Temperature conditions on Mars. Temperature on Mars. Planets of the Solar System Highest Temperature on Mars Day

The climate on Mars, although it is minor to life, is nevertheless closest to earthly. Presumably in the past climate Marsa It could be leaily and wet, and liquid water was present on the surface and even looked rains.

Mars is the most likely target of the first piloted expedition to another planet.

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Atmospheric composition

The atmosphere of Mars is more rescued than the Earth's air sheath, and 95.9% consists of carbon dioxide, about 1.9% accounted for nitrogen and 2% argon. Oxygen content 0.14%. The average pressure of the atmosphere on the surface is 160 times less than the surface of the Earth.

The mass of the atmosphere is changing much due to condensation in winter time and evaporation in the summer, large volumes of carbon dioxide on the poles, in the polar hats.

Cloudy and precipitation

The water vapor in the Martian atmosphere is quite a bit, but at low pressure and temperature it is in a state close to saturation, and often assembled into the clouds. Martian clouds are quite inexpressive compared to earthly.

Studies conducted by the "Mariner-4" spacecraft in 1965 showed that liquid water There are currently no on Mars, but the data of NASA "Spirit" and "Opportunities" indicate the presence of water in the past. On July 31, 2008, water in the state of ice was discovered on Mars at the site of landing of the NASA "Phoenix" spacecraft. The device discovered ice deposits directly in the ground.

There are several facts in supporting the approval of the presence of water on the surface of the planet in the past. First, minerals found, which could only be formed as a result of a long exposure to water. Secondly, very old craters are almost erased from the face of Mars. The modern atmosphere could not cause such destruction. The study of the speed of education and erosion of craters made it possible to establish that the strongest wind and the water destroyed them about 3.5 billion years ago. Approximately the same age have many wins.

NASA September 28, 2015 announced that on Mars currently there are seasonal flows of liquid saline water. These formations exhibit themselves in the warm season and disappear - in the cold. Planetologists came to their conclusions, after analyzing high-quality pictures obtained by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HIRISE) scientific instrument Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO).

Temperature

average temperature Mars is significantly lower than on Earth, - about -40 ° C. Under the most favorable conditions in the summer in the day half of the planet, the atmosphere warms up to 20 ° C - a completely acceptable temperature for residents of the Earth. But in the winter at night, the frost can reach -125 ° C. With winter temperatures, even carbon dioxide freezes, turning into dry ice. Such sharp temperature differences are caused by the fact that the sparse atmosphere of Mars is not capable of holding heat for a long time. As a result of numerous temperature measurements in different points The surfaces of Mars turns out that the temperature in the equator can reach + 27 ° C, but by morning it drops to -50 ° C.

On Mars there are temperature oasis, in the areas of Lake, Phoenix (Sun Plateau) and the Earth, the temperature difference is from -53 ° C to + 22 ° C in summer and from -103 ° C to -43 ° C in winter. Thus, Mars is quite cold worldHowever, the climate there is slightly severe than in Antarctica.

Planet Mars, like another close neighbor of the Earth, Venus, since the time of antiquity is subjected to the most close study of astronomers. The visible and naked eye, she was shrouded in the mystery, legends and speculation. And today about the Red Planet, we are not known everything, however, many information obtained in the centuries of observation and study dispelled some myths, helped a person to understand many processes occurring on this space object. Temperature on Mars, composition of its atmosphere, Features of the orbit after improving technical research and starting methods space Era We managed to move from the category of assumptions in the rank of indisputable facts. Nevertheless, many data on simultaneously so close and so far is still to be explained.

Fourth

Mars is located one and a half times further from the Sun than our planet (the distance is 268 million km). In this parameter, it ranks fourth. The orbit of the Red Planet lies the main belt of asteroids and "possession" of Jupiter. Around our shining she flies around 687 days. At the same time, the orbit of Mars is strongly stretched: it is located at a distance of 206.7, and aphelii - 249.2 million km. And the day lasts here just almost 40 minutes longer than on Earth: 24 hours and 37 minutes.

Little brother

Mars refers to the planets of the earth group. The basic substances that make up its structure are metals and silicon. Among similar objects in their dimensions, he is ahead of only Mercury. The diameter of the red planet is 6786 kilometers, which is about two times less than that of the Earth. However, by mass Mars inferior to our space house 10 times. The area of \u200b\u200bthe entire surface of the planet slightly exceeds the area of \u200b\u200bearthly continents, taken away, without taking into account the exploits of the World Ocean. The density here is also lower - is only 3.93 kg / m 3.

Searches for life

Despite the obvious difference between Mars from the Earth, for a long time he was considered a real candidate for the title of the inhabited planet. Prior to the beginning of the space era, scientists who observed the reddish surface of this cosmic body into the telescope periodically discovered signs of life, which soon, though they found a more prosaic explanation.

Over time, conditions under which at least the simplest organisms could appear are clearly defined. These include certain temperature parameters and water availability. Many studies of the Red Planet were aimed at discovering whether the appropriate climate was there, and if possible, find traces of life.

Temperature on Mars

Red planet - non-shit peace. Significant remoteness from the Sun significantly affects climatic conditions This cosmic body. Temperature on Mars Celsius varies on average from -155º to + 20º. It is much colder here than on Earth, because one and a half times the further, the sun warms the surface half weaker. These not the most favorable conditions are exacerbated by a rarefied atmosphere that is well transmitting radiation, as is known, destructive for all living things.

Such facts reduce to a minimum chances to detect traces of existing or once extinct organisms on Mars. However, the point in this question is not yet delivered.

Defining factors

The temperature on Mars, as well as on Earth, depends on the position of the planet relative to the shining. The maximum indicator (20-33º) is observed in the day in the area of \u200b\u200bthe equator. Minimum values \u200b\u200b(up to -155º) are achieved near the southern pole. For the entire territory, the planet is characterized by significant temperature fluctuations.

These drops affect how climatic features Mars and on his exterior appearance. The main, noticeable even from the ground, the detail of its surface is the polar caps. As a result of significant heating in the summer and cooling in the winter period, they undergo tangible changes: they decrease up to almost completely disappearance, then again increase.

Is there a water on Mars?

When summer comes in one of the hemispheres, the corresponding polar hat begins to decrease in size. Due to the orientation of the axis of the planet during its approaching the perigel point to the sun, the Southern Half appeals to the sun. As a result, the summer here is somewhat hotter, and the polar hat disappears almost completely. In the north of such an effect is not observed.

Changes in the size of polar hats pushed scientists to the idea that they consist of not quite ordinary ice. At present, the data allowed to make the assumption that a considerable role in their formation is played by carbon dioxide, which in large quantities contains the atmosphere of Mars. In the cold season, the temperature here reaches a mark at which it usually turns into the so-called dry ice. It is he who begins to melt with the arrival of summer. The water, according to scientists, is also present on the planet and is that part of the polar caps, which remains unchanged and with an increase in temperature (heating is insufficient for its disappearance).

Planet Mars does not boast the presence of the main source of life in a liquid state. Hope on its discovery for a long time, sections of the relief were instilled, very resembling the river beds. Until then, it is not clear that it could lead to their formation, if there was never liquid water on the red planet. The atmosphere of Mars is testified in favor of the "dry" past. Its pressure is so insignificant that the boiling point of water falls on the unusual low temperature for the earth, that is, it can exist here only in a gaseous state. Theoretically, Mars could have a more dense atmosphere, but then traces in the form of severe inert gases would remain. However, they have not yet been discovered.

Winds and storms

Temperature on Mars, more precisely, its drops leads to rapid movement air mass In the hemisphere where winter came. Winds arising from this, reach 170 m / s. On Earth, such phenomena would be accompanied by shoes, but the red planet does not have sufficient water reserves for this. Here there are dust storms, so large-scale that sometimes covered the entire planet. The rest of the time there is almost always clear weather (for the formation of a significant amount of clouds, water is also needed) and very transparent air.

Despite the relatively small size of Mars and his unsuitability for life, scientists connect great hopes with him. Here in the future it is planned to accommodate bases for mining and implementing various scientific activity. How real are such projects, while it is difficult to say, however, the continuous development of the technique testifies in favor of the fact that in a short time, humanity will be able to embody the most courageous ideas.

Although climate Marsa The closest to the earth, it is minor to life.

The atmosphere of this planet is more discharged compared to the atmosphere of the Earth. In its composition, ninety-five percent of carbon dioxide, four percent of nitrogen and argon and only one percent of oxygen and water vapor.

Compared to the Earth, the average atmospheric pressure on Mars is less than a hundred sixty times. Due to evaporation in summer time and condensation in winter, as well as a large amount of carbon dioxide on the poles, in the polar caps, the mass of the atmosphere is much changed throughout the year.

Despite the fact that in the Martian atmosphere contains a very little water vapor, it low temperature and pressure while being close to saturation, often going to the clouds. Observations conducted by spacecraft have shown that there are wavy, filament and leeward clouds on Mars.

In the cold time of the day at the bottom of the crater and above the lowlands, fogs often stand. Sometimes slim snow falls.

The study conducted by spacecraft showed that at present there is no liquid water on Mars, but there is evidence of its presence in the past. In July 2008, water in the state of ice was detected in the soil of NASA "Phoenix" in the ground. The average temperature on Mars is about -40 degrees Celsius. On the day half of the planet in the summer, the temperature rises to 20 degrees Celsius, but in winter night temperature It may be reduced to -125 degrees Celsius.

The rarefied atmosphere of Mars cannot hold heat for a long time, this explains sharp temperature differences. Thus, we can say that there is a pretty harsh climate on Mars, but there is a little colder than in Antarctica.

Due to the temperature difference on Mars, strong winds often blow. Their speed reaches a hundred meters per second. Thanks to a small strength of gravity, the winds raise huge clouds of dust. On Mars, there are often long dust storms. For example, one of them raged from September 1971 to January 1972 and raised to the atmosphere to a height of ten kilometers about a billion tons of dust. The formation of the temperature is also associated with formation on Mars dust.

The axis of the rotation of the Earth is inclined to the orbital plane by 23.4 degrees, and Marsa - by 23.9 degrees, the Martian days almost coincide with the earth, therefore, on Mars, as on earth, there is a change of seasons. In polar regions, seasonal changes are manifested most brightly. In winter, polar hats occupy a large area. Winter in the southern hemisphere is long and cold, and in the northern - short and relatively temperate. In the spring, the polar caps are significantly reduced, but even in the summer they do not completely disappear. And the summer on Mars in the southern hemisphere is short and relatively warm, in the north - long and cool.

The god of war Mars in the ancient Roman Pantheon was considered the father of the Roman people, the guardian of fields and pets, then the patron saint of horseback. Its name is the fourth planet from the sun. Probably, the bloody-red view of the planet caused the first observers of the association with war and death. Even received the appropriate names - Phobos ("Fear") and Dimimos ("Horror").

Red mystery

Each Planet has its own riddles, but none of them did not intrigue earthlings as Mars. Inexplicable for a long time, an unusual red kind of planet remained interesting, it was interesting to what temperature on Mars, and it does not depend on it. This today every schoolboy knows that abundant content in the Martian soil of iron minerals gives it such a color. And in the past there were some questions that were looking for answers the most educated minds of the earthlings.

Cold Planet.

In their age, this planet is the same as the land and the rest of the neighbors by the solar system. Scientists suggest that her birth occurred 4.6 billion years ago. And although in the history of the development of the planet, everything is not all clarified, much has already been able to establish, including what the temperature on Mars.

A large thickness of ice deposits on the poles in both hemispheres were discovered relatively recently. This is evidence that liquid water has once existed on the planet. And the temperature of Mars may have been completely different. Many scientists suggest that if there are ice on the surface, the water should be preserved in rocks. And the presence of water is a confirmation that there was sometimes life here.

It has been established that the atmosphere of the planet has a density 100 times smaller than the earth. But despite this, in the layers martian atmosphere Clouds and wind are formed. Above the surface, the huge dust storms are raging.

What a temperature on Mars is already known, and due to the data obtained, it can be concluded that on the red neighbor is much colder than on Earth. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe poles in the winter, it was fixed -125 degrees Celsius, and the highest summer reaches +20 degrees in the field of equator.

What is the difference from the ground

There are many differences between the planets, some of them are quite significant. Mars in size is much inferior to the earth, twice. And the planet is located much further than the sun: the distance to the shine is almost 1.5 times further than our planet.

Since the mass of the planet is relatively small, then it is almost three times less on it than on Earth. On Mars, as well as on our planet, are observed different times years, but their duration is almost twice as much.

Unlike the Earth, Mars, the air temperature is on average is -30 ...- 40 ° C, has a strongly sprinkled atmosphere. It prevails carbon dioxide, which involves the absence therefore during the day the temperature on Mars near the surface changes significantly. For example, at noon, it can be -18 ° C, and in the evening - already -63 ° C. At night, the temperature was fixed at the equator and 100 degrees below zero.

Now on Mars, dry and cold climate (left), but in the early stages of the evolution of the planet, most likely there was liquid water and a dense atmosphere (right).

Study

History of observation

Current observations

Weather

Temperature

The average temperature on Mars is significantly lower than on Earth: -63 ° C. Since the atmosphere of Mars is strongly resolved, it poorly smoothes daily fluctuations in surface temperature. Under the most favorable conditions in the summer in the daily half of the planet, the air warms up to 20 ° C (and at the equator - up to +27 ° C) - a completely acceptable temperature for the residents of the Earth. Maximum temperature The air fixed by the Marshway "Spirit" was +35 ° C. But winter At night, the frost can achieve even at the equator from -80 ° C to -125 ° C, and on the poles the night temperature may fall to -143 ° C. However, daily temperature fluctuations are not so significant as on non-closure moon and Mercury. On Mars there are temperature oasis, in the areas of the "Lake" Phoenix (Sun Plateau) and land November The temperature difference is from -53 ° C to + 22 ° C in summer and from -103 ° C to -43 ° C in winter. Thus, Mars is a very cold world, the climate is much severe there than in Antarctica.

Atmosphere pressure

The atmosphere of Mars is more rescued than the Earth's air sheath, and more than 95% consists of carbon dioxide, and the oxygen and water content is the fraction of percent. The average atmosphere pressure on the surface is an average of 0.6 kPa or 6 mbar, which is 160 less terrestrial or equal to the earth at an altitude of almost 35 km from the surface of the Earth). Atmosphere pressure He undergives strong daily and seasonal changes.

Cloudy and precipitation

Water vapor in the Martian atmosphere of no more thousandth share of the percent, however, according to the results of the recent (2013) studies, it is still greater than previously supposed, and more than in the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere, and at low pressure and temperature it is in A condition close to saturation is therefore often going to the clouds. As a rule, water clouds are formed at the heights of 10-30 km above the surface. They are focused mainly at the equator and are observed almost throughout the year. The clouds observed at high levels of the atmosphere (more than 20 km) are formed as a result of CO 2 condensation. The same process is responsible for the formation of low (at an altitude of less than 10 km) of clouds of polar regions in the winter, when the temperature of the atmosphere falls below the freezing point CO 2 (-126 ° С); In the summer, similar subtle formations are formed from Ice H 2

The formation of condensation nature is also presented with fogs (or haze). They often stand over lowlands - canyons, valleys - and at the bottom of the crater in the cold time of the day.

In the atmosphere of Mars, blizzards may occur. In 2008, the magnet of "Phoenix" observed in the indoor regions of Virga - precipitation under the clouds, evaporating not reaching the surface of the planet. At the initial estimates, the rate of falling precipitation in Virg was very small. However, the recent (2017) modeling of Martian atmospheric phenomena It has shown that on medium latitudes, where the regular change of day and night occurs, after the clouds are sunset, the clouds are sharply cooled, and this can lead to snowstorms, the velocity of particles during which can actually reach 10 m / s. Scientists assume that strong winds in aggregate with low clouds (usually Martian clouds are formed at an altitude of 10-20 km) can lead to the fact that the snow will fall on the surface of Mars. This phenomenon is similar to earthly microorovat - squalls from the downward wind at a speed of up to 35 m / s, often associated with thunderstorms.

The snow was really observed repeatedly. So, in the winter of 1979 in the area of \u200b\u200bthe landing "Viking-2" fell a thin layer of snow, which lay for several months.

Dust storms and tornadoes

The characteristic feature of the atmosphere of Mars is the constant presence of dust, the particles of which are of the size of the order of 1.5 mm and consist mainly of iron oxide. Small strength of gravity allows even rarefied air streams to raise huge dust clouds to a height of up to 50 km. And the winds, which are one of the manifestations of the temperature difference, often blowing over the surface of the planet (especially in the late spring - the beginning of summer in the southern hemisphere, when the temperature difference between the hemispheres is particularly sharp), and their speed reaches 100 m / s. Thus, extensive dust storms are formed, which have long been observed in the form of separate yellow clouds, and sometimes in the form of a solid yellow shine covering the entire planet. Most often, dust storms occur near the polar hats, their duration can reach 50-100 days. Weak yellow meal in the atmosphere, as a rule, is observed after large dust storms and is easily detected by photometric and polarimetric methods.

Dust storms that were well-observed in the pictures made from orbital vehicles turned out to be weakly placed when shooting with landing devices. Passage of dust storms in places of landings of these space stations It was recorded only by a sharp change in temperature, pressure and very weak darkening of the common background of the sky. A layer of dust, having mastered after a storm in the vicinity of landing sites "Vikings", was only a few micrometers. All this indicates a rather low bearing ability of the Martian atmosphere.

From September 1971 to January 1972, a global dust storm took place on Mars, which even prevented the surface photographing from the side of Mariner-9 probe. The dust mass in the atmosphere column (with an optical thickness from 0.1 to 10), estimated during this period, ranged from 7.8 €10 -5 to 1.66 € 10 g / cm 2. In this way, general weight dust particles in the atmosphere of Mars for the period of global dust storms can reach up to 10 8 - 10 9 tons, which is commensurate with the total amount of dust in earthly atmosphere.

The question of water availability

For stable existence of pure water in liquid condition and The partial pressure of the water vapor in the atmosphere should be above the triple point on the phase diagram, while they are now far from the corresponding values. And indeed, the studies conducted by the Mariner-4 spacecraft in 1965 showed that there is no liquid water on Mars, but the data of NASA "Spirit" and "Opportunities" indicate the presence of water in the past. On July 31, 2008, water in the state of ice was discovered on Mars at the site of landing of the NASA "Phoenix" spacecraft. The device discovered ice deposits directly in the ground. There are several facts in supporting the approval of the presence of water on the surface of the planet in the past. First, minerals found, which could only be formed as a result of a long exposure to water. Secondly, very old craters are almost erased from the face of Mars. The modern atmosphere could not cause such destruction. The study of the speed of education and erosion of craters made it possible to establish that the strongest wind and the water destroyed them about 3.5 billion years ago. Approximately the same age have many wins.

NASA September 28, 2015 announced that on Mars currently there are seasonal flows of liquid saline water. These formations exhibit themselves in the warm season and disappear - in the cold. Planetologists came to their conclusions, after analyzing high-quality pictures obtained by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HIRISE) scientific instrument Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO).

On July 25, 2018, a report on the discovery based on research by Radar Marsis was published. The work showed the presence of a wedding lake on Mars, located at a depth of 1.5 km under the ice of the Southern Polar Cap (on Planum Australe), a width of about 20 km. This became the first known constant reservoir on Mars.

Seasons

As well as on earth, on Mars, the time of the year is shown due to the inclination of the axis of rotation to the plane of the orbit, so the polar coat is growing in the northern hemisphere, and almost disappears in the southern one, and after six months hemispheres are changed in places. At the same time, due to the sufficiently large eccentricity of the orbit of the planet in the perihelia (winter solstice in the northern hemisphere), it gets up to 40% more solar radiation than in the sofa, and in the northern hemisphere winter short and relatively moderate, and the summer is long, but cool, in The southern on the contrary - the summer is short and relatively warm, and the winter is long and cold. In this regard, the southern hat in the winter grows up to half the distance of the Pole-Equator, and the North - only to a third. When summer comes on one of the poles, carbon dioxide from the corresponding polar cap evaporates and enters the atmosphere; Winds transfer it to the opposite header, where it freezes again. Thus, a carbon dioxide cycle occurs, which, along with different sizes of polar caps, causes a change in the pressure of the atmosphere of Mars as it appeals around the Sun. Due to the fact that in winter up to 20-30% of the entire atmosphere freezes in the polar cap, the pressure in the appropriate region falls accordingly.

Changes with time

As on earth, the climate of Mars has undergone long-term changes and in the early stages of the evolution of the planet very different from the current one. The difference is that the main role in the cyclical changes in the land climate is played by the change in the eccentricity of the orbit and the precession axis of rotation, despite that the tilt of the rotation axis remains roughly constant due to the stabilizing effect of the moon, while Mars, without having such a large satellite, can undergo significant inclination changes. The axis of its rotation. Calculations showed that the inclination of the axis of rotation of Mars is now 25 ° - about the same value as the land, - in the recent past it was equal to 45 °, and on the scale of millions of years he could range from 10 ° to 50 °.