What is the weather on Mars? What is Mars atmosphere, its composition? Who said you can live on Mars? What is the Martian year? Temperature on Mars - Cold Riddle Maximum Temperature on Mars

This page provides all the wealth of meteorological data that transfers the rover (curiosity) to.

The table is updated when the page is loaded, the weather data on Mars is updated as information from the Curiosity Marshode.

* Explanations: with NULL data not. The value "- -" means the absence of wind.

Data on the Weather on Mars page is obtained by the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) instrument. The data itself is published by the organization Centro De Astrobiological (CSIC-INTA) of Spain.

Seasons on Mars

The planet has the same four seasons as the Earth, but since the year on Mars lasts longer, the axis slope is slightly different and the orbit is more eccentric, then the seasons on Mars are not the same duration.

Martian year is almost twice as long as the earth's year (1.88 Earth years) and the seasons, respectively, last longer. In the northern hemisphere, Spring lasts 7 months, summer - 6 months, autumn - 5.3 months, and winter - just over 4 months. Even in the summer months on the planet very cold. The temperature in the midst of the season does not exceed -20 C. In the south, the temperature can reach 30 C. Strong fluctuations in temperature, between hemispheres, cause huge dust storms. Some of them can only affect the small area, while others cover the entire planet. Planetary storms usually occur when the planet is close to the perihelium (the nearest point to the sun). When the global dust storm begins, the surface of the planet is almost hidden completely.

Atmospheric composition

The atmosphere of Mars is more rescued than the Earth's air sheath, and 95% consists of carbon dioxide, about 4% accounts for nitrogen and argon. Oxygen and water vapor in the Martian atmosphere less than 1%. The average pressure of the atmosphere on the surface is 160 times less than the surface of the Earth.

The mass of the atmosphere is changing much due to condensation in winter time and evaporation in the summer, large volumes of carbon dioxide on the poles, in the polar hats.

Cloudy and precipitation

Water vapor in the Martian atmosphere is quite a bit, but at low pressure and temperature it is in a state close to saturation, and often assembled into the clouds. Martian clouds are quite inexpressive compared to earthly.

Temperature

The average temperature on Mars is significantly lower than on Earth - about -40 ° C. Under the most favorable conditions in the summer in the daily half of the planet, the air warms up to 20 ° C - quite an acceptable temperature for residents of the Earth. But the winter at night, the frost can reach -125 ° C. With winter temperatures, even carbon dioxide freezes, turning into dry ice. Such sharp temperature differences are caused by the fact that the sparse atmosphere of Mars is not capable of holding heat for a long time. As a result of numerous temperature measurements in different points The surfaces of Mars turns out that the temperature in the equator can reach + 27 ° C, but by morning it drops to -50 ° C.

On Mars, there are temperature oasis, in the areas of Lake, Phoenix (Plateau of the Sun) and the Earth, no temperature difference range from -53 ° C to + 22 ° C in summer and from -103 ° C to -43 ° C in winter. Thus, Mars is quite cold worldHowever, the climate there is slightly severe than in Antarctica. When the first photos from the Mars surface made by "Viking" were transferred to the ground, scientists were very surprised, seeing that the Martian sky was not black, as it was supposed, and Pink. It turned out that the dust hanging in the air absorbs 40% of the incoming solar color, creating a color effect.

Dust storms and tornadoes

One of the manifestations of the temperature difference are winds. Above the surface of the planet often blew strong winds, the speed of which comes to 100 m / s. Small gravity allows even rarefied air streams to raise huge dust clouds. Sometimes quite extensive areas on Mars are covered by ambitious dust storms. Most often they arise near the polar hats. The global dust storm on Mars prevented photographing the surface from the side of Mariner-9 probe. She raged from September to January 1972, raising the atmosphere at an altitude of more than 10 km about a billion tons of dust. Dust storms most often come during the periods of great confrontations, when the summer in the southern hemisphere coincides with the passage of Mars through the perigel.

Dust Solorals are another example of the processes on Mars associated with the temperature. Such tornadoes are very frequent manifestations on Mars. They raise dust to the atmosphere and arise due to the temperature difference. Cause: During the day the surface of Mars is sufficiently heated (sometimes to positive temperatures), but at an altitude of 2 meters from the surface of the atmosphere remains the same cold. Such a differential causes instability, raising dust into the air, - as a result, dust devils are formed.

Seasons

To date, it is known that from all the planets of the solar system Mars is most like land. The axis of rotation of Mars is tilted to its orbital plane by approximately 23.9 °, which is comparable to the inclination of the earth axis, components of 23.4 °, and the Martian day almost coincide with the Earth - that is why, as on earth, the seasons change occurs. Brighter than all seasonal changes are manifested in the polar regions. In winter, the polar hats occupy a significant area. The border of the northern polar cap can be removed from the pole by a third of the distance to the equator, and the border of the southern cap overcomes half of this distance. This difference is caused by the fact that in the northern hemisphere the winter comes when Mars passes through the perigels of his orbit, and in South - when through the aphelius. Because of this, winter in the southern hemisphere is colder than in the North. And the duration of each of the four Martian seasons varies depending on its removal from the Sun. Therefore, in the Martian northern hemisphere, the winter is short and relatively "moderate", and the summer is long, but cool. In the south, on the contrary - summer is short and relatively warm, and the winter is long and cold.

With the onset of spring, the polar hat begins to "erase", leaving the gradual fading glasses of ice. At the same time, the so-called wave of darkening is distributed from the poles to the equator. Modern theories explain it to the fact that spring winds are transferred along the meridians large ground masses with various reflective properties.

Apparently, none of the hats disappears completely. Prior to the start of research of Mars, with the help of interplanetary probes, it was assumed that its polar regions were covered with frozen water. More accurate modern terrestrial and cosmic measurements found in the composition martian ice Also frozen carbon dioxide. In the summer he evaporates and enters the atmosphere. Winds carry it to the opposite polar cap, where it freezes again. This cycle of carbon dioxide and different sizes of polar caps explains the impermanence of pressure of the Martian atmosphere.

The relief of the Martian surface is complicated and has many details. The dried rods and canyons on the surface of Mars served as a reason for the assumptions about the existence of a developed civilization in Mars - see Life on Mars in more detail.

A typical Martian landscape resembles the earth's desert, and the surface of Mars has a reddish tint due to elevated content in the Martian sand of iron oxides.

Links

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\u003e\u003e\u003e Temperature on Mars

What is the temperature on Mars: Value day and night, summer and winter. find out midh temperature The atmosphere and surface of Mars, climate and research.

The red planet is located further from the Sun than the Earth, so the planet gets less heating. To speak more precisely, it is an extremely cool place. The exception occurs only in summer period. But even at this time temperature on Mars falls below 0 ° C. In the summer, the Red Planet may warm up to 20 ° C, and at night the temperature drops to -90 ° C.

Mars moves along the elliptical path, so the surface temperature indicator is constantly changing, but slightly. On the axial inclination at 25.19 degrees resembles Earth (26.27), which means that it has seasons. I will add a thin atmospheric layer and understand why the planet fails to save at least minimal heating. The atmosphere is 96% represented by carbon dioxide. If it were tightly, the greenhouse effect would have been formed and we got the second Venus.

How did the temperature change in Mars?

What about the past? Marsoises and probes demonstrate sections with erosion, which could bring liquid water. This hints that earlier Mars was not only warm, but also wet. However, the Red Planet is already 3 billion years old remains dry and frosty. Some believe that the coolest process started 4 billion years ago. However, the traces of erosion did not disappear, because there is no water in liquid state or tactics of plates. There is a wind, but its strength is missing to transform the surface.

Researchers are important to track warm weather And liquid water, because they are necessary for the origin and evolution of life. In addition, if we are planning further study and colonization, we can not do without water sources. The mission will take at least a few years. Before the arrival of the crew, you can melt water ice and clean it.

If you can still fight with the temperature of Mars, then the water performs the main obstacle to colonization. It remains only to develop a technology that will safely deliver us back and forth. Now you know how the temperature on Mars day and night.

"We have a grazing lot on Mars!" - So it was said in one poem about the cosmonauts, folded in those times, when it was also surrounded by a halo of romance ... And really, what kind of weather happens on the "Red Planet"?

Speaking of weather on Earth, we first mean the state of the atmosphere. On Mars she is also there - but not like that. The fact is that Mars, unlike the Earth, there is no magnetic field, which would hold the atmosphere - and the solar wind (the flow of ionized particles from the solar crown) destroys it. Therefore, atmospheric pressure at the surface of the planet is 160 times lower than the earth. Such can not protect the planet from daily temperature fluctuations (since it does not prevent radiation into heat energy), therefore, the air temperature, rising to +30 ° C, is lowered up to -80 ° C, and on the poles and even lower -143 ° C.

But that our planets are very similar - this is the angle of inclination of the axis of rotation, "responsible" for a change in the time of the year on the planet (it is 23,439281 in the earth, and Marsa - 25,19, as you can see - not such a big difference ) so there is a change of seasons on Mars too - only they continue two times longer (after all martian year Almost 2 times longer than the earth - 687 terrestrial day). There are their own climatic belts, Seasons are distinguished and from hemisphere to hemisphere.

So, in the northern hemisphere, winter comes when Mars is most closely approaching the Sun, and in the South - when it is removed, in the summer everything happens. Therefore, winter in the northern hemisphere is shorter and warmer than in southern, and summer is longer, but colder.

But more visible (in any case, for the observer from the Earth) of the time of the year in the polar regions covered with ice caps. Fully they never disappear, but their size changes. In winter, the distance from the southern pole to the border of the southern polar cap is half the distance to the equator, and on the northern pole - a third of this distance. With the arrival of spring, polar caps are reduced, "retreating" to poles. At the same time, "dry ice" (frozen carbon dioxide), which makes up the top layer of ice caps, and in the gaseous state, is transferred to the wind to the opposite pole, where winter comes at that time - and (therefore, on the opposite pole, the hat grows).

On Earth, interested in the weather forecast, we first wonder the question: will it rain? So, on Mars rains you can not be afraid - with such a low atmospheric pressure Water in liquid state can not exist. But the snow is happening. So, the snow fell on Mars in 1979 in the landing area of \u200b\u200bthe Viking-2 spacecraft, and did not melted for quite a long time - several months.

In lowlands, at the bottom of the craters and canyons is often fog in the cold time of the day, and the water vapor, which is present in the atmosphere, forms the clouds.

But what should be feared on Mars (if we ever go there) - so these are hurricane winds, tornadoes and dust storms. Wind speed up to 100 m / s is a common phenomenon for Mars, and because of the low strength, the winds raise a huge amount of dust into the air.

The largest dust storms are born in the southern hemisphere of Mars in spring (when the planet is quickly warming up) - and can delay for a long time and cover huge areas. So, from September 1971 to January 1972, the dust storm was raging on Mars, which covered the whole planet - about a billion tons of dust was raised by a 10-kilometer height. This storm almost threw the mission of the "Mariner-9" spacecraft - due to dense dust pellene, the surface of the planet was impossible to observe. A computer "Mariner" had to delay the photo (and anyway, no one could vouch for success - because it was impossible to predict when the storm ceases).

There are on Mars and "dust devils" - vortices, raising dust and sand into the air. On Earth, such a phenomenon is found in the deserts, but Mars is the whole desert, and such a dusty whirlwind can arise anywhere.

As you can see, the climate of Mars is really not very favorable. And so that there can be "apple trees", you will have to either change the planet very much, or wait for the nature of it ... In any case, in the foreseeable future, the mass settlement of Mars is unlikely to take place.

The god of war Mars in the ancient Roman Pantheon was considered the father of the Roman people, the guardian of fields and pets, then the patron saint of horseback. Its name is the fourth planet from the sun. Probably, the bloody-red view of the planet caused the first observers of the association with war and death. Even received the appropriate names - Phobos ("Fear") and Dimimos ("Horror").

Red mystery

Each Planet has its own riddles, but none of them did not intrigue earthlings as Mars. Inexplicable for a long time, an unusual red kind of planet remained interesting, it was interesting to what temperature on Mars, and it does not depend on it. This today every schoolboy knows that abundant content in the Martian soil of iron minerals gives it such a color. And in the past there were some questions that were looking for answers the most educated minds of the earthlings.

Cold Planet.

In age, this planet is the same as the land and the rest of the neighbors Solar system. Scientists suggest that her birth occurred 4.6 billion years ago. And although in the history of the development of the planet, everything is not all clarified, much has already been able to establish, including what the temperature on Mars.

A large thickness of ice deposits on the poles in both hemispheres were discovered relatively recently. This is evidence that liquid water has once existed on the planet. And the temperature of Mars may have been completely different. Many scientists suggest that if there are ice on the surface, the water should be preserved in rocks. And the presence of water is a confirmation that there was sometimes life here.

It has been established that the atmosphere of the planet has a density 100 times smaller than the earth. But despite this, clouds and wind are formed in the layers of the Martian atmosphere. Above the surface, the huge dust storms are raging.

What a temperature on Mars is already known, and due to the data obtained, it can be concluded that on the red neighbor is much colder than on Earth. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe poles in the winter, it was fixed -125 degrees Celsius, and the highest summer reaches +20 degrees in the field of equator.

What is the difference from the ground

There are many differences between the planets, some of them are quite significant. Mars in size is much inferior to the earth, twice. And the planet is located much further than the sun: the distance to the shine is almost 1.5 times further than our planet.

Since the mass of the planet is relatively small, then it is almost three times less on it than on Earth. On Mars, as well as on our planet, are observed different times years, but their duration is almost twice as much.

Unlike the Earth, Mars, the air temperature is on average is -30 ...- 40 ° C, has a strongly sprinkled atmosphere. It prevails carbon dioxide, which involves the absence therefore during the day the temperature on Mars near the surface changes significantly. For example, at noon, it can be -18 ° C, and in the evening - already -63 ° C. At night, the temperature was fixed at the equator and 100 degrees below zero.