoctic belt. The zone is susceptible to the seasonal influence of air masses. In winter, the Arctic air is dominated here, and the masses come in the summer moderate belt. The average temperature in winter is -15 ° C. On the islands often storms, fogs and snowfalls. In the cold season, the entire water area is engaged in ice, but with the onset of summer they melt. Warm month indicators on average are -2 ° C. The climate is difficult to call a favorable. Vegetable world represented by algae, lichen, moss and dispersion.

Moderate climatic belt

Moderate climatic belt on world map

In the zone of the moderate belt lies a quarter of the entire surface of the planet: North America, and. Its main feature is the clear severity of the seasons of the year. The predominant air masses give high humidity and low pressure. The average temperature of winter temperatures is 0 ° C. In the summer, the mark rises above fifteen degrees. The cyclones dominating in the northern part of the zone provoke snow and rains. Most of the precipitation falls in the form of a summer rain.

District territories are drought by droughts. represented by alternating forests and arid regions. In the north grows, the plant world of which is adapted to low temperatures and high humidity. Gradually it replaces the zone of mixed wide forests. The steppe strip in the south is moving all the continents. The semi-desert zone and the desert covers the western part of North America and Asia.

Moderate climate is divided into the following subtypes:

• nautical;
• moderate continental;
• sharply continental;
• monsoon.

Subtropical climatic belt

Subtropical climatic belt on world map

In the zone of subtropics is part Black Sea coast, Southwest and, South North and. In winter, the territory is under the influence of air moving from a moderate belt. The thermometer mark is rarely lowered below zero. In the summer, subtropical cyclones affect the climatic zone, which are well warmed by the Earth. In the eastern part of the mainland moist air dominates. Here is a long summer and soft winter without frost. Western coasts are characterized by arid summer and warm winter.

In the inner areas of the climatic zone of temperature is significantly higher. It is almost always worth clear weather. Most precipitation falls in a cold period when air masses are shifted to the side. Anticious forests with an undergrowth of evergreen shrubs grow on the coasts. In the northern hemisphere, the zone of subtropical steppes comes to a shift, smoothly flowing into the desert. In the southern hemisphere, the steppes go into broad and leaf falling forests. Mountain areas are represented by woodlong zones.

In subtropical climatic zone Select the following climate subtypes:

• subtropical oceanic climate and Mediterranean climate;
• subtropical intocontinental climate;
• subtropical monsonic climate;
• climate of high subtropical Nagrai.

Tropical climatic belt

Tropical climatic belt on world map

Tropical climatic belt covers separate territories at all except Antarctica. Round year Above the oceans dominates the area of \u200b\u200bincreased pressure. Because of this, there is little precipitation in the climatic zone. Summer temperature indicators in both hemispheres exceed + 35 ° C. Medium winter temperatures are + 10 ° C. The average daily temperature fluctuate is felt in the depths of the continents.

Most of the time there is a clear arid weather. The bulk of precipitation falls on winter months. Significant temperature differences provoke dust storms. On the coasts, the climate is significantly softer: winter is warm, and the summer is soft and wet. Strong winds are practically absent, precipitation falls out calendar in summer. Dominant natural zones are rainforests, deserts and semi-deserts.

Tropical climatic belt includes the following climate subtypes:

• trade house climate;
• tropical dry climate;
• tropical monsoon climate;
• monsonic climate on tropical plateau.

Sub-screen climatic belt

Sub-screening climatic belt on world map

Sub-screen climatic belt affects both hemispheres of land. In the summer, the zone is influenced by equatorial wet winds. In winter, the trade winds dominate. Mid annual temperature makes up + 28 ° C. Daily temperature differences are insignificant. Most of the precipitation falls in the warm season under the influence of summer monsoon. The closer to the equator, the rain is rude. In the summer, most rivers come out of the banks, and for the winter they completely dry.

The floral world is represented by monsoon mixed forests, and gentlemen. The foliage in the trees turns yellow and falls in the period of drought. With the arrival of the rain it is restored. On open spaces, the savannahs grow cereals and dispersion. The plant world adjusted under rain periods and drought. Some remote forest arrays have not yet been studied by a person.

Equatorial climatic belt

Equatorial climatic belt on world map

The belt is located on both sides of the equator. A constant stream of solar radiation forms hot climate. On the weather Affects air masses coming from the equator. The difference between winter and summer temperatures is only 3 ° C. Unlike other climatic belts, the equatorial climate remains almost unchanged all year. The temperature indicators are not lowered below + 27 ° C. Because of the abundant precipitation, high humidity, fogs and clouds are formed. Strong winds are practically absent, which positively affects the plant world.

Climatic belts.Circulation of heat, moisture and total atmospheric circulation form the weather and climate in the geographic shell. Types of air masses, the features of their circulation in different latitudes create conditions for the formation of land climates. The domination of one air mass during the year determines the boundaries of climatic belts.

Climatic belts- These are territories that are solid or intermittent strip of land; from each other they differ in temperature, atmospheric pressure, quantity and mode of precipitation that dominant air masses and winds. Symmetric placement of climatic belts relative to the equator is a manifestation of the law of geographic zonality. Highlight maintenance and transitional Climatic belts. The names of the main climatic belts are given by dominant air masses and the latitudes in which they are formed.

There are 13 climatic belts: seven major and six transitional. The boundaries of each belt are determined on the summer and winter positions of climatic fronts.

There are seven major climatic belts: Equatorial, two tropical, two moderate and two polar (arctic and antarctic). In each of the climatic belts, one air mass is dominated throughout the year - respectively, the Equatorial, tropical, moderate, arctic (Antarctic).

Between the main belts in each hemisphere, transitional climatic belts are formed: two subequatorial, two subtropical and two subolar (subaartic and subanctic). In transitional belts there is a seasonal change of air masses. They come from the neighboring main belts: in summer, the air mass of the southern main belt, and in the winter - North. The proximity of the oceans, warm and cold currents, relief affect climatic differences inside the belts: stand out climatic regions from different types climate.

Characteristics of climatic belts. Equatorial belt Formed in the area of \u200b\u200bthe equator in the intermittent strip, where the equatorial air masses prevail. The average monthly temperatures from +26 to +28 SC. Precipitation drops 1500-3000 mm evenly during the year. Equatorial belt is the most moistened part of the earth's surface (Congo basin. It is distinguished by the mainland and oceanic types of climate, but the difference between them is small.

For subscance belts Owning equatorial belt From the north and south, the monsoon air circulation is characteristic. Feature of belts - Seasonal change of air masses. In summer, the equatorial air is dominated, in the winter - tropical. Two seasons are distinguished: summer wet and winter dry. In the summer, the climate is slightly different from the equatorial: large humidity, the abundance of atmospheric precipitation. In the winter season, hot dry weather is installed, herbs burn out, trees are discharged by foliage. The average air temperature during all months ranges from +20 to +30 ° C. Annual precipitation of 1000-2000 mm, maximum precipitation falls in summer.

Tropical belts There are between 20¨ and 30¨c. and Yu. sh. On both sides of the tropics, where the winds of the Passat are dominated. (Remember why the air is lowered in tropical latitudes and high pressure dominates.) During the year, tropical air masses from high temperatures. The average temperature of the warmest month + 30 ... + 35 ¨C, the coldest is not lower than +10 ¨C. In the center of the mainland, the climate is tropical continental (deserted). Cloudy insignificant, precipitation on most of the part drops less than 250 mm per year. A small amount of precipitation causes the formation of the greatest deserts of the world - Sahara and Calahari in Africa, the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula, Australia.

IN eastern parts continents that are under the influence warm flows And the Passops, which blowed from the ocean, increasing monscons in the summer season, is formed a tropical wet climate. The average monthly temperature in the summer +26 ¨C, in winter +22 ¨C. The average annual precipitation of 1500 mm.

Subtropical belts (25-40¨ s. And Yu. Sh.) Are formed under the influence of the tropical air masses in the summer and moderate - in winter. In the western parts of the mainland, the Mediterranean climate: summer dry, roast, average temperature The warmest month is +30 ¨C, and winter is wet and warm (up to + 5 ... + 10 ¨C), but for short-term frosts are possible. At the eastern coasts of the mainland, a subtropical monsoon climate is formed with hot (+25 ¨C) rainy summer and cool (+8 ¨C) dry in winter. The amount of precipitation is 1000-1500 mm. Snow rarely falls. In the central parts of the mainland, the climate subtropical continental climate, with hot (+30 ¨C) and dry summer and relatively cold winter (+ 6 ... + 8 ¨C) with a small amount of precipitation (300 mm). The subtropical wet climate is characterized by a more uniform temperature of temperatures and precipitation. In the summer +20 ¨C, in winter +12 ¨C, precipitation drops 800-1000 mm. (Determine by climatic map differences in climates of subtropical belts.)

Moderate belt stretched in moderate latitudes from 40¨c. and Yu. sh. Almost to the polar circles. During the whole year moderate air masses dominate here, but arctic and tropical air masses can penetrate. In the northern hemisphere in the west of the mainland, Western winds are dominated, cyclonic activity; In the east - monsoon. With progress reduction of the territory, the annual amplitude of air temperature increases (the coldest month itself - from + 4 ... + 6 ° C to -48 ° C, and the heat itself - from +12 ° C to +30 ° C). In the southern hemisphere, the climate is mainly oceanic. In the northern hemisphere there are 5 types of climate: sea, moderately continental, continental, sharply continental, monsoon.

The marine climate is formed under the influence of the Western winds, which breathe from the ocean (North and Central Europe, West of North America, Patagonian Andes of South America). In summer, the temperature is about + 15 ... + 17 ° C, in winter - +5 ° C. The sediments fall throughout the year and reach 1000-2000 mm per year. In the southern hemisphere in a temperate belt dominates the oceanic climate with a non-shit summer, soft winter, abundant precipitation, western winds, unstable weather ("roaring" fortress latitudes).

Mainland climate is characteristic of inland districts big continents. In Eurasia, a moderately continental, continental, sharply continental climate, in North America, is moderately continental and continental. On average, the temperature of July varies from +10 ° C in the north to +24 ° C in the south. In a moderately continental climate, the January temperature drops from west to east from -5 ° to -10 ° C, in sharply continental - to -35 ... -40 ° C, and in Yakutia below -40 ° C. The annual amount of precipitation in a moderately continental climate is approximately 500-600 mm, in sharply continental - about 300-400 mm. In winter, moving to the East, the duration of stable snow cover increases from 4 to 9 months, the annual temperature amplitude increases.

The monsonic climate is best expressed in Eurasia. In summer, a steady monsoon is dominated from the ocean, the temperature of + 18 ... + 22 ° C, in winter - -25 ° C. At the end of the summer - the beginning of the autumn parts are frequent typhoon from the sea with a gusty wind and abundant precipitation. Winter is relatively dry, as the winter monsoon blows from sushi. Rainy precipitations are dominated by summer (800-1200 mm).

Subolar belts (Subarctic and subanctic) Located north and south of the moderate belt. It is characterized by the change of air masses for the seasons: in summer moderate air masses are dominated, in winter - arctic (Antarctic). The continental subarctic climate is characteristic of the northern outskirts of North America and Eurasia. Summer is relatively warm (+ 5 ... + 10 ° C), short. Winter harsh (up to -55 ° C). Here is a pool of cold in Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk (-71 ° C). A small amount of precipitation is 200 mm. Multi-year permafrost, excessive moisturizing, significant territories are wetted. The oceanic climate in the northern hemisphere is formed in the Greenland and Norwegian seas, in the southern hemisphere - around Antarctica. The whole year is the cyclonic activity. Cool summer (+ 3 ... + 5 ° C), floating sea and mainland ice, relatively soft winter (-10 ... -15 ° C). Winter sediments - 500 mm, constant fog.

Fig. 16. Characteristic Types of Annual

Polar belts (Arctic I. air temperature moves different antarctic) Located around climatic belts of poles. The continental climate prevails in Antarctica, in Greenland, on the islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. All year negative temperatures.

The oceanic climate is observed mainly in the Arctic. Temperatures here are negative, but during the polar day can reach +2 ° C. Precipitation - 100-150 mm (Fig. 16).

Bibliography

1. Geography 8 class. Tutorial for the 8th grade of general secondary education institutions with the Russian language training / edited by Professor P. S. Lopuha - Minsk "People's Asveta" 2014